Q1. What is verification?

A: Verification ensures the product is designed to deliver all functionality to the customer; it
typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements and
specifications; this can be done with checklists, issues lists, and walkthroughs and inspection
meetings.

Q2. What is validation?

A: Validation ensures that functionality, as defined in requirements, is the intended behavior of
the product; validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verifications are
completed.

Q3. What is a walkthrough?

A: A walkthrough is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes.

Q4. What is an inspection?

A: An inspection is a formal meeting, more formalized than a walkthrough and typically consists
of 3-10 people including a moderator, reader (the author of whatever is being reviewed) and a
recorder (to make notes in the document). The subject of the inspection is typically a document,
such as a requirements document or a test plan. The purpose of an inspection is to find problems
and see what is missing, not to fix anything. The result of the meeting should be documented in a
written report. Attendees should prepare for this type of meeting by reading through the
document, before the meeting starts; most problems are found during this preparation.
Preparation for inspections is difficult, but is one of the most cost-effective methods of ensuring
quality, since bug prevention is more cost effective than bug detection.

Q5. What is quality?

A: Quality software is software that is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget,
meets requirements and expectations and is maintainable. However, quality is a subjective term.
Quality depends on who the customer is and their overall influence in the scheme of things.
Customers of a software development project include end-users, customer acceptance test
engineers, testers, customer contract officers, customer management, the development
organization's management, test engineers, testers, salespeople, software engineers,
stockholders and accountants. Each type of customer will have his or her own slant on quality.
The accounting department might define quality in terms of profits, while an end-user might define
quality as user friendly and bug free.

Q6. What is good code?

A: A good code is code that works, is free of bugs and is readable and maintainable.
Organizations usually have coding standards all developers should adhere to, but every
programmer and software engineer has different ideas about what is best and what are too many
or too few rules. We need to keep in mind that excessive use of rules can stifle both productivity
and creativity. Peer reviews and code analysis tools can be used to check for problems and
enforce standards.
Q7. What is good design?
A: Design could mean too many things, but often refers to functional design or internal design.
Good functional design is indicated by software functionality can be traced back to customer and
end-user requirements. Good internal design is indicated by software code whose overall
structure is clear, understandable, easily modifiable and maintainable; is robust with sufficient
error handling and status logging capability; and works correctly when implemented.

Q8. What is software life cycle?

A: Software life cycle begins when a software product is first conceived and ends when it is no
longer in use. It includes phases like initial concept, requirements analysis, functional design,
internal design, documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation, integration,
testing, maintenance, updates, retesting and phase-out.

Q9. Why are there so many software bugs?

A: Generally speaking, there are bugs in software because of unclear requirements, software
complexity, programming errors, changes in requirements, errors made in bug tracking, time
pressure, poorly documented code and/or bugs in tools used in software development.

• There are unclear software requirements because there is miscommunication as to what

the software should or shouldn't do.
• Software complexity. All of the followings contribute to the exponential growth in software
and system complexity: Windows interfaces, client-server and distributed applications,
data communications, enormous relational databases and the sheer size of applications.
• Programming errors occur because programmers and software engineers, like everyone
else, can make mistakes.
• As to changing requirements, in some fast-changing business environments,
continuously modified requirements are a fact of life. Sometimes customers do not
understand the effects of changes, or understand them but request them anyway. And
the changes require redesign of the software, rescheduling of resources and some of the
work already completed have to be redone or discarded and hardware requirements can
be effected, too.
• Bug tracking can result in errors because the complexity of keeping track of changes can
result in errors, too.
• Time pressures can cause problems, because scheduling of software projects is not easy
and it often requires a lot of guesswork and when deadlines loom and the crunch comes,
mistakes will be made.
• Code documentation is tough to maintain and it is also tough to modify code that is poorly
documented. The result is bugs. Sometimes there is no incentive for programmers and
software engineers to document their code and write clearly documented,
understandable code. Sometimes developers get kudos for quickly turning out code, or
programmers and software engineers feel they have job security if everyone can
understand the code they write, or they believe if the code was hard to write, it should be
hard to read.
• Software development tools , including visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting
tools, can introduce their own bugs. Other times the tools are poorly documented, which
can create additional bugs.

Q10. How do you introduce a new software QA process?

A: It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with
high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is
necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and
organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA
processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting
out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends
on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential
among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the
company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is
requirements that are clear, complete and
testable.

Q11. Give me five common problems that occur during software

development.
A: Poorly written requirements, unrealistic schedules, inadequate testing, adding new features
after development is underway and poor communication.

1. Requirements are poorly written when requirements are unclear, incomplete, too general,
or not testable; therefore there will be problems.
2. The schedule is unrealistic if too much work is crammed in too little time.
3. Software testing is inadequate if none knows whether or not the software is any good
until customers complain or the system crashes.
4. It's extremely common that new features are added after development is underway.
5. Miscommunication either means the developers don't know what is needed, or customers
have unrealistic expectations and therefore problems are guaranteed.

Q12. Give me five solutions to problems that occur during

software development.
A: Solid requirements, realistic schedules, adequate testing, firm requirements and good
communication.

1. Ensure the requirements are solid, clear, complete, detailed, cohesive, attainable and
testable. All players should agree to requirements. Use prototypes to help nail down
requirements.
2. Have schedules that are realistic. Allow adequate time for planning, design, testing, bug
fixing, re-testing, changes and documentation. Personnel should be able to complete the
project without burning out.
3. Do testing that is adequate. Start testing early on, re-test after fixes or changes, and plan
for sufficient time for both testing and bug fixing.
4. Avoid new features. Stick to initial requirements as much as possible. Be prepared to
defend design against changes and additions, once development has begun and be
prepared to explain consequences. If changes are necessary, ensure they're adequately
reflected in related schedule changes. Use prototypes early on so customers'
expectations are clarified and customers can see what to expect; this will minimize
changes later on.
5. Communicate. Require walkthroughs and inspections when appropriate; make extensive
use of e-mail, networked bug-tracking tools, tools of change management. Ensure
documentation is available and up-to-date. Use documentation that is electronic, not
paper. Promote teamwork and cooperation.

Q13. Do automated testing tools make testing easier?

A: Yes and no. For larger projects, or ongoing long-term projects, they can be valuable. But for
small projects, the time needed to learn and implement them is usually not worthwhile. A common
type of automated tool is the record/playback type. For example, a test engineer clicks through all
combinations of menu choices, dialog box choices, buttons, etc. in a GUI and has an automated
testing tool record and log the results. The recording is typically in the form of text, based on a
scripting language that the testing tool can interpret. If a change is made (e.g. new buttons are
added, or some underlying code in the application is changed), the application is then retested by
just playing back the recorded actions and compared to the logged results in order to check
effects of the change. One problem with such tools is that if there are continual changes to the
product being tested, the recordings have to be changed so often that it becomes a very time-
consuming task to continuously update the scripts. Another problem with such tools is the
interpretation of the results (screens, data, logs, etc.) that can be a time-consuming task.

Q14. What makes a good test engineer?

A: Rob Davis is a good test engineer because he

• Has a "test to break" attitude,

• Takes the point of view of the customer,
• Has a strong desire for quality,
• Has an attention to detail, He's also
• Tactful and diplomatic and
• Has good a communication skill, both oral and written. And he
• Has previous software development experience, too.

Good test engineers have a "test to break" attitude, they take the point of view of the customer,
have a strong desire for quality and an attention to detail. Tact and diplomacy are useful in
maintaining a cooperative relationship with developers and an ability to communicate with both
technical and non-technical people. Previous software development experience is also helpful as
it provides a deeper understanding of the software development process, gives the test engineer
an appreciation for the developers' point of view and reduces the learning curve in automated test
tool programming.

Q15. What makes a good QA engineer?

A: The same qualities a good test engineer has are useful for a QA engineer. Additionally, Rob
Davis understands the entire software development process and how it fits into the business
approach and the goals of the organization. Rob Davis' communication skills and the ability to
understand various sides of issues are important.
Good QA engineers understand the entire software development process and how it fits into the
business approach and the goals of the organization. Communication skills and the ability to
understand various sides of issues are important.

Q16. What makes a good resume?

A: On the subject of resumes, there seems to be an unending discussion of whether you should
or shouldn't have a one-page resume. The followings are some of the comments I have
personally heard: "Well, Joe Blow (car salesman) said I should have a one-page resume." "Well, I
read a book and it said you should have a one page resume." "I can't really go into what I really
did because if I did, it'd take more than one page on my resume." "Gosh, I wish I could put my job
at IBM on my resume but if I did it'd make my resume more than one page, and I was told to
never make the resume more than one page long." "I'm confused, should my resume be more
than one page? I feel like it should, but I don't want to break the rules." Or, here's another
comment, "People just don't read resumes that are longer than one page." I have heard some
more, but we can start with these. So what's the answer? There is no scientific answer about
whether a one-page resume is right or wrong. It all depends on who you are and how much
experience you have. The first thing to look at here is the purpose of a resume. The purpose of a
resume is to get you an interview. If the resume is getting you interviews, then it is considered to
be a good resume. If the resume isn't getting you interviews, then you should change it. The
biggest mistake you can make on your resume is to make it hard to read. Why? Because, for one,
scanners don't like odd resumes. Small fonts can make your resume harder to read. Some
candidates use a 7-point font so they can get the resume onto one page. Big mistake. Two,
resume readers do not like eye strain either. If the resume is mechanically challenging, they just
throw it aside for one that is easier on the eyes. Three, there are lots of resumes out there these
days, and that is also part of the problem. Four, in light of the current scanning scenario, more
than one page is not a deterrent because many will scan your resume into their database. Once
the resume is in there and searchable, you have accomplished one of the goals of resume
distribution. Five, resume readers don't like to guess and most won't call you to clarify what is on
your resume. Generally speaking, your resume should tell your story. If you're a college graduate
looking for your first job, a one-page resume is just fine. If you have a longer story, the resume
needs to be longer. Please put your experience on the resume so resume readers can tell when
and for whom you did what. Short resumes -- for people long on experience -- are not
appropriate. The real audience for these short resumes is people with short attention spans and
low IQs. I assure you that when your resume gets into the right hands, it will be read thoroughly.

Q17. What makes a good QA/Test Manager?

A: QA/Test Managers are familiar with the software development process; able to maintain
enthusiasm of their team and promote a positive atmosphere; able to promote teamwork to
increase productivity; able to promote cooperation between Software and Test/QA Engineers,
have the people skills needed to promote improvements in QA processes, have the ability to
withstand pressures and say *no* to other managers when quality is insufficient or QA processes
are not being adhered to; able to communicate with technical and non-technical people; as well
as able to run meetings and keep them focused.

Q18. What is the role of documentation in QA?

A: Documentation plays a critical role in QA. QA practices should be documented, so that they
are repeatable. Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code
changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals should all be documented. Ideally,
there should be a system for easily finding and obtaining of documents and determining what
document will have a particular piece of information. Use documentation change management, if
possible.

Q19. What about requirements?

A: Requirement specifications are important and one of the most reliable methods of insuring
problems in a complex software project is to have poorly documented requirement specifications.
Requirements are the details describing an application's externally perceived functionality and
properties. Requirements should be clear, complete, reasonably detailed, cohesive, attainable
and testable. A non-testable requirement would be, for example, "user-friendly", which is too
subjective. A testable requirement would be something such as, "the product shall allow the user
to enter their previously-assigned password to access the application". Care should be taken to
involve all of a project's significant customers in the requirements process. Customers could be
in-house or external and could include end-users, customer acceptance test engineers, testers,
customer contract officers, customer management, future software maintenance engineers,
salespeople and anyone who could later derail the project. If his/her expectations aren't met, they
should be included as a customer, if possible. In some organizations, requirements may end up in
high-level project plans, functional specification documents, design documents, or other
documents at various levels of detail. No matter what they are called, some type of
documentation with detailed requirements will be needed by test engineers in order to properly
plan and execute tests. Without such documentation there will be no clear-cut way to determine if
a software application is performing correctly.

Q20. What is a test plan?

A: A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and
focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think
through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed
document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product
validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the
test group will be able to read it.

Q21. What is a test case?

A: A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and its expected result, in
order to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly. A test case should contain
particulars such as a...

• Test case identifier;

• Test case name;
• Objective;
• Test conditions/setup;
• Input data requirements/steps, and
• Expected results.

Please note, the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or
design of an application, since it requires you to completely think through the operation of the
application. For this reason, it is useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle, if
possible.

Q22. What should be done after a bug is found?

A: When a bug is found, it needs to be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it.
After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested. Additionally, determinations should be
made regarding requirements, software, hardware, safety impact, etc., for regression testing to
check the fixes didn't create other problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it
should encapsulate these determinations. A variety of commercial, problem-
tracking/management software tools are available. These tools, with the detailed input of software
test engineers, will give the team complete information so developers can understand the bug,
get an idea of its severity, reproduce it and fix it.

Q23. What is configuration management?

A: Configuration management (CM) covers the tools and processes used to control, coordinate
and track code, requirements, documentation, problems, change requests, designs, tools,
compilers, libraries, patches, changes made to them and who makes the changes. Rob Davis has
had experience with a full range of CM tools and concepts. Rob Davis can easily adapt to your
software tool and process needs.

Q24. What if the software is so buggy it can't be tested at all?

A: In this situation the best bet is to have test engineers go through the process of reporting
whatever bugs or problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since this type
of problem can severely affect schedules and indicates deeper problems in the software
development process, such as insufficient unit testing, insufficient integration testing, poor design,
improper build or release procedures, managers should be notified and provided with some
documentation as evidence of the problem.

Q25. How do you know when to stop testing?

A: This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex and run
in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common
factors in deciding when to stop are...
 • Deadlines, e.g. release deadlines, testing deadlines;
• Test cases completed with certain percentage passed;
• Test budget has been depleted;
• Coverage of code, functionality, or requirements reaches a specified point;
• Bug rate falls below a certain level; or
• Beta or alpha testing period ends.

Q26. What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?

A: Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible
combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is
appropriate to most software development projects. Use risk analysis to determine where testing
should be focused. This requires judgment skills, common sense and experience. The checklist
should include answers to the following questions:
 Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
 Which functionality is most visible to the user?
 Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
 Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
 Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
 Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
 Which parts of the code are most complex and thus most subject to errors?
 Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
 Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
 Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
 Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
 What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
 What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
 What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
 What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
 Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?

Q27. What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive

testing?
A: Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing
is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the considerations listed under "What if there
isn't enough time for thorough testing?" do apply. The test engineer then should do "ad hoc"
testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.

Q28. What can be done if requirements are changing

continuously?
A: Work with management early on to understand how requirements might change, so that
alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance. It is helpful if the application's
initial design allows for some adaptability, so that later changes do not require redoing the
application from scratch. Additionally, try to...

• Ensure the code is well commented and well documented; this makes changes easier for
the developers.
• Use rapid prototyping whenever possible; this will help customers feel sure of their
requirements and minimize changes.
• In the project's initial schedule, allow for some extra time to commensurate with probable
changes.
• Move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application and use the original
 requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
• Negotiate to allow only easily implemented new requirements into the project; move more
difficult, new requirements into future versions of the application.
• Ensure customers and management understand scheduling impacts, inherent risks and
costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the customers decide
if the changes are warranted; after all, that's their job.
• Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required
to redo them to deal with changes.
• Design some flexibility into automated test scripts;
• Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain
unchanged;
• Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes, in order to minimize regression-
testing needs;
• Design some flexibility into test cases; this is not easily done; the best bet is to minimize
the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans;
• Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad-hoc testing with an
understanding of the added risk this entails.

Q29. What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the

requirements?
A: It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden
functionality, which it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the
functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may
have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or the
customer.
If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression
testing needs. Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of
the unexpected functionality. If the functionality only affects areas, such as minor improvements
in the user interface, it may not be a significant risk.

Q30. How can software QA processes be implemented without

stifling productivity?
A: Implement QA processes slowly over time. Use consensus to reach agreement on processes
and adjust and experiment as an organization grows and matures. Productivity will be improved
instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection. Panics and
burnout will decrease and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort. At the same time,
attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize paperwork, promote
computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize time required in
meetings and promote training as part of the QA process. However, no one, especially talented
technical types, like bureaucracy and in the short run things may slow down a bit. A typical
scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be needed, but less time will
be required for late-night bug fixing and calming of irate customers.

Q31. What if organization is growing so fast that fixed QA

processes are impossible?
A: This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There
is no easy solution in this situation, other than...
 Hire good people (i.e. hire Rob Davis)
 Ruthlessly prioritize quality issues and maintain focus on the customer;
 Everyone in the organization should be clear on what quality means to the customer.
Q32. How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
A: A well-engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from code to internal
design to functional design to requirements. While there will be little affect on black box testing
(where an understanding of the internal design of the application is unnecessary), white-box
testing can be oriented to the application's objects. If the application was well designed this can
simplify test design.

Q33. Why do you recommend that we test during the design

phase?
A: Because testing during the design phase can prevent defects later on. We recommend
verifying three things...

1. Verify the design is good, efficient, compact, testable and maintainable.

2. Verify the design meets the requirements and is complete (specifies all relationships
between modules, how to pass data, what happens in exceptional circumstances,
starting state of each module and how to guarantee the state of each module).
3. Verify the design incorporates enough memory, I/O devices and quick enough runtime for
the final product.

Q34. What is software quality assurance?

A: Software Quality Assurance (SWQA) when Rob Davis does it is oriented to *prevention*. It
involves the entire software development process. Prevention is monitoring and improving the
process, making sure any agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed and ensuring
problems are found and dealt with. Software Testing, when performed by Rob Davis, is also
oriented to *detection*. Testing involves the operation of a system or application under controlled
conditions and evaluating the results. Organizations vary considerably in how they assign
responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they are the combined responsibility of one group or
individual. Also common are project teams, which include a mix of test engineers, testers and
developers who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers.
It depends on what best fits your organization's size and business structure. Rob Davis can
provide QA and/or SWQA. This document details some aspects of how he can provide software
testing/QA service.

Q35. What is quality assurance?

A: Quality Assurance ensures all parties concerned with the project adhere to the process and
procedures, standards and templates and test readiness reviews.
Rob Davis' QA service depends on the customers and projects. A lot will depend on team leads
or managers, feedback to developers and communications among customers, managers,
developers' test engineers and testers.

Q36. Process and procedures - why follow them?

A: Detailed and well-written processes and procedures ensure the correct steps are being
executed to facilitate a successful completion of a task. They also ensure a process is repeatable.
Once Rob Davis has learned and reviewed customer's business processes and procedures, he
will follow them. He will also recommend improvements and/or additions.

Q37. Standards and templates - what is supposed to be in a

document?
A: All documents should be written to a certain standard and template. Standards and templates
maintain document uniformity. It also helps in learning where information is located, making it
easier for a user to find what they want. Lastly, with standards and templates, information will not
be accidentally omitted from a document. Once Rob Davis has learned and reviewed your
standards and templates, he will use them. He will also recommend improvements and/or
additions.

Q38. What are the different levels of testing?

A: Rob Davis has expertise in testing at all testing levels listed below. At each test level, he
documents the results. Each level of testing is either considered black or white box testing.

Q39. What is black box testing?

A: Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of internal software design
or code. Black box testing are based on requirements and functionality.

Q40. What is white box testing?

A: White box testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code. Tests
are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths and conditions.

Q41. What is unit testing?

A: Unit testing is the first level of dynamic testing and is first the responsibility of developers and
then that of the test engineers. Unit testing is performed after the expected test results are met or
differences are explainable/acceptable.

Q42. What is parallel/audit testing?

A: Parallel/audit testing is testing where the user reconciles the output of the new system to the
output of the current system to verify the new system performs the operations correctly.

Q43. What is functional testing?

A: Functional testing is black-box type of testing geared to functional requirements of an
application. Test engineers *should* perform functional testing.

Q44. What is usability testing?

A: Usability testing is testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective and depends on the
targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions and
other techniques can be used. Programmers and developers are usually not appropriate as
usability testers.

Q45. What is incremental integration testing?

A: Incremental integration testing is continuous testing of an application as new functionality is
recommended. This may require that various aspects of an application's functionality are
independent enough to work separately, before all parts of the program are completed, or that
test drivers are developed as needed. This type of testing may be performed by programmers,
software engineers, or test engineers.

Q46. What is integration testing?

A: Upon completion of unit testing, integration testing begins. Integration testing is black box
testing. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct components of the application still
work in accordance to customer requirements. Test cases are developed with the express
purpose of exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried out by the
test team.
Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are either in
line or differences are explainable/acceptable based on client input.
Q47. What is system testing?
A: System testing is black box testing, performed by the Test Team, and at the start of the
system testing the complete system is configured in a controlled environment. The purpose of
system testing is to validate an application's accuracy and completeness in performing the
functions as designed. System testing simulates real life scenarios that occur in a "simulated real
life" test environment and test all functions of the system that are required in real life. System
testing is deemed complete when actual results and expected results are either in line or
differences are explainable or acceptable, based on client input.
Upon completion of integration testing, system testing is started. Before system testing, all unit
and integration test results are reviewed by SWQA to ensure all problems have been resolved.
For a higher level of testing it is important to understand unresolved problems that originate at
unit and integration test levels.

Q48. What is end-to-end testing?

A: Similar to system testing, the *macro* end of the test scale is testing a complete application in
a situation that mimics real world use, such as interacting with a database, using network
communication, or interacting with other hardware, application, or system.

Q49. What is regression testing?

A: The objective of regression testing is to ensure the software remains intact. A baseline set of
data and scripts is maintained and executed to verify changes introduced during the release have
not "undone" any previous code. Expected results from the baseline are compared to results of
the software under test. All discrepancies are highlighted and accounted for, before testing
proceeds to the next level.

Q50. What is sanity testing?

A: Sanity testing is performed whenever cursory testing is sufficient to prove the application is
functioning according to specifications. This level of testing is a subset of regression testing. It
normally includes a set of core tests of basic GUI functionality to demonstrate connectivity to the
database, application servers, printers, etc.

Q51. What is performance testing?

A: Although performance testing is described as a part of system testing, it can be regarded as a
distinct level of testing. Performance testing verifies loads, volumes and response times, as
defined by requirements.

Q52. What is load testing?

A: Load testing is testing an application under heavy loads, such as the testing of a web site
under a range of loads to determine at what point the system response time will degrade or fail.

Q53. What is installation testing?

A: Installation testing is testing full, partial, upgrade, or install/uninstall processes. The installation
test for a release is conducted with the objective of demonstrating production readiness. This test
includes the inventory of configuration items, performed by the application's System
Administration, the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system
functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following installation testing.

Q54. What is security/penetration testing?

A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized
internal or external access, or willful damage. This type of testing usually requires sophisticated
testing techniques.

Q55. What is recovery/error testing?

A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures,
or other catastrophic problems.

Q56. What is compatibility testing?

A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular hardware, software,
operating system, or network environment.

Q57. What is comparison testing?

A: Comparison testing is testing that compares software weaknesses and strengths to those of
competitors' products.

Q58. What is acceptance testing?

A: Acceptance testing is black box testing that gives the client/customer/project manager the
opportunity to verify the system functionality and usability prior to the system being released to
production. The acceptance test is the responsibility of the client/customer or project manager,
however, it is conducted with the full support of the project team. The test team also works with
the client/customer/project manager to develop the acceptance criteria.

Q59. What is alpha testing?

A: Alpha testing is testing of an application when development is nearing completion. Minor
design changes can still be made as a result of alpha testing. Alpha testing is typically performed
by end-users or others, not programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.

Q60. What is beta testing?

A: Beta testing is testing an application when development and testing are essentially completed
and final bugs and problems need to be found before the final release. Beta testing is typically
performed by end-users or others, not programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.

Q61. What testing roles are standard on most testing projects?

A: Depending on the organization, the following roles are more or less standard on most testing
projects: Testers, Test Engineers, Test/QA Team Lead, Test/QA Manager, System Administrator,
Database Administrator, Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers
may also wear the hat of Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.

Q62. What is a Test/QA Team Lead?

A: The Test/QA Team Lead coordinates the testing activity, communicates testing status to
management and manages the test team.

Q63. What is a Test Engineer?

A: Test Engineers are engineers who specialize in testing. They create test cases, procedures,
scripts and generate data. They execute test procedures and scripts, analyze standards of
measurements, evaluate results of system/integration/regression testing. They also...
 • Speed up the work of your development staff;
• Reduce your risk of legal liability;
• Give you the evidence that your software is correct and operates properly;
• Improve problem tracking and reporting;
• Maximize the value of your software;
• Maximize the value of the devices that use it;
• Assure the successful launch of your product by discovering bugs and design flaws,
before users get discouraged, before shareholders loose their cool and before employees
get bogged down;
• Help the work of your development staff, so the development team can devote its time to
build up your product;
• Promote continual improvement;
• Provide documentation required by FDA, FAA, other regulatory agencies and your
customers;
• Save money by discovering defects 'early' in the design process, before failures occur in
production, or in the field;
• Save the reputation of your company by discovering bugs and design flaws; before bugs
and design flaws damage the reputation of your company.

Q64. What is a Test Build Manager?

A: Test Build Managers deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the
application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating
system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware. Depending on the project, one
person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a
Test Build Manager.

Q65. What is a System Administrator?

A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators, Database Administrators deliver current
software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software
patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test
environment hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For
instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a System Administrator.

Q66. What is a Database Administrator?

A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators and Database Administrators deliver current
software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software
patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test
environment hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For
instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Database Administrator.

Q67. What is a Technical Analyst?

A: Technical Analysts perform test assessments and validate system/functional test
requirements. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance,
Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Technical Analyst.

Q68. What is a Test Configuration Manager?

A: Test Configuration Managers maintain test environments, scripts, software and test data.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers
may also wear the hat of a Test Configuration Manager.
Q69. What is a test schedule?
A: The test schedule is a schedule that identifies all tasks required for a successful testing effort,
a schedule of all test activities and resource requirements.

Q70. What is software testing methodology?

A: One software testing methodology is the use a three step process of...

1. Creating a test strategy;

2. Creating a test plan/design; and
3. Executing tests.

This methodology can be used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob Davis believes that
using this methodology is important in the development and in ongoing maintenance of his
customers' applications.

Q71. What is the general testing process?

A: The general testing process is the creation of a test strategy (which sometimes includes the
creation of test cases), creation of a test plan/design (which usually includes test cases and test
procedures) and the execution of tests.

Q72. How do you create a test strategy?

A: The test strategy is a formal description of how a software product will be tested. A test
strategy is developed for all levels of testing, as required. The test team analyzes the
requirements, writes the test strategy and reviews the plan with the project team. The test plan
may include test cases, conditions, the test environment, a list of related tasks, pass/fail criteria
and risk assessment.

Inputs for this process:

• A description of the required hardware and software components, including test tools.
This information comes from the test environment, including test tool data.
• A description of roles and responsibilities of the resources required for the test and
schedule constraints. This information comes from manhours and schedules.
• Testing methodology. This is based on known standards.
• Functional and technical requirements of the application. This information comes from
requirements, change request, technical and functional design documents.
• Requirements that the system can not provide, e.g. system limitations.

Outputs for this process:

• An approved and signed off test strategy document, test plan, including test cases.
• Testing issues requiring resolution. Usually this requires additional negotiation at the
project management level.

Q73. How do you create a test plan/design?

A: Test scenarios and/or cases are prepared by reviewing functional requirements of the release
and preparing logical groups of functions that can be further broken into test procedures. Test
procedures define test conditions, data to be used for testing and expected results, including
database updates, file outputs, report results. Generally speaking...

• Test cases and scenarios are designed to represent both typical and unusual situations
 that may occur in the application.
• Test engineers define unit test requirements and unit test cases. Test engineers also
execute unit test cases.
• It is the test team who, with assistance of developers and clients, develops test cases
and scenarios for integration and system testing.
• Test scenarios are executed through the use of test procedures or scripts.
• Test procedures or scripts define a series of steps necessary to perform one or more test
scenarios.
• Test procedures or scripts include the specific data that will be used for testing the
process or transaction.
• Test procedures or scripts may cover multiple test scenarios.
• Test scripts are mapped back to the requirements and traceability matrices are used to
ensure each test is within scope.
• Test data is captured and baselined, prior to testing. This data serves as the foundation
for unit and system testing and used to exercise system functionality in a controlled
environment.
• Some output data is also baselined for future comparison. Baselined data is used to
support future application maintenance via regression testing.
• A pre-test meeting is held to assess the readiness of the application and the environment
and data to be tested. A test readiness document is created to indicate the status of the
entrance criteria of the release.

Inputs for this process:

• Approved Test Strategy Document.

• Test tools, or automated test tools, if applicable.
• Previously developed scripts, if applicable.
• Test documentation problems uncovered as a result of testing.
• A good understanding of software complexity and module path coverage, derived from
general and detailed design documents, e.g. software design document, source code and
software complexity data.

Outputs for this process:

• Approved documents of test scenarios, test cases, test conditions and test data.
• Reports of software design issues, given to software developers for correction.

Q74. How do you execute tests?

A: Execution of tests is completed by following the test documents in a methodical manner. As
each test procedure is performed, an entry is recorded in a test execution log to note the
execution of the procedure and whether or not the test procedure uncovered any defects.
Checkpoint meetings are held throughout the execution phase. Checkpoint meetings are held
daily, if required, to address and discuss testing issues, status and activities.

• The output from the execution of test procedures is known as test results. Test results
are evaluated by test engineers to determine whether the expected results have been
obtained. All discrepancies/anomalies are logged and discussed with the software team
lead, hardware test lead, programmers, software engineers and documented for further
investigation and resolution. Every company has a different process for logging and
reporting bugs/defects uncovered during testing.
• A pass/fail criteria is used to determine the severity of a problem, and results are
 recorded in a test summary report. The severity of a problem, found during system
testing, is defined in accordance to the customer's risk assessment and recorded in their
selected tracking tool.
• Proposed fixes are delivered to the testing environment, based on the severity of the
problem. Fixes are regression tested and flawless fixes are migrated to a new baseline.
Following completion of the test, members of the test team prepare a summary report.
The summary report is reviewed by the Project Manager, Software QA (SWQA) Manager
and/or Test Team Lead.
• After a particular level of testing has been certified, it is the responsibility of the
Configuration Manager to coordinate the migration of the release software components to
the next test level, as documented in the Configuration Management Plan. The software
is only migrated to the production environment after the Project Manager's formal
acceptance.
• The test team reviews test document problems identified during testing, and update
documents where appropriate.

Inputs for this process:

• Approved test documents, e.g. Test Plan, Test Cases, Test Procedures.
• Test tools, including automated test tools, if applicable.
• Developed scripts.
• Changes to the design, i.e. Change Request Documents.
• Test data.
• Availability of the test team and project team.
• General and Detailed Design Documents, i.e. Requirements Document, Software Design
Document.
• A software that has been migrated to the test environment, i.e. unit tested code, via the
Configuration/Build Manager.
• Test Readiness Document.
• Document Updates.

Outputs for this process:

• Log and summary of the test results. Usually this is part of the Test Report. This needs to
be approved and signed-off with revised testing deliverables.
• Changes to the code, also known as test fixes.
• Test document problems uncovered as a result of testing. Examples are Requirements
document and Design Document problems.
• Reports on software design issues, given to software developers for correction.
Examples are bug reports on code issues.
• Formal record of test incidents, usually part of problem tracking.
• Baselined package, also known as tested source and object code, ready for migration to
the next level.