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    Shrimp Culture Guide

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    Shrimp Culture Guide

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    Shrimp Culture Guide

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    of 13
    Page 144 Water Quality Management Review WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND MANAGEMENT FOR MARINE SHRIMP CULTURE Yew-Hu Chien Department of Aquaculture National Taiwan Ocean University Keehung, Taiwan INTRODUCTION AA sufficient supply of good quality water is essential wo any aquaculture operation. Water quality affects reproduction, growth, and survival of aquatic organisms. The criteria for good quality ‘water vary with the kindof organisms andre established by safe levels, i... physical and chemical properties of water which have insignificantedverseeffectson shrimp growth and survival, This paper first aims to review the water quality requirements for penaeid shrimp. ‘A Chinese proverb in aquaculture states, "Cultivating water is a must for aquaculture,” and emphasizes the importance of water quality management in aquaculture. The factors control- ling the composition of pond water are extremely varied and include physical, chemical and biological processes. To keep ‘water properties within safe levels, one must understand those, processes $0 that the elements inhibiting prawn growth and survival can be deiccted and their impact minimized. The Dractice of semi-intensive and intensive culture systems usually results in pollution of the culture water from uneaten food and waste products of cultured organisms, Avnimelech and Lacher (1979) found that 35% of the organic carbon, 89% of the nitrogen, ‘and 68% of the phosphorus from the feed are accumulated in the fish pond bottom. In catfish ponds, Boyd (1985) indicated that only 26% of nitrogen and 30% of phosphorus from the feed are utilized by the fish. In an intensive culture system of Penseus ‘monodon, 80% of the nitrogen from feed remained in the ponds {Chen and Liu 1988), As organic materials and their derivatives accumulate and exceed safe levels, they become a liability 10 water quality maintenance, Therefore, water quality manage- rent s one of the most important culture practices, especially in semi-intensive and intensive culture systems. Production inten- sification is the tend in shrimp culture in Taiwan (Chien et al. 1989) as well aselsewhere in southeast Asia, Thus water quality ‘management has been gaining increasing attention. It is the second aim of this paper to descrite recent developments.in water quality management in shrimp ponds and make recommenda- tons about methods to improve water quality. WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS, Water quality requirements are based on the results of aquatic toxicity tests. These tests measure the responses of Aquatic organisms to defined quantities of specific compounds (APHA 1989). Three parameters are usually used: (1) LC50, which isthe median (50%) lethal concentration, or concentration killing 30% of exposed organisms ata specific time of observa- tion; (2) TLM, medial tolerance limit which isthe test material concentration at which 50% of test organisms survive for a specified exposure time; TLm has been superseded by LC50; 2nd G)ECSO, which is the toxicant concentration affecting a specific response, such as growih rate in a given time. A safe level is calculated based on the incipient C50 value and an application factor of 0.1 (Sprague 1971), For example, ifthe incipient LCS0 of a certain substance to a juvenile is 30.5 mgl/L, then the safe level is 3.05 mg/L. Salinity ‘Most cultured marine shrimp are euryhaline and adapteasily to salinity fluctuations due to climatological and hydrological factors in acoastal environment. P.monodon may be one of the ‘most efficient osmotic and ionic regulators among Penaeid species (Cheng and Liao 1986). P.monodon pastlarvae can withstand salinity ranges of 0-60 ppt (Motoh 1981), The juve- niles are more euryhaline and stronger osmoregulators than the adults. Osmoregulation was performed efficiently at3-50 ppt for Juvenite and 15-50 ppt for the adult (Cheng and Liao 1986), Ferraris etal. (1985) reported that young P. monodon showed efficient osmoregulation over salinity ranges of 5-55 ppl. Although P. monodon can tolerate a wide range of salinity the minimal salinity requirement and optimal salinity for its ‘culture aresstill inconclusive, Itcan tolerate freshwater for about ‘one month (Boyd 1989). However, in other studies, the lowest salinity that the postlarvae could tolerate was about 2 ppt (Cawihomeetal, 1983; Chakrabortet al. 1986). No P.monodon postlarvae (PL30-50) survived in freshwater within Shours Law 1988) and all P.monodon died in freshwater within 4 hours (Cawthorne et al. 1983). No P, monadon posilarvae died at salinities between 5 ppt and 30 ppt up to 22 hours (Law 1988). ‘High mortality and poor growth rates of P. monodon juveniles, were observed at salinities lower than 10 ppt (Cawthorne et al. 1983). Others report that P, monodon larvae survived and grew well at lower salinities (Musig and Ruttanagosrigit 1982). The range of salinity with whichthe normal growthofP monodoncan ‘Wyhan, J, editor, 1992 Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming. World Aquaculture Society, Haton Rouge, LA USA. Chien Page 145 bbe maintained is between 15-30 ppt (Chea 1976; Chen 1985), In P.monodon, the optimum salinity range for growth may change during theirlife history, with 10 pptfor early postlarvae (Valencia 1976), 15-20 ppt for late postlarvae (Chen 1976), and 15-25 ppt forjuvenile (Chen 1984). Satinities of 15t025 pptareconsidered ideal for P. monodon growout (Boyd 1989). Moltinginextremely high or low salinitiesmay require more time and energy in normalizing hemolymph osmolality. This increased time interval increases the shrimp vulnerability 1 predation and cannibalism, and prolongs cheir inability o forage forfood. Iti therefore advantageousto allow P. monadoninmalt near isosmotic and isoionic conditions (Ferraris et al. 1986). Rapid changes of salinity normally cause high mortality of P. monadon (Tseng 1987). However itisacommonpracticeamong shrimp farmers in Taiwan to routinely vary the salinity between 15 and 20 ppt in prawn ponds to stimulate prawn molting and consequently increase growth (Chien etal, 1989). In contrast, P. chinensis can tolerate a wide range of saini- tes, Igrows wel in salinities from? pptio 40ppt, acclimated, ican grow in water with even lower salinities (Yang 1990), Yu and Zangy.ao (1985) reported that P. chinensis adapted better to lower than higher salinities during sudden salinity changes, They reported thatafter24 hoursadaptation to sudden salinity changes, the growth rate of 0.7 cm juveniles was better in salinities ‘between L1-31 ppt than in 37 ppt. pH Extremely low pHcan stress shrimp and cause soft shelland poor survival, Moderate low pH has noeffectonsurvival butmay have adverseeffecton growth. After 26 days exposure to pH6.45 in the presence of inorganic carbon of more than 26 mg/L, P. monodon postlarvae survival was 100%, but their growih was reduced by about 40%, probably as a result of carbon dioxide poisoning (Wickins 1976). Law (1988) reported that P.monodon postlarvae could tolerate pH down to 6.0 to 6.5. High mortality was observed at pHi below 6.0. At pH 3.5, 100% mortality was recorded within 20 hours of exposure. At pH between 7.Gand8.2, no mortality was observed after more than one week exposure. Hethosrecommended pH7.508.5 fortheculture of P.monodon. ‘The pH of brackishwater is usually nota direct threat to the health ofthe shrimp, since brackishwateris well buffered against pH changes, and pH will mosily remain within the range of 6.5 109.0, Under normal culture practice even in highly intensive prawn ponds, the pH decreases only by 0.7-1.3 unit to about 7.3 atthe end of crop (Chen et al. 1988; Chen et al. 1989; Chen and ‘Wang 1990). Therefore, adverse effects of pH on prawn culture are uncommon, exceptin instances where prawns are cultared in acidic soil of very low pH. However certain levels of pH favor the formation of toxic substances or enhance the toxic effects. Although pH higher than 7 is not lethal to P. monodon (Wickins 1976), it increases the percentage of unionized ammonia (NH3) jn a given ammonia concentration which is considered the more toxic form of ammonia (Colt and Armstrong 1981), Low pH increases nite toxicity to fish (Wedemeyer and Yasutake 1978) ‘and may have similar effects on shrimp. Low pil also increases, the fraction of unionized hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the toxic form of sulfide. Dissolved Oxygen Liao and Murai (1986) reported that the oxygen respiration sate of P. monodon remained constant at dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations above 3.0 40 4.0 mg/L at salinities 4-45 ppt and temperatures of 20-30°C. Surfacing response was first observed. ‘when DO reached 1.5-2.1 mg/L. Below this level, the frequency Of intermittent surfacing increased as the oxygen concentration decreased. Respiration rate gradually decreased until shrimp ‘became moribund at DO level of 04-0.7 mg/L. The incipient limiting DO level was between 4.0-4,3 mg/L at 25 ppt salinity. Similar values have been found for the postlarvae (Liao and Huang 1975). Its therefore recommended that the DO concen- tration for the culture ofthis shrimp should be more than 4.0 me/ LP. monodon can stand DO as low as 0.35 mg/L, with no mortality at 1.2 mg/L (Ting 1971). However, Law (1988) reporied that all postlarvae perished at DO levels below 0.5 mgy L. About 35% morality was found when the DO level dropped to 1 mg/L and raised back 06.3 mg/L. He suggested thatthe DO level should be kept above 2 mg/L. at all times. P japonicus may toterate lower DO than P. monodon. From ‘combination of the resting and active rates of oxygen uptake, it ‘seems that the incipient lethal level for kuruma prawn. japonicus lies between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l. (Egusa 1961). During the day, P, Japonicus bury themselves in the sediment where DO is lower than in the water. P. japonicus are also the easiest shrimp 10 be transported alive without water which may be due to their lower DO tolerance. ‘The lower DO limit forthe survival of P. chinensis was 1.0- 14 mg/L. (Yang 1990). When DO was at 1.0 mg/L, shrimp stopped feeding. There was no difference in food consurmption, ‘once the DO was greater than 1.5 mgjL.. Shrimp did not grow at DO 1.0-1.4 mg/L. At DO over 5 mg/L, growth was still limited, ‘but increased when DO increased from 1 10 5 mg/L. When DO was greater than 6 mg/L. shrimp growth was no longer limited. “Therefore, Yang (1990) concluded that P, chinensis cultivated at low DO would have poorer food conversion than at higher DO. appears that the suitable DO concentration for the culture of P. chinensis would be greater than S mg/L. Ammonia Ammonia is the main end-product of protein catabolism in crustaceans and can account for 40% to 90% of nitrogen excre- tion (Parry, 1960), Asarumoniaconcentrations in waterinerease, Page 146 Water Quality Management Review ammonia excretion by aquatic organisms diminishes, and levels of ammonia in blood and other tissue increases, The result isan

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