Seminar Report 201

0
GLOBAL WARMING

Practical Seminar Report

Submitted In Partial Fulfilment

For The Award of Degree of B.Tech.

In Department of Electronics & Communication

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Department of Electronics & Manish Kumar Sharma

Communication 8- EC- 042

Department of Electronics & Communication

Jaipur National University

Jaipur National University Page 1

 Seminar Report 201
0

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my heartiest thanks to for Mr. Puneet Kalia providing his excellent knowledge,
guidance and valuable suggestions. I am also indebted of Mr.Kapil Sarashwat, Associate Professor, for
their guidance and support. I would like to express my deep gratitude & heartiest thanks to Mr. Kusar Ali,
who infused me with the spirit to work upon challenging field.

I would also want to thank Prof. L. N. Choudhary, HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur.

Signature:

Jaipur National University Page 2

 Seminar Report 201
0

TABLE OF CONTENTS:-

1. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL WARMING…………………4

2. GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES……………………………….5

3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT………………………………………8

4. GREENHOUSE GASES………………………………………..9

5. CLIMATE MODEL……………………………………………13

6. ATTRIBUTED AND EXPECTED EFFECT………………….15

7. RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING……………………..18

8. GLOBAL WARMING SKEPTICS……………………………20

9. STOP THE GLOBAL WARMING……………………………21

10. DANGREOUS CHEMICAL…………………………………21

11. CONCLUSION………………………………………………23

12. REFRENCE………………………………………………….24

Jaipur National University Page 3

 Seminar Report 201
0
1.INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL WARMING:-

What is global warming?

Global warming is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises). It happens
when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane)
trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the
temperature. This hurts many people, animals, and plants. Many cannot take the
change, so they die.

The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1 degree
Fahrenheit since 1900 and the speed of warming has been almost three folds the
century long average since 1970. This increase in earth’s average temperature is
called Global warming. More or less all specialists studying the climate record of
the earth have the same opinion now that human actions, mainly the discharge of
green house gases from smokestacks, vehicles, and burning forests, are perhaps the
leading power driving the fashion. The gases append to the planet's normal
greenhouse effect, permitting sunlight in, but stopping some of the ensuing heat
from radiating back to space. Based on the study on past climate shifts, notes of
current situations, and computer simulations, many climate scientists say that
lacking of big curbs in greenhouse gas discharges, the 21st century might see
temperatures rise of about 3 to 8 degrees, climate patterns piercingly shift, ice
sheets contract and seas rise several feet. With the probable exemption of one more
world war, a huge asteroid, or a fatal plague, global warming may be the only most

Jaipur National University Page 4

 Seminar Report 201
0
danger to our planet earth.

2. GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES:-

What causes global warming?

Many things cause global warming. One thing that causes global warming is
electrical pollution. Electricity causes pollution in many ways, some worse than
others. In most cases, fossil fuels are burned to create electricity. Fossil fuels are
made of dead plants and animals. Some examples of fossil fuels are oil and
petroleum. Many pollutants (chemicals that pollute the air, water, and land) are
sent into the air when fossil fuels are burned. Some of these chemicals are called
greenhouse gasses.

We use these sources of energy much more than the sources that give off less
pollution. Petroleum, one of the sources of energy, is used a lot. It is used for
transportation, making electricity, and making many other things. Although this
source of energy gives off a lot of pollution, it is used for 38% of the United
States’ energy.

As said, the major cause of global warming is the emission of green house gases
like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc into the atmosphere. The major
source of carbon dioxide is the power plants. These power plants emit large

Jaipur National University Page 5

 Seminar Report 201
0
amounts of carbon dioxide produced from burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of
electricity generation. About twenty percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the
atmosphere comes from burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. This is
true for most of the developed countries. Buildings, both commercial and
residential represent a larger source of global warming pollution than cars and
trucks. Building of these structures require a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a
large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane is more than 20 times
as effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is obtained from
resources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel
manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation build up and the organic
matter in the soil decays, releasing methane to the atmosphere. The main sources
of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic
converters, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter.
Another cause of global warming is deforestation that is caused by cutting and
burning of forests for the purpose of residence and industrialization.

Jaipur National University Page 6

 Seminar Report 201
0

Temperature changes

Two millennia of mean surface temperatures

according to different reconstructions, each
smoothed on a decadal scale, with the
instrumental temperature record overlaid in
black.

Evidence for warming of the climate system includes observed increases in global
average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and
rising global average sea level. The most common measure of global warming is
the trend in globally averaged temperature near the Earth's surface. Expressed as a
linear trend, this temperature rose by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005.
The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the

Jaipur National University Page 7

 Seminar Report 201
0
period as a whole (0.13 ± 0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07 °C ± 0.02 °C per
decade). The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for about 0.002 °C of
warming per decade since 1900. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have
increased between 0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22 and 0.4 °F) per decade since 1979,
according to satellite temperature measurements. Temperature is believed to have
been relatively stable over the one or two thousand years before 1850, with
regionally varying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little
Ice Age.

Estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the National
Climatic Data Center show that 2005 was the planet's warmest year since reliable,
widespread instrumental measurements became available in the late 19th century,
exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a degree.
Estimates prepared by the World Meteorological Organization and the Climatic
Research Unit show 2005 as the second warmest year, behind 1998. Temperatures
in 1998 were unusually warm because the strongest El Niño in the past century
occurred during that year. Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations
that overlay long term trends and can temporarily mask them. The relative stability
in temperature from 2002 to 2009 is consistent with such an episode.

Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have
increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against
0.13 °C per decade). Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land
temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and
because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation. The Northern Hemisphere
warms faster than the Southern Hemisphere because it has more land and because
it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-albedo
feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than
Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in warming because
the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between hemispheres. The
thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that
climate can take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate
commitment studies indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000
levels, a further warming of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur.

Jaipur National University Page 8

 Seminar Report 201
0

External forcings

External forcing refers to processes external to the climate system (though not
necessarily external to Earth) that influence climate. Climate responds to several
types of external forcing, such as radiative forcing due to changes in atmospheric
composition (mainly greenhouse gas concentrations), changes in solar luminosity,
volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun. Attribution of
recent climate change focuses on the first three types of forcing. Orbital cycles
vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and thus are too gradual to have caused
the temperature changes observed in the past century.

3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT:-

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is when the temperature rises because the sun’s heat and
light is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. This is like when heat is trapped in a
car. On a very hot day, the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot. This is
because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car, by going through the
windows, but it can’t get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to the
earth. The heat and light can get through the atmosphere, but it can’t get out. As a
result, the temperature rises. The sun’s heat can get into the car through the
windows but is then trapped. This makes what ever the place might be, a
greenhouse, a car, a building, or the earth’s atmosphere, hotter. This diagram
shows the heat coming into a car as visible light (light you can see) and infrared
light (heat). Once the light is inside the car, it is trapped and the heat builds up,
just like it does in the earth’s atmosphere.

Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us. The greenhouse
effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on. Without it, the earth
would be freezing, or on the other hand it would be burning hot. It would be
freezing at night because the sun would be down. We would not get the sun’s heat
and light to make the night somewhat warm. During the day, especially during the
Jaipur National University Page 9
 Seminar Report 201
0
summer, it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to
filter it, so people, plants, and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.

Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it, if
there gets to be too many gases, the earth can get unusually warmer, and many
plants, animals, and people will die. They would die because there would be less
food (plants like corn, wheat, and other vegetables and fruits). This would happen
because the plants would not be able to take the heat. This would cause us to have
less food to eat, but it would also limit the food that animals have. With less food,
like grass, for the animals that we need to survive (like cows) we would even have
less food. Gradually, people, plants, and animals would all die of hunger.

4. GREENHOUSE GASES:-

What are greenhouse gasses?

Greenhouse gasses are gasses are in the earth’s atmosphere that collect heat and
light from the sun. With too many greenhouse gasses in the air, the earth’s
atmosphere will trap too much heat and the earth will get too hot. As a result
people, animals, and plants would die because the heat would be too
strong. mGreenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the
atmosphere, and earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per
square meter (W/m2).

Jaipur National University Page 10

 Seminar Report 201
0
Recent atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases. Monthly CO2 measurements
display seasonal oscillations in an upward trend; each year's maximum occurs
during the Northern Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during its growing
season as plants remove some atmospheric CO2.
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared
radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and
surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated
quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C

(59 °F). The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70
percent of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26
percent; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9 percent; and ozone (O3), which causes
3–7 percent. Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but they are composed of
liquid water or ice and so have different effects on radiation from water vapor.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from
CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of
CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750. These
levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period
for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Less direct geological
evidence indicates that CO2 values higher than this were last seen about 20 million
years ago. Fossil fuel burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in
CO2 from human activity over the past 20 years. Most of the rest is due to land-use
change, particularly deforestation.

Over the last three decades of the 20th century, GDP per capita and population
growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2
emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use
change. Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of
greenhouse gases, have been projected that depend upon uncertain economic,
sociological, technological, and natural developments. In most scenarios,
emissions continue to rise over the century, while in a few, emissions are reduced.

Jaipur National University Page 11

 Seminar Report 201
0
These emission scenarios, combined with carbon cycle modeling, have been used
to produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will
change in the future. Using the six IPCC SRES "marker" scenarios, models suggest
that by the year 2100, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 could range between
541 and 970 ppm. This is an increase of 90-250% above the concentration in the
year 1750. Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach these levels and continue
emissions past 2100 if coal, oil sands or methane clathrates are extensively
exploited.

The destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons is sometimes

mentioned in relation to global warming. Although there are a few areas of linkage,
the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduction of stratospheric ozone
has a cooling influence. Substantial ozone depletion did not occur until the late
1970s. Ozone in the troposphere (the lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere) does
contribute to surface warming.

Aerosols and soot

Ship tracks over the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. The
climatic impacts from aerosol forcing could have a large effect on climate through
the indirect effect.

Global dimming, a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at

the Earth's surface, has partially counteracted global warming from 1960 to the

Jaipur National University Page 12

 Seminar Report 201
0
present. The main cause of this dimming is aerosols produced by volcanoes and
pollutants. These aerosols exert a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of
incoming sunlight. The effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion—CO2 and
aerosols—have largely offset one another in recent decades, so that net warming
has been due to the increase in non-CO2 greenhouse gases such as methane.
Radiative forcing due to aerosols is temporally limited due to wet deposition which
causes aerosols to have an atmospheric lifetime of one week. Carbon dioxide has a
lifetime of a century or more, and as such, changes in aerosol concentrations will
only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide. In addition to their direct effect
by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, aerosols have indirect effects on the
radiation budget. Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and thus lead to
clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar
radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets. This effect
also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces growth of raindrops
and makes the cloud more reflective to incoming sunlight. Indirect effects are most
noticeable in marine stratiform clouds, and have very little radiative effect on
convective clouds. Aerosols, particularly their indirect effects, represent the largest
uncertainty in radiative forcing.

Soot may cool or warm the surface, depending on whether it is airborne or

deposited. Atmospheric soot aerosols directly absorb solar radiation, which heats
the atmosphere and cools the surface. In isolated areas with high soot production,
such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases
may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. When deposited, especially on
glaciers or on ice in arctic regions, the lower surface albedo can also directly heat
the surface. The influences of aerosols, including black carbon, are most
pronounced in the tropics and sub-tropics, particularly in Asia, while the effects of
greenhouse gases are dominant in the extratropics and southern hemisphere.

Solar variation

Solar variation over thirty years.

Jaipur National University Page 13

 Seminar Report 201
0
Variations in solar output have been the cause of past climate changes. The effect
of changes in solar forcing in recent decades is uncertain, but small, with some
studies showing a slight cooling effect, while others studies suggest a slight
warming effect.

Greenhouse gases and solar forcing affect temperatures in different ways. While
both increased solar activity and increased greenhouse gases are expected to warm
the troposphere, an increase in solar activity should warm the stratosphere while an
increase in greenhouse gases should cool the stratosphere. Observations show that
temperatures in the stratosphere have been cooling since 1979, when satellite
measurements became available. Radiosonde (weather balloon) data from the pre-
satellite era show cooling since 1958, though there is greater uncertainty in the
early radiosonde record.

A related hypothesis, proposed by Henrik Svensmark, is that magnetic activity of

the sun deflects cosmic rays that may influence the generation of cloud
condensation nuclei and thereby affect the climate. Other research has found no
relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays. The influence of
cosmic rays on cloud cover is about a factor of 100 lower than needed to explain
the observed changes in clouds or to be a significant contributor to present-day
climate change.

5. CLIMATE MODELS:-

Calculations of global warming prepared in or before 2001 from a range of climate

models under the SRES A2 emissions scenario, which assumes no action is taken
to reduce emissions and regionally divided economic development.

Jaipur National University Page 14

 Seminar Report 201
0

The geographic distribution of surface warming during the 21st century calculated
by the HadCM3 climate model if a business as usual scenario is assumed for
economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. In this figure, the globally
averaged warming corresponds to 3.0 °C (5.4 °F).

The main tools for projecting future climate changes are mathematical models
based on physical principles including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and
radiative transfer. Although they attempt to include as many processes as possible,
simplifications of the actual climate system are inevitable because of the
constraints of available computer power and limitations in knowledge of the
climate system. All modern climate models are in fact combinations of models for
different parts of the Earth. These include an atmospheric model for air movement,
temperature, clouds, and other atmospheric properties; an ocean model that
predicts temperature, salt content, and circulation of ocean waters; models for ice
cover on land and sea; and a model of heat and moisture transfer from soil and
vegetation to the atmosphere. Some models also include treatments of chemical
and biological processes. Warming due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases is
not an assumption of the models; rather, it is an end result from the interaction of
greenhouse gases with radiative transfer and other physical processes. Although
much of the variation in model outcomes depends on the greenhouse gas emissions
used as inputs, the temperature effect of a specific greenhouse gas concentration

Jaipur National University Page 15

 Seminar Report 201
0
(climate sensitivity) varies depending on the model used. The representation of
clouds is one of the main sources of uncertainty in present-generation models.

Global climate model projections of future climate most often have used estimates
of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPCC Special Report on Emissions
Scenarios (SRES). In addition to human-caused emissions, some models also
include a simulation of the carbon cycle; this generally shows a positive feedback,
though this response is uncertain. Some observational studies also show a positive
feedback. Including uncertainties in future greenhouse gas concentrations and
climate sensitivity, the IPCC anticipates a warming of 1.1 °C to 6.4 °C (2.0 °F to
11.5 °F) by the end of the 21st century, relative to 1980–1999.

Models are also used to help investigate the causes of recent climate change by
comparing the observed changes to those that the models project from various
natural and human-derived causes. Although these models do not unambiguously
attribute the warming that occurred from approximately 1910 to 1945 to either
natural variation or human effects, they do indicate that the warming since 1970 is
dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

The physical realism of models is tested by examining their ability to simulate

current or past climates. Current climate models produce a good match to
observations of global temperature changes over the last century, but do not
simulate all aspects of climate. Not all effects of global warming are accurately
predicted by the climate models used by the IPCC. Observed Arctic shrinkage has
been faster than that predicted. Precipitation increased proportional to atmospheric
humidity, and hence significantly faster than current global climate models predict.

6. Attributed and expected effects

Main articles: Effects of global warming and Regional effects of global warming

Global warming may be detected in natural, ecological or social systems as a

change having statistical significance. Attribution of these changes e.g., to natural
or human activities, is the next step following detection.

Jaipur National University Page 16

 Seminar Report 201
0

Natural systems

Sparse records indicate that glaciers have been retreating since the early 1800s. In
the 1950s measurements began that allow the monitoring of glacial mass balance,
reported to the WGMS and the NSIDC.

Global warming has been detected in a number of systems. Some of these changes,
e.g., based on the instrumental temperature record, have been described in the
section on temperature changes. Rising sea levels and observed decreases in snow
and ice extent are consistent with warming. Most of the increase in global average
temperature since the mid-20th century is, with high probability, attributable to
human-induced changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

Even with current policies to reduce emissions, global emissions are still expected
to continue to grow over the coming decades. Over the course of the 21st century,
increases in emissions at or above their current rate would very likely induce
changes in the climate system larger than those observed in the 20th century.

In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, across a range of future emission

scenarios, model-based estimates of sea level rise for the end of the 21st century
(the year 2090-2099, relative to 1980-1999) range from 0.18 to 0.59 m. These
estimates, however, were not given a likelihood due to a lack of scientific
Jaipur National University Page 17
 Seminar Report 201
0
understanding, nor was an upper bound given for sea level rise. Over the course of
centuries to millennia, the melting of ice sheets could result in sea level rise of 4–
6 m or more.

Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land,
with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern
Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean. Snow cover area and sea ice extent
are expected to decrease. The frequency of hot extremes, heat waves, and heavy
precipitation will very likely increase.

Ecological systems

In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, and poleward and
upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to
recent warming. Future climate change is expected to particularly affect certain
ecosystems, including tundra, mangroves, and coral reefs. It is expected that most
ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels, combined with
higher global temperatures. Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in
the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

Social systems

There is some evidence of regional climate change affecting systems related to

human activities, including agricultural and forestry management activities at
higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Future climate change is expected to
particularly affect some sectors and systems related to human activities. Low-lying
coastal systems are vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge. Human health will
be at increased risk in populations with limited capacity to adapt to climate change.
It is expected that some regions will be particularly affected by climate change,
including the Arctic, Africa, small islands, and Asian and African megadeltas. In
some areas the effects on agriculture, industry and health could be mixed, or even
beneficial in certain respects, but overall it is expected that these benefits will be
outweighed by negative effects.

Jaipur National University Page 18

 Seminar Report 201
0

7. RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING:-

Mitigation

Reducing the amount of future climate change is called mitigation of climate

change. The IPCC defines mitigation as activities that reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions, or enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs from
the atmosphere. Many countries, both developing and developed, are aiming to use
cleaner, less polluting, technologies. Use of these technologies aids mitigation and
could result in substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. Policies include targets for
emissions reductions, increased use of renewable energy, and increased energy
efficiency. Studies indicate substantial potential for future reductions in emissions.
Since even in the most optimistic scenario, fossil fuels are going to be used for
years to come, mitigation may also involve carbon capture and storage, a process
that traps CO2 produced by factories and gas or coal power stations and then stores
it, usually underground.

Adaptation

Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate

change may be planned, e.g., by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e.,
done privately without government intervention. The ability to adapt is closely
linked to social and economic development. Even societies with high capacities to
adapt are still vulnerable to climate change. Planned adaptation is already
occurring on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and costs of future adaptation are
not fully understood.

Geoengineering

Another policy response is engineering of the climate (geoengineering). This

policy response is sometimes grouped together with mitigation. Geoengineering is

Jaipur National University Page 19

 Seminar Report 201
0
largely unproven, and reliable cost estimates for it have not yet been published.
Geoengineering encompasses a range of techniques to remove CO2 from the
atmosphere or to block incoming sunlight. As most geoengineering techniques
would affect the entire globe, the use of effective techniques, if they can be
developed, would require global public acceptance and an adequate global legal
and regulatory framework.

UNFCCC

Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC).The ultimate objective of the Convention is to prevent
"dangerous" human interference of the climate system. As is stated in the
Convention, this requires that GHGs are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level
where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not
threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.

The UNFCCC recognizes differences among countries in their responsibility to act

on climate change. In the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, most developed
countries (listed in Annex I of the treaty) took on legally binding commitments to
reduce their emissions. Policy measures taken in response to these commitments
have reduced emissions. For many developing (non-Annex I) countries, reducing
poverty is their overriding aim.

At the 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, held in 2009 at Copenhagen,

several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord. Parties agreeing with
the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below
2 °C. The 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) was held at Cancún in 2010. It
produced an agreement, not a binding treaty, that the Parties should take urgent
action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to meet the 2 °C goal. It also recognized
the need to consider strengthening the goal to a global average rise of 1.5 °C.

Views on global warming

Jaipur National University Page 20

 Seminar Report 201
0

Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.

There are different views over what the appropriate policy response to climate
change should be. These competing views weigh the benefits of limiting emissions
of greenhouse gases against the costs. In general, it seems likely that climate
change will impose greater damages and risks in poorer regions.

8. Global Warming Skeptics

Jaipur National University Page 21

 Seminar Report 201
0
The global warming skeptics are of the view that the global warming is a good
phenomenon and should not be stopped. There are various benefits of global
warming according to them. According to the skeptics, the global warming will
increase humidity in tropical deserts. Also the higher levels of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere trigger plant growth. As predicted, due to the global warming the
sea levels will rise. But this can be readily adapted. Another argument of global

warming skeptics is that earth has been warmer than today as seen in its history.

The thought is that global warming is nothing to get afraid of because it just takes
us back to a more natural set of environment of the past. Animals and plants
appeared to do just fine in those eras of warm climate on the earth. According to
few skeptics, the present chilly climate on the earth is an abnormality when judged
over the geographical scale. Over geologic time, the earth’s mean temperature is
22 degrees C, as compared to today's 15.5 degrees C.

9. STOP THE GLOBAL WARMING:-

What are people doing to stop global warming?

People are doing many things to try to stop global warming. One thing people are
doing is carpooling. Carpooling is driving with someone to a place that you are
both going to. This minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a
car.

Another thing that people are doing is being more careful about leaving things
turned on like the television, computer, and the lights. A lot of people are taking

Jaipur National University Page 22

 Seminar Report 201
0
time away from the television, and instead, they are spending more time outdoors.
This helps our planet out a lot. Now, more people are even riding busses, walking
to school, and riding their bikes to lower the amount of greenhouse gases in the
air. Planting trees and recycling also helps. If you recycle, less trash goes to the
dump, and less trash gets burned. As a result, there are fewer greenhouse gasses in
our atmosphere.

Watch what you buy. Many things, such as hairspray and deodorant, now are
made to have less of an impact on the atmosphere. Less greenhouse gasses will
rise into the air, and global warming will slow down.

10. DANGREOUS CHEMICAL:-

What are some of the dangerous chemicals?

Some chemicals that cause air pollution and are bad for the environment and
people are:

Ozone- Ozone is produced when other pollution chemicals combine. It is the

basic element of smog. It causes many different kinds of health issues dealing
with the lungs. It can damage plants and limit sight. It can also cause a lot of
property damage.
VOC’s (volatile organic compounds, smog formers)- VOC’s are let into the air
when fuel is burned. This chemical can cause cancer. It can also harm plants.
NOx (nitrogen dioxide)- This chemical forms smog. It is also formed by burning
sources of energy, like gas, coal, and oil, and by cars. This chemical causes
problems in the respiratory system (including the lungs). It causes acid rain,
and it can damage trees. This chemical can eat away buildings and statues.
CO (carbon monoxide)- The source of this chemical is burning sources of
energy. It causes blood vessel problems and respiratory failures.
PM-10 (particulate matter)- The source of this chemical is plowing and burning
down fields. It can cause death and lung damage. It can make it hard for
people to breathe. The smoke, soot, ash, and dust formed by this chemical can
make many cities dirty.
Sulfur Dioxide- This chemical is produced by making paper and metals. This
chemical can cause permanent lung damage. It can cause acid rain which kills
Jaipur National University Page 23
 Seminar Report 201
0
trees and damages building and statues.
Lead- This chemical is in paint, leaded gasoline, smelters, and in lead storage
batteries. It can cause many brain and nerve damages and digestive problems.

CALCLUSSION:-

Global warming is due to the increased carbon dioxide in air due to pollution
caused by man so to reduce the global warming man must respect nature. Avoid
using unnecessary use of automobiles, planting lots of tree & recycling the objects,
making more use of non-conventional energy sources. Due to global warming sea
level are increasing. Greenhouse effect the nature it increases the temperature
which is harmful for environment. At last SAVE THE NATURE SAVE THE
EARTH.

Jaipur National University Page 24

 Seminar Report 201
0

REFRENCE:-
http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/
0725_coralbleaching.html

http://powerscorecard.org/elec_env.cfm

http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/peg_caa/pegcaain.html

http://www.globalwarming360.net/tag/global-warming-effects

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Jaipur National University Page 25