Appendix K

The F Distribution

The F distribution is an asymmetric distribution that has a minimum value

of 0, but no maximum value. The curve reaches a peak not far to the right of
0, and then gradually approaches the horizontal axis the larger the F value
is. The F distribution approaches, but never quite touches the horizontal
axis.
The F distribution has two degrees of freedom, d1 for the numerator,
d2 for the denominator. For each combination of these degrees of freedom
there is a different F distribution. The F distribution is most spread out
when the degrees of freedom are small. As the degrees of freedom increase,
the F distribution the F distribution is less dispersed.
Figure 1.1 shows the shape of the distribution. The F value is on the
horizontal axis, with the probability for each F value being represented by
the vertical axis. The shaded area in the diagram represents the level of
significance α shown in the table.
There is a different F distribution for each combination of the degrees
of freedom of the numerator and denominator. Since there are so many F
distributions, the F tables are organized somewhat differently than the tables
for the other distributions. The three tables which follow are organized by
the level of significance. The first table gives F values for that are associated
with α = 0.10 of the area in the right tail of the distribution. The second
table gives the F values for α = 0.05 of the area in the right tail, and the
third table gives F values for the α = 0.01 level of significance. In each of
these tables, the F values are given for various combinations of degrees of
freedom.
In order to use the F table, first select the significance level to be used,

917
 Figure K.1: The F distribution

and then determine the appropriate combination of degrees of freedom. For

example, if the α = 0.10 level of significance is selected, use the first F table.
If there are 5 degrees of freedom in the numerator, and 7 degrees of freedom
in the denominator, the F value from the table is 2.88. This means that
there is exactly 0.10 of the area under the F curve that lies to the right of
F = 2.88.
When the significance level is α = 0.05, use the second F table. If there
are 20 degrees of freedom in the numerator, and 5 degrees of freedom in the
denominator, then the critical F value is 4.56. This could be written
F20,5;0.05 = 4.56
That is, for 20 and 5 degrees of freedom, the F value that leaves exactly 0.05
of the area under the F curve in the right tail of the distribution is 4.56.
For the α = 0.01 level of significance, the third F table is used. Suppose
that there is 1 degree of freedom in the numerator and 12 degrees of freedom
in the denominator. Then
F1,12;0.01 = 9.33.
An F value of 9.33 leaves exactly 0.01 of area under the curve in the right
tail of the distribution when there are 1 and 12 degrees of freedom.

918
 F Values for α = 0.10

d1
d2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 39.86 49.5 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.2 58.91 59.44 59.86

2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38
3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.3 2.27
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68
inf 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63

919
 F Value for α = 0.10

d1
d2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf

1 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33

2 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49
3 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13
4 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76
5 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10
6 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72
7 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47
8 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29
9 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16
10 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.06
11 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97
12 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90
13 2.40 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85
14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80
15 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76
16 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72
17 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69
18 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66
19 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63
20 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64 1.61
21 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59
22 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57
23 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.55
24 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.53
25 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52
26 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.80 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50
27 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49
28 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48
29 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47
30 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46
40 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38
60 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29
120 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19
inf 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00

920
 F Values for α = 0.05

d1
d2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5

2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.3 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96
inf 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88

921
 F Values for α = 0.05

d1
d2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf

1 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
2 19.4 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.5
3 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.10 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
inf 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00

922
 F Values for α = 0.01

d1
d2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022

2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.2 5.06 4.94
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.14
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56
inf 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41

923
 F Values for α = 0.01

d1
d2 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf

1 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6366
2 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
17 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
inf 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00

924