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    P Block Equations

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    Farha Sh
    The document provides information on the preparation and properties of compounds in Groups 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the periodic table. It describes methods for producing nitrogen, ammonia, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. It also outlines the oxidizing properties of halogens such as chlorine and discusses the acidic nature of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis reactions of xenon fluorides are also mentioned.

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    P Block Equations

    Uploaded by

    Farha Sh
    7K views10 pages
    The document provides information on the preparation and properties of compounds in Groups 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the periodic table. It describes methods for producing nitrogen, ammonia, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. It also outlines the oxidizing properties of halogens such as chlorine and discusses the acidic nature of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis reactions of xenon fluorides are also mentioned.

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    p Block Equations

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    The document provides information on the preparation and properties of compounds in Groups 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the periodic table. It describes methods for producing nitrogen, ammonia, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. It also outlines the oxidizing properties of halogens such as chlorine and discusses the acidic nature of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis reactions of xenon fluorides are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    7K views10 pages

    P Block Equations

    Uploaded by

    Farha Sh
    The document provides information on the preparation and properties of compounds in Groups 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the periodic table. It describes methods for producing nitrogen, ammonia, oxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. It also outlines the oxidizing properties of halogens such as chlorine and discusses the acidic nature of hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis reactions of xenon fluorides are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 10
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    The document discusses the preparation and properties of various nitrogen, phosphorus and halogen compounds.

    Some methods discussed for preparing oxygen include the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate, silver oxide and lead oxide.

    Some properties of chlorine discussed include its oxidizing nature, reaction with water, combination with other elements/compounds and use in bleaching.

    The p-Block Elements

    GROUP 15
    Preparation of N2 :
    1) NH4Cl + NaNO2 2) (NH4) 2Cr2O7 3) Ba(N3)2

    NaCl + N2 + 2H2O

    N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O

    Ba + 3N2

    Preparation of NH3 :
    1) NH2CONH2 + 2H2O 2) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH) 2

    (NH4) 2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 2NH3 + 2H2O + CaCl2 2NH3 + 2H2O + Na2 SO4

    3) (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH

    Properties of NH3 :
    1) Solubility in water : NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

    (weak base) 2) Detection of metal ions :


    a) As ppt of hydroxide

    FeCl3 (aq) + 3NH4 OH

    Fe2O3 . xH2O() + 3NH4Cl


    [Fe(OH) 3] brown ppt

    ZnSO4 (aq) +2NH4 OH

    Zn(OH)2 () + (NH4)2SO4

    White ppt b) As coloured complexes or soluble complexes Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4] 2+ Deep blue AgCl(s) + 2NH3 White ppt

    [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
    colourless solution

    Manufacture of HNO3 (Ostwalds process) : 4NH3 + 5O2

    4NO + 6H2O

    2NO + O2 2NO2

    2HNO3 + NO Oxidising properties of HNO3 :

    3NO2 + H2O

    3Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 4H O Cu + 4HNO (conc) Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 2H O 4Zn + 10HNO (dil) 4Zn(NO ) + 5H O + N O Zn + 4HNO (conc) Zn(NO ) + 2H O + 2NO I + 10HNO (conc) 2HIO + + 10NO + 4H O C + 4HNO (conc) CO + 2H O + 4NO S + 48HNO (conc) 8H SO + 48NO + 16H O P + 20HNO (conc) 4H PO + 20NO + 4H O
    3Cu + 8HNO3(dil)
    3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 8 3 2 4 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 2

    Chemistry of Brown Ring test : NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ [Fe(H2O) 6] 2+

    NO + 3Fe + NO [Fe(H O)
    2

    3+

    + 2H2O

    Properties of white P4 :
    1) Burns in air

    NO] 2+ + H2O Brown ring


    5

    P4 + 5O2 P4 O10 2) Reaction with hot concentrated NaOH or KOH P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O P4 + 3KOH + 3H2O 3 2 2 Poisonous gas phosphine, PH3 with fishy odour produced Preparation of Phosphine(PH3) :
    1) Ca3 P2 + 6H2O 2) 3)
    3 2

    PH + 3NaH PO PH + 3KH PO
    3 2

    3Ca(OH) + 2PH Ca P + 6HCl 3CaCl + 2PH PH I + KOH KI + H O + PH


    2 2 3 4 2 3

    Properties of PH3 : 1) Basic nature

    PH3 + HBr

    PH3 +HI 4 2) Reaction with metal salts (respective phosphides formed) 2PH3 + 3CuSO4 2PH3 + 3HgCl2 Preparation of PCl3 :
    2) P4 + 8SOCl2

    PH Br PH I
    4

    Ca P + 3H SO Hg P + 6HCl
    3 2 2 3 2

    1) P4 + 6Cl2 (dry)

    4PCl 4PCl + 4SO


    3 3

    + 2S2Cl2

    Properties of PCl3 :
    1) Hydrolysis of PCl3

    PCl3 + 3H2O

    H3 PO3 + 3HCl

    2) Reaction with organic compounds :

    3CH3 COOH + PCl3 3C2H5OH + PCl3 Preparation of PCl5 :

    3CH COCl + H 3C H Cl + H PO
    3 2 5 3 3

    PO3

    1) P4 + 10Cl2 (dry, excess) 2) P4 + 10SO2Cl2

    4PCl5

    4PCl5 + 10SO2

    Properties of PCl5 : 1) Hydrolysis with water (or with heavy water)

    POCl + 2HCl POCl + 3H O H PO + 3HCl PCl + D O POCl + 2DCl POCl + 3D O D PO + 3DCl


    PCl5 + H2O
    3 3 2 3 4 5 2 3 3 2 3 4

    2) Decomposition PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2 3) With organic compounds CH3 COOH + PCl5 C2H5OH + PCl5 4) With metals 2Ag + PCl5

    PCl + CH COCl + POCl C H Cl + POCl + HCl


    5 3 2 5 3

    + HCl

    2AgCl + PCl3

    Sn + 2PCl5

    SnCl4 + 2PCl3

    Reducing action of H3PO2 : 4AgNO3 + 2H2O + H3PO2

    4Ag + 4HNO3 + H3 PO4

    GROUP 16

    Prepration of O2 : Thermal Decomposition

    2KCl + 3O 2Ag O 4Ag + O 2HgO 2Hg + O 2Pb O 6PbO + O 2PbO 2PbO + O 2H O 2 H O + O


    2KClO3
    2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2

    Properties of O2 :
    1) Roasting of sulphide ore 2ZnS + 3O2 2) Burning of hydrocarbons
    4 2

    2ZnO + 2SO CH + 2O CO + 2H O C H + 3O 2CO + 2H O


    2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3

    3) Oxidation of compounds 2SO2 + O2 4HCl + O2 2 2 Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric Oxides : Acidic oxides form acids with water:

    2SO 2Cl + 2H O
    SO2 + H2O
    2 2 3

    H SO Basic oxides form bases with water: CaO + H O Ca(OH) Amphoteric oxides: Al O + 6HCl(aq) + 9H O 2[Al(H O) ] + 6Cl React with both Al O + 6NaOH(aq) + 3H O 2Na [Al(OH) ](aq)
    2 2 3 2 2 6 3+ 2 3 2 3 6

    Acids and bases Preparation of Ozone (O3) : 3O2

    2O3 (silent electric discharge) H = +142 kJ/mol

    Properties of O3 : Oxidising action O3


    -

    O2 + O
    4 2 -

    Prepration of SO2 :

    PbSO + 4O 2I + H O + O 2OH + I + O NO + O NO + O (Ozone depletion) S + O SO SO + 2H H O + SO 4FeS + 11O 2Fe O + 8SO


    PbS + 4O3
    3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 23 + 2 2 2 2 2 3 2

    Properties of SO2 :
    1) Acidic nature: SO2(g) + H2O(l)

    H2SO3 (aq)

    2) Salt formation with base: 2NaOH + SO2

    Na2SO3 + H2O

    Na2SO3 + H2O + SO2


    3) With non-metals:

    2NaHSO3

    SO2 + Cl2 2SO2

    SO Cl + O 2SO
    2 2 2+ 4 2-

    4) Reducing action (SO2 is a reducing agent) :

    Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O 5SO2 + MnO4-

    Fe + SO + 2H O 5SO
    2 4

    + 4H+

    2-

    + Mn2+ + 4H+

    Manufacture of Sulphuric acid (Contact process) :

    2SO SO + H SO H S O H S O + H O 2H SO
    2SO2 + O2
    3 2 3 4 2 2 7 2 2 7 2 2

    H = -196.6 kJ/mol

    Properties of Sulphuric acid :


    1) Strong dibasic acid:

    H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) HSO4-(aq) + H2O(l)


    2) Low volatility:

    H O (aq) H O (aq)
    3 + 3 +

    + HSO4-(aq) + SO42-(aq)

    2MX + H2SO4

    2HX + M2SO4

    CaF2 + H2SO4 3) Dehydrating action: C12H22O11 (sugar)

    2HF + CaSO4 (charring of sugar)

    12C + 11H2O

    4) Oxidising agent (conc H2SO4 ) :

    CuSO + SO + 2H O 3S + 2H SO 3SO + 2H O C + 2H SO CO + 2SO + 2H O


    Cu + 2H2SO4
    2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2

    GROUP 17 (Halogens)
    1) Oxidising action : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

    F2 + 2X-

    2F- + X2 Cl2 + 2NaBr

    ( X = Cl, Br , I)

    Eg.

    2NaCl + Br2

    2) Reaction with water :

    2F2 + 2H2O Cl2 + H2O Br2 + H2O I2 + H2O

    4H+ + 4F- + O2

    HCl + HOCl HBr + HOBr non spontaneous

    Reverse reaction occurs : 4H+ + 4I- + O2 Preparation of Cl2 :


    1) MnO2 + 4HCl

    2I2 + 2H2O

    MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

    2) 4NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4

    MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2

    3) 2KMnO4 + 16HCl

    2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

    Manufacture of Cl2 : Properties of Cl2 :

    4HCl + O2

    2Cl2 + 2H2O

    1) Combination with metals/non-metals:

    P4 + 6Cl2 H2S + Cl2

    4PCl3 S + 2HCl 16HCl + 10C

    C10H18 + 8Cl2 S8 + 4Cl2


    2) With NH3 :

    4S2Cl2

    8NH3 + Cl2 NH3 + 3Cl2

    6NH4Cl + N2 NCl3 + 3HCl


    2

    (NH3 is excess) (Cl2 is excess)

    3) With NaOH : 2NaOH + Cl2

    NaCl + NaOCl +H O (cold, dilute NaOH)


    3

    6NaOH + 3Cl2

    5NaCl + NaClO

    + 3H2O (hot, conc NaOH)

    4) In preparation of bleaching powder :

    2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2
    5) With hydrocarbons : CH4 + Cl2 C2H4 + Cl2

    Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

    CH3Cl + HCl C2 H4Cl2

    6) Oxidising action : 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2

    Fe2(SO4)3 + 2HCl

    Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O

    Na2SO4 + 2HCl

    SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O


    I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O

    H2SO4 + 2HCl 2HIO3 + 10HCl

    7) Bleaching action : Cl2 + H2O

    2HCl + O colourless substance

    Coloured substance + O

    (Bleaching action of Cl2 is by oxidation, hence permanent) Preparation of HCl : NaCl + H2SO4

    NaHSO4 + HCl

    NaHSO4 + NaCl Properties of HCl :


    1) Acidic property :

    Na2SO4 + HCl

    HCl(g) + H2O(l)

    Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

    2) With NH3 : NH3 + HCl

    NH4Cl (white fumes)

    3) Dissolving nobe metals in aqua regia Au + 4H+ + NO3- + 4Cl- [AuCl4]- + NO + 2H2O 3Pt + 16H+ + 4NO3- + 18Cl- 3[PtCl6]2- + 4NO + 8H2O 4) With salts of weaker acids :

    Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + SO2
    XX` + H2O U + 3ClF3

    HX` + HOX UF6 + 3ClF (preparation of ClF)

    GROUP 18

    XeF4 + O2F2

    XeF

    + O2

    Hydrolysis of Xe fluorides (complete hydrolysis)


    1) 2XeF2 + 2H2O

    2Xe + 4HF + O 4Xe + 2XeO


    3 3

    2) 6XeF4 + 12H2O 3) XeF6 + 3H2O

    + 24HF + 3O2

    XeO

    + 6HF

    Partial hydrolysis :
    1) XeF6 + H2O

    XeOF

    + 2HF
    2

    2) XeF6 + 2H2O

    XeO F
    2

    + 4HF

    Xe fluoride with : a) Fluoride ion acceptors :

    XeF2 + PF5

    [XeF]+ [PF6][XeF3]+ [SbF6]-

    XeF4 + SbF5
    b) Fluoride ion donors :

    XeF6 + MF M+ [XeF7]XeF6 + NaF Na+ [XeF7]Disproportionation reactions :


    1) 3HNO2 2) 4H3PO3

    (M = metal Na, Li, K)

    HNO
    3

    + H2O + 2NO
    4

    3H PO

    + PH3

    3) 2NaOH(cold, dil.) + Cl2

    NaCl + NaOCl + H2O


    3

    4) 6NaOH(hot, conc.) + 3Cl2

    5NaCl + NaClO

    + 3H2O

    **************************

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