DPWH Road Signs and Pavement Markings May 2011 Complete

FOREWORD
The first edition of the Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual was developed in 2004 as part of the Capacity Building Component of the ADB-assisted Road Infrastructure Safety Project with the assistance of the DPWH staff from the Project Evaluation Division of the Planning Service and the Traffic Engineering Center. The manual includes standards and guidance for the installation and use of regulatory signs, guide signs (including direction signs, tourist signs and street names), expressway signs, traffic instruction signs, hazard markers and pavement markings. The Department of Public Works and Highways issued this second edition (updated version) of the Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual to establish and maintain a standardized system of signs and pavement markings on all roads in the Philippines by incorporating internationally accepted new standards and practices. The manual is one of the two parts of the DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards Manual as follows: Part 1: Road Safety Design Manual Part 2: Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual The Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual shall be used as the primary reference for the design and installation of road signs and pavement markings on national and local roads. To maximize safety and provide credible instructions to drivers, it is essential to maintain a consistent standard for signs and pavement markings. In the interest of uniformity, Local Government Units, traffic management and enforcing authorities, project managers and consultants must apply the requirements of this manual on all road projects or road maintenance activities under their control. The principals contained in this manual should also be used in the training of personnel from the DPWH and other traffic management offices in the government and private sectors who are involved in the design, maintenance and construction of roads. This will enable all future road signs and pavement markings to be consistent and uniform standard. This manual supersedes the previous Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual published in 2004.
Table of Contents
Foreword Part A : Road Signs
1 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background................................................................................................ 2 1.2 The Scope of the Manual .......................................................................... 2 1.3 Authority for Installation ............................................................................. 2 1.4 Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 3 1.5 Classification of Signs ............................................................................... 3 1.6 Standard Application ................................................................................. 4 1.7 Design ........................................................................................................ 4
1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6 1.7.7 1.7.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 Shape....................................................................................................... 5 Size .......................................................................................................... 5 Color ........................................................................................................ 5 Letter Series ............................................................................................ 6 Letter Size Selection ................................................................................ 6 Use of Symbols ........................................................................................ 7 Sign Face Design .................................................................................... 7 Use of Pilipino Worded Signs .................................................................. 7 Longitudinal Placement ........................................................................... 8 Lateral Placement and Height ................................................................. 8
1.8 Uniformity of Location ................................................................................ 8
1.9 Overhead Signs ......................................................................................... 9 1.10 Reflectorization and Illumination ............................................................. 10

1.10.1 Means of Illumination ............................................................................. 10 1.10.2 Means of Reflectorization ...................................................................... 10
1.11 Installation ................................................................................................ 10 1.12 Excessive Use ......................................................................................... 10 1.13 Maintenance ............................................................................................ 10 2 REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R) ................................................................... 13 2.1 General .................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Purpose and Application ......................................................................... 13 2.3 Location ................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Classification............................................................................................ 14 2.5 Sign Sizes ................................................................................................ 14 2.6 Priority Signs (R1) ................................................................................... 15
2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8.1 2.8.2 Stop (R1-1) ............................................................................................ 15 Give Way (R1-2) .................................................................................... 16 Left Turner Must Give Way (R1-3) ........................................................ 17 Direction to be Followed (R2-1 to R2-7) ................................................ 18 Other Directional Signs .......................................................................... 19 No Entry for All Vehicles (R3-1 and R3-1P) .......................................... 21 No Entry for Specific Type of Road Users (R3-2 to R3-12) ................... 21
2.7 Direction Signs (R2) ................................................................................ 18
2.8 Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs (R3) ....................................................... 21
2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.10.3 2.10.4 2.10.5 2.10.6 2.10.7
Pedestrian Prohibition Signs (R3-10P1; R3-10P2) ............................... 22 Bawal Tumawid Gamitin Ang Overpass (R3-10P3) .............................. 23 Turning Prohibition (R3-13; R3-14; R3-15)............................................ 23 Prohibition of Overtaking (R3-16) .......................................................... 24 Speed Restriction (Maximum) (R4-1) .................................................... 25 Speed De-restriction (R4-2; R4-12P) .................................................... 25 Speed Restriction (Minimum) (R4-3) ..................................................... 26
2.9 Speed Signs (R4) .................................................................................... 25
2.10 Parking Signs (R5) .................................................................................. 27

No Parking Signs (R5-1, R5-2, R5-3) .................................................... 27 Restricted Parking and Loading Signs (R5-4; R5-4A; R5-4B; R5-4C) .. 28 No Waiting Signs (R5-5; R5-5A; R5-5B) ............................................... 28 No Loading and Unloading Signs (R5-6; R5-6A) .................................. 29 No Loading / Unloading Within Yellow-Painted Curb (R5-7) ................. 29 No Stopping Anytime (R5-8) .................................................................. 30 No Parking or Stopping Signs PUV Stop Area (R5-9A; R5-9B; R5-9C) .............................................................................................................. 30 2.10.8 Do Not Block Intersection (R5-10) ......................................................... 31 2.10.9 Right Turners Cross at Broken White Lines (R5-11) ............................. 31
2.11 Miscellaneous Signs (R6)........................................................................ 31

2.11.1 Prohibition on Use of Audible Warning Device No Blowing of Horns Sign (R6-1) ........................................................................................... 31 2.11.2 Load and Dimension Restriction Signs (R6-2 to R6-6) ......................... 32 2.11.3 Use Seat Belt Sign (R6-7) ..................................................................... 33 2.11.4 Pedestrians Crossing (R6-8) ................................................................. 33 2.11.5 School Children Crossing (R6-9) ........................................................... 33 2.11.6 Bike Lane (R6-10).................................................................................. 34 2.11.7 Wheel Chair Crossing (R6-11) .............................................................. 34
WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W).......................................................................... 35 3.1 Application of Warning Signs .................................................................. 35 3.2 Classification of Warning Signs............................................................... 35 3.3 Design ...................................................................................................... 36 3.4 Location ................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Horizontal Alignment Signs (W1) ............................................................ 37
3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 Sharp Turn (W1-1) ................................................................................. 38 Reverse Turn (W1-2) ............................................................................. 38 Curve (W1-3) ......................................................................................... 38 Reverse Curve (W1-4) ........................................................................... 39 Winding Road (W1-5) ............................................................................ 39 Hairpin Bend (W1-6) .............................................................................. 39 Cross Road (W2-1) ................................................................................ 40 Other Cross Roads (W2-2; W2-3) ......................................................... 41 T and Y Junctions (W2-4; W2-5; W2-6)................................................. 41 Roundabout (Rotonda) (W2-7) .............................................................. 41 Priority Road (W2-8; W2-9; W2-10)....................................................... 41 Signals Ahead (W3-1)............................................................................ 42 Stop and Give Way Sign Ahead (W3-2; W3-3) ..................................... 42 Narrow Bridge (W4-1) ............................................................................ 43 Road Narrows (W4-2) ............................................................................ 44 Divided Road (W4-3) ............................................................................. 44 End Divided Road (W4-4) ...................................................................... 44
3.6 Intersection and Junction Signs (W2) ..................................................... 39
3.7 Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs (W3)......................... 42
3.8 Road Width Signs (W4) ........................................................................... 43
3.9 Road Obstacle Signs (W5) ...................................................................... 44
3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.9.6 3.9.7 3.9.8 3.9.9 3.9.10 3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.10.4 3.10.5
Opening Bridge (W5-1) .......................................................................... 45 Uneven Road (W5-2) ............................................................................. 46 Hump (W5-3) ......................................................................................... 46 Steep Descent (W5-4) and Steep Climb (W5-5) ................................... 46 Spill Way (W5-6) .................................................................................... 46 Flood (W5-7) .......................................................................................... 46 Falling Rocks (W5-8) ............................................................................. 47 Slippery (W5-9) ...................................................................................... 47 Animal Crossing (W5-10)....................................................................... 47 Aircraft (W5-11) ..................................................................................... 48 Pedestrians (W6-1) and Slow Down Pedestrian Ahead (W6-1P) ......... 48 Children (W6-2) ..................................................................................... 49 Cross Only At Ped Xing (W6-3) ............................................................. 49 Wheel Chair Crossing (W6-4) ................................................................ 49 Bike Lane Ahead (W6-5) ....................................................................... 49
3.10 Pedestrian and School Signs (W6) ......................................................... 48
3.11 Railway Level Crossing Signs (W7) ........................................................ 50

3.11.1 Railroad Crossing Position (W7-1; W7-4).............................................. 50 3.11.2 Railway Crossing Advance Warning (W7-2; W7-3) ............................... 50 3.11.3 Alternative Railway Crossing Position (W7-4) ....................................... 50
3.12 Supplementary Signs (W8) ..................................................................... 51

3.12.1 3.12.2 3.12.3 3.12.4 3.12.5 Advisory Speed (W8-1).......................................................................... 51 On Side Road (W8-2) ............................................................................ 52 (Distance) m (W8-3); (Distance) km (W8-4) .......................................... 52 When Wet (W8-5) .................................................................................. 52 Blind (W8-6); Aged (W8-7); Playground (W8-8); School (W8-9); Disabled (W8-10)................................................................................................. 52 3.12.6 For PUJ (W8-11A); For Buses (W8-11B) .............................................. 53
3.13 Other Warning Signs (W9) ...................................................................... 53

3.13.1 Vertical Clearance (W9-1A; W9-1B) ...................................................... 53 3.13.2 Slow Down Accident Prone Area (W9-2A) or Bumagal Madalas Ang Aksidente Dito (W9-2B) ........................................................................ 53 3.13.3 Slow Down Merging Traffic Ahead (W9-3) ............................................ 54 3.13.4 Lane Ends Merge Left (W9-4) ............................................................ 54 3.13.5 Slow Down Weighbridge Ahead (W9-5) ................................................ 54
GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATION SIGNS (TYPE G) ................................... 54 4.1 Classification of Guide Signs .................................................................. 55 4.2 Design ...................................................................................................... 55
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 Shape..................................................................................................... 55 Color ...................................................................................................... 55 Size ........................................................................................................ 56 Type of Lettering .................................................................................... 56 Size of Lettering ..................................................................................... 56 Letter Spacing ........................................................................................ 56 Amount of Legend ................................................................................. 57 Distance Indication ................................................................................ 57 Reflectorization and Illumination ............................................................ 57
4.3 Location ................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Supports for Guide Signs ........................................................................ 58

4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 Roadside Signs ...................................................................................... 58 Overhead Signs ..................................................................................... 59 Application ............................................................................................. 60 Shape, Color and Reflectorization ......................................................... 60 Format and Use ..................................................................................... 60 Legend ................................................................................................... 62
4.5 Advance Direction Signs (G1) ................................................................. 60
4.5.5 4.5.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.8.5 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5
Lettering ................................................................................................. 62 Location ................................................................................................. 63 Function and Application ....................................................................... 64 Design and Layout ................................................................................. 64 Legend and Lettering ............................................................................. 65 Location ................................................................................................. 65 Function and Shape............................................................................... 65 Lettering and Legend ............................................................................. 65 Purpose.................................................................................................. 66 Shape, Color and Reflectorization ......................................................... 66 Lettering ................................................................................................. 67 Legend ................................................................................................... 67 Distance Indication ................................................................................ 67 Purpose.................................................................................................. 67 Location and Height ............................................................................... 67 Shape and Size ..................................................................................... 67 Color ...................................................................................................... 68 Lettering and Numerals ......................................................................... 68
4.6 Intersection Direction Signs (G2) ............................................................ 64
4.7 Reassurance Direction Signs (G3-1; G3-2) ............................................ 65
4.8 Finger Board and Direction Signs for Less Important Roads (G4)......... 66
4.9 Street Name Signs (G5) .......................................................................... 67
4.10 Town Names and Geographical Feature Signs (G6) ............................. 69

4.10.1 Application ............................................................................................. 69
4.11 Service Signs (G7) .................................................................................. 70

4.11.1 Application ............................................................................................. 70
4.12 Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs (G8) ......................... 72 4.13 Route Markers (G9) ................................................................................. 73
4.13.1 Purpose.................................................................................................. 73 4.13.2 Design .................................................................................................... 73 4.13.3 Location of Route Markers..................................................................... 73
4.14 Asian Highway Route Markers (G10)......75

4.14.1 Purpose. 75 4.14.2 Design... 75 4.14.3 Advance Directional Signs with Route Marker Shield.. 76 4.14.4 Asian Highway Leg Marker Sign (G1-1, G1-2, G1-3, G1-4) ... 77
Signs on Expressways (TYPE GE) .............................................................. 75 5.1 General .................................................................................................... 80 5.2 Expressway Approach Signs (GE1-1, GE1-2 and GE1-3) ..................... 80 5.3 Expressway Information Signs (GE2) ..................................................... 81
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 Prohibited on Expressway (GE2-1A; GE2-1B; GE2-1C) ....................... 81 Toll Charges (Advance Information) (GE2-2) ........................................ 82 Lane Direction Signs (GE2-3) ................................................................ 82
5.4 Advance Exit Signs (GE3-1; GE3-2; and GE3-3) ................................... 83 5.5 Expressway Exit Direction Signs (GE4-1; GE4-2; GE4-3; GE4-4)......... 84 5.6 Expressway Service Signs (GE5) ........................................................... 85
5.6.1 5.6.2 Rest Area (GE5-1 to GE5-3) ................................................................. 85 Other Expressway Service Signs (GE5-4; GE5-5; GE5-6) ................... 86
5.7 End of Expressway (GE6-1; GE6-2; GE6-3; GE6-4) .............................. 87 5.8 Toll Signs (GE7-1; GE7-2; GE7-3) .......................................................... 88
5.8.1 5.8.2 General Application ............................................................................... 88 Sign Size ................................................................................................ 88
5.9 Expressway Traffic Instruction and Regulatory Signs (GE8) ................. 89

5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.9.4 5.9.5 Wrong Way Go Back (GE8-1) ............................................................ 89 Reduce Speed Now (GE8-2) ................................................................. 90 Right Lane Ends 500m (GE8-3) ............................................................ 90 Right Lane Ends, Merge Left (GE8-4); Lane Ends Merge Left (GE8-5); Merge Left (GE8-6) Signs .................................................................... 90 Check Brakes (S1-4E) ........................................................................... 91
TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS (TYPE S) ................................................... 91 6.1 Design ...................................................................................................... 91 6.2 Type ......................................................................................................... 91 6.3 Supplementary Signs (S1) ...................................................................... 92
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.4.7 6.4.8 6.4.9 6.4.10 6.4.11 6.4.12 6.4.13 6.4.14 Use Overpass (S1-1); Use Pedestrian Crossing (S1-2) ........................ 92 Trucks Use Low Gear (S1-3); Check Brakes (S1-4) ............................. 92 Reduce Speed (S2-1) ............................................................................ 93 Stop Here On Red Signal (S2-2) ........................................................... 94 Turn Left with Care (S2-3L) ................................................................... 94 Turn Right Anytime with Care (S2-3R) .................................................. 94 Low Clearance Ahead High Vehicles Detour (S2-4) ............................. 94 Detour for ... Vehicles (S2-4A) ............................................................... 94 Give Way to Pedestrians (S2-5) ............................................................ 95 No Right Turn On Red Signal (S2-6) ..................................................... 95 Slow Vehicles Use Right Lane (S2-7); Mabagal Na Sasakyan Mamalagi Sa Kanan (S2-7A) ................................................................................ 95 Trak At Bus Mamalagi Sa Kanan Maliban Kung Lulusot (S2-7B) ......... 96 No Through Road (S2-8) ....................................................................... 96 Road Closed (S2-9) ............................................................................... 96 Form 1 (2) Lane (s) (S2-10) ................................................................... 96 Alternative Route (For Trucks and Buses) (S2-11) ............................... 96
6.4 Movement Instruction Signs (S2) ............................................................ 93
HAZARD MARKERS (Type HM) .................................................................... 97 7.1 General .................................................................................................... 97 7.2 Function ................................................................................................... 97 7.3 Design ...................................................................................................... 97 7.4 Types of Markers ..................................................................................... 97
7.4.1 One-Way Hazard Markers (HM1) .......................................................... 98 7.4.2 Chevron 99 7.4.3 Two-way Hazard Markers .................................................................... 100 7.4.4 Width Marker (HM6) ............................................................................ 102 7.4.5 Obstruction Markers (HM3) ................................................................. 102
GUIDE POSTS AND DELINEATORS .......................................................... 103 8.1 Guide Posts ........................................................................................... 103
8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 General ................................................................................................ 103 Design and Application ........................................................................ 103 Installation ............................................................................................ 103
8.2 Delineators............................................................................................. 105

8.2.1 General ................................................................................................ 105 8.2.2 Design and Application ........................................................................ 105 8.2.3 Installation ............................................................................................ 105 8.3 Linear Delineation System (LDS)... 104 8.3.1 General.. 104 8.3.2 Design and Application... 104 8.3.3 Installation. 104
Part B : Pavement Markings

9
109
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL SPECIFICATION .................................. 110 9.1 Functions and Limitations of Pavement Markings ................................ 110 9.2 Legal Authority ....................................................................................... 110 9.3 Standardization ...................................................................................... 111 9.4 Types of Markings ................................................................................. 111
9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 Pavement and curb markings .............................................................. 111 Object Markings ................................................................................... 111 Reflectorized Markings ........................................................................ 111 Reflectorized Paint ............................................................................... 112 Pre-cut sheeting ................................................................................... 112 Raised pavement markers ................................................................... 112
9.5 Materials ................................................................................................ 112
9.6 Color of Pavement Markings ................................................................. 112 9.7 Types of Lines ....................................................................................... 113 9.8 Width of Lines and Tolerance ............................................................... 113 10 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................ 114 11 LONGITUDINAL LINES ................................................................................ 115 11.1 Center Line (or Separation Line) ........................................................... 115
11.1.1 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.1.4 Warrants for Marking Center Lines ...................................................... 115 Center Line on Urban Roads ............................................................... 115 Center Line on Rural Roads ................................................................ 116 Center Lines at Bridges ....................................................................... 116
11.2 Lane Line ............................................................................................... 116 11.3 Barrier Lines .......................................................................................... 117
11.3.1 No-Passing Zones ............................................................................... 118 11.3.2 Markings of No-Passing Zones .......................................................... 119 11.3.3 Methods for establishing No-Passing Zone ....................................... 120
11.4 Edge Line............................................................................................... 121

11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.4.4 Pavement Edge ................................................................................... 122 Medians ............................................................................................... 122 No Parking Zones ................................................................................ 122 No Loading / Unloading Zones ............................................................ 122
11.5 Continuity Line ....................................................................................... 122 11.6 Transition Lines ..................................................................................... 123 12 TRANSVERSE LINES................................................................................... 123 12.1 Stop Line ................................................................................................ 123
12.1.1 General ................................................................................................ 123 12.1.2 Placement of lines ............................................................................... 124
12.2 Give Way Line ....................................................................................... 124 12.3 Pedestrian Crossing Markings .............................................................. 125
12.3.1 Zebra (non-signalized crossing) .......................................................... 125 12.3.2 Crosswalks (signalized crossing) ........................................................ 125
12.4 Roundabout Holding Lines .................................................................... 125 13 OTHER LINES ............................................................................................... 125 13.1 Turn Lines .............................................................................................. 125 13.2 Parking Bay Lines.................................................................................. 125 13.3 Painted Median ...................................................................................... 126 13.4 Bus and PUJ Lane Line......................................................................... 126
13.5 Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line ................................................. 126 13.6 Do Not Block Intersection Lines .......................................................... 127 14 OTHER MARKINGS ...................................................................................... 127 14.1 Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions .................................. 127 14.2 Chevron Markings ................................................................................. 127 14.3 Diagonal Markings ................................................................................. 127 14.4 Marking on Exit and Entrance Ramps of Expressways ........................ 128
14.4.1 Exit ramp marking ................................................................................ 128 14.4.2 Entrance ramp marking ....................................................................... 128
14.5 Curb Markings for Parking and Loading/Unloading Restrictions .......... 128 14.6 Approach to Railroad Crossing ............................................................. 128 15 MESSAGES AND SYMBOLS....................................................................... 129 15.1 Messages .............................................................................................. 129 15.2 Symbols ................................................................................................. 129
15.2.1 Give Way Symbol ................................................................................ 129 15.2.2 Pavement Arrows ................................................................................ 129 15.2.3 Numerals ............................................................................................. 130
16 OBJECT MARKING ...................................................................................... 130 16.1 Application of object markings .............................................................. 130 16.2 Objects within the roadway ................................................................... 130 16.3 Marking on Curbs .................................................................................. 131 16.4 Objects Adjacent to the Roadway ......................................................... 131 17 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS ................................................................. 131 17.1 General .................................................................................................. 131 17.2 Warrants for Use ................................................................................... 132 17.3 Substitution of lane lines ....................................................................... 132 17.4 Supplementing painted lines ................................................................. 132 17.5 Placement of markers ........................................................................... 132 Figures : Pavement Markings ............................................................................ 133
Appendices Index
Table of Figures
Figure 1.1 : Lateral Positioning of Road Side Signs ................................................... 12 Figure 2.1 : Installation of STOP Sign ......................................................................... 16 Figure 4.1 : Methods of Supporting Overhead Sign.................................................... 59 Figure 4.2 : Service Sign Symbols .............................................................................. 71 Figure 8.1 : Typical Guide Post ................................................................................. 104 Figure 8.2 : Placement of Delineator on Guard Fence ............................................. 105 Figure 11.1a : Center and Edge Lines Markings for a Typical 2-Lane Road ........... 134 Figure 11.1b : Center Line and Lane Marking for a Typical Multi-Lane Road Without Medians ................................................................................................ 135 Figure 11.2 : Typical Pavement Markings for Approach to Bridges ......................... 136 Figure 11.3 : Barrier (No Passing) Lines ................................................................... 137 Figure 11.4 : Method of Establishing No Passing Zones ........................................ 138 Figure 11.5 : Typical Pavement Markings for Climbing Lanes ................................. 139 Figure 11.6 : Typical Layout of Curb Markings for No Parking and No Loading/Unloading Zones ................................................................... 140 Figure 11.7 : Typical Line Markings on an Approach to a Signalized Intersection... 141 Figure 12.1 : Example of Stop Bar Markings and STOP Message ......................... 142 Figure 12.2 : Give Way Marking and Symbol .......................................................... 143 Figure 12.3 : Zebra-Type Pedestrian Crossing ......................................................... 144 Figure 12.4 : Roundabout Markings .......................................................................... 145 Figure 13.1 : Turn Lines............................................................................................. 146 Figure 13.2 : Typical Pavement Markings of a Channelized Intersection ................ 147 Figure 13.3a : Parking Bay Markings ........................................................................ 148 Figure 13.3b : Curb Parking Markings....................................................................... 149 Figure 13.3c : Details of People With Disabilities Symbol....................................... 150 Figure 13.4 : Typical Bus and PUJ Lane Marking ..................................................... 151 Figure 13.5 : Loading / Unloading Bay Lines ............................................................ 152 Figure 13.6 : Do Not Block Intersection Markings ................................................... 153 Figure 14.1 : Approach Marking to Islands and Obstructions ................................... 154 Figure 14.2 : Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps ............................................... 155 Figure 14.3 : Pavement Markings at Railway Crossing ............................................ 156 Figure 15.1 : Pavement Letter and Numeral Markings Guide .................................. 157 Figure 15.2 : Messages and Symbols ....................................................................... 158 Figure 15.3 : Standard Pavement Arrows ................................................................. 159 Figure 16.0 : Rumble Strips ....................................................................................... 159 Figure 17.1 : Placement of Raised Pavement Markers ................................................ 1 Figure 17.2a : Specifications of Raised Pavement Studs (RPS-01)............................. 3 Figure 17.2b : Specifications of Raised Pavement Studs (RPS-05)............................. 4 Figure 17.2c : Specifications of Raised Pavement Studs (RPS-22) ............................. 5
List of Tables
Table 2.1 : STOP Signs ............................................................................................... 15 Table 2.2 : Give Way Sign ........................................................................................... 16 Table 2.3 : R1-3 Signs ................................................................................................. 17 Table 2.4 : Direction Signs, Disk Type ........................................................................ 18 Table 2.5 : Direction Signs, Plate Type ....................................................................... 18 Table 2.6 : TWO WAY Signs ....................................................................................... 19 Table 2.6 : R2-8 Signs ................................................................................................. 20 Table 2.7 : No Entry for All Vehicles Signs ................................................................. 21 Table 2.8 : No Entry for Specific Type of Road Users Signs ...................................... 21 Table 2.9 : Pedestrian Prohibition Signs ..................................................................... 22 Table 2.10 : Turning Prohibition Signs ........................................................................ 23 Table 2.11 : Prohibition of Overtaking Signs ............................................................... 24 Table 2.12 : Speed Restriction Signs .......................................................................... 25 Table 2.13 : Speed De-Restriction Signs .................................................................... 26 Table 2.14 : No Parking Signs ..................................................................................... 27 Table 2.15 : Load and Dimension Restriction Signs ................................................... 32 Table 2.16 : Use Seat Belt Sign .................................................................................. 33 Table 2.17 : Pedestrians Crossing Sign ...................................................................... 33 Table 2.18 : School Children Crossing Sign ............................................................... 33 Table 2.19 : Bike Lane Signs ....................................................................................... 34 Table 3.1 : Advance Warning Signs Distance (In Meters) .......................................... 37 Table 3.2 : Horizontal Alignment Signs ....................................................................... 38 Table 3.3 : Intersection and Junction Signs ................................................................ 40 Table 3.4 : Signals Ahead Signs ................................................................................. 42 Table 3.5 : STOP and GIVE WAY Signs ..................................................................... 42 Table 3.6 : Road Width Signs ...................................................................................... 43 Table 3.7 : Road Obstacle Signs ................................................................................. 45 Table 3.8 : W6 Signs ................................................................................................... 48 Table 3.9 : Railway Crossing Advance Warning Signs ............................................... 50 Table 3.10 : Supplementary Signs .............................................................................. 51 Table 4.1 : Location of Advance Direction Signs ........................................................ 63 Table 5.1 : Expressway Service Signs ........................................................................ 85 Table 5.2 : End of Expressway Signs.......................................................................... 87 Table 5.3 : Toll Signs ................................................................................................... 88 Table 5.4 : GE8 Signs .................................................................................................. 89 Table 6.1 : Supplementary Signs ................................................................................ 92 Table 6.2 : S2 Signs .................................................................................................... 93 Table 7.1 : Types of Hazard Markers .......................................................................... 97 Table 8.1 : Spacing of Guide Posts ........................................................................... 104 Table 11.1 : Standard Lane Widths ........................................................................... 117 Table 11.2 : Guide for Marking No Passing Zones ................................................. 119 Table 11.3 : Recommended Width of Edge lines ...................................................... 122 Table 11.4 : Length of Transition Lines ..................................................................... 123
PART A: ROAD SIGNS
May 2011
Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual
1
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Background
This manual is prepared and issued by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) to provide guidance in design and installation of a standard signs on all roads throughout the Philippines, including those under the care and management of local governments. A standardized road traffic system is essential to ensure that drivers acquire the information necessary to enable them to comply with road regulations and to navigate their way around the road system in a safe and efficient manner. As in the case of any other type of traffic control devices, road signs should be used only when these are necessary and where their use has been justified by field studies. Road signs contain instructions that the road user is required to obey. They warn the road user of hazards that may not be self-evident. They also give information about routes, directions, destinations, and places of interests. Since road signs are essential part of the road traffic system, their message should be concise, meaningful, consistent, and their design and placement must be coordinated with the road geometric design.
1.2
The Scope of the Manual

This manual describes the different types of road signs and pavement markings signs and prescribes their standard and the conditions under which each must be used. The standards set forth in this manual are primarily designed for the streets and highways that constitute the basic road system. Special signs for expressways are also included in this revised edition. However, signs for road works have been omitted from this manual. These signs are included in a separate Road Works Safety Manual.
1.3
Authority for Installation

Traffic signs shall be installed only upon approval of the Secretary of the DPWH or his delegated authority, having the necessary jurisdiction, for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic. No traffic signs shall bear any advertising or commercial message, or any other message that is not essential to traffic control. The placement of unauthorized traffic signs on the highway right-of-way or adjacent to the road by a private organization or individual is not allowed. The display of unofficial, non standard and non-essential sign is not permitted.
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1.4
Definition of Terms
Traffic Signs device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic. Regulatory Signs - signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense. Special Instruction Signs - signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road condition. Warning Signs warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous. Guide Signs (Informative Signs) inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes, the location of services for road users, and points of interest. Roadwork Signs warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged on roadwork. Overhead Signs signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required, or where side-of-road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign. Barriers - highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers. Flashing Lamps warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices necessary to alert motorists of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in the roadway. Delineators light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the roadway alignment. Traffic Cones devices which may be conical in shape or tubularshaped capable of performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for continued use. Temporary Curbing roadwork devices consisting of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide traffic at the construction site. Flexible Post or Bollard device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450mm by 50mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.
1.5
Classification of Signs
Signs are classified in the following groups according to their use.
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Regulatory Signs (Type R); Warning Signs (Type W); Guide Signs or Informative Sign (Type G); Signs for Expressways (Type GE); Signs for Special Purposes (Type S); and, Hazard Markers (Type HM).
1.6
Standard Application
Uniformity of application is as important as standardization with respect to design and placement. Identical conditions should always be treated with the same type of signs so that road users can readily anticipate the course of action required. To be effective, the road sign should meet the five basic requirements: Fulfill a need; Command attention; Convey a clear, simple message; Command respect; and, Give adequate time for proper response. Each standard sign shall be displayed only for the specific purpose prescribed for in this Manual. Before any new highway, detour, or temporary route is opened to traffic, all necessary signs shall be in place. Signs required by road conditions or restrictions shall be removed immediately after those conditions ceased to exist or the restrictions are withdrawn. This manual provides criteria for the application of signs and where applicable, includes warrants or guides for use. The designs of most commonly used signs are included in Appendix B of this manual.
1.7
Design
Uniformity in the design of signs facilitates identification by the road user. Standardization of shape, color, dimensions, legends and illumination or reflectorization is important so that various classes of signs can be easily recognized. The following general design principles have evolved: The driver should not be unduly distracted from his task of driving by reading a traffic sign.
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A traffic sign should be perceived and understood by the driver traveling at the 85% percentile speed of the traffic on the road, in sufficient time for him to safely take any action necessary. 1.7.1 Shape Standard sign shapes are: The octagon is reserved exclusively for the STOP sign; The equilateral triangle, with one point vertically downward is reserved for the GIVE WAY Sign; The circle symbol is mainly used for regulatory signs; The circle symbol may sometimes be mounted on a rectangular base either for easy recognition or for additional information; The equilateral triangle with one point vertically upward is used for warning signs; The rectangle, usually with long axis horizontal is used for directional signs, service signs, road work signs, signs for special purposes, and supplementary plates for warning signs; The rectangle, usually with long axis vertical is generally used for facility information signs, instruction signs, guide signs, and destinations of point of interest; and, The pentagon, with point up is used only for pedestrian and school crossing sign. 1.7.2 Size Minimum dimensions depend upon applications. Larger sizes are required for wider roadways and on high-speed facilities (See letter size selection in Section1.7.5). 1.7.3 Color The standard colors for signs are as follows: Red is used as a background for STOP signs, as border color on GIVE WAY signs, warning signs and prohibitive signs in the regulatory type. Black is used as legend color for signs having white, yellow, orange, fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow green background and as chevron for hazard markers. Yellow is used as background color for roadwork signs. White is the background color for most signs and legends for some colored background. Fluorescent yellow green is used as background color for signs related to pedestrian movement, school zones, and road work hazard markers to give additional emphasis and guidance to vehicle operators.
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Fluorescent orange is used as background color for roadwork signs whose legends relate to personnel working. Green is used as background color for direction signs. Blue is used as background color for service signs. Brown is reserved as background color for all tourist facility directional and information signs. 1.7.4 Letter Series There are six series of letters and numerals, ranging from the narrow series A to the broad series F. In addition, the modified series E (E mod), which is mainly used in Directional Signs, is also included in this manual in Appendix A of the Standard Specification for Road Signs. Series A and B letters are not used on signs which, have to be used for moving vehicles as the legibility distances are small. Series C is only used in special cases. Series D and E (E mod) are commonly used as they provide the best legibility and aesthetics. Series F is not often used on large signs due to the wide space required. Standard letter tables given in Appendix D for capital letters comprise 3 steps of spacing: narrow; medium; and, wide. Wider spacing is always used for lower-case letters. In the size tables given in the manual for each standard sign, the abbreviation following the letter size indicates the alphabet series A to F or LC and the spacing as follows: N = narrow spacing; M = medium spacing; W = wide spacing; and, Example: 160 DM would mean 160mm series D letters at medium spacing. 90 LC would mean 90mm lower case letters that are always at wide spacing 1.7.5 Letter Size Selection Recommended sign and/or letter sizes for most commonly used standard signs for use in various conditions are given in this manual, the relevant chapters describing those signs. However, in design of special signs, particularly used for major highways and expressways, and those used in special conditions, refer to Section 7 of Appendix A, Guidelines for Design of Made-to Measure Guide Signs.
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1.7.6
Use of Symbols The use of symbols on signs to convey all or part of a message may reduce reading time and extend legibility distance. Common standard symbols, including arrows, symbolic representation of legends and location destinations, are included in this manual. Where a new symbol is warranted, the design must be acceptable in accordance with international practice and meet relevant requirements of a standard procedure. See also Section 8 of Appendix A for sign design with symbols.
1.7.7
Sign Face Design Standard drawings of most commonly used sign types are included in Appendix A. These drawings show standard spacing with respect to positions between elements such as arrows, symbols and destination descriptions. They also provide standard horizontal and vertical clearances between various sign elements and detail of chevrons for G2 type of signs. It should be noted that when all the sign rules have been followed, some visual judgment must be exercised in adjusting sign elements. The following general rules are to be applied when designing the sign face: Cramping of legend is to be avoided; Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly blank areas not symmetrically disposed across the panel; If there are two list of legends side by side (e.g., as on Reassurance Signs) it is necessary to left justify the left list and right justify the right list; and, Elements such as arrows and symbols may sometimes have to be larger than the principal legend would normally require. For example, an arrow relates to several lines of legends on a direction sign. Sign face shall show sufficient details to be manufactured. The following are minimum features required: Legend type and size, e.g., 160 E Mod (160mm E Modified); 80 DN (80mm D Narrow); Details of arrows, diagrammatic symbols and any future route markers (e.g., by reference to standard drawings); Overall dimension of all elements and spacing between these elements; Distances defining the position of each letter and numeral on the sign face relation to one edge of the sign; Details of border width, edge strips, and corner radii; and, Class and color of sign face materials.
1.7.8
Use of Pilipino Worded Signs This manual includes some signs using Pilipino words for areas where the Pilipino is more explicit to the road users. Generally, signs with Pilipino
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legends tend to be larger due to lengths of equivalent words. Pilipino legends are not generally recommended unless it is absolutely necessary and useful.
1.8
Uniformity of Location
Signs are normally located on the right side of the road. In special circumstances, which are specified herein, signs may be duplicated on the left side or mounted over the road. If the sign is located at an exposed position, consideration may need to be given to the use of a frangible or breakaway type of construction, or other means of safety protection for the road user at the sign supports.
1.8.1
Longitudinal Placement The longitudinal placement of certain signs is fixed by the nature of their message or their characteristic use. Special care is required in the sitting of such signs to ensure that they are prominently displayed to approaching drivers. Signs that give advance warning or information should be located sufficiently in advance to enable the driver to react appropriately. Generally, there should not be more than one signs of a particular type on each post, except where one sign supplements another, or where route or directional signs must be grouped. Where it becomes necessary to convey two or more different messages at one location, separate signs located at a minimum of 0.6Vm apart (where V is the 85th percentile speed in kph) should be used. For guide signs on expressways and other high speed roads considerable greater distance may be required. Such signs should nor obscure or detract from one another.
1.8.2
Lateral Placement and Height The following subsections are the general rules for the lateral location of roadside signs and for the mounting heights on roadside. The lateral placement is measured from the edge of the sign nearest the road and the height from the underside of the lowest sign. The rules apply to permanent signs and include signs for roadwork and special purposes where these are mounted on posts set into the ground. Any variation in these rules for a particular sign is given in the rule relating to that sign. There are, however, be exceptions where conditions do not permit these rules to be applied. In these cases, the placement or height is adjusted to meet these special conditions e.g., the height of a sign may be increased or decreased to avoid obstructing sight distance at an intersection. a) Rural Areas Lateral Placement: On uncurbed roads in the rural areas, the sign should be at least 600mm clear of the outer edge of the road shoulder, the line of the guideposts or face of guardrail. The clearance should not be less than 2m nor more than 5m from the edge of the traveled way, except for large guide signs on expressways where great clearances may be required.
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Height: In rural areas, roadside signs should be mounted clear of roadside vegetation and clearly visible under headlight illumination by night. The height of the sign should normally be between 1m and 1.5m above the nearest edge of traveled way. For fingerboards and intersection direction signs, the height should be increased to 2m. b) Urban Areas Lateral placement: On curbed roads, signs should be located back from the face of the curb not less than 300mm nor more than 1m. Where mountable or semi-mountable curbs are used e.g., on traffic islands, the minimum clearance should be 500mm. On uncurbed roads or on certain arterial roads designed for high speed traffic movement, the distance given in Rural Areas shall be used. Height: On curbed roads, the signs should be set at a minimum of 2m above the top of the curb to prevent obstruction to pedestrians. Where neither pedestrians nor parked vehicles have to be considered, e.g., on a traffic island or median, the height given for rural areas shall be used. Signs that overhang a footway should have height of 2.5m with a minimum height of 2m above the level of the footway. The recommended lateral positioning of road side signs are shown in Figure 1.1.
1.9
Overhead Signs
The operational requirements of our highways and expressways are such that overhead signs will have to be provided at many locations. The following conditions should be considered in the erection of overhead sign displays: Traffic volume at or near capacity; Complex or closely spaced interchanges; Three or more lanes in each direction; Restricted sight distance; Multi-lane exits; Large percentage of trucks; Street lighting background; High speed traffic; Consistency of sign interchanges; and, message location through a series of
Insufficient space for ground mounted signs. Overhead signs are generally of the directional and lane control types, and are generally supported on cantilever, butterfly or gantry structures. (See Chapter 4)
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Signs should be mounted at a minimum of 5.5m above the highest level of the carriageway. This is particularly important if there is no alternative route for occasional high load. The height may be reduced to 5.0m (minimum) if the sign projects over a shoulder or lane, which is used only for parking or emergency stopping. The greater height is preferred where possible.
1.10
Reflectorization and Illumination

Signs that are intended to convey message during dark periods need to be reflectorized or illuminated for greater visibility of colors and shapes. Highgrade reflective or illuminated materials shall be required on overhead signs and for road signs in areas with street lighting of high intensity.
1.10.1 Means of Illumination Illumination may be by means of: Light within or behind the sign face illuminating the main message or symbols, or the sign background, or both, through a translucent material; and, An attached or independently mounted light source designed to direct essential illumination over the entire face of the sign. 1.10.2 Means of Reflectorization Reflectorization is achieved by the use of retro-reflective materials on legends, letters, borders and background of the sign.
1.11
Installation
Signs should be mounted approximately at right angles to the direction of and facing the traffic they are intended to serve. At curve alignments, the angle of placement should be determined by the course of approaching traffic rather than by the roadway edge at the point where the sign is located. To eliminate possible and undesirable reflection from the surface of the sign, it should be turned about 5 degrees away from the normal to the headlight beam. After signs are installed, it is good practice to test them by trial approach runs in a motor vehicle both by day and night.
1.12
Excessive Use
The use of regulatory and warning signs should be restricted to the minimum consistent with their particular requirements, as signs tend to lose their effectiveness if used unnecessarily or too frequently.
1.13
Maintenance
All traffic signs should be kept in proper position, clean and legible at all times. Damaged signs should be replaced without undue delay.
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To assure adequate maintenance, a suitable schedule for inspection, cleaning and replacement of signs should be established. Employees of the DPWH and other government agencies whose duties require that they travel on the highways should be encouraged to report any damaged or obscured signs at the first opportunity. Special attention and necessary action should be taken to see that weeds, trees, shrubs, and construction materials do not obscure the face of any sign.
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Figure 1.1: Lateral Positioning of Road Side Signs
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2
2.1
REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)

General
The signs in this chapter are those which require drivers compliance. Regulatory signs indicate the application of legal or statutory requirements, e.g., obligation to give way at intersections, speed limits, prohibition of movements at intersections and control of parking of vehicles. Regulatory signs and devices NOT included in this chapter are as follows: Regulatory signs applicable exclusively to Expressways (see Section 5); Regulatory pavement markings (see Section B Pavement Markings); and, Traffic Control Signals. There are other Type R signs which also give traffic instructions and are called special Traffic Instruction signs. These signs inform or warn motorists of their obligation to obey traffic rules. These signs are included in Chapter 6 Special Traffic instruction Signs (Type S).
2.2
Purpose and Application

Most regulatory signs are rectangular in shape, with either red or black legend on a generally white background. The notable exceptions to this are STOP signs (octagonal), GIVE WAY (triangular) and some manually operated banner used in road works. Regulatory signs shall be erected only with the approval of the Secretary of the DPWH or delegated authority on national roads and their intersecting roads or local government authority having the necessary jurisdiction, and shall be removed promptly if the legal requirements of the signs become inconsistent with the prevailing conditions. Included in this classification are those signs that indicate the removal of a legal restriction imposed by a preceding regulatory sign. An example is the Speed De-restriction sign (R4-2). Regulations may apply to a considerable length of road and repeater signs may be required. However, unnecessary signs should be avoided if the situations can be adequately catered for by the basic traffic rules.
2.3
Location
No specific rules can be applied to exact location of regulatory signs as their position varies with the purpose of the sign.
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Most regulatory signs are usually located on the right side of the carriageway to face the approaching traffic as close as possible to the position where regulatory action is required. On wide carriageways with median island, these signs may be erected on both sides of the carriageway to ensure visibility. The KEEP RIGHT or KEEP LEFT signs are installed where a physical obstruction exists, e.g., a traffic island in channelized intersections and on the median island at the start of a divided road. The regulatory pedestrian crossing (circular sign with fluorescent yellow green background) sign is located at or in the vicinity of the authorized marked crossings (zebras). Control of parking may be required to ensure visibility of pedestrians.
2.4
Classification
Regulatory Signs Priority Signs (R1) Direction Signs (R2) Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs (R3) Speed Signs (R4) Parking Signs (R5) Miscellaneous Signs (R6) Section: 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11
The design and use of each of these classifications are described in the sections referred to above.
2.5
Sign Sizes
There are generally four sizes for regulatory signs: Size A for urban low speed roads; Size B for rural roads with speed limits between 60 and 70kph; Size C for high speed rural highways; multi-lane urban roads Size D for Expressways.
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2.6
2.6.1
Priority Signs (R1)

Stop (R1-1)
Reflectorized white legend and border Reflectorized red background

Table 2.1: STOP Signs
Sign No. R1-1A R1-1B R1-1C R1-1D Size (mm) 450 X 450 600 X 600 750 X 750 900 X 900
The STOP sign is used to ensure caution before entering an intersection and shall be used where a complete stop is required by law for safety. It is intended to ensure that drivers have sufficient time in which to assess the degree of hazard prevailing before entering an intersection. R1-1 The sign is normally located on the right side of a twoway road facing approaching traffic and at, or as close as practicable to the point where approaching vehicles are required to stop. On one-way roads, however, STOP signs should be erected on both sides facing approaching traffic. Wherever practicable, a stop line shall be used in addition to the STOP sign to indicate the required stopping point more precisely. At intersections, the signs shall be erected as close as practicable to and not more than 9m from the edge of the intersecting carriageway. Where a signcontrolled road intersects at an acute angle, the sign should be placed so that its face is not visible in the view of traffic on the through road. The STOP sign is also used at railway level crossings and in conjunction with movable gates or barriers as, for example, at vehicular ferries. Requirements for Installation of STOP signs The following is a description of Sight Distance requirements for determining whether a STOP sign should be installed on any approach to an intersection on which a driver is required to stop and give way. Where these conditions are met, a STOP shall be used regardless whether a GIVE WAY sign would have otherwise been installed. A STOP sign shall be used when, for minor road traffic, the distance Y, in either direction along the major or uncontrolled road as shown in Figure 2.1 is less than the distance given for the corresponding major road speed.
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Figure 2.1: Installation of STOP Sign

Major Road Speed (Kph) See Note 4 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Distance along minor road: X (m) See Note 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Distance along major road: Y (m) See Note 6 20 30 40 55 65 80 95 115 140
Notes:
1. Separation line or center line (undivided road); left hand edge of carriageway (divided lane). 2. A check to the right is not required if there is a wide median to shelter a crossing vehicle. 3. Where visibility is limited due to some removable obstruction, attempt should be made to remove the obstruction rather than to install a STOP sign. 4. The posted speed limit is used unless the 85th percentile speed is significantly higher. 5. Where the minor road is an arterial road, use X = 4.5m 6. When checking sight distance, the height of both the observers eye and the object is 1.2m. 7. If the safety of the observer is likely to be a problem, sighting may be taken from the curb in the minor road with appropriate adjustment to the sight triangle.
2.6.2
Give Way (R1-2)
Black legend reflectorized red border. Reflectorized white background.

Table 2.2: Give Way Sign
Sign No R1-2A R1-2B R1-2C Size (mm) 600 750 900
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The GIVE WAY sign is used at locations where safe and efficient traffic control requires the give-way-to-theright rule to be modified or there is a need to resolve uncertainty as to which traffic stream is required to give way to another.
R1-2 It may also be used: For the control of traffic at locations such as channelized intersections, median openings on divided roads, and at roundabout; and, At one end of short sections of one-lane road including one-lane bridges, and in similar situations. GIVE WAY signs should be erected on both sides facing approaching traffic. Except on unsealed roads, it should be supplemented by transverse holding lines to indicate the safe holding position in the side street. The R1-2P is only used where an explanation in Pilipino is required. It shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 640 mm x 900 mm in size with long axis vertical.
R1-2P
2.6.3
Left Turner Must Give Way (R1-3) The LEFT TURNER MUST GIVE WAY sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 500mm and 750mm in size with long axis vertical. They shall have white reflectorized background and black letters and borders.
R1-3 Table 2.3: R1-3 Signs

Location Signalized Intersections Sign No R1-3 Size (mm) 500 X 750 Letter Size (mm) and Series Turner Other 80 DN 80 EN
The sign is used at a signalized intersection where left turn movement is allowed in gaps or spacing. This sign is to enforce the rule that left turner must always give way to through movements, even though it is permitted to filter.
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2.7
2.7.1
Direction Signs (R2)

Direction to be Followed (R2-1 to R2-7) a) Disc Type
Reflectorized Blue Background Reflectorized White arrow.

Table 2.4: Direction Signs, Disk Type
Sign No R2-1A to R2-7A R2-1B to R2-7B R2-1C to R2-7C Size (mm) 450 600 750
R2-1
R2-2
R2-3
R2-4
R2-5 b) Plate Type
R2-6
R2-7
Black Legend. Reflectorized white background on plate Reflectorized Blue background on disc Reflectorized white arrow symbols.
Table 2.5: Direction Signs, Plate Type
Disc Size (mm dia.) 400 400 400 400 400 Plate Size (mm) 450 X 750 450 X 750 450 X 750 450 X 750 450 X 750 Letter Size (mm) and Series Lines 1 and 2 1st Line 2nd Line 80 DM 80 EN 80 DM 80 DM 80 EN 80 EN 80 EN 80 CN 80 CN 80 CN
Sign No. R2-1PA R2-2PA R2-3PA R2-5PA R2-6PA
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These signs indicate the only direction(s) in which the motorist is obliged to follow. They are normally used in conjunction with islands at channelized intersections. The disc signs can be incorporated on rectangular plate with legends to supplement their meanings. Where necessary 750mm diameter discs can be used to give greater visual impact to the motorist. The plate type is only used in urban areas.
A LL TRAFFIC
R2-1P
R2-2P
R2-3P
R2-5P
R2-6P
2.7.2
Other Directional Signs a) TWO WAY (R2-7)
Black legend, arrows and border Reflectorized white background

Table 2.6: TWO WAY Signs
Sign No R2-7PA R2-7S Size (mm) 450 X 750 900 X 700 Letter Size (mm) and Series Lines 1 and 2 80 DM 160 CN
R2-7P The TWO WAY sign shall be used as follows:
R2-7S
On carriageway such as roads where traffic laws and regulations would normally prescribe that such roads are designed as one-way but may be operated as two way; Where a single carriageway designed or normally used for one-way traffic is being operated for two-way traffic;
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As a temporary measure where a carriageway designed or normally used for one-way traffic is being used for two-way traffic; and, On any other roads where, because of the road conditions, it is not clear whether a particular carriageway carries traffic in one or both directions. The TWO WAY sign should be placed along the road on the departure side of every intersection along the TWO WAY route In case of a one-way street reverting to a two-way street, additional signs should be located on the approach to every intersection facing the entering traffic. b) LEFT LANE MUST TURN LEFT and RIGHT LANE MUST TURN RIGHT (R2-8)
Back legend and border Reflectorized white background

Table 2.7: R2-8 Signs
Sign No R2-8A (L) or (R) R2-8B (L) or (R) Size (mm) 450 X 750 600 X 1000 Letter Size (mm) and Series Lines 1 and 2 100 EM 140 EM
R2-8R
R2-8L
The LEFT (RIGHT) LANE MUST TURN LEFT (RIGHT) signs are used alongside a marked lane which is reserved exclusively for vehicles turning left (right) at the next intersection. The sign may be used alone or in conjunction with arrows or words marked on the surface of the lane. As pavement markings can be obscured by vehicles ahead, and this is most likely to occur where traffic is heavy that there is need to provide an exclusive turning lane, LEFT (RIGHT) LANE MUST TURN LEFT (RIGHT) signs are useful as a means of designating such lanes.
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2.8
2.8.1
Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs (R3)

No Entry for All Vehicles (R3-1 and R3-1P)
Reflectorized red disc symbol Reflectorized white bar Reflectorized white plate background (R3-1P) only Black legend and border (R3-1P) only
Table 2.8: No Entry for All Vehicles Signs
Sign No R3-1A R3-1B R3-1PA R3-1PB R3-1PC Disc 600 750 300 450 600 Size (mm) Bar 480X120 600X150 250X50 375X75 500X100 Plate Letter Size (mm) Line 1 Line 2
400X600 600X900 800X1200
75 DM 120 DM 160 DM
75 DN 120 DN 160 DN
R3-1
R3-1P
The NO ENTRY sign shall be used at the termination of a one-way carriageway to prohibit access of all vehicles from the wrong direction. At one-way street exits, NO ENTRY signs shall be erected on both sides of the street at the intersection facing in the opposite direction to the one-way flow. The signs may need to be located a short distance into the one-way street if there is a possibility of drivers becoming confused as to which street is closed for entry. Sufficient signs shall be erected to ensure that at least one is clearly visible to drivers approaching from any direction, and some signs may have to be set at an angle to achieve this purpose. 2.8.2 No Entry for Specific Type of Road Users (R3-2 to R3-12)
Reflectorized red border and bar. Reflectorized white background, and Black Symbol.
Table 2.9: No Entry for Specific Type of Road Users Signs
Sign No R3-2A to R3-12A R3-2B to R3-12B R3-2C to R3-12C Size (mm) 450 600 750 Size of Border and Bar (mm) 40 50 60
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These signs include NO ENTRY for Cars (R3-2), Jeepneys (R3-3); Bicycles (R3-4); Motorcycles (R3-5); Tricycles (R3-6); Buses (R3-7); Trucks (R3-8); Vehicles with Trailer (R3-9); Pedestrians (R3-10); Animal Drawn Vehicles (R3-11); Pushcarts (R3-12).
R3-2
R3-3
R3-4
R3-5
R3-6
R3-7
R3-8
R3-9
R3 - 6
R3-10 2.8.3
R3-11
R3-12
Pedestrian Prohibition Signs (R3-10P1; R3-10P2) The NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING sign (R3-10) can be used in conjunction with a supplementary plate in the Special Instruction Sign series such as USE OVERPASS (S1-1) or USE PED XING (S1-2) or alternatively use R3-10P1 or R3-10P2. These signs are only to be used where there are pedestrian facilities nearby. The sign sizes are shown in table below: Table 2.10: Pedestrian Prohibition Signs
Sign No R3-10P1 R3-10P2 Size (mm) Plate Disc 450X600 30 450X600 30 Legend L1 L2 80 DM 80 DM 80 CN 80 CN
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R3-10P1
R3-10P2
2.8.4
Bawal Tumawid Gamitin Ang Overpass (R3-10P3) This is a Pilipino worded sign, alternative to R3-10P1 exclusively for prohibiting pedestrians from crossing a particular road with the presence of an overpass. This sign shall be rectangular in shape and is 300mm x 350mm in size with the long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized white background, reflectorized red border and letters for prohibitive messages. R3-10P3
2.8.5
Turning Prohibition (R3-13; R3-14; R3-15)
Reflectorized red border and bar Reflectorized white background

Table 2.11: Turning Prohibition Signs
Sign No. Symbol No Right Turn R3-13A R3-13B R3-13 PA R3-13 PB No Left Turn R3-14A R3-14B R3-14 PA R3-14 PB No U Turn R3-15A R3-15B R3-15 PA R3-15 PB 600 900 350 450 600 900 350 450 600 900 350 450 Size (mm)) Plate Border & Bar 50 70 40 50 50 70 40 50 50 70 40 50 Letter Size
450 X 750 600 X 1000
75 BM 100 BM
450 X 750 600 X 1000
75 BM 100 BM
450 X 750 600 X 1000
75 BM 100 BM
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The NO RIGHT TURN or NO LEFT TURN sign shall be used at intersections where vehicles are forbidden to make a turn to the right or left, respectively The NO U TURN sign shall be used where vehicles are forbidden to make a turn to reverse the direction of travel. Separate plates bearing messages such as "FOR PUJ'S", "FOR PUB'S" or "FOR TRUCKS", and others, can be used to supplement the messages intended. Such plates will be of white reflectorized background with black legend.
R3-13
R3-14
R3-15
NO RIGHT TURN
R3-13P
NO LEFT TURN
R3-14P
NO U TURN
R3-15P
2.8.6
Prohibition of Overtaking (R3-16)
Reflectorized red border and bar Reflectorized white background Black symbol on right, red symbol on left.
Table 2.12: Prohibition of Overtaking Signs
Size (mm)) Sign No R3-16A R3-16B R3-16 PA R3-16 PB Symbol 600 900 490 600 Plate Border & Bar 50 70 40 50 Letter Size
600 X 900 750 X 1000
100 CN 120 CN
The NO OVERTAKING sign may be used to supplement the double yellow lane marking in forbidding overtaking in No Overtaking Zones.
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It may be used to control traffic movements on narrow bridges and short sections of one lane carriageway having a width between curbs or vertical obstructions of less than 5.0m. It may also be used where width is less than 5.5m if commercial vehicles constitute more than one-third of the traffic, or if the alignment is poor.
R3-16
BAWAL LUMUSOT
R3-16P
2.9
2.9.1
Speed Signs (R4)

Speed Restriction (Maximum) (R4-1)
Black numerals. Reflectorized red annular symbol. Reflectorized white background.

Table 2.13: Speed Restriction Signs
Sign No R4-1A R4-1B R4-1C Size No of (mm Dia.) Numerals 450 600 900 2 2 3 2 3 Numeral Size (mm) and Series 200 DN 240 DN 240 DN 400 DN 320 DN
R4-1 (60) 2.9.2
R4-1 (100)
Speed De-restriction (R4-2; R4-12P)
Black diagonal bar and annular symbol. Reflectorized white background
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Table 2.14: Speed De-Restriction Signs

Sign No. R4-2A R4-2B R4-2PA R4-2PB R4-2PC Plate Size (mm) 450 X 450 600 X 600 450 X 750 600 X 1000 800 X 1334 Size of Border / Bar (mm) 50 / 70 60 / 80 Legend END 120 EM 160 EM 200 EM
R4-2 2.9.3 Speed Restriction (Minimum) (R4-3)
R4-2P (60)
Reflectorized Blue Background. Reflectorized White Numeral & Legend Disc Size: 900mm diameter. Numeral Size: 320 DN
The minimum speed restriction sign is used exclusively on suitable sections of expressways only.
R4-3 (40)
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2.10
Parking Signs (R5)

The wording required on parking control signs will depend upon the applicable traffic laws and regulations. Signs should generally be mounted on their own individual posts, but where a number of separate instructions apply to the same length of curb space; these should be included on one sign where practicable. Although parking control signs are not required to be fully legible from moving vehicle, the simplest wording should always be used and suitable abbreviations assist in this objective. Where parking or standing restrictions relate only to specific periods, such periods shall be shown on the signs. Where symbol/s or word/s is used to indicate the method of parking to be adopted, the method shall also be stated on the signs. Where arrows are used to indicate the direction in which the restrictions apply, their size shall be small enough to avoid confusion with the arrow used for controlling the direction of moving traffic.
2.10.1 No Parking Signs (R5-1, R5-2, R5-3)
Black letter 'P' Reflectorized Red annular symbol and bar Reflectorized Red legend and Red arrow
Table 2.15: No Parking Signs
Sign No Size (mm) Legend (mm) Line 1 Line 2
Symbol Plate No Parking Disc R5-1SA 450 R5-1SB 600 No Parking Plate (Pilipino Worded) R5-1PA 250 450 X 750 R5-1PC 400 600 X 1000 No Parking Loading Only R5-2PA 250 450 X 750 R5-2PB 375 600 X 1000 No Parking Anytime R5-3PA 250 450 X 750 R5-3PB 375 600 X 1000 No Parking Tow Away R5-3CA 450 X 750 R5-3CB 600 X 1000
50 DM 80 DM 50 CN 75 EN 50 DM 75 EM
50 BN 80 BN 50 DM 75 EM 40 CN 60 DN
No Parking signs are used at locations where partial or total parking is prohibited. The No Parking disc can be used in conjunction with other legend plates for additional information.
27
NO PARKING
TOW - AWAY ZONE
R5-1S
R5-1P
R5-2P
R5-3P
R5-3C
2.10.2 Restricted Parking and Loading Signs (R5-4; R5-4A; R5-4B; R5-4C) Restricted parking signs shall be rectangular in shape and normally not less than 450mm X 750mm in size with the long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized white background, green reflectorized borderline and legends for permissive messages such as 2 HOUR PARKING, METER PARKING; and, LOADING AND UNLOADING ZONE. The LOADING ZONE sign should also be used in conjunction with the NO PARKING disc. Parking control signs need not be reflectorized unless street lighting is inadequate or the message has special night time significance. The LOADING AND UNLOADING ZONE sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 450mm X 750mm in size, with the long axis vertical. These signs shall be used at designated loading and unloading zones for passengers and goods along a route or at a minimum of 30.0m before and after an intersection.
R5-4
R5-4A
R5-4B
R5-4C
2.10.3 No Waiting Signs (R5-5; R5-5A; R5-5B) The NO WAITING sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 450mm X 750mm in size with the long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized white background, reflectorized red borderline and legends for prohibitive messages and times of restriction.
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NO
WAITING ANYTIME
R5-5 R5-5A R5-5B
2.10.4 No Loading and Unloading Signs (R5-6; R5-6A) The NO LOADING and UNLOADING Signs shall be rectangular in shape, 450mm x 750mm in size with long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized white background, reflectorized red border and legend for prohibitive messages and times of restriction. These signs are used exclusively for prohibiting loading and unloading of goods and passengers. Left and right arrows should be drawn at the bottom of the road sign.
NO LOADING AND
UNLOADING
ANYTIME
R5-6 R5-6 A
2.10.5 No Loading / Unloading Within Red-Painted Curb (R5-7) The NO LOADING/UNLOADING ANYTIME within red-painted curb shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 450mm and 750mm in size with the long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized red letters and borders on white reflectorized background. These signs shall be erected at locations to supplement pavement markings to prohibit loading and unloading activities. R5-7
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2.10.6 No Stopping Anytime (R5-8) The NO STOPPING ANYTIME sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 450mm X 750mm in size with long axis vertical. They shall have reflectorized white background, reflectorized red borderline and symbol, red letters, and reflectorized red arrow and bar for prohibitive messages and times of restriction. R5-8
2.10.7 No Parking or Stopping Signs PUV Stop Area (R5-9A; R5-9B; R5-9C)
Reflectorized black letters. Black Vehicle Symbol. Reflectorized Red annular symbol, arrow and bar. Reflectorized Red border
The BUS STOP sign is used exclusively for bus passenger loading and unloading. It shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 400mm X 900mm in size. The NO PARKING symbol should be used in conjunction with this sign where total parking is prohibited. The PUJ STOP signs are used exclusively for jeepney passenger loading and unloading. It shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 400mm x 900mm in size. The NO PARKING symbol should be used in conjunction with this sign where total parking is prohibited. The BUS-PUJ STOP signs are used exclusively for bus and jeepney loading and unloading of passengers and goods. It shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 400mm x 900mm in size. The NO PARKING symbol should be used in conjunction with this sign where total parking is prohibited.
R5-9A
R5-9B
R5-9C
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2.10.8 Do Not Block Intersection (R5-10) The DO NOT BLOCK INTERSECTION sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 400 X 600mm in size with long axis vertical. It shall have black letters on white reflectorized background and reflectorized yellow legend on black reflectorized background. These signs are used at intersections particularly at signalized locations where yellow box lane markings have been provided. These should be installed at or near the designated stop line in the intersection to warn motorists of clearing the yellow box zone.
R5-10
2.10.9 Right Turners Cross at Broken White Lines (R5-11) The RIGHT TURNER CROSS AT BROKEN LINES shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 450mm and 600mm in size. They shall have black letters and border on white reflectorized background. These signs shall be used alongside broken white line markings at Bus/PUJ lane which allows vehicles to turn right at the next intersection. R5-11
2.11
Miscellaneous Signs (R6)

Signs covered in this series are not included in other categories.
2.11.1 Prohibition on Use of Audible Warning Device No Blowing of Horns Sign (R6-1)
Reflectorized red annular border and bar Black symbol Reflectorized white background
Use of audible warning device is prohibited, where this sign is used, except to avoid an accident or those vehicles that are authorized to use warning devices in case of emergency. The No Blowing of Horns sign is usually erected in the vicinity of hospitals, schools, libraries, and churches. The diameter of the disk is 600mm. R6-1
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2.11.2 Load and Dimension Restriction Signs (R6-2 to R6-6)
Reflectorized red annular border. Black symbol and legend.

Table 2.16: Load and Dimension Restriction Signs
Sign No R6-2 R6-3 R6-4 R6-5 R6-6 Size (dia. mm) 600 600 600 600 600 Numeral 240 DN 240/120 DN 260 DN 160 DN 80 DN
Sign R6-2 shall be used to prohibit entry for vehicles having overall width exceeding the dimension shown. Sign R6-3 shall be used to prohibit entry for vehicles having overall height exceeding the dimension shown. Sign R6-4 shall be used to indicate the maximum permitted gross load in tons on any section of road and shall be erected on the immediate approaches to the restricted section. Sign R6-5 shall be used to prohibit entry of vehicles with gross axle load exceeding the limit shown. Sign R6-6 shall be used to prohibit entry of vehicles with overall length exceeding the limit shown.
R6-2
R6-3
R6-4
R6-5
R6-6
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2.11.3 Use Seat Belt Sign (R6-7)
Black seatbelt on white man symbol and blue background Reflectorized black letters and red borders on white background
Table 2.17: Use Seat Belt Sign
Sign No R6-7 Size (mm) 450 X 675 Symbol 200mm X 200mm Legend 80 CN
The Use Seat Belt signs are used pursuant to RA8750, the Seat Belt Law.
2.11.4 Pedestrians Crossing (R6-8)
Black symbol and border circular disc Reflectorized fluorescent yellow green background
Table 2.18: Pedestrians Crossing Sign
Sign No R68A R68B R68C Size (dia. mm) 450mm 600mm 750mm
Unlike the pedestrian Warning sign (W6-1) which is placed in advance in accordance with appropriate distances recommended, R6-8 is a regulatory sign to be placed at the stop lines or at the approaches to a zebra pedestrian crossing. R6-8 2.11.5 School Children Crossing (R6-9)
Black symbol, legend and border Reflectorized fluorescent yellow green background
Table 2.19: School Children Crossing Sign
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Unlike the Children Warning sign (W6-2) which is placed in advance in accordance with distances recommended (see Table 3.1) R6-9 is a regulatory sign to be placed at the stop lines on the approaches to a marked School Children crossing. R6-9 2.11.6 Bike Lane (R6-10)
Black symbol, legend and border. Reflectorized fluorescent yellow green background.
Table 2.20: Bike Lane Signs
The BIKE LANE sign is used where a stretch of roadway is dedicated to a bike lane for bicycle use only and to protect cyclists who may not be perceptible to motorists. This is a regulatory sign and requires cyclists to use the Bike Lane only. R6-10 2.11.7 Wheel Chair Crossing (R6-11)
Black symbol, legend and border. Reflectorized fluorescent yellow green background.
Table 2.21: Wheel Chair Crossing Signs
The WHEEL CHAIR CROSSING SIGN is a regulatory sign to be placed at the stop lines on the approaches to a marked wheel chair ramp near or at intersections, buildings, hospitals, parks, malls and other public places. R6-11
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3
3.1
WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W)

Application of Warning Signs
Warning Signs are used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. The Warning Signs advise motorists of road conditions that require caution and may call for a reduction in speed, in the interest of safety and that of other road users. Warning signs tend to lose their effectiveness if used unnecessarily or too frequently. Their use should be restricted to the minimum, consistent with safety. A warning sign should not be used when drivers can observe and appreciate the potential hazard ahead under normal conditions. The particular sign to be applied to a specific condition shall be selected in accordance with the criteria set out in this Section. The standard warning signs listed in this manual cover most conditions that are likely to be met. If other warning signs are needed, the signs shall be of the standard shape and color for warning signs, and the symbol used must be self-explanatory. To avoid ambiguity, supplementary messages can sometimes be used. Some of the commonly used messages are also listed in this category under the Auxiliary series.
3.2
Classification of Warning Signs

Warning sign classifications: Horizontal Alignment Signs (W1) Intersection and Junction Signs (W2) Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs (W3) Road Width Signs (W4) Road Obstacle Signs (W5) Pedestrian and School Signs (W6) Railway Level Crossing (W7) Supplementary Signs (W8) Other Warning Signs (W9) Section 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13
Warning signs at road construction and maintenance sites are separately dealt with in the Road Works Safety Manual.
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3.3
Design
A standard sign shall be selected when choosing a sign for a particular purpose. If no standard sign meets the conditions encountered, a special sign may be used, provided it is designed in accordance with the same principles as the standard signs in the appropriate classification. In general, warning signs are triangular in shape (with one angle vertical), with a black symbol, reflectorized red border on a retro-reflective white, or fluorescent yellow green background. Other exceptions to this general rule are specified in the text. The size of a warning sign should be suited to the conditions for which it is required. Traffic volumes, speed, road conditions, background lighting and other factors will all influence the choice of the appropriate size. Where conditions require greater visual impact or emphasis, the larger size signs should be used with a correspondingly larger symbol or legend. By referring to the letter sizes for any sign and equating these to the required sight distances and legibility requirements, the most suitable sign can be selected for any particular condition. The size of one side of the equilateral triangular shaped signs shall not be less than 600mm. For high-speed expressways, larger signs (up to 1200mm) are usually adopted. Sizes of special signs with other shapes can sometimes be selected to give comparable warning to drivers if the standard sign is found inadequate. Some of these special signs are included in this manual (see Chapter 6).
3.4
Location
As warning signs are placed primarily for the protection of the driver who is not familiar with the road, it is very important that their location and installation must be undertaken with care. Although guidelines for their positioning are given below there will be instances where local conditions require different treatment. Test runs should be made by day and by night from both directions to check the location and mounting of each installation. A warning sign should generally be installed on the right side of the road and be positioned so that it will convey its message most effectively without restricting lateral clearance or sight distance. However, in special circumstances the sign or a duplicate sign may be erected on the left side of the road. Duplicate signs on the left side will usually be required on one-way roads. Lateral placement and height of warning signs shall be in accordance with Section 1.8.2. In urban areas advance warning signs should be placed at not less than 30.0m or more than 100.0m in advance of the hazardous area, while in rural areas the signs should be placed at not less than 75.0m nor more than 225.0m in advance of the hazardous area. The actual advance warning
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distances, determined by factors such as nature of the hazard, reaction time, prevailing and desired speeds are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Advance Warning Signs Distance (In Meters)
Approach Speed (kph) 50 60 70 80 Stop 75 100 160 225 Desired Speed (kph) 20 30 60 45 90 75 150 140 200 190 40 30 60 120 170
For hazards requiring reduction in speed, an advisory speed as described in Section 3.12, may be used in conjunction with the corresponding hazard warning sign. Where it is desired to warn of more than one potential hazard at the same location, the signs shall be installed on separate posts placed at a distance not less than 0.6Vm apart, where V is the 85th percentile speed in kph. Signs indicating conditions that are temporary or intermittent in occurrence should be mounted so that they can be set up and removed easily as required. If necessary, folding signs may be used such that the message may be displayed only when actually required.
3.5
Horizontal Alignment Signs (W1)

These signs are used to indicate the type of road curve ahead of the motorist. Basically, the following types are considered: the sharp turn; the reverse turn; the curve turn; the reverse curve; the winding road and the hairpin curve. An advisory speed plate can be used to supplement the intention of these signs (see W8-1). There are three general sizes for this series. Size A is usually for use in urban low speed roads; Size B for rural roads with speed limits between 60 and 70kph. Size C for high speed rural highways.
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Sign sizes of the alignment series are shown in the following table: Table 3.2: Horizontal Alignment Signs
Sign Sharp Turn Sign No W1-1A (L or R) W1-1B W1-1C W1-2A (L or R) W1-2B W1-2C W1-3A (L or R) W1-3B W1-3C W1-4A (L or R) W1-4B W1-4C W1-5A (L or R) W1-5B W1-6A (L or R) W1-6B Size (mm) 600 750 900 600 750 900 600 750 900 600 750 900 600 750 600 750
Reverse Turn
Curve
Reverse Curve
Winding Road Hairpin
3.5.1
Sharp Turn (W1-1) The Sharp Turn sign is used in advance of a sharp curve where motorists are required to slow down substantially because of the road geometry.
W1-1 3.5.2 Reverse Turn (W1-2) The Reverse Turn sign is used where two curves in opposite direction each warrants a Turn Sign (W1-1) and are separated by a tangent length of less than 120.0m. The sign may also be used where one of the two curves warrants a Curve sign (W1-3) only and if it is impractical to sign each curve separately. The Advisory Speed plate (W81) should be used to indicate the lower speed value of the two curves.
W1-2 3.5.3 Curve (W1-3)
The curve sign is used in advance of a substandard curve or a curve that may not be evident to the motorist in the course of his travel along a reasonable straight section of the road.
W1-3
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3.5.4
Reverse Curve (W1-4) The reverse curve sign is used where two curves in opposite directions, one or both of which is substandard, are separated by a tangent length of less than 120.0m. The Advisory Speed plate (W8-1) should be used to indicate the lower speed value of the two curves. W1-4
3.5.5
Winding Road (W1-5) The winding road sign is used where there is a series of closely spaced curves, some or all of which warrant the use of Turn (W1-1) or Curve (W1-3) signs. The shape of the arrow shall indicate the direction of the first curve approach. A distance plate can be used in conjunction with this sign to indicate the approximate distance of the substandard curves. (see W8-3 and W8-4)
W1-5
3.5.6
Hairpin Bend (W1-6) The hairpin bend sign is used to warn motorists of an approaching curve with an almost 180-degree bend.
W1-6
3.6
Intersection and Junction Signs (W2)

Signs in the intersection and junction series are used where the sight distance on the approach to an intersection or junction is less than the safe stopping distance or where drivers may have difficulty in appreciating the presence or configuration of an intersection ahead. However, there may be unusual situations where a special design will be required to describe the intersection configuration more accurately. Such a design must comply with the general standard of warning sign series. Signs in this series shall not be used on an approach where the regulatory signs STOP (R1-1), GIVE WAY (R1-2), or traffic signals are installed.
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Signs that may be used in advance of intersections are listed in the table: Table 3.3: Intersection and Junction Signs
Sign Cross Road Sign No W2-1A W2-1B W2-1C W2-1D W2-2A (L or R) W2-2B W2-2C W2-2D W2-3A W2-3B W2-3C W2-4A W2-4B W2-4C W2-4D W2-5A (or 5a) W2-5B (or 5a) W2-5C (or 5a) W2-5D (or 5a) W2-6A (L or R) W2-6B W2-6C W2-6D W2-7A W2-7B W2-7C W2-8B W2-8C W2-8D W2-9B W2-9C W2-9D W2-10A W2-10B W2-10C W2-10D Size (mm) 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 600 750 900 600 750 900 450 600 750 900
Staggered Side Road Junction Skewed Intersection
T-junction
Y-junction
Side Road Junction
Roundabout Ahead
Priority Junction
Priority Merging
Priority Cross
3.6.1
Cross Road (W2-1) The Cross Road sign is used in advance of an intersection where two roads cross at a common point. This sign shall not be used on a side road approach to a controlled intersection. W2-1
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3.6.2
Other Cross Roads (W2-2; W2-3) These Cross Road Signs are used in advance of intersections that bear the resemblance of the configurations as indicated in the inscription of the signs.
W2-2 3.6.3
W2-3
T and Y Junctions (W2-4; W2-5; W2-6) The T-Junction sign (W2-4) is used in advance of a T-junction of the road that forms the stem of the T, and Y Junction sign (W2-5) is used in advanced of a road path on that approach which forms the stem of the Y. Where the junction road meets the through road at an angle greater than 45 degrees, a Side Road Junction sign (W2-5A) is more appropriate. The side road junction sign (W2-6) is used to warn road users that a side road has a fairly large volume of traffic entering or crossing the through route.
W2-4
W2-5
W25A
W2-6
3.6.4
Roundabout (Rotunda) (W2-7) The Roundabout (Rotunda) sign is used on all approaches to a rotunda. It should not be used where a diagrammatic Advance Direction sign (G1-5) is used on the approach.
W2-7 3.6.5 Priority Road (W2-8; W2-9; W2-10) These signs inform the motorist that the road he travels on is a priority road with the junction intersection in front of him being controlled either by a STOP or GIVE WAY sign. These signs should not be used unless the side roads are positively controlled in order to avoid creating a false sense of security to the motorist on the main road.
W2-8
W2-9
W2-10
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3.7
3.7.1
Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs (W3)

Signals Ahead (W3-1) Table 3.4: Signals Ahead Signs
Sign No W3-1A W3-1B W3-1C W3-1D Size (mm) 600 750 900 1200
The Signal Ahead sign (W3-1) is used in advance of a signalized intersection, where the signal is not visible from a distance of 120.0m, or at any unexpected signal installation where the prevailing approach speeds or conditions of visibility are such as to require a warning. (W3-1D) is used on the approach of a high speed road (expressway) warning motorists of an approaching signalized intersection ahead. W3-1 The circles in the signal symbol are shown in the three colors of the lights that they represent and shall be reflectorized. 3.7.2 Stop and Give Way Sign Ahead (W3-2; W3-3) Table 3.5: STOP and GIVE WAY Signs
Sign No W3-2 to 3 A W3-2 to 3 B W3-2 to 3 C Size (mm) 450 600 750
These warning signs are only used to warn the presence of a STOP or GIVEWAY sign at the intersection ahead which may not be conspicuous to the motorist when approaching the intersection. The arrow direction may vary to indicate the location of the STOP or GIVEWAY sign concerned.
W3-2
W3-3
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3.8
Road Width Signs (W4)

This warning sign is used at a sudden change of road width either narrowing or widening of carriageways. The types and sizes of these signs are shown in the table. Table 3.6: Road Width Signs
Sign Sign No W4-1A W4-1B W4-1C W4-1PA W4-1PB W4-1PC W4-2A W4-2B W4-2C W4-2PA W4-2PB W4-2PC W4-3A W4-3B W4-3C W4-3D W4-4A W4-4B W4-4C W4-4D Size (mm) 450 600 750 450 X 700 600 X 900 750 X 1200 450 600 750 450 X 700 600 X 900 750 X 1200 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 Letter Size (mm) and Series Lines 1 and 2
Narrow Bridge
60 DN; 60 DN 75 DN; 75 DN 90 DN; 90 DN
Road Narrows
75 DN 60 CN 90 DN; 75 CN 120 DN; 90 CN
Divided Road End Divided Road
3.8.1
Narrow Bridge (W4-1) The Narrow Bridge Sign is used on the approaches to all road bridges having a width between curbs of: 5.5m or less; between 5.5m and 6.0m in exceptional cases of high speed sections of roads with heavy traffic volumes; or, less than that of the approach pavement regardless of its width.
W4-1
W4-1P
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3.8.2
Road Narrows (W4-2) The Road Narrows sign is used where a reduction of the pavement width may constitute a hazard. Specific conditions for its use are shown below: (a) On a two-lane road there is a reduction in pavement width of 1.2m or more; or, the travel lane is reduced in width by 600mm or more; or, The overall pavement width is reduced to 5.5m or less. (b) On a multi-lane road, including one carriageway of a divided road there is a reduction in the number of lanes.
W4-2
W4-2P
3.8.3
Divided Road (W4-3) The Divided Road sign is used to warn motorists of the approach to a divided road when the median island is more than 300.0m in length.
W4-3 3.8.4 End Divided Road (W4-4) The End Divided Road sign is used at the end of a section of divided road as a warning of two-way traffic ahead.
W4-4
3.9
Road Obstacle Signs (W5)

These signs include those which warn motorists of unexpected road features such as change in road pavement surface and infrastructure, hazards due to weather conditions and environment.
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Sign numbers and sizes of these signs are shown in the following table: Table 3.7: Road Obstacle Signs
Sign Opening Bridge Sign No W5-1B W5-1C W5-2A W5-2B W5-2C W5-2D W5-3A W5-3B W5-3C W5-3D W5-4B W5-4C W5-4D W5-5A W5-5B W5-5C W5-6A W5-6B W5-6C W5-6D W5-7A W5-7B W5-7C W5-7D W5-8B W5-8C W5-8D W5-9A W5-9B W5-9C W5-9D W5-9PA W5-9PB W5-9PC W5-10B W5-10C W5-10D W5-11A W5-11B W5-11C W5-11D Size (mm) (Plate Size) 600 750 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 600 750 900 450 600 750 450 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 600 750 900 450 600 750 900 (450X700) (600X900) (750X1200) 600 750 900 450 600 750 900
Uneven Road
Hump
Steep Decent
Steep Climb
Ford
Flood
Falling or Fallen Rocks (L or R)
Slippery Road
Cattle Crossing
Aircraft
3.9.1
Opening Bridge (W5-1) The sign is used to warn motorists of an opening bridge ahead.
W5-1
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3.9.2
Uneven Road (W5-2) The sign is used to warn motorists of humps and dips of a road section ahead.
W5-2
3.9.3
Hump (W5-3) This sign is used to warn motorists of a road hump ahead.
W5-3 3.9.4 Steep Descent (W5-4) and Steep Climb (W5-5) The Steep Descent sign (W5-4) is used in advance of downgrade where vehicle speeds are likely to increase to an extent that would make a vehicle difficult to control. The TRUCKS USE LOW GEAR sign (S1-3) should be used in conjunction with this sign on the same post. (see Section 6.3.2) The Steep Climb sign (W5-5) is used in advance of long steep upgrades of 10% or more.
W5-4 3.9.5 Spill Way (W5-6)
W5-5
The SPILL WAY sign is used where water flows across a roadway at most times of the year, except during a prolonged dry season.
W5-6
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3.9.6
Flood (W5-7) The FLOOD sign is used to give warning of depressions in the road that may carry flood water for short periods during wet seasons.
W5-7
3.9.7
Falling Rocks (W5-8) The Falling Rocks sign is used to warn motorists of a road section on which there is possibility of falling rocks or the consequence of it. The symbol may be reversed.
W5-8 3.9.8 Slippery (W5-9) The Slippery sign is used to warn traffic of sections of road where the pavement may become slippery. Slippery conditions should be indicated by a plate mounted beneath the sign bearing the sign WHEN WET (W8-5), or WHEN FROSTY (W8-6). (see Section 3.12.4) The sign should be repeated at intervals of not more than 3km on long sections of such roads.
W5-9
W5-9P
3.9.9
Animal Crossing (W5-10) The Cattle Crossing sign is used to warn motorists of sections of road by which animals may cross.
W5-10
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3.9.10 Aircraft (W5-11) The Aircraft sign is used in the vicinity of an airfield to warn that aircraft may fly over the road at a low altitude.
W5-11
3.10
Pedestrian and School Signs (W6)

The pedestrian and school signs have been included to replace the traditional triangle warning signs for pedestrians, school children, handicapped persons and bicycle users. The sign will have different shapes and fluorescent yellow green background to provide more conspicuity and visibility of these signs. Elements of sign design and sizes are shown as follows: Table 3.8: W6 Signs
Sign Pedestrian Crossing Ahead Slow Down Pedestrian Crossing Ahead Children Crossing Cross Only At Ped Xing Wheel Chair Crossing Bike Lane Ahead Sign No W6-1B W6-1C W6-1P W6-2B W6-2C W6-3 W6-4A W6-4B W6-4C W6-5A W6-5B Size (mm) 600 750 450X750 600 750 300X450 450 600 750 400X600 600X900 60 DN Legend
80 DN
60 DN
3.10.1 Pedestrians (W6-1) and Slow Down Pedestrian Ahead (W6-1P) These signs are interchangeable and used to warn motorists of the presence of pedestrians who may be crossing the road ahead regardless whether there is a designated crossing. For a designated Zebra Crossing use R6-8 sign. (See Section 2.11.5)
W6-1
W6-1P
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3.10.2 Children (W6-2) This sign is used to warn motorists of the presence of school children, who may be crossing the road ahead regardless of whether there is a designated school crossing.
W6-2 3.10.3 Cross Only At Ped Xing (W6-3) The CROSS ONLY AT PED XING sign may only be used, where crosswalks are clearly defined, to discourage jaywalking or unauthorized crossing. The normal regulatory sign for prohibiting pedestrian crossing is R3-10 together with supplementary instruction sign plates such as USE OVERPASS (S1-1).
W6-3
3.10.4 Wheel Chair Crossing (W6-4) This sign is used to warn motorists of wheel chair crossing such as near hospitals, shopping centers.
W6-4
3.10.5 Bike Lane Ahead (W6-5) This sign is used to warn the motorist of the approaching Bike Lane which may not be visible on the road. This is a warning sign and should be placed at an appropriate distance ahead of the bike lane. For a regulatory sign to a designated bike lane, use R6-10 sign.
W6-5
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3.11
Railway Level Crossing Signs (W7)
3.11.1 Railroad Crossing Position (W7-1; W7-4) The Railway Crossing Position sign is used at every railway level crossing in combination with STOP or GIVE WAY signs, signals or gates. W7-1 Where increased conspicuity is required, the alternative position sign W7-4 may be used.
3.11.2 Railway Crossing Advance Warning (W7-2; W7-3) The Railway Crossing sign is used in advance of the railway crossing to warn the motorist of the presence of the level crossing ahead where the railway level crossing is located on a side road. If the normal distance requirement for placement of the sign cannot be met, the sign is erected on the through road and supplemented by ON SIDE ROAD sign (W8-2). W7-2 is used for railway crossings without signal control and W7-3 for those with signal control. The following sizes are applicable: Table 3.9: Railway Crossing Advance Warning Signs
Sign Number W7-2B W7-2C W7-2D W7-3B W7-3C W7-3D Size (mm) 600 750 900 600 750 900
W7-2
W7-3
3.11.3 Alternative Railway Crossing Position (W7-4) This sign is used where increased conspicuity is required instead of the normal Railroad Crossing Position sign (W7-1). This sign has a red plate background and is no less than 700mm X 900mm in size.
W7-4
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3.12
Supplementary Signs (W8)

Supplementary signs shall not be installed by themselves as individual signs but only as a plate beneath an appropriate warning sign. For example, an advisory speed plate may only be installed with a curve or bend, or a road hump warning sign. These signs are erected on the same post, and below the warning sign with which it is associated. These signs have black legend on white background. The sizes for these signs are shown as follows: Table 3.10: Supplementary Signs
Sign Advisory Speed Sign Number W8-1A W8-1B W8-1C W8-2A W8-2B W8-2C W8-3A W8-3B W8-3C W8-4A W8-4B W8-4C W8-5A W8-5B W8-5C W8-6A W8-6B W8-6C W8-7A W8-7B W8-7C W8-8A W8-8B W8-8C W8-9A W8-9B W8-9C W8-10A W8-10B W8-10C Size (mm) 600X400 750X500 900X600 600X400 750X500 900X600 600X200 750X250 900X300 600X200 750X250 900X300 600X400 750X500 900X600 600X200 750X250 900X300 600X200 750X250 900X300 600X400 750X500 900X600 600X200 750X250 900X300 600X200 750X250 900X300
On Side Road
Distance m
Distance km
When Wet
Blind
Aged
Playground
School
Disabled
3.12.1 Advisory Speed (W8-1) The Advisory Speed sign is used only in conjunction with another warning sign to indicate the desirable speed in good weather, traffic and road conditions. W8-1 The Advisory Speed sign is normally used with a sign in the Alignment Signs W1, and may also be used with the
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Uneven Road (W5-2) or HUMP (W5-3) sign where an indication of the comfortable speed is desirable. The Advisory Speed sign shall be installed on the same posts as, and below, the warning sign with which it is associated. In no case shall such a sign be installed until the nominated speed has been determined by accepted traffic engineering procedures. 3.12.2 On Side Road (W8-2) The ON SIDE ROAD sign is used as a supplement other signs such as FLOOD (W5-7) or RAIL CROSSING (W72 or W7-3), to warn the road users of a hazard on a side road in close proximity to the through road. W8-2 3.12.3 (Distance) m (W8-3); (Distance) km (W8-4) The (Distance)...m and (Distance)...km signs are used in conjunction with a warning sign where an indication of distance to the hazard is desired.
W8-3 3.12.4 When Wet (W8-5)
W8-4
W8-4A
This sign is used in conjunction with the Slippery Road warning sign (W5-9).
W8-5 3.12.5 Blind (W8-6); Aged (W8-7); Playground (W8-8); School (W8-9); Disabled (W8-10) The BLIND, AGED, PLAYGROUND, SCHOOL and DISABLED signs, as appropriate, are used in conjunction with the PEDESTRIAN and CHILDREN Crossing signs (W6-1) and (W6-2).
W8-6
W8-7 W8-8
W8-9
W8-10
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3.12.6 For PUJ (W8-11A); For Buses (W8-11B) These supplementary signs are used in conjunction with Turning Prohibition signs NO LEFT TURN (R3-13); NO RIGHT TURN (R-14); and NO U TURN (R3-15). They must not be used individually by themselves.
W8-11A
W8-11B
3.13
Other Warning Signs (W9)
3.13.1 Vertical Clearance (W9-1A; W9-1B) The CLEARANCE signs shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 1500mm x 600mm in size with the long axis horizontal. They shall be black letters on white reflectorized background. (See Also R6-3 for symbolic height restriction sign). The CLEARANCE X.Xm sign is installed on structures where signed clearance is greater than 4.80m and generally not more than 5.5m. The LOW CLEARANCE X.Xm sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 1950mm x 600mm in size with the long axis horizontal. It shall be installed on all bridges, underpasses and other structures where the vertical clearance above the road pavement is 4.80m or less to warn motorist of the restricted height of the approaching structures. Vertical clearances shall be reckoned from the highest flood level.
W9-1A
W9-1B
3.13.2 Slow Down Accident Prone Area (W9-2A) or Bumagal Madalas Ang Aksidente Dito (W9-2B) The SLOW DOWN ACCIDENT PRONE AREA or BUMAGAL MADALAS ANG AKSIDENTE DITO sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 1060mm x 600mm in size with the long axis horizontal. Letters and borders shall be black on white reflectorized background. These signs shall be temporarily installed to warn motorists of the risk and frequency of accidents while passing a road section. These should be removed from the site after improvements have been done.
W9-2A
W9-2B
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3.13.3 Slow Down Merging Traffic Ahead (W9-3) The SLOW DOWN MERGING TRAFFIC AHEAD sign shall be rectangular in shape and not less than 1060mm X 600mm in size with the long axis horizontal. Letters and borders shall be black on white reflectorized background. These signs shall be installed to warn motorists of merging traffic from an entry ramp on a high speed highway. W9-3 3.13.4 Lane Ends Merge Left (W9-4) The LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT is an advance warning to drivers of lane drop ahead and is to be used in conjunction with appropriate lane marking and FORM 1 (or 2) LANE (S) sign (S2-10). This sign is rectangular in shape, not less than 950mm X 600mm in size, with long axis horizontal. W9-4 3.13.5 Slow Down Weighbridge Ahead (W9-5) This warning sign is used to warn motorists in advance of a weighbridge station ahead on the highway. This is followed by the direction Service Sign (G7-2). This sign is rectangular in shape, not less than 1060mm x 600mm in size, with long axis horizontal. W9-5
GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATION SIGNS (TYPE G)

Guide signs inform road users about the direction and distances of destinations on the route they are following or along other roads that intersect their route. They also supply information to identify points of geographical or historical interest and give directions to rest areas, camping or parking areas. Guide signs do not normally lose their value by frequent use but they can be ineffective unless attention is given to their proper location and the clarity of the message. Signs in the Directional Signing series are usually classified into four categories: Those installed in advance of the intersection. These include Advance Direction Signs (e.g., G1-1 to G1-6) and Lane Designation Signs (GE23); Those installed at the intersection. These include Intersection Direction Signs (G2-1 to G2-4) and Finger Board signs (G4 signs); Those on departure from the intersection. These are Reassurance Direction Signs (G3-1 and G3-2); and, Those installed on expressways. The GE signs is described in Section 5 of this manual.
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4.1
Classification of Guide Signs

Guide sign classification Advance Direction Signs (G1) Intersection Direction Signs (G2) Reassurance Direction Signs (G3) Finger Board Direction Signs (G4) Street Name Signs (G5) Town Name and Geographical Feature Signs (G6) Service Signs (G7) Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs (G8) Route Markers (G9) Section 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
4.2
4.2.1
Design
Shape Guide signs are generally rectangular in shape. Where practicable, they should be designed with long axis horizontal. Exceptions to this rule are route markers, which are normally on a shield of distinctive shape and kilometer posts.
4.2.2
Color The words, symbols, and borders of guide signs should be reflectorized on all colors except black that contrasts with the background of the sign. The background color should be easily recognizable by motorists as being applicable to the particular category of guide signs for which it is used. The color combinations, which shall be used are as follows: Black legend on white background: Information signs, street name signs and kilometer posts; White legend on standard green or blue background: Advance direction signs, intersection and special direction signs, and reassurance direction signs, including signs giving directions to expressways from the adjacent road and street system; White legend on blue background: Signs indicating roadside facilities, services and legends used. The size adopted will depend on the required letter size, the number of words in the legend, symbols used and the general arrangement; White legend on brown background: Tourists interests;
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4.2.3
Size Standardization of guide sign size is not always practicable due to the variety of legends used. The size adopted will depend on the required letter size, the number of words in the legend, symbols used and the general arrangement. The likely visual impact of the sign must be considered in relation to its location, background and surroundings. For example, in an urban street with advertising signs, guide signs may need to be increased in size to compete effective with adjacent signs. Overhead signs need to be larger than signs mounted in normal positions at the side of a road, while roads, which carry predominantly high-speed traffic, require larger signs than low-speed roads. Special attention should be given to single-name direction signs having short names to ensure that the visual impact of the sign is not lost by economizing on its overall size.
4.2.4
Type of Lettering Standard alphabets shall be used on guide signs (see Section 1.7.4). Whether the legend of a guide sign should have capital letters only, lowercase letters, or a combination of the two, is either described or illustrated for each type of sign. In general, the destinations on advance direction signs, intersection direction signs, reassurance direction signs, and expressway signs should have initial capital letters followed by lower-case letters.
4.2.5
Size of Lettering A driver approaching a guide sign should have sufficient time to read it before it passes from his normal field of vision. The distance at which a sign can be read is a function of the letter size and spacing while the time available to read it depends upon the number of words and the speed at which the sign is approached. A well designed sign can be read at a glance by drivers familiar with the destinations or the message displayed at normal approach speed. Allowance should be considered when selecting the size of lettering for those less familiar with the sign, for the possibility that other vehicles may briefly obstruct a driver's view, and for a slower response by some drivers due to poor eyesight or inattention. If a sign has to be located outside the driver's normal field of vision, the size of lettering should be increased. This applies to roadside signs on multi-lane roads and to a lesser degree to cantilevered signs and some overhead signs.
4.2.6
Letter Spacing The legibility of the legend on a sign depends, among other things, on the spacing between individual letters. Legibility distance is greater for widely spaced letters than for closely spaced letters. There is, however, an optimum spacing, which, if exceeded, increases the difficulty in reading the legend. In determining a suitable spacing for letters, it should be noted that reflectorized letters on a non-reflective background appear to have a wider stroke width when viewed at night, while non-reflectorized letters on a
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reflective background appear to lose stroke width. Adjustment of letter spacing may, therefore, be needed to compensate for this effect. Street name signs - which normally have Series C capital letters of a smaller size than other guide signs, may require special consideration. 4.2.7 Amount of Legend The principal legend on a guide sign should be limited to the number of words a driver can read and in time he can turn his attention from the road to the sign. Desirably, a guide sign should carry not more than three lines of legend or three destination names. However, up to five lines or names may be used in special cases. 4.2.8 Distance Indication When distances are shown on guide signs, the following rules shall apply: The distance shall be shown in meters for distance up to 999m; The distance shall be shown in 0.1km increments for distances from 1km to 4.9km; The distance shall be shown in 0.5km increments for distances from 5km to 9.5km; and, To the nearest kilometer for greater distances. 4.2.9 Reflectorization and Illumination All guide signs, including expressway guide signs, which need to be read at night should be reflectorized. The method of reflectorization would be the use of retro-reflective materials for the background, letters, borders and legend of the sign. Overhead signs should require external or internal illumination even at locations where there is street lighting. In general, the degree of illumination required on the face of the sign will depend upon the level of competing illumination surrounding the sign the brighter the surrounding illumination the higher will be the level of luminance required on the sign face. The use of high performance reflective sheeting should be considered. In some situations where signs need additional visual impact at night, illumination may also be desirable for signs that are not located overhead. Externally illuminated signs should also be faced with reflective materials for possible power failure. Where external illumination is used, the source of illumination may be either above or below the sign; shadows can be cast across the face of the sign in daylight and these may detract from the legend. Also, there is a tendency at night for the light source to form a reflection on the face of the sign, thus reducing the legibility. Under some circumstances where the location of lighting is critical, it is preferable to use reflectorized lettering on a matte finish background.
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If external illumination is located below the sign, care should be taken to ensure that the light fittings do not shine below the sign towards opposing traffic. A double strip of fluorescent tube lighting located either above or below a sign will normally illuminate the sign face to a height or approximately 2.0m. Signs more than 2.0m high normally require both top and bottom lighting.
4.3
Location
Generally, roadside guide signs should be located on the right side of the road where a driver would expect to see them. In some circumstances the sign may be mounted above the carriageway (see Section 1.8). The lateral placement and height of guide signs shall be in accordance with Section 1.8.2. Very large roadside signs may require special consideration, while special circumstances of road layout and adjacent topography may also warrant departures from the given rules. Normally, guide signs should not be erected in medians unless they have special relevance to traffic traveling in the median lane. In special cases, a sign is required to supplement a similar sign on the left side. In urban situations with wide medians and roadside development, mounting of signs within the median may be unavoidable. At channelized intersections, some guide signs need to be erected in traffic islands or on the right side of the road. If practical, they should be within a driver's normal line of vision as he approaches the intersection. If this cannot be achieved, guide signs should be on the side of the intersection where the driver is likely to be looking if he is required to execute a turn. However, in all cases, the signs should not obscure a driver's vision of other approaching traffic or pedestrians.
4.4
4.4.1
Supports for Guide Signs

Roadside Signs The size and number of supports required together with typical mountings and the spacing between posts are given in Appendix A, Figures 11.1 and 11.2. The lateral positioning of roadside signs is indicated in Figure 1.1. In urban areas where large signs need to be erected in the footpath, the sign and its supports should present a pleasing appearance and supporting posts should not be erected where pedestrians are likely to walk into them at night. Supporting structures, which completely span a footway with supports on each side, are undesirable. On high-speed roads the use of breakaway supports should be considered for roadside signs where they are likely to be struck by vehicles. (see Appendix A, Figure 11.3)
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4.4.2
Overhead Signs Typical methods of supporting overhead signs are shown in Fig. 4.1.
(c) Butterfly Support
Figure 4.1: Methods of Supporting Overhead Sign
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4.5
4.5.1
Advance Direction Signs (G1)

Application Advance direction signs are used in advance of an intersection to indicate destinations along each route leading away from the intersection, providing prior information of the routes ahead by showing place, names, arrows, symbols and instructions to indicate directions. Advance Direction signs should usually be erected: in advance of intersections where two arterial roads meet or cross; or on an arterial road crossing a feeder road; in advance of intersections where the arterial road turns; on feeder road intersecting arterial road; or, in advance of intersections where arterial road may be confused with another road.
4.5.2
Shape, Color and Reflectivity Advance direction signs shall be rectangular in shape, normally with long axis horizontal. They shall have reflectorized white legend, symbols and border on reflectorized green background.
4.5.3
Format and Use The two types of Advance Direction signs are Stack and Diagrammatic. Each should normally be located at the road side, but in restricted places in the urban areas, overhead installation may be applicable. (a) Stack Signs The stack sign is the type normally used. Such signs list destinations together with appropriate direction arrows, and if required road names and route markers. (see Section 7.3.2 of Appendix A, Figure 7.1) The direction in which an arrow points should be indicative of the movement ahead, and not necessarily representative of the geometric layout. Arrows pointing to the destinations therefore should either be vertically upward, horizontal, or upward at 45 degrees to the horizontal. Horizontal and angled arrows should always be placed at the nearest the side of the panel to which they point. Downward arrows should not be used on stack signs. (see examples of G1-1; G1-2 and G1-3 type signs) The vertical sequence of panels should be as follows: Straight ahead arrow top of sign; Angled arrows above horizontal arrows; and, Alternate panels to have arrows at opposite ends of the sign.
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(b) Diagrammatic Direction Signs This type of sign presents a simplified diagram of the intersection layout (see G1-4 and G1-5). It should be used at complex intersections and major roundabouts (rotunda) and for successive closely spaced road junctions or locations where a stack sign can not adequately indicate the complex layout. The legend size on a diagrammatic sign should normally be no smaller than that required for stack signs in the same situation. This usually results in a sign board much larger than an equivalent stack sign.
M on u m en t o M a n ila P a t eros
G1-1
Bat aa n
G1-2
S OU T H S U P ER H WY
P a sa y
C it y
A la ba n g
G1-3
L ip a C ity P a la n c a San J os e
G1-4
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P a sa y
C it y
In t ra m u ros P ort A rea
G1-5 4.5.4 Legend Stack signs should preferably be limited to a maximum of five lines of legend, including route number and street names, with no more than two lines in any one panel, except that G1-3 type sign may have up to three lines. The diagrammatic signs should be limited to a total of five items, including destination and route names. No more than two place names, and preferably only one should be used for any one direction. Where two names are shown, the first (top) name shall be that of the first destination on the route. The destination to be shown should be the next place of importance on the route to be followed, and preferably one which motorists are familiar with. Sometimes it may be necessary to show on the signs a town which, although small, is important due to its location, e.g., at a junction of two highways. Distances to destinations should not be given on Advance Direction Signs. However, if the distance to the next intersection is much greater than usual, or farther than the motorist may expect, then the distance may be shown on a supplementary distance plate beneath the sign. 4.5.5 Lettering All lettering for destinations on both stack and diagrammatic signs shall be lower case with Modified Series E initial capitals. Road names on stack signs shall be in Series D or E capitals approximately the same height as the lower case height of the directional legend. The minimum letter size for destination legend shall be as follows: For two lane rural roads and urban roads up to two lanes one direction: not less than 160 Mod E /120 LC; For multi-lane rural highways and urban roads wider than two lanes each direction: not less than 240 Mod E / 180 LC; or, For overhead signs in any location: not less than 240 Mod E / 180 LC.
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Other factors which may affect the size of letter or sign include: Distraction due to road side activities; Signs composed of short legends may be enlarged to increase conspicuity; Signs containing short and long legends require a balance of legend size to ensure equal visual impact; and, The need to emphasize a more important direction by making larger than other names on the sign. To reduce overall length of a sign, use standard abbreviation e.g., HWY for Highway; RD for Road; ST for Street; AVE for Avenue; and, EXPRWAY for Expressway. 4.5.6 Location The distance at which an Advance Direction sign should be located in advance of an intersection varies according to the expected speed of approaching vehicles. In rural areas Advance Direction signs should be located at a minimum distance from the intersection as indicated in the following table: Table 4.1: Location of Advance Direction Signs
85 Percentile Speed (kph) <60 60 70 71 80 81 90 >90
th
Distance from Intersection (m) 75 100 100 125 125 150 150 200 180 250
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4.6
4.6.1
Intersection Direction Signs (G2)

Function and Application Intersection Direction signs supplement Advance Direction signs and should be placed at more important intersections or decision points to show where the intersecting roads lead. The principal destination for the route shall be repeated on an Intersection Direction sign if it has been given on the Advanced Direction sign. A distance indication should not be shown on Intersection Direction signs as this distance is usually shown on the Reassurance Direction sign beyond the intersection. (See Section 4.7). Intersection Direction signs often perform two more other important functions: They can indicate to the motorist the presence of the intersection and the precise point where a decision may be required; and, At complex channelized intersections, they can help to pinpoint the exact direction to be followed. Examples of Intersection Direction signs are G2-1; G2-2; G2-3 and G2-4.
M a n ila
G2-1
B a t a ng as
G2-2
M a n i la
L egas pi
G2-3
N ORT H DIV E RS ION ROA D
M a n ila
G2-4 4.6.2 Design and Layout Intersection Direction signs shall be rectangular in shape with long axis horizontal. They may be shaped to a point at one or both ends with a white chevron inside the point to indicate the direction or directions to be followed. They shall have a white legend and a border on a standard green background, both reflectorized, except the road name panel, which has a black legend on a white reflectorized white background and shall be square ended.
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4.6.3
Legend and Lettering Lettering on Intersection Direction signs shall be lower-case with initial letters in capitals for destinations. The size of lettering for the principal legend should not be smaller than 140 Mod E/105 LC (see Section 7.3.1 in Appendix A) A maximum of two legend lines, plus one road name (if applicable) can be used on the same sign.
4.6.4
Location Intersection Direction Signs should be located within or near the intersection at the site where they are readily visible to the approaching motorists.
4.7
4.7.1
Reassurance Direction Signs (G3-1; G3-2)

Function and Shape Re-assurance Direction signs may be used beyond intersections to reassure motorists who are traveling towards their intended destination and to indicate the distances to the desired destination. These signs are rectangular, normally with the long axis horizontal. Where the signs contain more than three destinations, they may be designed with long axis vertical.
4.7.2
Lettering and Legend Lettering for destinations on Reassurance Direction signs shall be white (160 Mod E/120 LC minimum) on a standard green background. Distance numerals shall be Modified Series E, the same size as the initial capital of the destination. Letters for route or street name, if shown, shall be black Series D or Series E capital letters only, approximately same size as the lower case letters of the destination names. The route name shall be on white panel. If route number is provided it shall be on the left side of the route name. Only major town names shall appear in the Re-assurance Direction sign. The names shall appear in order of their distance from the intersection just passed, with the shortest distance on the top of the sign.
A n g e le s B a g u io
G3-1
7 0 15 6
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SOUTH SUPER HWY S a n S a n P a blo J ose

G3-2
10 9 0
4.8
4.8.1
Finger Board and Direction Signs for Less Important Roads (G4)
Purpose At the less important intersections away from the National Highways, special 'Finger Board' type of signs are used to provide directions to towns, scenic attractions, geographical interests, and to other local facilities such as post offices, railway stations and aerodromes. These signs are only used on local roads of lesser importance. They shall not be used on National Roads. Examples of Finger Board signs are shown in G4-1; G4-2 and G4-3.
L E GA S P I C I T Y
G4-1
16
L IPA
RD
G4-2
P A GS A N J A N F A L L S P A GS A N J A N F A L L S
G4-3
4.8.2
Shape, Color and Reflectorization Fingerboards shall be rectangular in shape with the long axis horizontal and may be shaped to a point at one or both ends to indicate the direction or directions to be followed, and should be reflectorized. The legend shall generally be black with white reflectorized background. Where a fingerboard is erected at the last junction with an access road leading directly to a place of tourist interest recognized by the appropriate local authority, it may have white legend on brown background.
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4.8.3
Lettering The lettering on fingerboards should be either Series D or Series E. Series C may be used for long destination names. Lettering on Finger Boards shall be 100 DM minimum and 140 DM maximum. Numerals shall be the same height as the capital letters but in Series E.
4.8.4
Legend The number on finger boards erected on a single post at an intersection should be kept to a minimum, and should not exceed two for each direction of travel. The name or names selected should include those given on the advance direction signs if such signs are erected. Legends can be Road Names or Destination Names with or without distance shown.
4.8.5
Distance Indication The distance in kilometers to a destination shall be shown on fingerboards as shown in G4-1. The legend km, after the distance numeral should not be shown.
4.9
4.9.1
Street Name Signs (G5)

Purpose Street Name signs inform road users of the names of roads and streets that they are passing or entering.
4.9.2
Location and Height Street Name signs should be located on posts as near as practical to the intersection so that they are clearly visible to both pedestrians and drivers. In addition to the name of the street, the sign may also carry the house number range for one block. Where the signs are erected in the footway, the height should be not less than 2.2m or more than 3.0m measured to the bottom of the sign. Where they are erected in a verge or at other locations clear of pedestrian ways, a lower erection height may be adopted. Where two street name signs are to be carried on a single post they should be erected at an angle indicated by the streets so signed. Street Name signs can also be mounted on Overhead signal masts or attached to overpass structures.
4.9.3
Shape and Size Street Name signs shall be rectangular in shape with their long axis horizontal. The length of the signs should not be less than 500mm or more than 1.2m. The vertical dimension is dependent upon the information given on the sign; for signs containing both street name and house numbers, the minimum shall be 200mm while signs having only the street names should not be less than 150mm.
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4.9.4
Color Street Name signs should preferably have white legend on blue or green background. Other color combinations may be used provided red is not used as a background color. Street name signs should be reflectorized.
4.9.5
Lettering and Numerals Lettering on Street Name signs shall be capital letters not less than 100mm. Series C letters may be used, but Series D is preferred where the length of the legend can be contained within the allowable maximum length. Numerals used for house numbers should not be less than 60mm. Lettering for municipality names should preferably be capitals not greater than 40mm. The following abbreviations are permitted: Avenue Boulevard Place Crescent Road Drive Street Lane AVE BLVD PL CRES RD DR ST L
Examples of Street Name signs (G5-1) and (G5-2) are shown below:
BONIFACIO DR
B ON IF A C IO DR
1 350
ROXAS BLVD
G5-2A
MABINI ST QUEZON AVE
TA FT A V E
1 350
G5-2B
RODRIGUEZ SR BLVD KALAYAAN AVE GUILLERMO AVE
R MAGSAYSAY BLVD
G5-1
G5-3
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4.10
Town Names and Geographical Feature Signs (G6)
4.10.1 Application This group of signs conveys to the motorist general information of interest, such as geographical locations. Town Names signs and names of local geographical interests such as the name of a river, should be erected on the right side of the road at the boundary or entrance to a town or the location of interest. These types of signs shall be rectangular in shape with long axis horizontal. They shall have black legend on white background. Lettering used should be Series D or E capitals although Series C is permissible for long words. The principal legend should not be smaller than 140mm for any sign located to face approaching traffic. For signs erected with face parallel to the road centerline, such as geographical boundary signs, letters smaller than 140mm may be used. Examples of these signs are shown in G6-1 (Town Name); G6-2 (Province Name); G6-3 (Geographic Feature); and G6-4 (Local Government Boundary).
M OU N T A IN
B A T A N GA S
G6-1
P ROV IN CE
G6-2
L A GU N A
G6-3
d e
BA Y
M A KA TI CITY
G6-4
PA SIG CITY
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4.11
Service Signs (G7)
4.11.1 Application Generally, Service signs shall be rectangular in shape, generally with long axis horizontal. They should have white legend on blue background and may be fully reflectorized if the service is available for use by night. The lettering on service signs shall have a minimum size of 120mm and should be Series D or E. Some of the typical Service Signs are shown as in G7-1, G7-2, G7-3, G7-4, and G7-5 and symbols for most service signs with their meanings are shown in Figure 4.2.
SERV ICE CEN TER
Bay
2 km
G7-1
WE I GH B R I D GE S T A TION
G7-2
G7-3
G7-3A
GR E E N H IL L S S H OP P IN G C E N T E R
T U RN LEF T 300
G7-4
G7-5
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Figure 4.2 : Service Sign Symbols
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4.12
Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs (G8)

Tourist Information signs having white legend on brown background may be erected on an arterial road to denote places of public, scenic, historic or cultural interest that are recognized by the appropriate authority and through which the road passes. They may be erected also as fingerboards at the last junction with an access road leading directly to the place of tourist interest. Tourist Information signs are not intended to replace normal direction signs to established tourist areas. However, they may be incorporated into normal Direction Sign panel, but with a brown background to distinguish its tourist interest. Tourist Destination signs are designed similar to other directional signing with legends in capital lettering with minimum size of 140 DM.
G8-1
G8-2
G8-3
G8-4
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4.13
Route Markers (G9)
4.13.1 Purpose The identification and general direction of arterial roads and national highways that have significance as through routes can be achieved by the display of Route Markers showing the number and direction of the route. The route numbers can also be displayed on directional signs indicating the appropriate national highway the motorists is on. A route numbering system can only be successful when the route number is shown on the road maps that are freely available to the motorists. This chapter provides some basic design and application information for the future implementation of a route marking system. 4.13.2 Design The national highways could be identified by the shield (G9-1) that has black numerals and border on reflectorized white background. When erected as an individual sign, the size of the shield should be: 310mm x 360mm, on national roads, and, 410mm x 480mm, on expressways. with Series C numerals, but for route markers with one numeral only, Series E is used. The size to be used at a particular location will depend on local conditions. When Route Markers are incorporated in advance direction or direction signs, their size will vary to suit the letter size used. The direction of the route shall be indicated by arrow boards (G9-2 to G9-6 inclusive), located at top of the route marker (Fig. G9-8). The direction of the arrows on the arrow board will depend on the road or intersection geometry. At the end of the route, the sign END (G9-7) shall be displayed. Arrow boards and END signs shall have black arrows or legend and black border on reflectorized white background. 4.13.3 Location of Route Markers The Route Markers should be incorporated in the sign where advance direction signs are erected at an intersection or junction. Other Route Markers are located as follows: at all intersections and junctions where motorists need to be assured of the route;
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beyond intersections and junctions before which markers have been incorporated in the directional signs; beyond all intersections and junctions with important roads to indicate the correct route number of the highway; just outside the built-up area leaving a city or town; in rural areas at intervals not less than 8 km, except where reassurance signs have been erected beyond junctions located within these limits; in urban areas at intervals of not more than 2 km except where reassurance signs have been erected beyond junctions which are spaced less than 2 km apart; and, at other locations where reassurance is considered to be desirable.
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4.14
Asian Highway Route Markers (G10)
4.14.1 Purpose The Philippines is one of the 32 member countries of UN-ESCAP. As part of our commitment, Route Markers and Directional Signs shall be put up along the Asian Highway. Our country has been assigned the Asian Highway route number AH26. The route links major seaports and cities in the country comprising mostly of the Daang Maharlika which commence from LaoagManila Legaspi-Matnog (Ferry) Allen-Tacloban (- Ormoc-(Ferry)-Cebu ) Liloan (Ferry) Surigao-Davao (- Cagayan de Oro) General SantosZamboanga. The total length of AH 26 is about 3,517 kilometers. The main purpose is to identify general direction of arterial roads of the Asian Highways that have significance as through routes. The Route Shield can also be displayed on directional signs to easy identify the route. To make the Asian Highway Route identification more successful, this shield (G10-1) should be shown on the road maps that are freely available to the motorists. This chapter provides some basic design and application information for the implementation of Asian Highway Route marking system. 4.14.2 Design The Asian Highway could be identified by the shield (G10-1) that has a white retro reflective letters, numerals and border on retro-reflective blue background. When erected as an individual sign, the size of the shield should be: 600mm x 750mm, on national roads, and, 720mm x 900mm, on expressways. Kilometer number (W8-4) can also be supplemented under the shield to aid the motorist on which point of the route he is in to. The kilometer number shall have black legends and border on retro-reflective yellow background. Supplemental arrow board signs can also be installed and shall have black arrows or legend and black border on reflectorized white background. The direction of the arrows on the arrow board will depend on the road or intersection geometry. In rural areas at intervals of not exceeding 10 km and not less than 5 km, except where reassurance signs have been erected beyond junctions located within these limits; In urban areas at intervals of not more than 5 km except where reassurance signs have been erected beyond junctions which are spaced less than 2 km apart; and,
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Typical incorporation of AH 26 Shield on Stack Sign G1-1
Typical incorporation of AH 26 Shield on Intersection Directional Sign G2-1 4.14.4 Asian Highway Leg Marker Sign (G1-1, G1-2, G1-3, G1-4)
At the start of each segment or leg of the Asian Highway, a gantry type marker shall be put-up comprising of three types of overhead signage.
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The first is G1-1 (2440mm x 1700mm) which will appear only on both ends of the highway. This sign shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized blue background; with AH26 shield. It describes the various segments of the Asian Highway 26.
G1-1
G1-2 (2440mm x 1700mm) This sign shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized blue background; with AH shield, kilometer box and a map describing the total length of the Asian Highway 26 section.
G1-2
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G1-3 (2050mm x 1700mm) This sign shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized blue background; It informs the motorist on what jurisdictional region district the next segment is in to.
G1-3
G1-4 (variable x 1700mm) This sign shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized blue background; with AH26 shield, informing the motorist of the name of the road ahead and its distance.
G1-4
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SIGNS ON EXPRESSWAYS (TYPE GE)

5.1 General
The Directional Signs described in previous sections are also applicable to expressways. However, because expressways are designed to carry traffic at high speed, it is essential that drivers be given adequate advance information to ensure that they can position their vehicles in the correct lanes to undertake the correct maneuvers and so ensure that delayed decision making is kept to a minimum. Where there are long distances between interchanges, it is necessary to keep drivers informed of the distances to the destinations ahead. The general principles of color, shape, size of letters and letter spacing have been described in Sections 4.2.1 to 4.2.6. Most expressway signs should have Series E letters, with recommended minimum requirement of 160 Mod E for Approach signs and 240 Mod E-400 Mod E on the Expressway. The following are the Advance Direction signs exclusively to be used on expressways that are not normally used on ordinary highways.
5.2
Expressway Approach Signs (GE1-1, GE1-2 and GE1-3)

These signs shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized green background so that they are visible at night. The signs are to be installed in advance or at the nearest intersection or interchange leading to the expressway.
T o N ort h L u z on M M
T o S ky w a y
E x pressw a y
S y st em
GE1-1
GE1-2
T o
E x pressw a y
GE1-3
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5.3
5.3.1
Expressway Information Signs (GE2)

Prohibited on Expressway (GE2-1A; GE2-1B; GE2-1C) Certain classes of traffic may be prohibited from traveling on an expressway. Where this occurs, the appropriate signs PROHIBITED ON EXPRESSWAYS should be erected on the roads leading to the entry ramps. The location of the signs will depend upon local conditions. They may best be associated with one of the signs, giving advance direction to the expressway so that prohibited users may read the signs and take appropriate action before reaching the entry ramp. The signs shall have reflectorized white legend on reflectorized light-green background.
P R O H IB IT E D ON EX PRESSWA Y
P E D E S T R IA N S B IC Y C L E S A N IM A L S H ORSE DRA WN V E H IC L E S LON G A N D LOA DS W ID E
B A W A L P U M A S OK S A S A K Y A N G W A L A N G T A IL L IGH T
GE2-1A
GE2-1B
GE2-1C
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5.3.2
Toll Charges (Advance Information) (GE2-2) The Advance Toll Charges Information sign is to be located in advance to the Toll Plaza to inform motorists the amount of toll charges required to pay at the toll plaza.
TOL L CH A RGES
P M OT OR C Y C L ES C A RS A N D V A N S C A RS OT H ER V EH ICL E With Trailer 2 0 8 0 10 0
Under 2 t 2 0 0 2 t and 3 0 0 Over
GE2-2
5.3.3
Lane Direction Signs (GE2-3) Lane Direction signs are used to guide the motorist onto correct lanes leading to an intersection or an interchange. Method of mounting of Lane Direction signs on overhead gantries is referred to in Figure 4.1. Typical examples of the design are shown in GE2-3.
M a ka t i
GE2-3
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5.4
Advance Exit Signs (GE3-1; GE3-2; and GE3-3)

Advance Exit signs shall be erected in advance of an exit ramp to advice drivers of the principal destinations to be reached from the exit ramp, and /or the distance to the exit point. Not more than two destinations should be shown on the sign. This series consists of the following types: GE3-1 Advance Exit with distance; GE3-2 Advance Exit with Distance plus RIGHT LANE and, where applicable, a route marker could be included; and, GE3-3 Supplementary Advance (NEXT EXIT).
C a la m ba
E X IT 2 km
GE3-1
A la ba n g
E X IT R IGH T 1 km LA NE
A la ba n g
NEX T
GE3-3
GE3-2
E X IT
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5.5
Expressway Exit Direction Signs (GE4-1; GE4-2; GE4-3; GE4-4)

Exit signs with Destination (GE4-1) shall be erected overhead before the exit ramp of the interchange. The NEXT EXIT..KM (GE4-2) is placed below the first advance exit sign at an interchange where it is desirable to inform drivers that it will be an unexpectedly long distance before they again leave the expressway. The EXIT (GE4-3) sign is always placed at the exit ramp gore, 20m to 30m back from the physical nose. The GE-3A version is used where exits are numbered.
E X IT
32
GE4-1
GE4-3A
E X32 I T
GE4-2
GE4-3
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5.6
Expressway Service Signs (GE5)

Signing to services on or off expressways can either be: to services provided on the expressway such as a rest area, truck parking area or a service center; or, to services provided off the expressway such as Restaurants, Gasoline Stations, and Information Center. Typical signs with nominal sizes are shown in the following table: Table 5.1: Expressway Service Signs
Sign Rest Area Right Lane 2km Rest Area 2km Rest Area Service Center 2km Truck Parking 2km Restaurant Next Exit Truck Parking exit Sign Number GE5-1 GE5-1A GE5-2 GE5-3 GE5-4 GE5-5 GE5-6 GE5-7 Size (mm) 2800 X 1500 2500 X 1100 1500 X 1800 2800 X 1500 2240 X 1800 3240 X 1800 2800 X 1800
5.6.1
Rest Area (GE5-1 to GE5-3) Rest areas adjacent to an expressway are usually located away from the main carriageway via a ramp so that other guide signs do not influence the signs directing traffic to them. The principles to be followed for signs on the approaches to a rest area are similar to those applying to other exit ramps. An advance exit sign should be located 2 km from the exit ramp, followed at 1 km by a second sign giving directions to the lane to be used for exit. The sign GE5-3A or GE5-3B shall be erected in the foregoing direction by arrow to the rest area. It may have its long axis vertical GE5-3A or horizontal GE5-3B to suit the location, and being in the fore, should be erected on a breakaway post. All rest area signs shall have a reflectorized white legend on reflectorized blue background.
R E S T 2 R IGH T
A R E A km L A N E R IGH T
km
L A N E
GE5-1
GE5-1A
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R E S T 2
A R E A km
R E S T A R E A
GE5-2
GE5-3
5.6.2
Other Expressway Service Signs (GE5-4; GE5-5; GE5-6) These signs include advance information for SERVICE CENTER (GE5-4); TRUCK PARKING (GE5-5) facilities or other facilities off the expressway. The advance information signs should be followed by exit signs showing these facilities (e.g., GE5-7).
SERV ICE CEN TER
km
km
GE5-5
GE5-4
N EX T
GE5-6
E X IT
GE5-7
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5.7
End of Expressway (GE6-1; GE6-2; GE6-3; GE6-4)

A warning of the end of an expressway is provided by Sign (GE6-1) at 1 km or 2 km (GE6-1A) in advance. This should be followed by a CHECK BRAKES sign (S1-4E) and REDUCE SPEED NOW Sign (GE8-2) at approximately 400m from the end of the expressway. The END EXPRWAY sign GE6-3 is placed at the end of the expressway. All these signs have white legend on reflectorized light-green background. Examples of design are shown in Appendix A. The nominal sign sizes are shown in the following table: Table 5.2: End of Expressway Signs
Sign END EXPRWAY 1 Km END EXPRWAY 2 Km START EXPRWAY END EXPRWAY Sign Number GE6-1 GE6-1A GE6-2 GE6-3 Size (mm) 2300 X 1500 1200 X 600 900 x 450 900 X 450
E N D E X P R W A Y 1 km
32
E N D E X P R W A Y 2 km
32
GE6-1
GE6-1A
S T A R T 32 E X P R W A Y
E 32 D N E X P R W A Y
GE6-2
GE6-3
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5.8
5.8.1
Toll Signs (GE7-1; GE7-2; GE7-3)

General Application Where a toll plaza is located on an expressway, it is necessary to provide the motorist with advance warning of the toll barrier. At least, 2 km from the toll plaza, a sign TOLL PLAZA AHEAD with distance (GE7-1) with black legend on white background should be erected. At 400m from the toll plaza, the sign REDUCE SPEED NOW (GE8-2) should be erected and at approximately 200m before the plaza, STOP AT TOLL GATES (GE7-2) with black legend on white background should be erected. All signs shall be fully reflectorized. Where toll plazas are also placed to collect tolls at exit ramps, an advance warning of PAY TOLL AHEAD sign (GE7-3) followed by STOP AT TOLL GATES (GE7-2) should be erected. The Toll Signs shall be rectangular in shape, black legend on white reflectorized background, except STOP AT TOLL GATES (GE7-2), which requires red legend on reflectorized white background.
5.8.2
Sign Size The toll signs associated with toll way applications are listed in the following table: Table 5.3: Toll Signs
Sign Toll Plaza Ahead Stop At Toll Gates Pay Toll Ahead Sign Number GE7-1 GE7-2 GE7-3 Size (mm) 2600 X 1600 1600 X 1900 2400 X 1200
S T OP
T OL L P L A Z A
A T
T OL L GA T E S
A H E A D 2 km
P A Y
T OL L
A H E A D
GE7-1
GE7-2
GE7-3
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5.9
Expressway Traffic Instruction and Regulatory Signs (GE8)

These special signs are normally exclusively for expressways. These signs are normally rectangular in shape with black legend and white reflectorized background except WRONG WAY GO BACK (GE8-1) and REDUCE SPEED NOW (GE8-2), which have white legend on reflectorized red background. Other Regulatory Signs such as Speed Restriction signs belong to the normal Regulatory Sign series. Traffic Instruction signs associated with expressway use are shown in the following table: Table 5.4: GE8 Signs
Sign Wrong Way Go Back Reduced Speed Now Right Lane Ends ..m Right Lanes Ends Merge Left Lane Ends Merge Left Merge Left Slow Vehicle Use Right Lane Check Brakes Speed Limit Sign Minimum Speed Limit Speed De-restrictions Sign Number GE8-1 GE8-2 GE8-3 GE8-4 GE8-5 GE8-6 GE8-7 S1-4E R4-1(XXX) R4-3 (XX) R4-2 Size (mm) 2300 X 1470 2600 X 2000 1600 X 1700 2700 X 1700 2700 X 1400 1750 X 1500 2400 X 2950 2000 X 1100 900/1200mm Disc 900/1200mm Disc 900/1200mm Disc
5.9.1
Wrong Way Go Back (GE8-1)
W R ON G W A Y GO B A C K
32
The WRONG WAY GO BACK sign (GE8-1) is used to inhibit wrong way movements by drivers attempting to enter the wrong road either: via an exit ramp; or, at an at-grade intersection.
GE8-1 This sign is located at approximately 200m from the ramp terminal or intersection, is to be duplicated on both sides of the ramp or road. This sign is only used on expressways.
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5.9.2
Reduce Speed Now (GE8-2) The REDUCED SPEED NOW sign is used in advanced of the end of an expressway. It is desirably located at 300m to 500m in advance of the end of the expressway where a low speed or stop condition may occur at the expressway terminal. The sign may be used in advance of any other conditions on an expressway or ramp where experience shows that drivers are approaching too fast for safety.
R E D U C E S P E E D N OW
GE8-2
32
To be effective, drivers need to see a purpose for slowing down and therefore other signs should be erected in conjunction with this sign, e.g., END EXPRWAY (GE6-3). 5.9.3 Right Lane Ends 500m (GE8-3) The RIGHT LANE ENDS 500m sign is located approximately 500m from the start of merge taper, to give the first warning of a lane drop. Due to site constraints, the distance may be reduced to 300m in exceptional circumstances.
R IGH T
L A N E
E N D S 5 0 0
GE8-3
5.9.4
Right Lane Ends, Merge Left (GE8-4); Lane Ends Merge Left (GE8-5); Merge Left (GE8-6); Slow Vehicles Use Right Lane (GE8-7) Signs The RIGHT LANE ENDS, MERGE LEFT sign is located 180m to 220m from the start of the merge taper. The LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT sign is used where the opportunity exists to place the sign directly above the terminating lane, e.g., on a sign gantry in the vicinity of an exit. In all cases the MERGE LEFT sign is placed at the start of the merger taper. Three equally spaced merge arrows should also be marked in the lane which ends.
R IGH T
L A N E
E N D S M E R GE L E F T
L A N E M E R GE
E N D S L E F T
GE8-4
GE8-5
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S L OW V E H IC L E S
M E R GE L E F T
U S E R IGH T L A N E
GE8-6
GE8-7
The SLOW VEHICLES USE RIGHT LANE (GE8-7) sign is used to direct slow moving vehicles to keep right and allow faster vehicles to overtake on the left lane. 5.9.5 Check Brakes (S1-4E) The CHECK BRAKES sign is used in conjunction with REDUCE SPEED NOW sign on the Expressway. It is normally used as a supplementary sign to Steep Decent warning sign (W5-4) on major highways (see also Section 6.3.2). This sign used on the expressway should be designed with 240 EM minimum legend size.
S1-4E
TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS (TYPE S)

Special Instruction signs are those used at locations where ordinary guide and regulatory signs do not achieve the desired result. These signs instruct the motorist to follow a direction or to obey a course of action. Traffic Instruction signs are normally not regulatory signs but are used in conjunction with regulatory or warning signs to form a standard treatment, and to support the operation of traffic rules. Some Traffic Instruction signs are exclusively used on Expressways. These are included in Chapter 5.
6.1
Design
These signs are generally rectangular in shape, with white reflectorized background and black legends. Legends must be concise and specific and letter size adopted will depend on the usage but in general should not be smaller than 80mm D or E series. An Instruction sign should not carry long messages and where possible no more than five (5) lines of message should be used. Other design criteria should be based on those for guide signs.
6.2
Type
Two major types of Instruction signs are used, namely, Supplementary signs and Movement Instruction signs.
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6.3
Supplementary Signs (S1)

These signs include those which are normally used in conjunction with other signs, either Warning Signs (W) or Regulatory Signs (R). Sign sizes are as follows: Table 6.1: Supplementary Signs
Sign USE OVERPASS USE PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Sign Number S1-1 S1-2 S1-3A S1-3B S1-4 Size 600 X 300 600 X 450 800 X 600 1000 X 750 620 X 420
TRUCK USE LOW GEAR CHECK BRAKES
6.3.1
Use Overpass (S1-1); Use Pedestrian Crossing (S1-2) The USE OVERPASS sign (S1-1) and the USE PEDESTRIAN CROSSING (S1-2) signs are used in conjunction with NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING disc (R3-10).
S1-1 6.3.2
S1-2
Trucks Use Low Gear (S1-3); Check Brakes (S1-4) The TRUCKS USE LOW GEAR sign is used in conjunction with the STEEP DECENT warning sign (W5-4) at the top of long and steep downgrades. It should be erected between the warning sign and the start of the down grade, or immediately below the warning sign to match the sign size. The CHECK BRAKES sign (S1-4) is also used in conjunction with W5-4, and should be erected at approximately 300m after the warning sign. The CHECK BRAKES sign is also used on the approach to the end of an expressway. See also Section 5.9.5.
S1-3
S1-4
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6.4
Movement Instruction Signs (S2)

Movement Instruction signs included in this series are shown in the following table: Table 6.2: S2 Signs
Sign REDUCE SPEED STOP HERE ON RED SIGNAL TURN LEFT WITH CARE TURN RIGHT ANYTIME WITH CARE DETOUR FOR HIGH VEHICLES (L & R) DETOUR FOR HEAVY VEHICLES (L & R) GIVEWAY TO PEDESTRIANS NO RIGHT TURN ON RED SIGNAL SLOW VEHICLES USE RIGHT LANE MABAGAL NA SASAKYAN MAMALAGI SA KANAN TRAK AT BUS MAMALAGI SA KANAN MALIBAN KUNG LULUSOT Sign Number S2-1 S2-2 S2-3L S2-3R S2-4A S2-4A(L)(R) S2-5 S2-6 S2-7 Size 1500 X 750 450 X 750 400 X 600 750 X 500 1300 X 350 1400 X 350 900 X 600 500 X 800 600 x 900
S2-7A S2-7B S2-8A S2-8B S2-9 S2-10 S2-11 600 X 400 900 X 600 900 X 550 600 X 800 2100 X 350
NO THROUGH ROAD ROAD CLOSED FORM ONE (TWO) LANE ALT ROUTE for TRUCKS and BUSES
6.4.1
Reduce Speed (S2-1) The REDUCE SPEED sign may be erected at sites where the approach speed of traffic is high and the majority of drivers must slow down and may be required to stop. It shall be erected in conjunction with the appropriate standard warning sign (see Section 3.0 on Warning Signs) so that the reason for the reduction in speed is apparent to a driver.
R E D3U C E
2
S P EED
S2-1
REDUCE SPEED signs should not be erected instead of other standard warning devices and signs, and generally should not be erected unless the other devices have proved to be, or likely to be ineffective. They should not be regarded as a cure for every high-speed traffic situation; indiscriminate and frequent use will destroy the impact, which the sign, properly used, has on approaching drivers. REDUCE SPEED signs should be erected 60m to 120m in advance of the appropriate warning sign so that both signs are visible at once to an approaching driver.
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6.4.2
Stop Here On Red Signal (S2-2) The STOP HERE ON RED SIGNAL sign shall be used near the flashing signals located at railway level crossings or in any other situation where a vehicle is required to stop at a red signal and the position at which the vehicle must stop is not readily apparent. S2-2
6.4.3
Turn Left with Care (S2-3L)
TU RN L EF T WIT H CA RE
S2-3L 6.4.4
The sign TURN LEFT WITH CARE may be erected at an intersection controlled by traffic signals where there is no control on a left turn movement and where a separate lane for turns has been provided. The process is called the "leftfilter scheme.
Turn Right Anytime with Care (S2-3R) The sign TURN RIGHT ANYTIME WITH CARE may be erected at channelized signalized intersections where a right turning lane is segregated by a traffic island. S2-3R
6.4.5
Low Clearance Ahead High Vehicles Detour (S2-4) The advance warning of low clearance of a structure ahead (such as a bridge, or an overpass) for high vehicle detour shall be erected in advance of a junction with a detour. S2-4L (R)
6.4.6
Detour for ... Vehicles (S2-4A) The DETOUR FOR ... VEHICLES sign is erected at the junction with an alternative route where certain classes of vehicles may be unable to negotiate the through route. The words HIGH, HEAVY, WIDE or LONG may be used, as appropriate, on the sign.
S2-4AL
S2-4AR
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6.4.7
Give Way to Pedestrians (S2-5) The GIVE WAY TO PEDESTRIANS sign is used only at signalized intersections where there is a need to remind drivers of right or left-turning vehicles that although they are still under the control of the intersection signals, they must give way to pedestrians.
S2-5
The sign may be required at or before a marked pedestrian crossing that is outside the intersection area. This situation occurs at staggered intersection and at pedestrian crossings not parallel to the road from which vehicles turn to cross them. The sign should not be used except in these special circumstances because indiscriminate use would reduce the effectiveness of the general regulation applying at signalized intersection. 6.4.8 No Right Turn On Red Signal (S2-6) The NO RIGHT TURN ON RED SIGNAL is used at signalized locations where right turn on red signal will cause conflict problems either with through vehicles or with pedestrians.
S2-6
6.4.9
Slow Vehicles Use Right Lane (S2-7); Mabagal Na Sasakyan Mamalagi Sa Kanan (S2-7A) The SLOW VEHICLES USE RIGHT LANE and MABAGAL NA SASAKYAN MAMALAGI SA KANAN sign shall be erected on the left side of a road at the beginning of the taper leading to a lane for slow-moving vehicles.
S2-7
S2-7A
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6.4.10 Trak At Bus Mamalagi Sa Kanan Maliban Kung Lulusot (S2-7B)

T RA K A T B U S M A M A L A GI SA KA NA N M A L IB A N K U N G L U L U S OT
The TRAK AT BUS MAMALAGI SA KANAN MALIBAN KUNG LULUSOT sign is used on major roads, particularly where a public utility vehicle lane is installed.
S2-7B 6.4.11 No Through Road (S2-8) The NO THROUGH ROAD sign, either S2-8A or S2-8B should be used where there is a possibility that through traffic may enter a dead-end local road in error. A suitable place to erect the sign is underneath the street name sign in the side road. Otherwise, it should face drivers likely to turn into the road. Signs smaller than those specified may be used for some minor residential street situations.
S2-8A 6.4.12 Road Closed (S2-9)
S2-8B
The ROAD CLOSED sign should be erected in the center of a road that is closed to vehicular traffic. It should be erected in conjunction with a permanent barrier across the road. S2-9 6.4.13 Form 1 (2) Lane (s) (S2-10) This sign is used to instruct drivers to form into appropriate number of lanes. It is usually erected in conjunction with LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT (W9-4) signs.
S2-10 6.4.14 Alternative Route (For Trucks and Buses) (S2-11) This sign is used to indicate an alternative for some types of vehicles when the normal S2-11 route may not be accessible for any reason.
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7
7.1
HAZARD MARKERS (TYPE HM)

General
This section covers the standard forms of hazard markers. The most commonly used forms and sizes are given. The hazard markers used for road works are not included in this chapter. They are separately provided in the Road Works Safety Manual.
7.2
Function
Hazard Markers are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked change in the direction of travel and the presence of an obstruction
7.3
Design
Hazard Markers are rectangular and generally consist of a series of alternate black and white bands. The white portion is always reflectorized. The bands may consist of either diagonal strips where only a target is required or of chevron where directional, as well as target, properties are desirable. In recent years for single chevron one-directional markers, red chevron symbol on white reflectorized background is used in some countries and has also been adopted in the Philippines. This alternative is also included. For the shapes illustrated, both size of board and the number and spacing of the bands or chevrons may be varied to suit visibility requirements.
7.4
Types of Markers
The types of markers and their overall sizes are shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1: Types of Hazard Markers
Name Hazard Marker Number Typical Size
One-Way Hazard Markers
HM 1A HM 1B
450 X 600 600 X 800
HM 2
1600 X 400
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Name
Hazard Marker
Number
Typical Size
Two-Way Hazard Markers
HM 4A
2000 X 400
HM 4B
1200 X 400
HM 5
400 X 1000
Width Marker (L or R)
HM 6A HM 6B
225 X 450 450 X 900
Obstruction Marker
HM 3
1800 X 400
7.4.1
One-Way Hazard Markers (HM1) One-Way hazard markers indicate to the approaching driver the direction to be followed if the marker appears in the driving path. They may point to the left or right as appropriate and are used as follows: to delineate an abrupt narrowing of pavement, for example, at a lane drop; at exposed ends of raised median islands where traffic is required to pass to one side; on central island of a roundabout facing entering traffic; and, to delineate the curve approach just prior to entering an intersection. The HM1 chevron Hazard Marker shall generally be used to delineate curves where visibility is poor, or with restricted sight lines.
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7.4.2
Chevron Signs The Chevron Signs (HM -1A and HM - 1B should be used to guide drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road. Chevron signs should be used to supplement any of the advance warning signs, the Horizontal Alignment Signs (W Types) or the standard Guide Posts and Delineators.
7.4.2a Design The chevron sign shall be a vertical rectangle. No border shall be used on the chevron sign. The point of the arrow in chevron shall indicate the direction of travel. They shall be visible for at least 150m to provide the road user with adequate time to react to the change in alignment. The minimum lateral offset of the chevron sign shall be 1.8m from the edge of the pavement. The chevron signs shall be installed on the outside of the curve, set up aligned with the approaching traffic at right angle to a drivers line of sight. Two-sided chevron signs may be used on two-lane, two-way roads to guide drivers travelling in both directions. It is recommended that the spacing of the chevrons signs should allow the driver to see at least three (3) signs in view while negotiating the curve , until the change in alignment eliminates the need for the signs. Chevron signs shall be mounted clear of roadside vegetation and clearly visible under headlight illumination by night. Chevrons should be installed 1.5m above the ground in rural areas and 2.2m in urban areas. The recommended spacing for chevrons within a curve is shown below. Table 7.2: Recommended Spacing for Chevron Signs
The above spacing distances shall apply to points within the curve. Approach and departure spacing distances shall be twice those shown above.
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Table 7.3: Types of Chevron Signs
Figure 7.4: Butterfly Support of Chevron Signs
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Figure 7.5: Spacing of Chevron Signs
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7.4.3 Two-way Hazard Markers (HM-4A, HM-4B, HM-5)

The Two-Way Hazard Markers are used where it is necessary to delineate an exposed obstruction on a traffic island nose at which traffic may pass to either side. This sign can be used on a wide column of an overpass structure, or a median island separating the carriageway with traffic proceeding in the same direction The HM 4A Hazard Marker is also placed opposite the stem of a T-junction as a target, and for guidance of traffic approaching along the terminating road. They are generally used on rural road and at poorly lit intersections. The marker should be mounted on an appropriate height to ensure the maximum reflectivity of the sign and to avoid frequent cleaning due to dust and dirt splashed onto the sign. 7.4.4 Width Marker (HM6) Width Markers are used at approaches to road bridges: where clearance to bridge curb from the edge of the running lane is less than the shoulder or curb width of the approach road; where there are non-frangible vertical obstructions less than 600mm clear behind the bridge curb; and, where any bridge less than 2m wider than the approach pavement or running portion of the carriageway. The size of markers to be used is as follows: A size rural area where average traffic volume is less than 300 vehicles per day; and, B size all other cases. 7.4.5 Obstruction Markers (HM3) The Obstruction Markers are used to delineate obstructions within or above the road. Typical uses of these markers are: To highlight road closures, either mid-block or at the end of a road (e.g., cul-de-sac, service road). To delineate vertical clearance above the road where height restrictions exist, i.e., overhead structures that require the display LOW CLEARANCE XXm (W9-1B) or R6-3.
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8
8.1
8.1.1
GUIDE POSTS AND DELINEATORS

Guide Posts
General Guide posts are used to mark the edge of the road formation. They assist the road users by indicating the alignment of the road ahead, especially at horizontal and vertical curves.
8.1.2
Design and Application The minimum requirement for a standard guide post shall be a post 1000 +/50mm high, with a white area at least 100mm wide over at least the upper 300mm of the post displayed towards on-coming traffic, double sided on a two-way carriageway. If 1000mm high posts obstruct the visibility across the inside of a curve, the overall height may be reduced to 600mm minimum (see Figure 8.1).
8.1.3
Installation Guide posts should be erected at or near the edge of the road formation with a uniform distance from the pavement edge. The nominal spacing of guideposts on a straight section of road shall be 150m, with posts in pairs, one on each side of the formation. On curves, the spacing in meters to be used is given as follows: Curve radii up to 150m Curve radii over 150m in meters. Spacing = 0.3R + 5 Spacing = 0.6R, Where R = curve radius
Nominal spacing of Guide Posts on straights and curves are shown in Table 8.1.
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Figure 8.1: Typical Guide Post
Table 8.1: Spacing of Guide Posts

Curve Radius (m)
(1)
Spacing (m)(2) (3) Outside of Curve Inside of Curve
<100 100 199 200 299 300 399 400 499 600 799 800 1199 1200 2000 > 2000 including straights Notes
6 10 15 20 30 40 60 90 (4) (4) 150
12 20 30 40 60 60 60 90 (4) (4) 150
(1) Where the radius of curve of an existing curve is not available from the record, it may be determined approximately by measuring the middle ordinate offset from a chord of known length using the edge of pavement or marked separation line as a guide (2) On guard fence, spacing should be adjusted, if necessary, to the nearest multiple of post spacing. (3) Post on inside of curve to be placed opposite to post on outside of curve where possible. (4) Reduce to 60m in areas subject to fog.
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8.2
8.2.1
Delineators
General Delineators are small reflective panels or buttons mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an effective aid to delineate the roadway for driving at night.
8.2.2
Design and Application Delineators are made of reflective materials capable of reflecting light clearly visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of 300-500m when illuminated by the upper beam of a standard automobile head lamp. When used on through roadways, delineators shall be single white reflective unit 100mm x 50mm placed on the right hand side of a two way and on both sides of a one-way road. Where delineators are used on the left at a hazardous right hand curve on a two way road they may be bi-directional; i.e., delineators with a double face visible from both directions or two delineators with single face mounted back to back. Delineators should be used at pavement width change, and changes in vertical and/or horizontal alignment.
8.2.3
Installation Generally, delineators are placed on guideposts near the edge of the shoulder at a height such that the lower edge of the reflecting surface should not be less than 500mm above the pavement surface level. Delineators should be located at intervals not exceeding 30m with closer spacing on curves. Guidepost should be erected such that the reflective surface of the delineators would be approximately 300mm from the outer edge of the shoulder.
Figure 8.2: Placement of Delineator on Guard Fence
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8.3
8.3.1
Linear Delineation System (LDS)

General Linear Delineation System is intended for the linear reflectorization of concrete barriers and/or metal guardrails. The panels shall be available in white, red, fluorescent yellow and fluorescent orange colors. The panels are fabricated from Type II materials and are laminated onto a thin gauge of galvanized iron or aluminum and formed to a unique shape designed to provide highly effective, longlife daytime and nighttime visibility in typical roadway barrier configurations.
8.3.2
Design and Application The panels shall be constructed using at least Type II retro-reflective materials in standard highway colors permanently bonded to Galvanized Iron or an Aluminum sheeting substrate, with a standard length of 86.36 cm (34 inches) 91.44 cm (36 inches) is the actual length of the panel prior to formation) and in 10.16 cm. (4 inches) or 15.24 cm. (6 inches) widths. The LDS panels will provide continuous linear delineation by installing the panels edge to edge with a recommended spacing of 46 cm. (18 inches) between panels, especially into and around a curve. For panels installed on barriers or guardrails running parallel with traffic, the spacing can be at a maximum of 91.44 cm. (36 inches) between panels.
8.3.3
Installation Linear delineators are placed on concrete barriers, metal guardrails, parapet block type barriers, and concrete safety barriers on roadways and interchanges. Its either bolted or welded at a height such that the lower edge of the reflecting surface should not be less than 500mm above the pavement surface level. Linear delineators should be located at intervals not exceeding 46 cm.
FIGURE 8.3: LDS Panel Detailed Drawing
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FIGURE 8.3A: LDS PANEL
Pre-punched holes Edge hemmed
Reflective Sheeting Substrate
FIGURE 8.3B: BOLT INSTALLATION
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FIGURE 8.3C: INSTALLATION CONCRETE BARRIER
FIGURE 8.3D: INSTALLATION METAL GUARDRAILS
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PART B: PAVEMENT MARKINGS
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9
9.1
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL SPECIFICATION

Functions and Limitations of Pavement Markings
A system of clear and effective pavement markings is essential for the guidance and control of vehicles and pedestrians. They take the form of lines, symbols, messages, or numerals, and may be set into the surface of, applied upon, or attached to the pavement. In some cases, pavement markings are used as a supplement to other traffic control devices, such as traffic signals and road signs. In other instances, they may simply guide traffic or give advance warning or they may impose restrictions supported by traffic regulations. Pavement markings have definite limitations: They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance; They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty (e.g., near shoulder edge or median); They may be obscured by traffic; Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials; and, They cannot be applied on unsealed roads. Pavement markings may create confusion to road users if not properly applied. Unless new pavement markings will directly overlay worn-out ones, old pavement markings should be scraped off and totally erased, and road surface is resealed before new pavement markings are installed. Likewise, when raised pavement markers on concrete roads are used to supplement reflectorized painted markings, the painted markings should be completed before the raised pavement markers are laid. Where a road on which raised pavement markers have been installed is to be resealed, all markers shall be removed and holes repaired just prior to resealing.
9.2
Legal Authority
Pavement markings shall only be applied and/or removed by the DPWH or an authority to which these powers are delegated. All pavement marking plans must be approved by the DPWH before installation/application.
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9.3
Standardization
Pavement markings shall be uniform in design and application. As in the case with all other traffic control devices, it is imperative that markings be uniform so that they may be recognized and understood instantly by all drivers. The DPWH, on request, will furnish the Regional and District Offices, local traffic authorities, material suppliers/manufacturers and similarly interested agencies, detailed drawings of the standard designs and locations.
9.4
Types of Markings
Markings as defined for the purposes of this manual are classified into the following groups.
9.4.1
Pavement and curb markings Longitudinal lines which are those laid in the direction of travel. These include: Center Line; Lane Line; Double Yellow Line; NoPassing Zone Markings; Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines; and, Transition Line; Transverse Lines which are laid across the direction of travel. These include Stop Line; Give Way Lines; Pedestrian Crossing Markings; and, Roundabout Holding Lines; Other lines, which include: Turn Lines; Parking Bays; Painted Median Islands; and, Bus & PUJ Lane Lines; and, Other markings which include: approach markings to islands and obstructions; Chevron marking; diagonal markings; Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps; Curb markings for Parking restrictions; Approach to Railroad crossing; Messages and Symbols; and, Pavement Arrows.
9.4.2
Object Markings Object within the roadway; and, Object adjacent to the roadway.
9.4.3
Reflectorized Markings Retro-Reflector Raised Pavement Markers; Hazard markers (refer to Chapter 7); and, Delineators (refer to Chapter 8).
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9.5
Materials
Road pavement markings should be of non-skid materials and should not protrude more than 6mm above the level of the carriageway. Raised pavement markers on concrete roads should not protrude more than 25mm above the level of the carriageway. The following subsections describe the commonly used materials for road markings.
9.5.1
Reflectorized Paint Paint with glass beads, embedded or premixed can be applied either by hand or with line marking machines. For proper reflectorization at night, the amount of glass beads used should be no less than 0.45 kg and no more than 0.50kg per liter for drop-on and at least 30% for pre-mixed paints. Glass beads also improve skid resistance. Application of glass beads may either be: Drop-On As the name implies, glass beads are dropped onto pavement marking materials as they are being applied. The thickness of the wet paint film should be at least 60% of the nominal diameter of the drop-on glass beads, which, varies from 0.40mm to 1.0mm. Pre-Mixed Beads are mixed with the paint from the material source and the mixture is applied directly to the pavement.
9.5.2
Pavement Marking Tape Pavement marking tapes are retro-reflective pattern pavement markings that can be used as an inlay or overlay marking on asphalt and concrete pavement surfaces which are in good condition, pre-coated with Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) on the bottom surfaces with retro-reflective layer of glass beads bonded in a high durable polyurethane topcoat.
9.5.3
Raised pavement markers These are studs of plastic, ceramic, aluminum, or cast iron, which are set into the carriageway or attached to the road surface with adhesive. They must be reflective (see Section 17). It can also be hot-applied reflective profiled thermoplastic road marking materials.
9.6
Color of Pavement Markings

The color of pavement markings shall be white except for the alternative uses of yellow as specified below: Double yellow no-passing lines;
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Unbroken portion of no-passing lines; Curb markings for prohibition of parking; On islands in line of traffic; Bus and PUJ lanes; and, Keep Intersection Open markings. Red shall be used in: No Loading/Unloading Zone; and, Fire lane zone. Black may be used in hazard markers to warn road users at locations where the protruding objects such as bridge piers, traffic islands and other permanent objects on or near the roadway. However, the use of black does not establish it as standard color for pavement marking.
9.7
Types of Lines
Depending on the direction that lines are marked on the pavement, lines may be longitudinal, transverse or oblique. Depending on the use and meaning of such lines, they are either broken lines or solid lines. A broken line shall consist of line segments with equal lengths separated by uniform gaps. The speed of vehicles on the section of road or in the area in question should be taken into account in determining the lengths of the line strokes and of gaps between them. A solid unbroken line is used where crossing of the line is either discouraged or prohibited. It is generally used to replace or supplement a broken line where required e.g., barrier lines, and center lines. Solid lines may be either yellow or white depending whether or not crossing the line is legally prohibited.
9.8
Width of Lines and Tolerance

The width of solid or broken lines varies from 100mm to 300mm depending on the usage of the specified line. Transverse lines are usually wider because of the angle at which the road user sees pavement markings on the carriageway. Width of line markings shall conform to the following tolerances: Under 500mm in length 500mm or over but under 5m in length 5m in length or over +20% or 10% +10% +5%
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10
DEFINITIONS
For purposes of this Manual, the following terms are defined in conformity with the 1968 Vienna Convention of the United Nations on Road Signs and Signals. Road Markers means any traffic control device marked on the surface of the carriageway used to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road users. They are used either alone or in conjunction with other signs or signals to emphasize or clarify their meaning. Median islands are not classified as road markers. Road means the entire surface of any street open to traffic, including shoulder and sidewalk. Highway shall mean any public thoroughfare, public boulevard, and avenue, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or other similar institutions. Carriageway means the part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic. Lane means one of the longitudinal strips from which the carriageway can be divided, whether or not defined by longitudinal road markings. Intersection means any level crossroad, junction, including open areas formed by such crossroad. Built-Up Area means an area with entries and exits especially sign posted as such or otherwise defined in domestic legislation. Domestic Legislation is the entire body of national or local laws and regulations in force in the country. Motor Vehicle shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than the muscular power using the public highways, except heavy construction equipments, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, amphibian trucks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Standing a vehicle is said to be standing if it is stationary for the time needed to pick up or set down persons or to load or unload goods. Parked a vehicle is said to be parked if it is stationary for the period during which the vehicle is not limited to the time needed to pick up or set down persons or goods. Driver shall mean any and every licensed operator of a motor vehicle. Road Users shall mean any persons using the road including drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and commuters. Urban Roads roads where speed limit is 60 kph or less.
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Rural Roads - roads where speed limit is over 60 kph. Although there are high-speed roads in the urban area, for the purpose of line marking, they are defined as rural roads.
11 11.1
LONGITUDINAL LINES Center Line (or Separation Line)

A center line is used to separate opposite traffic movements of an undivided roadway and is generally placed centrally on all roads and bridges 6.0m or more in width. Under some circumstances this line may be placed off-center (e.g., where an extra uphill traffic lane is provided or parking on one side of the road only).
11.1.1 Warrants for Marking Center Lines A center line may be marked on an urban or rural road if one or more of the following conditions are met: Two lane road (greater than 6m in width) carrying an Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT) in excess of 1000 vehicles; Two lane road (less than 6m but more than 5m in width) carrying an ADT in excess of 300 vehicles; and, Winding roads with widths of 5m or more. Irrespective of these warrants, marking of other sections may be desirable where one of the following conditions is present: - Frequent horizontal or vertical curves, or both; - Sub-standard curves; - In areas subject to fog; - On approaches to major roads; - Where accident record indicates the need for center lines; - Continuity of an arterial road; and, - Heavy night traffic or tourist traffic, or both. 11.1.2 Center Line on Urban Roads The center line on a two-lane urban road, where the 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) is 60 kph or below, shall be a broken line with a minimum width of 150mm and equal line segments of 3m and equal gaps of 6m. For high speed roads, line segments and gaps are the same as for rural roads. However, a solid white line of 200 mm wide may be used in the following cases: On roads with more than two lanes if not separated by median islands; Around a curve where no warrant exists for yellow barrier lines; and,
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On approaches to an intersection or junction. Examples of center lines on urban roads are shown in Figures 11.1a and 11.1b. 11.1.3 Center Line on Rural Roads The center line on a two-lane two-way rural road or any other road where the 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) is greater than 60 kph, shall be a broken line, with a minimum width of 150mm and 3m long with gaps of 9m spacing. A solid white line of 200mm wide may be used in the cases as specified for Urban Roads (see section 11.1.2). 11.1.4 Center Lines at Bridges Where approaches to bridges are lined marked, they shall be marked as follows: If bridge is 5m or more between curbs, center lines (or separation line) shall be continued across the bridge; and, If bridge is less than 5m between curbs, center lines shall be discontinued 30m from the bridge abutments (see Figure 11.2).
11.2
Lane Line
A lane line is used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. Lane lines on roads with an 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) of 60 kph or less shall have a minimum width of 150mm and 3m long with 6m gaps. Lane lines on roads with 85th percentile speed (or speed limit) in excess of 60 kph shall be 150mm wide, 3m long and 9m gaps. Lane lines must not be continued on the following cases: Across signalized intersections. However, lane lines of low priority road must be discontinued at the intersection; Across side street entrances unless the street is one-way street (going in only); and, Past the start of the taper at which a multi-lane road narrows down. Lane lines are generally broken lines except where lane changing is to be discouraged (but not prohibited) particularly on approaches to intersections. Illustration of typical lane line installations is found in Figures 11.1a, 11.1b, 11.7 and 13.2. As a guide, lane lines should be used in the following cases: Where the road is wide enough for two or more lanes of traffic in one direction with a two way annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 8000 or more (depending on whether parking is permitted);
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At approaches to widened or signalized intersection; and, On divided roads. Where practical, the standard lane widths shall conform to the following table. Table 11.1: Standard Lane Widths
Particulars Lane Width (m) Urban Rural 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.5 2.5
Traveled Lanes Traveled Lanes adjacent to curb Parking Lanes
A lane width defined by lane lines may only be reduced to 2.75m in urban areas. A minimum of 2.5m is only permissible in special cases where a maximum number of lanes must be made available such as at a signalized intersection where provision must be made for the most efficient storage of stopped vehicles. The center or innermost lanes of roads without median islands should have a minimum width of 3m in urban areas and 3.5m in rural areas.
11.3
Barrier Lines
Barrier lines may consist of either: two unbroken yellow lines; single unbroken yellow line; or, single yellow line with a broken white line. Double unbroken yellow lines should only be used where overtaking from both directions of the road and all crossing movements are prohibited. Vehicles must always keep to the right of the double yellow lines. Single unbroken yellow line should be used where overtaking from both directions of the road are prohibited. However, crossing movements are permitted. Vehicles must always keep to the right of the double yellow lines. Combinations of an unbroken yellow line and a white separation line have the same regulatory significance as a double unbroken yellow line for vehicles proceeding in the direction where the unbroken yellow line appears on the right of the markings, but vehicles traveling in the other direction are permitted to cross this line (see Figure 11.3).
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The following are the cases where barrier lines should be used: As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections; As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must be prohibited, because of sight restrictions; No-Passing zones where there is a restricted sight distance due to horizontal or vertical curves, or both; and, As center lines on approaches to railway crossings (see Figure 14.3). The size of the double yellow lines shall be 150mm in width and shall have a gap space of 100mm -150mm (max). 11.3.1 No-Passing Zones No Passing zones shall be established at vertical and horizontal curves and elsewhere on two and three-lane highways, where passing must be prohibited because of dangerously restricted sight distance or other hazardous conditions. The legal bases for the establishment of no-passing zones are as follows: The DPWH is hereby authorized to determine those portions of any highway where overtaking and passing or driving to the left of the roadway would be especially hazardous and may, by appropriate signs or markings on the roadway, indicate the beginning and end of such zones, and these markings should be clearly visible to an ordinarily observant person. Every driver of a vehicle shall obey the directions thereof; and, Where signs or markings are in place to define a no-passing zone as set forth in Section 11.3.2 no driver shall at anytime drive on the left side of the roadway within such no-passing zones or on the left side of any pavement striping designed to mark such no-passing zones throughout its length.
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Table 11.2: Guide for Marking No Passing Zones

85 Percentile Speed
th
Min. sight distance (1.15m and 1.15m) (m) (2)
(kph) (1)
Min. length of road with sight distance below the min. sight distance (m) (3)
Min. length of barrier Lines
(m) (4)
Min. distance between barrier lines (if less, join the lines) (m) (5)
Roads with less than 1000 vehicles per day All Speeds 150 25 Roads with more than 1000 vehicles per day 40 120 20
75
125
60 75 90 105 120 135 150 135 180
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 280 300
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Over 110
150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Note: Refer to Figure 11.4.
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
11.3.2 Markings of No-Passing Zones The methods and procedures applied to marking of No-Passing zones are as follows: Vertical and horizontal curves on a two-lane sealed road shall be marked as No-Passing zones in accordance with Table 11.2; Barrier lines shall not be marked unless the sight distance available falls below the appropriate minimum sight distance for at least the length shown in the tables (column 3); If the length of road, with sight distance below the minimum sight distance, is less than the minimum length of barrier line shown in the tables, the additional length of the marking shall be added to the beginning of the zone (column 4); and, Where the distance between the end of one barrier line and the beginning of the next barrier line restricting traveling in the same direction is less than that shown in the tables, the barrier lines shall be joined to form one continuous barrier line (column 5).
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11.3.3 Methods for establishing No-Passing Zone The beginning and the end of barrier lines for vertical and horizontal curves shall be located as illustrated in Figure 11.4. Methods for establishing No-Passing zones as illustrated are as follows: Vertical Curves Start on upgrade side of curve proceeding in direction A as shown in the sketch; When Bs target just drops out of As sight, mark the position of A (start of barrier line in direction A) and the position of B (end of barrier line in direction B); When Bs target again comes into As sight, mark the position of A (end of barrier line in direction A) and the position of B (start of barrier line in direction B); When the minimum sight distance is different in each direction the barrier lines must be marked out separately in each direction; and, The curve is then spotted out in accordance with standard practice. Horizontal Curves Start in advance of the curve on the pavement center line; When As view of B is obstructed, mark the position of A (the start of the no passing zone for direction A) and the position of B (the end of no-passing zone for direction B); and, When A can again see B, mark the position A (end of no-passing zone for direction A) and the position of B (the start of no-passing zone for direction B). Before any road on which no-passing zones are marked is resealed or resurfaced, the beginning and end of each barrier line in each direction should be marked by wooden or steel stakes, painted white, at the left side of the road.
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Climbing Lanes A particular use of no-passing lines is associated with the provision of slow moving vehicles or climbing lanes on one side of a two-lane pavement. The center line of the two-lane pavement should be marked as follows (see Figure 11.5): Double unbroken lines where visibility is restricted for downhill traffic; and, Where visibility is unrestricted for downhill traffic the double line should be continued with an unbroken line on the side of uphill traffic and a broken line on the side of downhill traffic.
11.4
Edge Line
The edge line is used to delineate the edge of the traveled way to distinguish it from the shoulder area. It should be a solid white line between 100mm and 200mm wide. Studs, or raised pavement markers may be used in conjunction with edge lines where there are paved shoulders. The purpose of installing edge lines is generally based on the following: to discourage travel on road shoulders; to make driving safer and more assured, particularly at night and during inclement weather by providing a continuous guide for the driver; to act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge of pavement and which constitute a hazard; and, to prevent parking at or near intersections. On undivided roads and on roads of more than one lane, edge lines may be used to supplement center or lane lines only on pavements 6.5m or more in width, unless for special reasons such as poor alignment, fog or similar conditions. For pavements less than 6.5m, edge lines should be used under special conditions without lane or centerlines. On divided roads, edge lines should be used at left-hand edge of each pavement if the median is not curbed. They may also be used to delineate raised concrete curbs at median or to define sealed or unsealed shoulders.
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Table 11.3: Recommended Width of Edge lines

Road Type Outer Lane Width Edge Line Width
Urban Rural Expressway
3.5m 3.5m >3.5m 4.0m
100mm 100mm 150-200mm 300mm
11.4.1 Pavement Edge An edge line should not reduce an adjacent lane width to less than 3.5m. Widths of edge line vary from 100mm to 300mm depending on the available lane width and the prevailing speeds of the vehicles on the road. In general the line widths applied should conform to Table 11.3. 11.4.2 Medians Edge lines at raised medians are 100mm wide and placed with the center of the line not more than 300mm from edge of the median curbing. The line should not reduce the adjacent lane width to less than 2.75m in urban areas and 3.5m in rural highways and expressways. 11.4.3 No Parking Zones The road curb for No Parking Zones shall be painted yellow (See Figure 11.6). The limit of the No Parking Zone depends upon the implementing Local Government Units. Further, No Parking Zones shall mean parking prohibition at all times. If parking is to be permitted at times (e.g., outside peak hours), then curb painting shall be supplemented with standard signs. 11.4.4 No Loading / Unloading Zones Road curb for No Loading / Unloading Zones shall be painted red.
11.5
Continuity Line
A Continuity Line is used to indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through traffic. It is intended to be crossed by traffic turning at an intersection, or entering or leaving an auxiliary lane at its start or finish (see Figures 11.5, 11.7 and 13.2). This line is generally 1m long, 100mm-200mm wide, with gaps of 1m.
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11.6
Transition Lines
Transition Lines are used to guide traffic safely past obstructions on roadways such as islands, median strips, bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of the traveled portion of the roadway and an increase or reduction in traffic lanes. Lane, edge, separation or continuity lines may be used as transition lines which ever is appropriate (see Figure 11.7). Minimum transition lengths shall be in accordance with the prevailing speed of the road, as shown in the following table. Table 11.4: Length of Transition Lines
Speed (kph) Minimum Length per Meter of Lateral Deviation Diverging (m) Merging (m) 9 27 12 36 15 45 17 50
up to 60 80 100 110
12
TRANSVERSE LINES
Transverse lines are markings across the carriageway. Because of the low angles at which the markings are viewed, it is necessary that all transverse lines be proportionally widened to give visibility equal to that of longitudinal markings or to avoid apparent distortion where longitudinal and transverse lines are combined in symbols or letterings. Transverse lines may be classified into the following types: Stop Lines; Give Way lines; Pedestrian Crossing Markings; and, Roundabout Holding Lines.
12.1
Stop Line
12.1.1 General Stop lines should be placed across the appropriate portion of the roadway at positions where vehicles are required to stop in compliance with a stop sign, traffic signals, or any other legal requirement. A Stop Line is a solid white line not less than 300mm or more than 450mm wide on urban roads and up to 600mm on rural roads.
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12.1.2 Placement of lines The positions of the stop lines are in accordance with the following situations: Signalized intersections Line should be placed 1.5m (center to center of line) in front of and parallel to the nearest pedestrian lane. Where there is no pedestrian crossing lane, the stop line should be at the desired stopping point, no more than 6m or less than 1.5m from the prolongation of the curb line of the intersecting road (see Figure 12.1a). Isolated Stop Signs If a stop line is used in conjunction with the stop sign (P-1), it should generally be placed in line with the Stop sign. At an intersection or junction, such lines shall usually be placed in line with the edge of the sidewalk or shoulder. The exact location of the Stop sign shall depend on the sight distance requirement of the stopping vehicle (see Figure 12.1b). Pedestrian actuated signals (mid-block) The stop line should be placed 3m before the nearest pedestrian crossing line (see Figure 12.1c). Railway Crossing See Section 14.6 and Figure 12.1d. Stop lines may be supplemented by the word Stop marked on the carriageway as shown in Figure 12.1b. The distance between the word STOP and the stop line should be between 10 to 25m.
12.2
Give Way Line

Give Way or holding lines are markings consisting of a two adjacent broken white lines across the carriageway at which drivers must give way to all traffic in accordance with the standard sign R1-2 of the Philippines Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual (Section A: Road Signs). The minimum width for holding lines should be 200mm and the maximum 600mm. The distance between the two lines should be at least 300mm. The gaps between line segments shall be 600mm. The give way lines may be supplemented by the give way symbol. The distance between the base of the give way triangle and the nearest give way line should be between 5-25m depending on the location. This type of marking is illustrated in Figure 12.2.
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12.3
Pedestrian Crossing Markings

Two types of pedestrian crossings are zebra and crosswalk.
12.3.1 Zebra (non-signalized crossing) The marking consists of a series of longitudinal bars 300mm or 600mm wide and generally not less than 4m long. The bars are placed parallel to the road center line with gaps of equal width to the bar (see Figure 12.3). 12.3.2 Crosswalks (signalized crossing) Crosswalks are defined by a pair of solid white lines across the road surface not less than 4m and not more than 8m apart, 150-300mm in width. They should be used in conjunction with mid-block or intersection signals (see Figure 12.1c).
12.4
Roundabout Holding Lines

Holding lines at roundabouts shall consist of broken reflectorized white line, 400mm wide and 600mm long with 600mm gaps. The holding lines are painted in accordance with the general principles applied to other intersection types. The leading edge of the holding line forms a prolongation of the curb and the painted outline of the traffic island on the approach. No line is marked across the exit from the roundabout. However, exit linemarking is installed on multilane roundabouts. It is also essential that pavement arrows be provided on all multilane approaches to roundabouts to promote lane discipline for drivers (see Figure 12.4).
13
13.1
OTHER LINES
Turn Lines
A turn line may be used to guide vehicles through a turning movement at intersections. Turn lines, if used, should be so designed as to indicate the proper course for turning vehicles without being needlessly confusing to through traffic or the traffic making other turns. The line segments are 600mm long and 150mm wide with 600mm gaps. The line generally forms an arc and is positioned on the left hand edge of the turning lane. The line commences at the termination of the lane, edge or separation line, and shall continue up to but not across another turn line (see Figures 13.1 and 13.2).
13.2
Parking Bay Lines

There are two types of parking bays, parallel parking and angle parking. In parallel parking without bays marked, the parking line is a 100mm wide white line, 2.5m from and parallel to the curb. Bays, if marked, shall be also 100mm wide white line at minimum bay length of 5.2m. The end bay shall be 5m minimum. For the angle parking, bay width shall be 2.5m minimum and
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the minimum bay length (i.e., minimum distance from curb to end of bay) shall be 4.8m (see Figures 13.3a and 13.3b). To ensure that the flow of turning traffic is not impaired, parking near intersections should be prohibited within the following distances from the boundaries of lateral roads: Parallel Parking 5m on both approach and exit sides Angle Parking 12m on approach side and 9m on exit side. On approach to intersections where traffic signals are operating, a minimum distance of 20m from the traffic signal post is recommended. Angle parking should be permitted only where there is sufficient pavement width and light traffic. A parking bay should always be allocated for the disabled at the most convenient area painted with the disabled sign. Disabled sign shall be white 800mm high and 690mm wide on a blue background. Figures 13.3a and 13.3b illustrate markings on parking bay and curb parking, respectively. Figure 13.3c shows the details for people with disability symbol.
13.3
Painted Median
Painted median islands are used on wide roads where light traffic volume cannot justify the installation of solid curbed median island. The painted outline of the median shall be at least 100mm wide with a minimum median width of 2m. No painted median should be installed on roads less than 10m wide.
13.4
Bus and PUJ Lane Line

The Bus and PUJ lane line is an unbroken yellow line 150-300mm wide used to separate other vehicles from buses and PUJ's. The Bus and PUJ lane line can be supplemented by raised pavement markers on concrete pavements. The line is tapered at the approach to the signalized intersection. The distance between the taper and the stop line should be determined according to the capacity of the intersection and should generally be less than 100m (see Figure 13.4).
13.5
Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line

The Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line is an unbroken white line 150mm wide with a gap of 1000mm used to indicate the proper location of loading and unloading zone of public utility vehicles preferably with parking restriction. The Loading and Unloading lane line can be supplemented by road signs (see Figure 13.5).
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13.6
Do Not Block Intersection Lines

The Do Not Block Intersection lines consist of yellow box within the intersection and yellow diagonals lines forming an X inside the box (see Figure 13.6). The lines are 200mm wide. These lines shall be complemented with DO NOT BLOCK INTERSECTION sign (R5-10). (see section 2.10.8)
14
14.1
OTHER MARKINGS
Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions
Diagonal marking on approaches to obstructions and median islands shall consist of a splayed line or lines 100mm wide extending from the center of lane line to a point of 300mm to 800mm to the right side or to both sides, of the approach end of the obstruction. The width of the diagonal bars (at 45o to splayed lines or the direction of travel) is 500mm and gaps between bars should generally be 4m minimum on urban roads and 8m on rural roads. The total length of the splayed line depends on the width of the island or obstruction but should generally be a taper of 1 in 25 for roads on which the 85th percentile speed is below 60 kph and 1 to 50 for roads with higher 85th percentile speeds (see Figure 14.1).
14.2
Chevron Markings
Chevron markings are often used to guide traffic into the right turning lanes separated by an island, such as a corner island at a signalized intersection. The outline width is generally 100mm (150mm on high speed roads). Bars of 500mm to the outline in the direction of travel and spaced generally at 2-4m apart in urban roads. The spacing between the bar and the outline shall be 100mm (or 150mm on high speed roads) (see Figure 14.1).
14.3
Diagonal Markings
Diagonal Markings are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed portion of the road where traffic is not desired. Such markings are of the same bar width as other diagonal markings. The spacing between bars is generally 6m.
14.4
Rumble Strips
Is a type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide motorist with visual, audio and motion warnings on the road. Rumble Strips are highly visible horizontal lines on the road that produce a humming sound and ample bumpy ride to the motorists when ran over. It promotes better traffic safety because it stimulates more the human senses while driving.
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14.5
Marking on Exit and Entrance Ramps of Expressways
14.5.1 Exit ramp marking A solid line at least 100mm in width shall be placed along the sides of the triangular neutral area between the edges of the main roadway and the exit ramp lane at the gore of every ramp terminal. With a parallel deceleration lane, a broken white line shall be placed from the apex of the triangular area for a distance of approximately one-half of the length of the full width deceleration lane. Diagonal markings should be used in the neutral area. 14.5.2 Entrance ramp marking A solid white line at least 100mm in width shall be placed along the side of the triangular neutral area adjacent to the ramp lane at the gore of every entrance ramp terminal. With parallel acceleration lanes, a broken white line but not beyond the point where the tapered line meets the outer edge of the near through lane. Examples of the uses of exit and entrance ramp markings are shown in Figure 14.2.
14.6
Curb Markings for Parking and Loading/Unloading Restrictions

The curb markings for parking restrictions shall be of solid yellow color, covering the face of the curb. Such markings are usually supplemented by parking prohibition signs to indicate the extent of the area where parking is legally prohibited at all times. On the other hand, curb markings for loading/unloading restrictions shall be of solid red color applied in the same manner as with parking restrictions.
14.7
Approach to Railroad Crossing

Pavement markings consisting of a cross, the letters RR, a No-Passing zone marking, and a double solid stop bar at a distance of 3 to 12m in front of and parallel to the railway line, shall be placed on all paved approaches to level or at-grade railroad crossings. Such markings shall be white except the NO PASSING barrier line which shall be yellow. Where there are boom gates at the signal controlled crossings, stop bars are to be marked parallel to the boom gates. These markings are auxiliary to the standard international sign W7-1 for railroad advance warning and the crossing signals for gates. The design of railroad pavement markings is illustrated in Figure 14.3.
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15
15.1
MESSAGES AND SYMBOLS

Messages
Messages when painted on pavement should be limited to three words or less. They shall only be used to supplement other traffic control devices. The distance between words is variable depending on the message and location at which it is based (usually twice the length of the word if achievable). The first word of the message is to be nearest the motorist on rural roads. In urban low speed areas, the order is optional. Messages are white in color. Letters or numerals used on roads in urban areas shall be at least 2.5m. On high speed highways, they must be at least 5m (see Figure 15.1 and 15.2). Some of the only permitted messages markings are:
STOP KEEP CLEAR SCHOOL PED XING RAILROAD XING SIGNAL AHEAD NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN BUS & PUJ LANE 15.2 Symbols
15.2.1 Give Way Symbol The symbol used to supplement the give way sign consists of an isosceles triangle having two equal sides of 3.1m and a base 1m. Outline width is 450 mm at the base and 150mm for the sides. The distance of the symbol from the holding line is between 5 and 25m depending on the location and vehicle speeds on that road (see Figures 12.2 and 15.2). 15.2.2 Pavement Arrows Pavement arrows are used for lane use control. White in color, they are generally 5m in length on urban roads and 7.5m on high-speed roads. The sizes and arrow heads are illustrated in Figure 15.3.
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For half turn movements, the stems of the straight arrows can be bent to suit the particular direction of movement. The first set of arrows should be placed at a distance of 15m from the stop bar and the subsequent sets should be placed at 30m apart. 15.2.3 Numerals The only numerals that should be used are those associated with speed limits at locations to supplement speed limit signs which are continuously disregarded by drivers or which are obscured and cannot be read easily.
16
16.1
OBJECT MARKING
Application of object markings
Physical obstruction in or near a roadway that constitute serious hazard to traffic, including installations designed for the control of traffic shall be adequately marked. Typical obstructions of this character are: Bridge supports; Monuments; Traffic islands; Beacon, signal and sign support; Loading islands; Railroads and draw-bridge gate; Posts of narrow bridges; Underpass piers and abutments; Culvert headwalls; and, Poles, trees, rocks, and structures giving restrictions to overhead clearance. Judgment must be exercised in the marking of objects off the roadway. However, it may be noted that even where they are theoretically at a safe distance from the roadway, marking them may prevent serious accident and facilitate night driving. In addition to markings, a guardrail should be placed in advance of solid obstructions to deflect runaway vehicles and reduce the severity of impact. Guardrails should be painted reflectorized white.
16.2
Objects within the roadway

Obstructions in the roadway, if not illuminated shall be marked with reflectorized hazard markers. For additional emphasis it is advisable also to mark obstructions other than islands with reflectorized white paint with no less than five alternating
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reflectorized black and white stripes. The stripes shall slope downward at an angle of 45 degrees towards the side of the obstruction on which traffic shall be uniform and no less than 100mm in width. A large surface, such as a bridge pier, may require stripes of 300mm. In addition to the marking on the face of an obstruction in the roadway, warning of approach to the hazard shall be given by line markings on the pavement. Where an obstruction lies in the direct lines of traffic, it shall be marked. Whenever practical, it shall be illuminated by a floodlight and so constructed that it will adequately light the object but will not cause a glare in the face of traffic approaching from either direction. When floodlighting is not practical, reflective hazard markers shall be used. A flashing yellow beacon may be used at unusually hazardous obstructions.
16.3
Marking on Curbs
Reflectorized yellow shall be used on curbs of all islands located in the line of traffic flows especially on curbs directly ahead of traffic at T and offset intersections.
16.4
Objects Adjacent to the Roadway

Hazard markers either as signs or painted markings are to be used on objects so close to the edge of the roadway as to constitute definite hazard. These include such encroachments as underpass piers, abutments, culverts headwalls, utility poles and ornamental buildings. Other adjacent objects which are not likely to be hit unless a vehicle runs off the road, such as guardrails, trees and rocks must be painted reflectorized white.
17
17.1
RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS

General
Raised pavement markers are small devices which are fixed to the concrete pavement surface to stimulate or supplement painted pavement markings. Use or installation of raised pavement markers (or studs) on asphalt-paved roads is subject to the conditions stated in the DPWH Department Order No.36 dated August 12, 2009 (supersedes Department Order No.57, Series of 2000). Raised pavement markers may be reflectorized or non-reflectorized, depending on their use and positions when installed. Raised pavement markers are generally not obscured at night under wet conditions and the reflective types are more brilliant than reflectorized paint markings.
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17.2
Warrants for Use

Because of the high cost of installation and maintenance, use of raised pavement markers may be considered only in the following condition: In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently the causes of traffic accidents; and, In winding roads and accident prone areas.
17.3
Substitution of lane lines

The substitution of painted lines by raised pavement markers should only occur where necessary and is usually reserved for lane line where the visual, auditory and tactile effects of the markers help to keep the motorists to stay in a given lane. The marker used for this purpose may be a combination of reflective and non-reflective markers (see Figure 17.1).
17.4
Supplementing painted lines

Reflective markers placed at regular intervals in gaps along a line may help to define the line particularly at night or under foggy or wet conditions. The lines usually treated in this manner are: Center lines; and, Edge lines.
17.5 Placement of markers

Markers supplementing center or lane lines may be placed in the gaps midway between the line segments at a spacing of 9m where fog or heavy rain occurs in the built-up areas. A spacing of 12m shall be used where there is less likelihood of fog and where there is no street lighting in the rural environment. Markers used to replace lane lines shall be placed in groups as shown in Figure 17.1. Double faced raised pavement markers are placed on undivided roadway while single faced raised pavement markers are placed on divided roadways. Yellow raised pavement markers are used for yellow pavement markings and white markers for white pavement markings. Specifications for different raised pavement markers are shown in Figures 17.2 a through c.
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FIGURES: PAVEMENT MARKINGS
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Figure 11.1a: Center and Edge Lines Markings for a Typical 2-Lane Road
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Figure 11.1b: Center Line and Lane Marking for a Typical Multi-Lane Road Without Medians
135
Figure 11.2: Typical Pavement Markings for Approach to Bridges
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Figure 11.3: Barrier (No Passing) Lines
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Figure 11.4: Method of Establishing No Passing Zones
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Figure 11.5: Typical Pavement Markings for Climbing Lanes
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No Loading / Unloading Zone
No Parking Zone
Figure 11.6: Typical Layout of Curb Markings for No Parking and No Loading/Unloading Zones
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Do Not Block Intersection
Figure 11.7: Typical Line Markings on an Approach to a Signalized Intersection
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Figure 12.1: Example of Stop Bar Markings and STOP Message
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Figure 12.2: Give Way Marking and Symbol
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Figure 12.3: Zebra-Type Pedestrian Crossing
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Holding Line, broken line 600mm long, 400mm wide, 600mm gap
Standard Pavement Arrows (see Figure 15.3)
Typical multi-lane roundabout showing 2-lane approaches and 2-lane exit
Single lane exit without lane line
Holding Line, broken line 600mm long, 400mm wide, 600mm gap
Desirable relocation of holding line when pavement markings extended into roundabout
No arrows on single lane approach
Typical multi-lane roundabout showing two single-lane approaches and two single-lane exit
Figure 12.4: Roundabout Markings
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Figure 13.1: Turn Lines
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Figure 13.2: Typical Pavement Markings of a Channelized Intersection
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Figure 13.3a: Parking Bay Markings
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Figure 13.3b: Curb Parking Markings
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Figure 13.3c: Details of People With Disabilities Symbol
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Figure 13.4: Typical Bus and PUJ Lane Marking
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Figure 13.5: Loading / Unloading Bay Lines
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200mm wide Yellow Box and Diagonal Lines
Figure 13.6: Do Not Block Intersection
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Figure 14.1: Approach Marking to Islands and Obstructions
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Figure 14.2: Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps
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Figure 14.3: Pavement Markings at Railway Crossing
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Figure 15.1: Pavement Letter and Numeral Markings Guide
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Figure 15.2: Messages and Symbols
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Figure 15.3: Standard Pavement Arrows
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RUMBLE STRIPS (see Department Order No. 31 Series 2010 for complete standard specification)
4.0mm 13mm
20m - 30m
200mm 500mm
50mm 100mm
30m
Figure 16.0: Rumble Strips
Figure 17.1: Placement of Raised Pavement Markers
RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS Aluminum Alloy 500 x 110 x 50mm With shank no less than 75mm and using glass reflector or prismatic lenses embedded in plastic or polycarbonate.
Figure 17.2a: Specifications of Raised Pavement Markers (RPS-01)
RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS Aluminum Alloy 260 x 100 x 30mm With shank no less than 75mm and using glass reflector or prismatic lenses embedded in plastic or polycarbonate.
Figure 17.2b: Specifications of Raised Pavement Markers (RPS-05)
100mm
80mm

Aluminum Alloy 100 x 100 x 25mm With shank no less than 50mm and using glass reflector or prismatic lenses embedded in plastic or polycarbonate.
Figure 17.2c: Specifications of Raised Pavement Markers (RPS-22)
RPS-22 Diagram
APPENDICES
Appendices
Standard Design Specifications A1
A1 Scope and Objective .................................................................................... A2 A2 Numbering System ....................................................................................... A2 A3 Graphic Design ............................................................................................. A2 A3.1 General ................................................................................................... A2 A3.2 Signs with Preset Graphics .................................................................... A3 A3.3 Made-to-Measure Signs ......................................................................... A3 A4 Legend ........................................................................................................... A4 A5 Signboard Size .............................................................................................. A4 A6 Borders, Edge Strip and Corners ............................................................... A4 A6.1 Borders and Edge Strip .......................................................................... A4
A6.1.1 Signs with dark colored legends on light colored background .............. A4 A6.1.2 Signs with light colored legends on dark colored background .............. A5 A6.1.3 Triangular Warning Signs ...................................................................... A5
A6.2 Corner Radii............................................................................................ A6 A7 Design of Guide Signs (G and GE Series) ................................................. A7 A7.1 Letter Types and Legibility ..................................................................... A7 A7.2 Longitudinal Location of Advance Warning and Direction Signs........... A8 A7.3 Determination of Letter Size and Other Element Sizes ......................... A9
A7.3.1 Letter Size .............................................................................................. A9 A7.3.2 Directional Arrows................................................................................ A12
A8 Design and Layout of Symbolic Service Signs ....................................... A13 A8.1 Scope .................................................................................................... A13 A8.2 Service Symbol Rectangles ................................................................. A13 A8.3 Design Procedures ............................................................................... A13
A8.3.1 For Signs with a Vertical Layout .......................................................... A14 A8.3.2 For Signs with a Horizontal Layout ...................................................... A15
A9 Materials for Construction ......................................................................... A16 A10 Materials for Sign Faces ............................................................................ A17 A10.1 Retro-Reflective Materials ........................................................ A17 A10.2 Fluorescent Reflective Sheeting .............................................. A19 A11 Post and Attachments ................................................................................ A21 A12 Protective Treatment .................................................................................. A24 Signs Specifications .......................................................................................... A25 Standard Alphabets ......................................................................................... A103
Table of Figures
Figure A.1 : Sign Legibility Distance........................................................................... A7 Figure A.2 : Longitudinal Location of Signs ................................................................ A8 Figure A.3 : Details of Standard Arrows ................................................................... A12 Figure A.4 : Example of Signs on Vertical Layout .................................................... A14 Figure A.5 : Example of Horizontal Layout ............................................................... A15 Figure A.6 : Signpost Selection Guide ..................................................................... A22 Figure A.7 : Typical Sign Mounting .......................................................................... A22
List of Tables
Table A.1 : Recommended Dimensions for Border Widths (Signs with Dark Border and Light Background) .......................................................................... A4 Table A.2 : Recommended Dimensions for Border Widths (Signs with Light Colored Border on Dark Background) ................................................................ A5 Table A.3 : Border Widths and Corner Radii of Triangular Warning Signs ............... A5 Table A.4 : Recommended Corner Radii ................................................................... A6 Table A.5 : Legibility Distance of Letters .................................................................... A8 Table A.6 : Longitudinal Location of Signs ................................................................. A9 Table A.7 : Grid Module Sizes for Service Signs ..................................................... A13 Table A.8 : Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces .................................... A18 Table A 9 : Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces .................................... A19 Table A.10 : Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces .................................. A20
STANDARD DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
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A1
A1
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

This Standard Specification forms part of the Philippines Road Signs Manual, which provides guide for sign design, layout and size requirements. The objective of this specification is to provide users and manufacture of road signs with either standard designs or design rules for the shape and graphic content of signs, together with guidance on materials and manufacturing quality.
A2
NUMBERING SYSTEM
The numbering system for signs is as follows: A letter prefix, as shown below, denoting class of sign; R W G GE S HM - Regulatory signs - Warning signs - Guide signs - Freeway and Expressway signs - Special Traffic Instruction Signs - Hazard Markers
A number denoting the series, or group of signs; One or two numbers identifying the sign in the series, or group; and, A letter denoting the size of sign where more than one size is used (e.g., A, B, C or D, where A is the smallest) An example would be R2-7A (L) which denotes a regulatory sign in the Direction Type R2. The sign is the seventh in the series, is the smallest available, and is left hand version.
A3
GRAPHIC DESIGN
A3.1 General
Standard road signs fall into two categories: those for which a complete graphic design is preset, or substantially preset; and, those which are made to measure.
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A2
A3.2 Signs with Preset Graphics

These signs shall conform to the graphic designs shown in the drawings. These include all of the regulatory and warning signs, route markers and hazard markers, as well as standard service sign symbols.
A3.3 Made-to-Measure Signs

These signs are separately drafted in each case taking account of the following requirements: The horizontal spacing between any two words in one line shall be equal to the recommended spacing between the last letter of the first word and the first letter of the second word, plus the width of the letter N; Where numerals are followed by a quantity unit, e.g., 1km, 300m, 4t, the unit shall be in the standard lower case letter height nearest to twothirds of the numeral height, and the spacing shall be equal to half the numeral height; The vertical spacing between lines of words shall not be less than 0.5 times the height of the largest lettering in adjacent lines. For more clarity required this spacing shall be increased to 0.75 times the height of the largest lettering in adjacent lines; and, Spacing between the legend and the edges of a sign should not be less than the following, wherever practicable. Signs without borders: - top and bottom spaces 25% of adjacent letter height - end spaces 50% of adjacent letter height Signs with borders (space measured to inside of border): - top and bottom spaces not less than 40% of adjacent letter height - end spaces 60% of adjacent letter height if top and bottom is 50% of the adjacent letter height; 100% if top and bottom is between 40% and 50%
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A3
A4
LEGEND
The following abbreviations are used in the drawings: A, B, C, D, E, or F = series A to F capital alphabets Mod E = Modified E capital alphabets LC N M W Example = Lower Case alphabets = narrow spacing = medium spacing = wide spacing
120 DN = 120mm height Type D capitals narrow spacing 105 LC = 105mm Lower Case alphabet
A5
SIGNBOARD SIZE
The size and shape proportions of signs in this specification with preset graphics have been selected to achieve economic cut of standard size of materials. The made to measure design should follow the same principle.
A6
BORDERS, EDGE STRIP AND CORNERS
A6.1 Borders and Edge Strip

A6.1.1 Signs with dark colored legends on light colored background Except for triangular shaped warning signs, recommended border and edge strip widths are shown in the following table. Table A.1: Recommended Dimensions for Border Widths (Signs with Dark Border and Light Background)
Shortest Dimension of the Sign board < 200 200 - 400 401 - 750 751 - 1200 > 1200
Units in millimeter (mm)
Dark Border 10 16 20 30 50
Light Outer Edge Strip 5 8 10 15 25
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A4
A6.1.2 Signs with light colored legends on dark colored background Signs in this category which have borders shall have either a border extending to the edge of the signboard or an edge strip outside the border equal to the border width. Recommended border/edge strip widths based on the character stroke width of the largest legend in the sign are given in the following table. Table A.2: Recommended Dimensions for Border Widths (Signs with Light Colored Border on Dark Background)
Size of Largest Legend on Sign Upper Case < 80 80 - 140 141 - 240 241 - 400 > 400
Units in millimeter (mm)
1
Border and 2 Edge Strip (Equal Width) 10 16 25 40 70
Border Only
Lower Case < 70 70 - 100 101 - 180 181 - 320 > 320
(No Edge Strip) 15 24 40 60 100
Notes: 1. If the largest legend on a sign is a single short word such as NO, the next largest legend may be more appropriate. 2. Users have the option of specifying border only or border and edge strip for light border on dark background signs. If border and edge strip are specified, the third column gives the width of each.
A6.1.3 Triangular Warning Signs All triangular signs do not have edge strips. Their border with is approximately 5% of the length of the side of the triangle. The recommended borders are shown in the following table. Table A.3: Border Widths and Corner Radii of Triangular Warning Signs
Sign Size (mm) 600 750 900 Border Width (mm) 28 35 42 Corner Radii 32 40 48
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A5
A6.2 Corner Radii

Except Triangular warning signs, signs with shortest dimension less than 2000mm are shown in the following table. Table A.4: Recommended Corner Radii
Shortest Dimension of Signboard < 200 200 to 400 401 to 900 901 to 1,500 1,501 to 2,000 > 2000 Corner Radii 10 or 25 25 or 50 50 or 100 100 or 200 200 or 300 300 minimum
The recommended radii in the table do not apply to corners on signs which are other than 90 degrees. Recommended radii for Triangular Warning signs are shown in Table A.3.
May 2011
A6
A7
DESIGN OF GUIDE SIGNS (G AND GE SERIES)
A7.1 Letter Types and Legibility

Letters used on traffic signs comprises six series of capital letters and numerals ranging from the narrowest Series A to widest Series F, plus one series of lower case letters, together with a modified Series E which is used as initial capital for lower case words. The procedure for determining the legibility distance required of a traffic sign can be represented diagrammatically as shown in the following figure. This arrangement assumes that the driver does not start to read the information on the sign until sometime after the letters first become legible. This is generally considered to be at a distance equivalent of 2/3 of the legibility distance from the sign.
Driver finished reading Sign
Driver starts to read sign
Driver Observes sign
S Cot A
Distance traveled while reading the legend Legibility Distance (L)
Distance traveled observing or scanning sign
A = Limit of comfortable field of vision = 10 Degrees for side mounted signs = 5 Degrees for overhead mounted
S = lateral offset to center of sign. Use height above driver eye for overhead mounted sign
Figure A.1: Sign Legibility Distance
The legibility distances for letters of standard sign alphabets detailed in this manual have been determined for the average observer with normal vision as shown in the following table.
May 2011
A7
Table A.5: Legibility Distance of Letters

Alphabet Series Legibility Distance in meters per 100mm of Capital Letter Height
C D E F Mod E (and Lower Case)
50 60 70 75 75
A7.2 Longitudinal Location of Advance Warning and Direction Signs

Advance Warning signs and Advance Direction Sign are to be placed at appropriate distance before the hazard or the intersection where the driver is required to take action. The location distance D between the sign and the location of the hazard or intersection is shown in the following figure.
Reading Distance
Reaction Distance
Braking Distance
Sign Location
Legibility Distance
D - Location Distance
Figure A.2: Longitudinal Location of Signs The distance required to react to the sign varies considerably depending on the nature of the action required and travel speed. For signs which give an advance warning of an hazard or of a single action required of a driver (i.e., not involving a decision), the location distance for such warning signs is given in the following table.
May 2011
A8
Table A.6: Longitudinal Location of Signs

Environment Rural: V85: <60 kph V85: <75 kph V85: 75 90 kph V85: > 90 kph Urban Business and Residential Districts Arterial Roads
th
D (m) Warning Sign A Direction Sign
B (m)
75 - 100 80 120 120 180 180 250 30 100
100 150 200 250 100 As per Rural
50 60 70
30
V85th = 85 percentile approach speed measured 1.5 to 2 D in advance of hazard D = Distance of sign to hazard or intersection (or nearest sign to hazard where there are more than one sign) B = minimum distance between successive signs having different messages
A7.3 Determination of Letter Size and Other Element Sizes

A7.3.1 Letter Size The following equation applies to check the adequacy of capital letters used in an advance direction sign, including initial capital letter for lower case legends: H = 0.14NV + 11.4S Where H = letter height in mm (initial capital letter for legend with lower case letters) N = number of words on the sign V = approach speed in kph S = lateral offset (m) of center of sign from drivers path This is the initial capital letter height and the lower case letters are always 75% of the height of the initial capital letter.
May 2011
A9
This formula applies to the design of mainly directional signs, side mounted in rural highways and freeways in the Type E Modified Capital and lower case letters. For other conditions, the formula should be modified as follows: For use of other Series, increase H (after calculation) by the following factors: Series C Series D Series E 50% 25% 7%
For signs in urban areas, increase H (after calculation) by 25%; and, For overhead signs, S used in formula should be vertical offset of center of sign from drivers height multiplied by 2. The letter size required on signs is the nearest standard letter size to that obtained from the above calculation. Where an overhead sign is at the side of the road and more than 3m from the edge of the pavement, it may be necessary to calculate the equivalent lateral distance S el from the equation: S el = [(S L)2 + 4(SV)2]0.5 where: S L = lateral offset of the sign in meters as for formula A1 above SV = vertical distance of the center of the sign above drivers eye in meters (distance above the road surface minus 1.2m) This calculation will ensure the readability of the signs designed, particularly when signs are located at a substantial lateral distance from the road way. It is not always essential that all words on the sign be of the required size, but at least the first line or the most important words should meet the requirement, with other words appropriately smaller (generally no more than one legend size). The following standard letter sizes are specified: Capitals 40mm to 200mm in 20mm increments 240mm to 320mm in 40mm increments all sizes above 400mm in 80mm increments Lower case above 0.75 x initial capital height for capitals 120mm and
In practice, the standard letter sizes of made-to-measure direction signs have designated code sizes based on the principal legend height.
May 2011
A10
Code sizes for standard principal legend heights used for direction signs are: AA size A size B size C size D size E size 120mm 140mm 160 / 180mm 240mm 320mm 400 / 480mm
All lower cases are 0.75 of the size for the capital sizes. AA size legend is used in exceptional low speed urban areas for lane designation signs and signs on local roads where restriction on overall sign sizes is applied. The minimum sizes for Advance Direction Signs in metropolitan areas are B sizes. Size A is generally the minimum size used for intersection directional signing. Size B is used for Reassurance Signs where speeds are less than 80 kph. Size C is used for all overhead mounted Directional signs and for high speed approach roads to expressways. Sizes D and E are used for Directional signs on Freeways and Expressways. Size C is used for Reassurance Signs on Expressways and Freeways.
May 2011
A11
A7.3.2 Directional Arrows Standard directional arrows shapes are shown in the following figure. The long arrow is typically used where a single direction, multi-line panel requires a vertical or angle arrow.
Figure A.3: Details of Standard Arrows
May 2011
A12
A8
DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF SYMBOLIC SERVICE SIGNS
A8.1 Scope
This chapter sets out a method of determining the size and layout of symbolic service signs in G7 and GE5 series.
A8.2 Service Symbol Rectangles

Each of the symbols is superimposed on a rectangular grid having a narrow medium or wide configuration as follows: Narrow Medium Wide 4 modules wide x 5 modules high 5 modules wide x 5 modules high 6 modules wide x 5 modules high
The location and size of the symbols within each rectangle is designed so that signs having various arrays of symbols may be made up by allowing a clearance of one grid module minimum between adjacent rectangles, between rows of rectangles and between rectangles and other legends, borders etc on the sign. The grid module sizes for manufacturing the G7 and GE5 signs are shown in the following table. Table A.7: Grid Module Sizes for Service Signs
Sign Series Sign Size A B One size only Grid Module Size Multi-Symbol 70 105 160 Single Symbol 90 135
G7 GE5
A8.3 Design Procedures

The recommended procedure for designing a service sign is as follows: Establish the sign size designation (e.g., Size A) and, from table A.7, determine the grid module size to be used; and, Determine the width of the sign and layout as described in the following layout types:
May 2011
A13
A8.3.1 For Signs with a Vertical Layout
Figure A.4: Example of Signs on Vertical Layout
Determine dimension X1 and X2 (the length of the rows of symbols) by adding up the number of horizontal grid modules in each symbol rectangle, adding one grid module for each space between the symbols, and multiplying by the grid module size selected (e.g., 70mm for Size A sign). The X1 in Figure A.4 would be (5 + 1 + 4) x 70 = 700mm. ( The Gas Station has 5 modules and the Restaurant has 4 modules See Service Sign Symbols 1 and 2); Determine the dimension W, the overall width of the sign, by adding the greatest of X1, X2 or X3 and the edge distances 2 x Y. The edge distance Y is either: - one grid module, plus the border and edge strip if X2 governs or - 0.6 times the letter height plus width of border and edge strip, if legend line X3 governs width. The vertical distance between rows of symbols is one grid module. The horizontal separation between symbols is always one grid module regardless of whether the row of symbols governs the width of the sign; and, If the overall signboard is to be a size convenient for manufacturing, the clearances between symbols and the inside borders may be
May 2011
A14
decreased to 0.5 times grid module minimum, or increased to 1.25 times grid module maximum. In this example it is either 35mm (0.5 x 70) minimum or 97.5mm (1.25 x 70) maximum) A8.3.2 For Signs with a Horizontal Layout
*Clearance of one grid module applies at these locations. The clearance between symbols
and the inside of borders may be adjusted as indicated in Section A8.3.1.
Figure A.5: Example of Horizontal Layout
Determine X (the width of the row symbols as in A8.3.1 above); Determine Y1 and Y2 (the two edge distances as shown I relevant drawing on page VV). The Y2 will normally be equal to one grid module plus the border and edge strip width; and, Add X and Y1 and Y2 the dimension W, the overall width of the sign.
May 2011
A15
A9
MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Standard road signs may be constructed of metal, timber or plastics. The signs may have a dished, rolled or beaded edge for additional rigidity. In order to stiffen larger signs and prevent damage by bending, horizontal battens or bars should be fixed to the rear of the signs as supports, and may be utilized to provide mounting to posts. Metal Signs Metal signs shall be of: Plain carbon steel not less than 1.6mm thick, with the exception of temporary warning signs, which may be a minimum of 1mm with appropriate stiffening; aluminum alloy not less than 2.0mm thick unless specially designed stiffening is provided; or, other metals suitable for the purpose. Timber Signs Timber signs may be of: plywood not less than 5-ply thick medium or high density overlaid; or, seasoned dressed timber, not less than 30mm thick. Note: In view of the wide variety of timbers likely to be available, advice should be sought from the local forestry agency regarding suitable available types and grades of timber.
May 2011
A16
A10 MATERIALS FOR SIGN FACES

Any materials used for the sign face, and not otherwise described in this specification, shall be in accordance with the approved standard specifications as described in the following subsections:
A10.1 Retro-Reflective Materials

Where reflectorization is required the retro-reflecting material shall comply with established standards for retro-reflective materials and devices for road traffic control purposes. The reflective sheeting shall be weather resistant and show no appreciable cracking, blistering, crazing or dimensional change after two years of unprotected outdoor exposure The reflective sheeting shall have high reflectivity normal to vehicle headlight dependent on the angle of incidence. The reflective material shall be sharp, no glare, and directed towards the light source of approved angle of incidence. The reflective sheeting shall perform effectively for a minimum of seven (7) years from date of fabrication. The reflective sheeting must retain at least 70% (Type 1) and 50% (Type 2) of its original brightness for regular and fluorescent sheeting respectively at the end of seven years. All signs used for road projects should be warranted by the sheeting manufacturer for above-stated performance. Signs must be dated at the time of installation in order to initiate the 7-year performance warranty. A sign-dating sticker that indicates the manufacturers name, material type/brand name with the month and year of installation should be placed at the back of the sign face. The reflective sheeting to be used maybe of two types: Type I High Performance Reflective Sheeting Type I material is to be used for all overhead signs, signs related to movement of pedestrian, chevron alignment signs and signs identified as black spot areas. The reflective sheeting shall consist of full cube microprismatic lens sheeting with an interlocking diamond seal pattern with precoated adhesive backing protected by a removable liner. The minimum reflective brightness value of reflective sheeting shall be in accordance with the following table.
May 2011
A17
Table A.8: Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces

Observation Angle (degrees) o o o 0.2 0.5 1.0 570 425 114 57 26 340 460 170 400 300 80 40 18 240 320 120 150 112 30 15 6.8 90 120 45 50 37 10 5 1.5 30 40 15 120 90 24 12 5.4 72 96 36 45 34 9 4.5 2 27 36 14 25 19 5 3 0.8 15 20 7
4
For 4 Entrance Angle White Yellow Red Green Blue Fluorescent Yellow Fluorescent Yellow Green Fluorescent Orange
For 30o Angle3 White 215 Yellow 160 Red 43 Green 21 Blue 10 Fluorescent Yellow 130 Fluorescent Yellow Green 170 Fluorescent Orange 64 o 3 For 45 Entrance Angle White 100 Yellow 75 Red 20 Green 10 Blue 4.5 Fluorescent Yellow 60 Fluorescent Yellow Green 80 Fluorescent Orange 30 All units are expressed in terms of cd/lux/sq.m.
3
Entrance Angle The angle from the illumination axis to the retro-reflector axis. The reflector axis is an axis perpendicular to the retro-reflective surface. Observation Angle The angle between the illumination axis and observation axis.
Type II Medium Performance Reflective Sheeting Type II material is to be used as minimum standard for all other types of signs not qualified for use under Type I. The reflective sheeting shall consist of non-metalized micro-prismatic lens in an interlocking diamond pattern encapsulated by a flexible transparent plastic film that has a smooth outer surface. The sheeting shall have a pre-coated adhesive protected by an easily removable liner. The adhesive shall be a pressuresensitive adhesive of the aggressive tack type requiring no heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to surfaces. The minimum reflective brightness of the reflective sheeting shall be as described in the following table.
May 2011
A18
Table A 9: Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces

(Minimum Coefficient of Retroreflection RA for new sheeting (cd/lux/sq.m.)
-4o Entrance 2 Angle Observation 1 Angle o o 0.2 0.5

White Yellow Red Orange Green Blue Brown 560 420 84 210 56 28 17 200 150 30 75 20 10 6
30 Entrance Angle
0.2
White Yellow Red Orange Green Blue Brown
0.5
75 15 37 10 5 3
280 210 42 105 28 14 8.4
100
All units are expressed in terms of cd/lux/sq.m.
Observation (Divergence) Angle The angle between the illumination axis and the observation axis.
2
Entrance (Incidence) Angle The angle from the illumination axis to the retro-reflector axis is an axis perpendicular to the retro-reflective surface.
A10.2 Fluorescent Reflective Sheeting

The fluorescent reflective sheeting shall consist of a visible- activated fluorescent material and full cube micro-prismatic lens sheeting with an interlocking diamond seal pattern with pre-coated adhesive backing protected by a removable liner. The minimum reflective brightness shall be in accordance with the following table.
May 2011
A19
Table A.10: Reflective Brightness of Traffic Signs Surfaces

Observation Angle (degrees) o o 0.2 0.5 1.0
o 4
For 4 Entrance Angle Fluorescent Yellow 460 320 Green Fluorescent 170 120 Orange o 3 For 30 Entrance Angle Fluorescent Yellow 170 120 Green Fluorescent 64 45 Orange o 3 For 45 Entrance Angle Fluorescent Yellow 80 40 Green Fluorescent 30 15 Orange All units are expressed in terms of cd/lux/sq.m.
3
96 36
36 14
20 7
Entrance Angle The angle from the illumination axis to the retro-reflector axis. The reflector axis is an axis perpendicular to the retro-reflective surface. Observation Angle The angle between the illumination axis and observation axis.
May 2011
A20
A11 POST AND ATTACHMENTS

Posts required for the erection of signs shall be made of galvanized steel pipes not less than 48.8mm (outside diameter) x 3.25mm thick, or other sections of equivalent strength. Aluminum alloy may be used. Plastics may be considered, provided they have been suitably evaluated. Wide flange posts and frames shall be fabricated from structural steel conforming to ASTM A 283 Grade D. In lieu of wide flange steel posts, the Contractor may use tubular steel posts conforming to ASTM A 501. All posts shall be thoroughly cleaned, free from grease, scale and rusts and shall be given one coat of rust-inhibiting priming paint and two coats of gray paint in accordance with Item 411, Paint DPWH Standard Specification. Selection of non-frangible signpost lengths based on sign panel sizes and post diameters is given in Figure A.6. Attachments shall provide for the positive and robust connection of signs to their mounting posts. Consideration shall be given to distributing attachment loads, e.g., by the provision of suitably shaped saddles and clamps or brackets for a round post. For larger signs, the design of the sign support system as a whole shall take into account possible wind loadings and the criteria specified in appropriate Philippine code for structural designs. A typical sign mounting is shown in Figure A.7.
May 2011
A21
Figure A.6: Signpost Selection Guide
May 2011
A22
FIGURE A.7: TYPICAL SIGN MOUNTING
300 500
3440
150 mm STD. STEEL PIPE
438
3310
430
438
400 mm FROM TOP OF CURB TO TOP OF PEDESTAL (TYP.)
May 2011
400
5.50 METERS
1.75
875
A23
3.44
500 300 500
3.44
1.75
438
875
438
430
3310
3310
430
5.50 METERS
400 mm FROM TOP OF CURB TO TOP OF PEDESTAL (TYP.)
A12 PROTECTIVE TREATMENT

All materials used for signs and sign supports shall be either resistant to, or protected against deterioration under exposed paint system. Where corrosion protection is destroyed or damaged in the manufacturing or fixing process, steps shall be taken to restore protection by appropriate aftertreatment. Where different metals are in contact, appropriate action shall be taken to prevent galvanic action and resultant corrosion. Timber signs shall be sealed at the edges. The timber shall then be properly printed and painted for protection against weather.
May 2011
400
A24
SIGNS SPECIFICATIONS
Note: unless otherwise indicated, units shall be in millimeters (mm)
R1-1
White retro-reflective letters and border on red retro-reflective background
R1-2
Black letters, red retroBlack letters, red retroreflective border on white reflective border on white retro-reflective background retro-reflective background and edge strip and edge strip
May 2011
A26
R1-2P
(Standard R1-2 Symbol) Black letters and border on white retro-reflective background
R1-3
Black letters and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A27
R2-2(R), R2-4, R2-5(R)

Note:
For design of a 370mm dia disc, the corresponding dimensions are reduced by approximately 38% (i.e., 62% of the dimensions illustrated).
A28
R2-3P
R2-6P
Note: Use appropriate designs for 370mm discs
May 2011
A29
R3-1P
R3 Prohibition Symbol
Disc Size (mm dia) 450 600 750

R1 R2 X Y 225 202.5 40 20 300 250 50 25 375 315 60 30
Note: This prohibitive symbol does not apply to signs R3-13 (No Right Turn), R3-14 (No Left Turn) and R-15 (No U turn). See separate design for these signs.
May 2011
A30
Symbols for regulatory signs
May 2011
A31
R3-14
R3-13
R3-15
Sign Sizes (mm)
A Size 450 dia
B Size(illustrated) 600 dia
C Size 750 dia
Black arrow, red retro-reflective symbol on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A32
R3-13P
R3-14P
R3-15P
Black letters and movement symbol, red retro-reflective prohibition symbol and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A33
R3-16P
Black letters and right car symbol, red retro-reflective left car and prohibition symbols and border on white retro-reflective background
R4-1(60)
Size in mm Letter Disc Ring (3 numerals) 450 200DN 37.5 240DN 600 50 (240 CN*) 400 DN 900 70 (320 DN*) *For Speed > 100kph use medium spacing
Black numerals and red border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A34
R4-1(100)
Black numerals and red border on white retro-reflective background
R4-2
Black symbol on white retro-reflective ground
May 2011
A35
R5-1S
Size (mm) A B Disc 450 600 Letter 280E 360E b 85 120 c 112 149 X 40 50 Y 20 25
Black P, red symbol on white retro-reflective background
R5-1P
R5-2P
150
Detail of Arrow
Black P, red symbol on white retro-reflective background

A36
R5-3P
22.5
50 70
20
250
R5-3C
May 2011
A37
R5-8
750
Red symbol, text and arrow on white retro-reflective background
R5-9a
Black letters and symbol, red retro-reflective prohibition symbols, arrow and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A38
R5-9b
Black letters and symbol, red retro-reflective prohibition symbols, arrow and border on white retro-reflective background
R5-9c
Black letters, red retro-reflective prohibition symbols, arrow and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A39
R5-10
R6-1
May 2011
A40
R6-2
R6-3
May 2011
A41
R6-4
R6-5
May 2011
A42
R6-6
R6-7
May 2011
A43
R6-8
Black symbol and border on retro-reflective fluorescent yellow-green background
R6-9
Black symbol and border on retro-reflective fluorescent yellow-green background.
May 2011
A44
R6-10
R6-11
May 2011
A45
W Series Symbol
May 2011
A46
W1-1
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 200 100 56 50
750 650 60 240 120 70 62
W1-2
X Y a b c d z
600 520 100 250 175 56 50
750 650 120 310 220 70 62
W1-3
X Y a a1 b c c1 d z 600 520 70 50 225 100 120 56 50 750 650 88 62 280 125 150 70 62
May 2011
A47
W1-4
X Y a b c d z
600 520 75 300 200 50 50
750 650 94 375 250 62 62
W1-5
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 350 153 50 50
750 650 62 437 190 62 62
W1-6
X Y a b c d z
600 520 90 250 180 50 50
750 650 112 312 225 62 62
May 2011
A48
W2-1
X Y a b c d z
600 520 25 250 125 75 50
750 650 31 312 156 94 60
W2-2
X Y a b c c1 d z 600 520 25 350 80 100 50 50 750 650 31 438 100 125 62 62
W2-3
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 275 100 50 50
750 650 62 344 125 62 62
May 2011
A49
W2-4
X Y a b c d z
600 520 25 200 100 75 50
750 650 31 250 125 94 62
W2-5
X Y a b c d z
600 520 25 250 200 50 50
750 650 31 312 250 62 62
W2-5A and W2-6
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 300 150 50 50
750 650 62 375 188 62 62
May 2011
A50
W2-7
X Y a a1 b c d z
600 520 25 125 250 250 60 50
750 650 31 156 312 312 75 62
W2-8
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 120 100 100 50
750 650 62 150 125 125 62
W2-9
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 120 100 100 50
750 650 62 150 125 125 62
May 2011
A51
W2-10
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 120 100 100 50
750 650 62 150 125 125 62
W3-1
X Y a b c d z
600 520 50 120 100 100 50
750 650 62 150 125 125 62
W3-2
X Y a b c d z
600 520 300 250 180 75 50
750 650 375 312 225 94 60
May 2011
A52
W4-1
X Y a b c d z
600 520 200 250 120 75 50
750 650 250 312 150 94 62
W4-2
X Y a b c d z
600 520 190 250 120 75 50
750 650 234 312 150 94 60
W4-3
X Y a b c d z
600 520 190 250 120 75 50
750 650 234 312 150 94 60
May 2011
A53
W4-4
X Y a b c d z
600 520 190 250 120 75 50
750 650 234 312 150 94 60
W5-1
X Y a b c d z
600 520 200 50 50
750 650 250 62 62
W5-2 and W5-3
X Y a b c d z
600 520 350 100 75 50
750 650 438 125 94 62
May 2011
A54
W5-4 and W5-5

X Y a b c d z 600 520 175 150 75 50 750 650 219 188 94 62
W5-8
X Y a b c d z 600 520 250 50 50 750 650 312 62 62
W5-9
X Y a b c d z
600 520 100 50 50
750 650 125 62 62
May 2011
A55
W5-10
X Y b
C1 C2
d z
600 520 200 150 120 50 50
750 650 250 188 150 62 62
W5-11
X Y a b c d z 600 520 100 220 220 50 50 750 650 125 275 275 62 62
W7-2
X Y a b c d z
600 520 125 250 270 60 50
750 650 156 312 338 75 62
May 2011
A56
W7-3
X Y a b c d z
600 520 150 260 220 75 50
750 650 188 325 275 94 62
W7-4
RO R
369
O AA DD
369
45
45
May 2011
A57
W6-1 (B size illustrated)
Black symbol and border on fluorescent yellow green background
W6-2 (B size illustrated)
Black symbol and border on fluorescent yellow green background
May 2011
A58
W6-1P
Black letters and border on fluorescent yellow green background
W6-4
Black letters and border on fluorescent yellow green background
May 2011
A59
W8-1
W8-2
W8-3
Black letters symbol and borders on retro-reflective background
May 2011
A60
W8-4A
W8-5
May 2011
A61
W8-6
W8-7
R 50
W8-8
W8-9
May 2011
A62
W8-10
W8-11A
FOR PUJ S
W8-11B
FOR BUSES
May 2011
A63
W9-1A
Black letters, numerals and border on white retro-reflective background
W9-1B
May 2011
A64
W9-4
100 750 800 100 80 70
70 35
120 CM
60
120 CM
L A NE ENDS MERGE L EFT

35 450 950 600
60 100 70
W9-5
1100 35 70 120 DM 60 120 DM 60 120 DM 70 90 35
S L OW DOWN WEIGH B RIDGE A H EA D

930 80 80 270 950 540 290 70 620
May 2011
A65
G1-1 (Traditional Border)

(2200)
50 150 (1470) 130 220 130 50
150 160 ModE 30
M on u m en t o M a n ila P a t eros
180 250 (570)* 130 825 1170 (715)* 130 250 180
250 110 160
510
220 30 160 ModE
160 ModE 160 105 220 480 105
R 200
50
*200 minimum

1585
155
134
160 ModE
B a t a a n
200 (870) 130 203 180
203
470
155
134
141 17
White retro-reflective letters, chevron and border on standard green retro-reflective background
68
50
220
250
May 2011
A66
G1-3 (Alternative Border)

(1680) 40 130 250 130 (1500) 350
120 180 100 220 100 160 ModE 180
S OU T H S U P ER H WY
120DM
P a sa y
C it y
160 ModE
1060
A la ba n g
750 (1100) (2400) 130 250 130 40
220 100
G1-4
550
120 160 Mod E
1600
550
Qu ez on M a n ila
C it y Iba y o
140 200
520 1200
160 Mod E
160 Mod E
300
120
520
160
830
140
680 2700
660
160
May 2011
A67
G1-5
3440 1140 50 150 478 (1440) 860
P a sa y In t ra m u ros
C it y
160 Mod E
160 Mod E 160
620
1750
P ort
772
160 Mod E 160 Mod E 80 370
A rea
130
170 1120
(1370) 740
320 780
60
(520) (570) 800 170
50
White retro-reflective letters, symbol and border on standard green retro-reflective background
May 2011
A68

1550 R75 40 155 235 160 ModE 155 40 200 (815) 110 420 200 R 75
M a n ila
235
150 120
NOTE: Break sharp point with a 20mm radius

160
White retro-reflective letters, chevron and border on standard green retro-reflective ground
320 160

2570 200 1560 490 320
130 120 80 160 Mod E 80 50 200 (815) 180 130 260 220 160 80 DN
N ORT H DIV ERS ION ROA D

530
M a n ila
240
15
620
White retro-reflective letters, chevron and border on standard green retro-reflective background. Black route name on white retro-reflective panel
May 2011
A69

1790 170 (1020) 160 310 130 40 40 170
160 Mod E
80
160 Mod E
A n g eles B a g u io
170 (830)
7 0 15 6
(440) 130 40
740
170 40
G3-2
120 180 120 160 ModE 120 160 ModE 120
S OU T H S U P E R H WY
120DM
S a n S a n
120
P a blo J ose
1240 1320 2160
10 9 0
140 720
1000
White retro-reflective letters, chevron and border on standard green retro-reflective background. Black route name on white retro-reflective panel
May 2011
A70
G4-1
40 200
120 DN
L EGA S P I C IT Y 16
P A GS A N J A N F A L L S 100 (600) 80 (1644) (350) 80 (130) 80 146 78
40
Black letters and chevron on white retro-reflective background
G4-2
40 200
120 DN
L IP A C IT Y
100 (750) (1104) 80 146 78
40
Black letters and chevron on white retro-reflective background
G4-3
40 200 120 DN 40
P A GS A N J A N F A L L S
P A GS A N J A N F A L L S
100
(1550) (1950)
80
146
78
60
80
White retro-reflective letters and chevron on brown background

160
80 61
May 2011
A71
G5-1
a b a
50
B ON IF A C IO D R
Note: Dimensions a, b, c, d, and e vary according to the street and municipality names. Black letters on white retro-reflective background or white retro-reflective letters on colored background
100 DN 50
200
G5-2B
40 DM 40
CITY
60 DN
OF M A N IL A
90 100 DN 50 60 40 380
B ON IF A CIO DR
1 c
350
d c
50
120
G5-3
50 160 50 Varying length
40 80 CM 40 80 CM 40
KA L A Y A A N A V E GUI L L ERMO A V E
Varying length 50 160 50
280
May 2011
A72
G7-3A
White retro-reflective legends and arrow on blue background
G7-5
1900
85
140
120 DN
90
GREEN H IL L S
240
500
120 DN
85
S H OP P IN G CEN T ER
860
120
100
1340
100 240
120
White retro-reflective letters and arrow on blue background
May 2011
A73
Service Sign Symbols (1)
May 2011
A74
Service Sign Symbols (2)
May 2011
A75
G8-1
150
(1270)
100
203
147
140 120 DM 140 1870
98 203 400
F O R T S A N T I A GO
98
White retro-reflective letters, arrow and border on brown retro-reflective background
G8-2
1200 25 50 110 140 DM 110 100 160 160 140
TA A L LA KE
1050 1660 320 190 50
360
May 2011
A76
G8-3
2140 140 50 140 (1860) 140
N A T ION A L M U S EU M
900
140 DM 100 140 DM 100 140 DM 140
T U R N R I GH T 300
m
50 500 797
(1140) 546 797
500
G8-4
140 50 140 (1620) 140
S CEN IC L OOK OU T
900
140 DM 100 140 DM 100 140 DM 140
300
ON R I GH T
50 500 900 500
May 2011
A77
G9-1
15
G9-2 G9-3
G9-4
G9-5
G9-6
G9-7
May 2011
A78
G10-1
White retro-reflective letters and border on blue retro-reflective background
May 2011
A79
GE1-1
White retro-reflective letters, arrow and border on green retro-reflective background
May 2011
A80
GE2-1A
May 2011
A81
GE2-2
1200 50 710 360 50
250
80
90 100 EM 60 100 EM 100 50 170 80 Mod E 50 80 Mod E 50 80 Mod E 50 40 80 Mod E 150 1050 80 Mod E 120
TOL L CH A RGES
P eso M OT OR CY CL ES C A RS A N D V A N S C A RS OT H ER VEHICLES With Trailer Under 2t 2 t and over
95 240 280 350 690 770 50 Arial
450
80 DN 1500 50 80 DN 90 80 DN
2 0 8 0 10 0 2 0 0 3 0 0
80 230 80
150 80 DN 80 CN 150
80 Mod E
80
May 2011
A82
GE2-3
320 1680 320
260
320 Mod E 240
M a ka t i
1540
460
260
800
720 2320
800
170
R 25 40 460 250 130
720
Detail of Arrow
May 2011
A83
GE3-2
60 290
2720 290 60
2020
260
320 Mod E
A la ba n g
1700
220 240 Mod E 160 240 Mod E
E X IT R IGH T
260 2200
km
LA N E
260
260
GE3-3
2720 60 290 2020 290 60
260
320 Mod E
A la ba n g
1340
260
240 Mod E 260
N E X T
260 2180
E X IT
260
May 2011
A84
GE4-1
4920 400 4120 400
240 640*
140
15
100
400 Mod E 260 400 Mod E 260 320 EM 160 320 EM 340
S a n
F ern a n do
3480
O lon g a po
E X IT R IGH T
300
k m
100
LA N E
2600 160 95
1046
558
2890 2880
GE4-2
May 2011
A85
GE4-3 and GE4-3A
White retro-reflective letters, arrow numerals and border on standard green retro-reflective background
May 2011
A86
GE5-1A
2340 300 600 180 1120 260 100 200 220
600
15
km
240 Mod E 1380
320 120 240 DM
R I GH T L A N E
100 260 1820 260
220
White retro-reflective letters, symbol, numerals and border on blue retro-reflective background
GE5-3
200 240 DM 160 240 DM 140
REST A REA
1600
420
200
410 1300
May 2011
A87
GE5-5
300 600 800 300
260
600 1520 120 240 Mod E
2
680
km
940 2300 680
260
May 2011
A88
GE6-1
2300 760 60 60
240 240 Mod E 150 240 Mod E 150 240 Mod E 240
60
E N D EX P RW A Y 1
180 1500
km
60 840 1950 170
White retro-reflective letters and border on standard green retro-reflective background
GE6-3
900 R 50 24 95
450
EN D
EX PRWA Y
288 70 324 760 288 70
100 EM 60 100 EM 95
White retro-reflective letters and border on standard green retro-reflective background
May 2011
A89
GE7-1
180 50 240
2600 2240 180 50
50
240 EM 150 240 EW 150 240 Mod E 240
TOL L 2
830 610
PLA Z A
1500
A H EA D km
940 1380 830 610 50
GE7-2
2100 450 730 280 50 320 EM 240 320 EM 240 320 EM 240 320 EM 280 450 250 1200 1600 450 250 50 1220 640 450 730
STOP A T TOL L GA T ES
2560
Red retro-reflective letters and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A90
GE8-1
455 700 240 240 Mod E 120 240 Mod E 230 240 Mod E 240 240 240 1390 900 700 50 455
W R ON G W A Y
32
1550 30
GO
B A C K
1820 2300
50
White retro-reflective letters and borders on red retro-reflective background
GE8-2
2600 250 2100 250 50
200 320 Mod E 160 320 Mod E 160 320 Mod E 200 730 450
R E D U C E S P E E D N OW
32
1680
50
1140 1700
730 450
White retro-reflective letters and borders on red retro-reflective background
May 2011
A91
GE8-6
LEFT
Black letters, arrow and border on white retro-reflective background
R 12.5
250 72.5
22.5
97.5
1070
Detail of Arrow
May 2011
A92
GE8-7
2550 245 585 2060 1380 585 60 280 320 EW 245
S L OW V EH ICL ES U S E RIGH T L A N E
60 785 500 980 1550 785 500 3270
240 320 EW 240 320 EW 240
320 EW 240 320 EW 280
May 2011
A93
S1-3
May 2011
A94
S2-1
White letters and border on red retro-reflective background
S2-2
Red letters and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A95
S2-4A (L & R) and S2-4B (L & R)
May 2011
A96
S2-7
May 2011
A97
S2-8A
S2-9
May 2011
A98
S2-10
S2-11
Black letters, chevron and border on white retro-reflective background
May 2011
A99
HM Series Hazard Markers HM 1A and HM 1B (illustrated)
White retro-reflective chevron on black background or red chevron on retro-reflective white background.
HM 2
200
200
White retro-reflective chevrons on black background
May 2011
A100
HM 3
1800
400
150 150
HM 4A
2000
400
200
200
200
HM 4B
1200
400
200
200
200
May 2011
A101
HM 5
HM 6 (L and R)
May 2011
A102
STANDARD ALPHABETS
May 2011
A104
May 2011
A105
May 2011
A106
May 2011
A107
May 2011
A108
May 2011
A109
May 2011
A110
May 2011
A111
May 2011
A112
May 2011
A113
May 2011
A114
May 2011
A115
May 2011
A116
May 2011
A117
May 2011
A118
May 2011
A119
May 2011
A120
May 2011
A121
May 2011
A122
May 2011
A123
May 2011
A124
May 2011
A125
May 2011
A126
May 2011
A127
May 2011
A128
May 2011
A129
May 2011
A130
May 2011
A131
May 2011
A132
May 2011
A133
May 2011
A134
May 2011
A135
May 2011
A136
May 2011
A137
May 2011
A138
May 2011
A139
May 2011
A140
May 2011
A141
May 2011
A142
May 2011
A143
May 2011
A144
May 2011
A145
May 2011
A146
May 2011
A147
May 2011
A148
May 2011
A149
May 2011
A150
May 2011
A151
May 2011
A152
May 2011
A153
May 2011
A154
May 2011
A155
May 2011
A156
May 2011
A157
May 2011
A158
May 2011
A159
May 2011
A160
May 2011
A161
ASIAN HIGHWAY (AH26)
May 2011
A162
INDEX
May 2011
A163
May 2011
A164
May 2011
A165
May 2011
A166
May 2011
A167
May 2011
A168
May 2011
A169
May 2011
A170
May 2011
A171
May 2011
A172
May 2011
A173
May 2011
A174
May 2011
A175
May 2011
A176
8
85 percentile speed, 8, 16, 38, 114, 115, 128
th
H
hazard markers, 5, 101, 102, 111, 132, 133 HM, 4, 101, 102, 103
A
angle parking, 126 arrow, 7, 18, 28, 31, 40, 44, 66, 81, 88, 130 Holding lines, 124
B
Barrier lines, 116, 118 bike lane, 35, 52
K
Keep Intersection Open, 111, 127, 157
L C
center line, 16, 114, 115, 119, 120, 124 Chevron markings, 128 climbing lanes, 120 Continuity Line, 122 crosswalk, 124 curb markings, 109, 129 lane line, 115, 127, 128, 134 Longitudinal lines, 109
M
medium spacing, 6
D
Delineators, 3, 106, 109 Diagonal Markings, 128 Diagrammatic, 66, 67
N
narrow spacing, 6 NO ENTRY, 21, 22 No Loading / Unloading Zones, 121 No Parking, 28, 31, 121, 144 No-Passing Zones, 117
E
edge line, 120, 121
O
overhead signs, 9, 10, 61, 64, 68
F
FLOOD, 49, 55
P
Painted median, 127 parallel parking, 126 Pavement Markings, 1, 13, 107, 108, 110, 124, 137 Pilipino, 7, 17, 23, 28 Pre-cut sheeting, 110
G
G1, 42, 59, 66, 67, 68 G2, 7, 59, 70 G3-1, 59, 72 G3-2, 59, 72 G4, 59, 73, 74 G5, 59, 75, 76 G6, 59, 77 G7, 58, 59, 78 G8, 59, 80 G9, 59, 81 GE1, 83 GE2, 59, 84, 85 GE3, 86 GE4, 87 GE5, 88, 89 GE6, 90, 93 GE7, 91 GE8, 90, 91, 92, 93 Give Way, 16, 17, 44, 99, 109, 123, 124, 130, 147 GIVE WAY, 5, 13, 15, 17, 41, 43, 44, 53, 99 glass beads, 110 Guide Posts, 104, 105
R
R1-1, 15, 41 R1-2, 16, 41, 124 R1-2P, 17 R1-3, 17 R2-1 to R2-7, 18 R2-8, 20 R3-1, 21 R3-10P1, 22, 23 R3-10P2, 22 R3-10P3, 23 R3-13, 23, 56 R3-14, 23 R3-15, 23, 56 R3-16, 24 R3-1P, 21 R3-2 to R3-12, 21 R4-1, 26, 92 R4-12P, 26
May 2011
A177
R4-2, 13, 26, 92 R4-3, 27, 92 R5-1, 28 R5-10, 32, 127 R5-11, 32 R5-2, 28 R5-3, 28 R5-4, 29 R5-4A, 29 R5-4B, 29 R5-4C, 29 R5-5, 29 R5-5A, 29 R5-5B, 29 R5-6, 30 R5-6A, 30 R5-7, 30 R5-8, 31 R5-9A, 31 R5-9B, 31 R5-9C, 31 R6-1, 33 R6-10, 35, 52 R6-2 to R6-6, 33 R6-7, 34 R6-8, 34, 51 R6-9, 35 raised pavement markers, 108, 120, 127, 134, 136 Regulatory signs, 13 Retro-Reflector Raised Pavement Markers, 109 roundabouts, 67, 124, 125 Route Markers, 59, 81
S
S1, 22, 48, 52, 90, 92, 94, 96 S1-4E, 90, 92, 94 S2, 58, 97, 98, 99, 100 sign face, 7, 10, 62, 63 SPILL WAY, 49 Stack, 66, 68 STOP, 5, 13, 15, 16, 31, 41, 43, 44, 53, 91, 97, 98, 124, 130, 146 stop bar, 129, 131 Stop Line, 109, 123
T
Traffic Engineering Center, i Transition Lines, 122 Transverse lines, 111, 123 Transverse Lines, 109 turn line, 126 TWO WAY, 19, 20
W2-3, 42 W2-4, 42 W2-5, 42 W2-6, 42 W2-7, 42 W2-8, 43 W2-9, 43 W3-1, 44 W3-2, 44 W3-3, 44 W4-1, 45 W4-2, 46 W4-3, 46 W4-4, 46 W5-1, 48 W5-10, 50 W5-11, 50 W5-2, 48, 55 W5-3, 48, 55 W5-6, 49 W5-7, 49, 55 W5-8, 49 W5-9, 49, 55 W6-1, 34, 51, 55 W6-2, 35, 52, 55 W6-3, 51, 52 W6-4, 52 W6-5, 52 W7-1, 53, 129 W7-2, 53, 55 W7-3, 53, 55 W7-4, 53 W8-1, 39, 40, 54 W8-10, 55 W8-11A, 56 W8-11B, 56 W8-2, 53, 55 W8-3, 40, 55 W8-4, 40, 55 W8-5, 49, 55 W8-6, 49, 55 W8-7, 55 W8-8, 55 W8-9, 55 W9-1A, 57 W9-1B, 57, 103 W9-2A, 57 W9-2B, 57 W9-3, 57 W9-4, 58, 100 W9-5, 58 warning sign, 36, 37, 38, 41, 45, 52, 54, 55, 58, 94, 96, 97 wide spacing, 6 Width Markers, 103
W
W1-1, 39, 40 W1-2, 40 W1-3, 40 W1-4, 40 W1-5, 40 W1-6, 40 W2-1, 42 W2-10, 43 W2-2, 42 zebra, 12
May 2011
A178

DPWH Road Signs and Pavement Markings May 2011 Complete

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What is the purpose of this manual?

What is the purpose of this manual?

What are the two parts of the DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards Manual?

What are the two parts of the DPWH Highway Safety Design Standards Manual?

FOREWORD

1.8 Uniformity of Location ................................................................................ 8

1.9 Overhead Signs ......................................................................................... 9 1.10 Reflectorization and Illumination ............................................................. 10

2.7 Direction Signs (R2) ................................................................................ 18

2.8 Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs (R3) ....................................................... 21

2.9 Speed Signs (R4) .................................................................................... 25

2.10 Parking Signs (R5) .................................................................................. 27

2.11 Miscellaneous Signs (R6)........................................................................ 31

3.6 Intersection and Junction Signs (W2) ..................................................... 39

3.7 Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device Signs (W3)......................... 42

3.8 Road Width Signs (W4) ........................................................................... 43

3.9 Road Obstacle Signs (W5) ...................................................................... 44

3.10 Pedestrian and School Signs (W6) ......................................................... 48

3.11 Railway Level Crossing Signs (W7) ........................................................ 50

3.12 Supplementary Signs (W8) ..................................................................... 51

3.13 Other Warning Signs (W9) ...................................................................... 53

4.3 Location ................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Supports for Guide Signs ........................................................................ 58

4.5 Advance Direction Signs (G1) ................................................................. 60

4.6 Intersection Direction Signs (G2) ............................................................ 64

4.7 Reassurance Direction Signs (G3-1; G3-2) ............................................ 65

4.9 Street Name Signs (G5) .......................................................................... 67

4.10 Town Names and Geographical Feature Signs (G6) ............................. 69

4.11 Service Signs (G7) .................................................................................. 70

4.14 Asian Highway Route Markers (G10)......75

5.9 Expressway Traffic Instruction and Regulatory Signs (GE8) ................. 89

6.4 Movement Instruction Signs (S2) ............................................................ 93

8.2 Delineators............................................................................................. 105

Part B : Pavement Markings

9.5 Materials ................................................................................................ 112

11.4 Edge Line............................................................................................... 121

PART A: ROAD SIGNS

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

The Scope of the Manual

Authority for Installation

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Reflectorization and Illumination

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Figure 1.1: Lateral Positioning of Road Side Signs

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)

Purpose and Application

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Priority Signs (R1)

Reflectorized white legend and border Reflectorized red background

Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual

Figure 2.1: Installation of STOP Sign

Give Way (R1-2)

Black legend reflectorized red border. Reflectorized white background.