Introduction:

Yarn hairiness denotes the amount of hairs (fibres) protruding above the surface of the textile yarn. Especially, in case of staple spun yarns, since multiple fibres are bound in a single yarn, fibres will tend to protrude outside the body of the yarn even though proper twisting is done for that yarn. Usually Hairiness is denoted in terms of the parameter "Hi", which means "Hairiness Index". It represents the total length of hairs (in cm) measured over the yarn length of 1 cm.

Fig:Yran hairiness) Another way of representing Hairiness is hair Count". It represents the number of hairs counted for a given length of yarn. It varies from 3mm to 10mm. Longer Hairs are problematic compared to shorter hairs. Shorter hairs are essential for yarns to provide comfort for fabrics. In new generation testers, a new parameter called "Hair Severity" is available which represents the severity of longer hairs. This number will indicate the influence of hairs in further processing like weaving and knitting.

Hairiness Testing of Yarns

RING YARN

COMPACT YARN

Measurement of hairiness : Hairiness consists of protruding fibres, looped fibres and loosely wrapped wild fibres. Subjective Methods Yarns can be graded for hairiness by comparison of appearance. Relative levels of hairiness in two yarns can be easily judged by comparison of full bobbins. Wrapping the yarn on a blackboard and comparing them can also be employed for grading hairiness. Uster has developed yarn hairiness grade standard boards. This will assist in grading of yarns. Paired comparisons by a number of unbiased observers can determine statistically significant differences in hairiness through estimation of coefficient of consistency. Microscopic Methods Before instruments were developed, hairiness was measured by viewing the yarn under a microscope. Image of yarn is projected on a screen and number of protruding hairs and loops in a known length are counted. Length of protruding hairs is also measured with the help of micrometer eyepiece scale. From this, total length of hairs per unit length is determined. Photoelectric Method Several instruments are available for measurement of hairiness based on photoelectric method. Shirley-Atlas Hairiness Tester A measuring head consisting of a photocell placed close to the yarn counts the number of interruptions made by the protruding hairs to an LCD beam. The measuring head is infinitely adjustable from 1 to 10 mm from the surface of yarn. This enables measurement of hairiness as per the length of hairs. Nip rollers at 50 to 300 m/min drive yarn by an electronic variable speed drive. Latest version is operated by a PC. Continuous chart of hairiness can also be obtained through a recorder or printer. A portable battery operated model is available for online measurement of hairiness with a standard measuring head of 3 mm. Portable model will enable detection of spindles giving high hairiness. Zweigle Hairiness Tester This also uses a measuring head with a photocell and a laser light source. The instrument measures hairiness of 9 length zones from 1 to 12 or 15 mm fibre length in a single run of the yarn and produces a running chart of hairiness. Faults of a periodic nature can be detected. . The equipment is controlled by a PC, which carries out statistical analysis of the results. There is a facility for checking and matching all the optical channels with the reference value set ex works. Calibration with the yarn that has been checked on a master Hairiness tester is also possible. The above facilities improve reproducibility of results. An automatic bobbin changer up to 24 bobbins is available which makes the instrument fully automatic. Most of the research work on hairiness is based on tests on this instrument. Meiners Dell Hairiness Tester The instrument measures simultaneously hairiness of hair lengths from 1 to 10 mm in steps of 1 mm. A single run of the yarn gives hairiness for all lengths at a selected speed. A portable model is also available which enables online measurement of hairiness. Changling Hairiness Tester This uses a laser light source and a sensitive integrated photocell for measuring number of projecting hairs. Measurements of hair number for lengths from 1 to 9 mm are possible. Apart from estimates of number of hairs, length-wise, another parameter that is commonly used is S3 value, which indicates the number of fibres, which protrude beyond 3 mm length. Uster Tester Uster Evenness Tester has a hairiness attachment. Measuring field consists of homogenous rays of parallel light from an infrared light source. Scattered light from the protruding hairs of yarn, placed in this field, reach an optical sensor, which converts it into an electronic signal. The body of yarn itself is dark as it is not transparent and so does not contribute to the measurement. The protruding fibres are bright and reflected light from these fibres alone contributes to measurement. Hairiness thus measured is an estimate of total length of protruding fibres in a cm length and is termed as Hairiness index. Hairiness index of 4 means

that the total protruding length of hairs in 1 cm length is 4 cm. Uster has been publishing periodically Uster standards for hairiness based on survey of mills worldwide. While this method has the merit that it gives a single index to characterise the hairiness, it has the drawback that it does not provide information on long length and short length hairs separately. Thus two yarns may have the same hairiness index but one may have more long hairs and fewer short hairs than other. Since long hairs are more objectionable than short hairs, information on the level of hairs as per their length will be more useful. Uster tester further gives coefficient of hairiness over measured lengths 1 cm (normal) 10, 100, 300, 1000, 5000 cm or in other words variance length curve of hairiness. Presence of periodicity in hairiness can also be determined by spectrogram of hairiness.

While some studies have shown a good correlation between hairiness by Shirley hairiness tester and Uster tester[3], others have found little association[4]. While Uster hairiness index is based on all hair lengths, S3 is based on hairs 3 mm and longer. So these two measures will correlate well only when number of hairs vs hair length relation is similar. Good correlation exits between Uster hairiness index of compact and normal ring spun yarns spun from a number of cottons. But Zweigle hairiness S3 values of compact and normal ring spun did not show any correlation. This once again confirms that Uster hairiness index and S3 values do not always go hand in hand. Premier Electronic Tester Premier Qualicenter, which is similar to Uster Tester, has an attachment to measure hairiness by hair count as well as Hairiness index method. Speed of testing affects hairiness results[4,5]. Hairiness is found to reduce with test speed in SDL tester[5]. Direction of hairs, air drag and rubbing action against guides affect hairiness results. This could be one of the reasons for the different results obtained on different instruments. Humidity conditions in testing room as also conditioning time of yarn, affect hairiness. ASTM standard D5647-01 (1995) gives a standard method for measuring hairiness with photoelectric instruments. This will be helpful to minimize variations from laboratory to laboratory. Online Measurement Barco Profile Optical Measuring Unit, Uster Quantum Clearer and Loepfe Yarn Spectra and Lab Pack enable online measurement of yarn diameter and hairiness. The unit is fitted on clearer of winding unit and on rotor machine and sets aside packages, which give hairiness beyond a preset limit. Online measurement monitors the entire production and enables identification and prompt correction of defective units, which give high hairiness. Weighing Technique Difference in the mass of yarn before and after singeing[6] is used as a measure of hairiness. Flaw in this method is that a large amount of yarn has to be singed to get an accurate estimate. Moreover singeing does not fully remove fully projecting hairs particularly of shorter length. Factors influencing yarn hairiness : Mode of formation Hairiness is produced at two zones in ring spinning. 1. At the delivery point of front roller. 2. In the ring/traveller junction. A small amount of hairiness is also made at lappet and separator. Selvedge fibres in the strand do not get fully integrated into yarn, as twist does not flow right up

to the nip because of spinning triangle. The effect is more for the trailing portion of fibre, as the tension in the fibre drops to zero, the moment trailing end leaves front roller nip. Trailing portion of majority of selvedge fibres therefore show up as hairs. The leading portion of fibres at the extreme end of selvedge may also project as hair, because of their non-integration into strand. Some of the loosely bound leading as well as trailing portion of fibres will develop into hairs because of abrasion at traveller/ring junction. By dividing the yarn cross-section into 5 concentric zones of equal radial spacing, Wang et al[7] found that the outer most zone formed 36% and outer two zones 64% of the total yarn cross-section. They therefore concluded that trailing hairs come from fibres in the outer two zones and leading hairs come from fibres in outer most zone of yarn. Spinning triangle at front roller nip is however not symmetric because the twist flow is more to the right side than to left side of the strand (in Z twisted yarns). This is because, as shown by Morton[8], front bottom roller does not permit folding under of left side of fringe. Fibres in left selvedge of strand therefore contribute more towards protruding hairs and wild fibres. This is confirmed by the studies of Wang et al[9]. If the distance travelled by a fibre in the left side of spinning triangle could be reduced by some means, hairiness can be reduced. Towards this end, Wang and Cheng[10] spun yarn on the spindle to the left of drafting roller on a woollen ring frame as this should reduce the height of spinning triangle at the left. Contrary to expectations, this resulted in more hairiness than conventional spinning. On the other hand, spinning yarn on a spindle to the right of drafting roller gave less hairiness than conventional and spinning on left side spindle. Yarn Parameters Count and twist have considerable influence on hairiness. Coarser yarns have more hairiness than finer yarns because of higher number of fibres in cross-section in the former. Yarn count has the maximum influence on hairiness. Yarn hairiness chart therefore bears a close correspondence with irregularity chart, with coarser regions having more hairiness than finer portions. Hairiness reduces with increase in twist because of shorter spinning triangle and more effective twisting in of surface fibres into yarn. With firmly bound fibres chances of release due to abrasion at traveller/ring junction is minimized. Hairiness is therefore more in hosiery yarns, which have low twist. Process Parameters Preparatory Pillay [11] found fibre parallelisation reduces on hairiness. Hairiness therefore comes down with increase in number of draw frame passages. With more draw frame passages, fibre orientation is increased and fibre hooks are reduced. As a result fibre extent along the length of strand is increased which is the reason for reduction in hairiness. For the same reason combed yarns have less hairiness than carded yarns. Further with combing, short fibre content is reduced which is another reason why hairiness is reduced. A compact roving by use of front zone floating condenser at speed frame will bring down hairiness, as this will reduce strand width at ring frame. Floating condenser can be used behind front roller at speed frame without any working problems in hanks 1.4 Ne and finer but with coarser hanks from short staple cottons choke up of condenser is encountered. Ring Frame Strand Width Strand width at the front roller nip has the maximum influence on hairiness. Strand width is much wider than final yarn diameter and as a result twist does not flow right up to the nip of front roller. Selvedge fibres do not get fully twisted into yarn. If the strand width is reduced, twist will flow closer to front roller nip and spinning triangle will be smaller and fibres in selvedge will be integrated better into yarn. As will be discussed later, compact spinning was developed based on recognition of this fact. A coarser roving hank and higher ring frame draft will therefore increase hairiness. This is confirmed by studies by Pillay

[11] . Floating condenser behind front roller has been tried to reduce strand width but did not meet with success because of choke up fibres in the condenser. Further, front zone setting has to be increased to accommodate floating condenser and this will increase irregularity. Spindle speed .

Higher spindle speed is generally found to increase hairiness. This is because of the larger balloon at higher speed. With a larger balloon, traveller tilt will be more and this will reduce the space available for yarn passage and there will be chafing and abrasion of yarn. Twist flow at lappet will also be reduced. Moreover yarn will dash against separator with bigger balloon thereby generating hairiness. Doff position Doff position and chase positions have a significant influence on hairiness. When comparing the hairiness of yarns at different doff positions in mills and it was found that hairiness is higher at cop bottom position. This is because of larger balloon found at cop bottom, which increases traveller tilt and causes dashing of yarn against separator. In some cases, an increase in hairiness is found towards the end of doff. Chase position Hairiness is more at the shoulder and reduces progressively towards the nose of the chase as shown in Figure 1. The balloon is bigger at shoulder and traveller tilt is more. Yarn also dashes against separator. Both these factors increase hairiness. The periodic variation in hairiness in the chase, thus caused, is sometimes a source of hairiness. A mill was experiencing high fabric rejections due to weft bar. The weft bar consisted of alternate thick and thin bands with varying amplitude and periodicity. Thick and thin band portions did not show any difference in pick spacing, count, twist or diameter of yarn. But the hairiness of yarn was found to be markedly higher in thick band portion compared to thin band portion. The yarn from thick band is found to be more hairy. As a result, hairs in this portion cover interspaces between yarns and more light gets reflected leading to a denser appearance. Length of yarn in one period of thick and thin band was found to be close the length of yarn in one chase of ring bobbin. The cloth was woven on Sulzer loom where 2 splits were made side by side. Cloth width in each split was close to one half of the length of yarn wound during chase movement of ring rail. As a result, yarn from shoulder regions goes to one split and that from nose goes to the next split. But as the yarn made during one half of chase movement is slightly longer than cloth width in one split, a gradual shift in poisoning of yarns from shoulder to the nose region takes place. Yarns from shoulder and nose regions group together alternately in the fabric leading to formation of thick and thin bands. Traveller Weight, profile and type of cross-section of traveller have critical influence on hairiness. Weight Heavier traveller up to a limit reduces hairiness [12] because of improved flow of twist to front roller nip. As a result pilling of knitted material reduces. Higher tension associated with heavier traveller will also help to firmly twist the surface fibres into yarn.

Profile Elliptical traveller has a low bow size and as a result limited space is available for passage of yarn. Chafing of yarn will therefore be more resulting in increased hairiness. lCl shape traveller has a high bow size, which provides ample space for passage of yarn. Hairiness will be least with this traveller. But as centre of gravity is higher with lCl, it results in unstable flight and traveller fly especially at high speeds. Further traveller profile does not match with profile of anti wedge rings, which leads to unsteady traveller flight and rapid wear. As a compromise, Clip and EM1 and EM2 travellers were developed. While having an elliptical profile these travellers have a higher bow size than elliptical. Hairiness will therefore be lower with these travellers compared to elliptical without compromising on speed. Bow size becomes more critical when rings are

worn out. In one mill hairiness was high on 44s warp yarn, due to worn out condition of rings. The rings were No 1 flange antiwedge and traveller used was HRW clip. As change of ring will take time, and since spindle speeds were not high, lCl type traveller was used in place of clip. A marked reduction of hairiness was found with lCl as will be seen from Figure 2. As lCl type traveller wears out fast, traveller replacement cycle has to be accelerated. Cross-section Round wire or half round wire cross-section will give less hairiness than flat wire. This is because of reduced frictional resistance to yarn movement by the former. Application of lubricant to traveller Application of specially developed lubricant to the traveller has been found helpful in reducing hairiness by 20 - 30%. The reduction is more prominent immediately after application of lubricant and gradually reduces with passage of time. Application of lubricant once in 6 - 9 days is therefore necessary to good full benefits. It is important to ensure while choosing the lubricant that it does not stain the yarn. BTRA has developed lubricants meeting this requirement. Travellers with coatings, such as silver and ceramic coating and chromium plating, are available for reducing traveller wear and for extending traveller-changing frequency. Because of their smooth finish, friction between yarn and traveller is reduced, which brings down hairiness. Usta and Canoglu [12] found that with heavier travellers, silver coating brings down hairiness. Traveller Changing Frequency Hairiness is found to increase over the traveller replacement cycle because of traveller wear. Rate of increase is initially slow but after a point of time becomes rapid as shown in Figure 3. For hosiery, sewing threads and p/c blends, where low hairiness is desired, traveller replacement frequency has to be kept low. Hairiness increases with traveller wear because of unstable traveller flight and flutter which accompanies it.

New Traveller Design Newer Ring and traveller designs like Spicon of BRT and Orbit by Rieter have been developed to reduce traveller wear. With such designs the traveller in its running position lies in a plane close to resultant of all forces acting on it and as a result traveller tilt is minimum. As a result hairiness is lower with such ring/traveller combinations. Moreover round wire cross-section could be used without compromise on speeds. Ring Flange No, type and wear influence hairiness considerably. Flange No Higher flange number gives more space for passage of yarn and will reduce hairiness. But traveller wear will be more and higher speeds cannot be achieved in finer counts. Normally No 2 flange should be used up to 20s count and No 1 flange should be used for counts 30s and above. For bringing down hairiness No 2 flange may be used in counts of border range. Wear and tear Worn out ring is a major cause of hairiness and variation in hairiness in mills[13]. When wear is pronounced, the bobbins are highly hairy and exhibit whisker like defects. Rings were not changed for 9 years in a mill and were extremely worn out. Upon replacing the rings a substantial reduction of hairiness is seen [14] When rings are more than 3 years old, hairiness starts increasing. Replacement of rings will bring significant reduction in hairiness. Yarns spun on pilot plant ring frame give lower hairiness and higher strength than those on millls ring frame though same roving bobbins were used as feed material. This is because rings in pilot plant ring frame are worn out to a lesser extent than mills ring frame because of less running. Lappet Abrasion against lappet is a source of hairiness. This gets aggravated when lappet is grooved or is worn out. Some manufacturers have come out with glass finish lappet, which minimizes friction and thereby reduces hairiness. Height of lappet above the ring bobbin has to be optimised to reduce not only end breaks but also hairiness. If lappet to bobbin tip distance is high, balloon will be longer. This will reduce twist flow and also increase area of contact between yarn and lappet. As a result hairiness will be higher. Controlled studies have shown a lower hairiness with reduction in lappet height. Care should however be taken to ensure that yarn does not touch bobbin tip while lowering lappet height. Disturbed Spindle Centering Disturbed spindle centering is one of the major causes for the spindle-to-spindle variation in hairiness. On spindles where cantering is disturbed, hairiness is found to be higher and upon accurate centering hairiness comes down significantly. When spindle is not centered traveller movement is not smooth because of peak tensions in yarn. Traveller tilts and flutters also increases leading to higher hairiness. Separator Plastic separator will increase hairiness because of static generation. Disturbed, slanting and bent separators generate hairiness because of excessive dashing of balloon on separator. Spindle and bobbin vibrations. Vibration of spindle arises because of worn out spindle tip and bearing. Bobbin vibrations arise not only from spindle vibration but also from eccentricity in bobbin and improper fit. When bobbin vibrates hairiness increases because of uneven traveller flight. Plastic Bobbin Plastic bobbins generally give more hairiness than wooden bobbins especially with polyester blend yarns. This is because of static generation. Relative Humidity Recommended humidity in ring frame department is 55 - 60%. At higher humidity levels, fibres tend to stick to drafting rollers resulting in protruding hairs and loops. At low humidity levels

static generation causes repulsion of fibres, particularly with p/v and p/c blends, leading to more hairiness. Winding Hairiness increases in winding [15] . This is because of abrasion of yarn against tension disc, guide eyes, balloon breakers and winding drum. Extent of increase varies from 50 to 150%. Extent of increase in hairiness increases with winding speed. Lang et al [14,15] showed, through a theoretical analysis, that hairiness increase takes place mainly at tension discs because of frictional resistance offered by disc surface to projecting hairs. As the yarn moves forward, these fibres get pulled out of yarn. Loosely bound surface fibres may also become projecting hairs because of rubbing action. The authors used a parameter K and a critical length to estimate the effect of winding on hairiness increase. Friction coefficient between yarn and friction disc has the maximum influence on K. Increase in initial tension of yarn will reduce generation of hairiness. A very interesting finding of practical significance is that initial level of hairiness in ring yarn has considerable influence on the extent of increase in hairiness in winding .Ring bobbins judged to be more hairy and less hairy were selected from a ring frame in a mill spinning 60s. The yarns were separately wound on Autoconer. Short length hairs increase by 4 - 4.5 times with winding with lLess hairyl yarns. But with lMore hairyl yarns, short length hairs do not increase with winding. Long length hairs however show an increase with winding with both lLess hairyl and lMore hairyl bobbins. Longer hairs being on the surface of yarn are more likely to come in contact with tension disc and so get pulled out because of frictional resistance[17]. This is the reason why they increase with both type of yarns. With lMore hairy yarnsl the surface of yarn body and short length hairs are well buried under long length hairs and therefore do not come into contact with the tension disc. There is therefore no generation of short length hairs at tension disc and short length hairs therefore do not show an increase with winding with such yarns. Moreover, with lHairyl yarns, most of the fibres whose ends are loosely anchored on the surface have already developed into hairs in ring frame itself because of abrasion at traveller/ring junction. Therefore there are fewer such fibres that can develop into hairs during winding. This is not the case with lLess hairyl yarns as there are many loosely anchored fibres in the yarns. The work of Dash et al[18] supports this winding. The authors found that hairiness increase in winding is more in compact yarns (which have low hairiness) than normal yarns. Relationship between Mass and Hairiness A yarn with disturbing mass variations need not necessarily have a hairy surface structure. Similarly, the wavelength of periodic faults may also be different for mass and hairiness. In this case while the periodic variation of hairiness is caused by tension variations in the yarn, the periodic mass variation is caused by the shortening and lengthening of yarn due to variation in yarn twist. Both the effects, however, are a result of the upward/downward movement of the ring rail. The above examples clearly indicate that a lCompletel analysis of the yarn quality can be much facilitated by a simultaneous analysis of the test results of mass and hairiness variations. Influence of Hairiness on Subsequent Processing Fabric Appearance Yarns with varying hairiness values, when woven into a fabric, could cause stripiness which is generally clearly visible in the case of dyed fabrics. The reason for this is that the protruding fibres take up more dye and consequently look darker.

Pilling Tendency A fabric woven with yarns having severe hairiness has a greater pilling tendency than a fabric woven with less hairy yarn. Processing Problems Since a yarn is required to pass through a variety of narrow machinery components in the subsequent processing stages like heald wires, knitting needles, weft insertion devices, etc, a greater number of protruding fibres in the yarn naturally means processing problems such as jamming of warp and weft threads in modern high speed weaving machinery. Summary The awareness has been rapidly increasing among textile mills to estimate and control the hairiness levels within acceptable limits. This has particularly been necessitated by a steady increase in the production speeds of spinning and winding machinery, which tend to abrade the surface of the yarn resulting in higher hairiness. It is worth mentioning here that an increase in hairiness is not always a negative feature, a certain amount of hairiness being necessary for obtaining a good cover of the woven or knitted fabric, but a high level of hairiness variation is certainly undesirable. Periodic variation in hairiness has been traced to be a cause for alternate thin and thick bands in fabrics: 1. It affects performance of yarn in subsequent stages. Adjoining warp threads cling together in the loom shed because of long hairs in yarn, which in turn resist separation of sheet during shedding. This leads to more warp breaks and fabric defects like stitches and floats. 2. Excessive lint droppings in sizing, loom shed and during knitting are encountered with hairy yarns because of shedding of hairs and broken hairs. 3. In printed goods, prints will be hazy and lack sharpness if yarn is hairy. 4. In sewing breakages will be high with hairy yarns and removal of hairiness by singeing is invariably practiced. 5. Pilling tendency will be more with higher hairiness. Pilling is a major problem with knitted and polyester blend fabrics. 6. Increases air drag on rotating packages and balloon. With the availability of yarn hairiness characteristics in different forms such as the diagram, spectrogram, etc, in the Uster Tester 4 installation, similar to mass variation characteristics, the hairiness variations, their periodicities, etc, can be effectively analysed. Important is the fact that the introduction of yarn hairiness can be traced to machine sources and consequently corrective measures may be introduced.

References
IntroductionFig-http://www.gleek.net/gallery//main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=12613&g2_serialNumber=2 Descripton-. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_yarn_hairiness Hairiness testing of yarn-www.cottonyarnmarket.net/OASMTP/YARN%20HAIRINESS.pdf Measurement of hairiness, Factors influencing yarn hairiness, Summary : 1. K P R Pillay: A Study of Yarn Hairiness in Cotton Yarns: Part I, Effect of Fibre and Yarn Factors, Textile Research J, 1964, 34, pp 663. 2. T Jedriyka: Textile Research J, 1963, 33, pp 663. 3. V K Kothari, S M Ishtiaque, and V G Ogale: Hairiness Properties of Polyester-Cotton Blended Fabrics, Indian J of Fibre and Textile Research, 2004, 29, pp 30. 4. G K Tyagi: Hairiness of Viscose OE Rotor Spun Yarns in Relation to Test Speed and Process Parameters, Indian J of Fibre and Textile Research, 2004, 29, pp 35. 5. X Wang and L Chang: An Experimental Study on Effect of Test Speed on Yarn Hairiness, Textile Research J, 1999, 69, pp 25. 6. H R Boswell and P P Townend: J Textile Institute, 1957, 48, T135. 7. X Wang, L Cheng and B McGregor: The Hairiness of Worsted Wool and Cashmere Yarns and the Impact of Fibre Curvature on Hairiness, Textile Research J, 2006, 76, pp 281. 8. W E Morton: The Arrangement of Fibres in Single Yarns, Textile Research J, 1956, 26, pp 325. 9. X Wang, W Huang, and X Huang: A Study on the Formation of Yarn Hairiness, J, Textile Institute, 1999, 90, Part 1, 11/28/2010 Yarn hairiness: Measurement, effect & co C://Yarn hairiness Measurement, effect 8/10 9. X Wang, W Huang, and X Huang: A Study on the Formation of Yarn Hairiness, J, Textile Institute, 1999, 90, Part 1, No: 4, pp 555. 10. X Wang and L Chang: Reducing Yarn Hairiness with a Modified Path in Worsted Spinning, Textile Research J, 2003, 73, pp 327. 11. K P R Pillay: A Study of Yarn Hairiness in Cotton Yarns - Part II, Effect of Processing Factors, Textile Research J, 1964, 34, pp 783. 12. F Usta and S Canoglu: Influence of Traveller Weight and Coating on Hairiness of Acrylic Yarns, Fibres & Textiles of Eastern Europe, 2002 Oct/Dec, pp 20. 13. N Balasubramanian, G K Trivedi and B N Bhanot: Replace Wornout Rings to get Better Yarn Quality, BTRA Scan,1975, 6, pp 6. 14. J Lang, S Zhu, and N Pan: Change of Yarn Hairiness During Winding Process - Analysis of Protruding Ends, Textile Research J, 2006, 76, pp 71. 15. J Lang, S Zhu, and N Pan: Change of Yarn Hairiness During Winding Process - Analysis of Trailing End, Textile Research J, 2004, 74, pp 905. 16. J R Dash, S M Ishtiaque and R Alaguruswamy: Indian J, Fibre and Textile Research, 2002, 27, pp 362. 17. N Balasubramanian: ITJ - Hairiness of Yarns,1998 ,10, pp 52. 18. P Artz: ITB - Yarn and Fabric Forming, 1997, No: 2, pp 41. Note: For detailed version of this article please refer the print version of The Indian Textile Journal February 2009 issue. Rakesh S Chauhan.