Summarizing and Paraphrasing

Tips

Uses

W O R D
Significance
Writing

Process

S O R T

summary is a shortened version of a passage written so that it contains only what is in the original version.

The

writer of the summary or precis should not include any of his own ideas or comments on what has been written. He merely selects the main facts from the passage given and sets them out in correct prose.

Summarizing is how we take larger selections of text and reduce them to their bare essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering.
Webster's calls a summary the "general idea in brief form"; it's the distillation, condensation, or reduction of a larger work into its primary notions.

The ability to summarize is not just a writing skill but also an indication of ones ability to

analyze and synthesize.

We strip away the extra verbiage and extraneous examples. We focus on the heart of the matter. We try to find the key words and phrases that, when uttered later, still manage to capture the gist of what we've read. We are trying to capture the main ideas and the crucial details necessary for supporting them.

When You are Ask to Summarize, What Usually Happens?

you write down everything you write down next to nothing you give me complete sentences you write way too much you don't write enough you copy word for

But you were expected to do the following: pull out main ideas focus on key details use key words and phrases break down the larger ideas write only enough to convey the gist take succinct but

1. Read the entire article carefully at least twice before you start writing the summary. 2. The summary should be written from the authors point of view, not from your own. 3. Write only the main points and essential ideas. 4. Your summary should be the reduced form of the original material, in logical and reasonable proportion.

5. The main points of an essay should be written in not more than one brief paragraph. 6. The summary should be a miniature of the original composition. A good interpretation and not a literal reproduction or a copy or bits piece of the material should be the result of your precis writing. 7. Write the summary using you own words not the authors. Avoid paraphrasing. 8. Personal comments or opinions about the author or his work should be written separately.

Write something about webpage, use the information you have given on your first activity.

Journalism

The Power of Dancing

Rephras Paraphra se e
repeat what is said
Said through your own interpretatio n

rephrasing the words of an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words. A paraphrase can be viewed as a translation of the original source. When you paraphrase, you rework the sources ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Paraphrased text is often, but not always, slightly shorter than the original work. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited the on the Works-Cited page.

 it

is something we do if we have to explain anything to other people in a way that they will find more readily understandable. It means transforming or changing some of the features of a piece of writing so that it becomes suitable for different context, or fulfills a different purpose within the same context.

1. Paraphrase the right word, or phrases, in the right sense. 2. The paraphrase should be easier to read and understand than the original passage. 3. Always see to it that the paraphrase is neither overbroad or over narrow for the purpose at hand. 4. Possible integration of the paragraph into the context under study should be shown.

 change

the structure of the paragraph change the words.

It is not enough to do just one of these, you need to change the structure and the words. You must do this to avoid plagiarism.

 Plagiarism

is when you copy directly from someone else's work without acknowledging (citing) the original author. In other words you take credit for someone else's work. In academic writing, this is the same as cheating on an exam.

Write down the main ideas & concepts Read the paragraph and write down the main points or words. Do not copy down entire sentences. Put the original away Put the paragraph / book away and using the main points, write your paraphrase from memory. This means that you are not copying the text word for word. Check your version against the original To avoid accidental plagiarism, check what you have written against the original text. You should check that they are not the same as well to see if you have left anything out.

Read the sentence to be paraphrased a number of times Read the sentence / paragraph you want to paraphrase a number of times to get the meaning of the text. Once you understand it, write out the sentence in your own words. If you do not fully understand the text, do not attempt to paraphrase it, as you will just copy it. Circle the specialized words Circle the specialized words, ie the words that the text is actually about. These will need to be included in your paraphrase, as without these words, the meaning of the paraphrase will change completely. Underline keywords that can be changed Underline the keywords that can be changed. You now have a starting point to construct your paraphrase. Find alternative words for the keywords Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to help if need be.

To paraphrase and summarize successfully, and to avoid (unintentional) plagiarism at the same time, keep these principles in mind as you read and record notes.

When reading source material, first read. Just read. Read to understand the passage as a whole, rather than skimming and "cherry-picking" the occasional idea or phrase that seems relevant. Read with your thesis or research question in mind, so that you can better incorporate the general idea of the source into your project.

After you have a clear understanding of the source, now summarize that source in your own words. Remember that you are taking notes, not copying down quotations. Remember that your research project is a product of your own thinking, not a patchwork of quotes and borrowed ideas. Remember to record full bibliographic information (including page numbers) in your notes.

Take notes judiciously so that you record only ideas that are relevant to your focus on the topic. Paraphrase in your notes; this helps you learn and master the material as you research the topic. Limit the number of direct quotes you record in your notes, being careful to mark direct quotes clearly if you do record them.
Direct quotes are generally acceptable only when the source's ideas are memorably phrased or surprisingly expressed, or when the original source has an error that you will discuss in your paper, or when you are citing examples from the original that you wish to discuss at length in your essay or

 Money

lent to a friend can be recovered from an enemy.

Every

Beaten

paths are for beaten

Analyze this short poem very well. Then Paraphrase or express in your own words the meaning this poem wants to convey.

TWO VOLUME NOVEL

The worlds askew, and life is a rack; for I loved two, and both loved me back.

The information you wish to get from books is not only presented in related sentences but also in graphic forms like maps, charts, and tables.
These are pictures that give information, show comparison and contrast, and indicate how things change over a period of time. What these graphic materials can do is either to summarize or to supplement what have been presented in the book.

Read the titles and subtitles. They will often tell you the purpose of the graphic material and the clue to its main idea. Read the key, the legend, and the scale of miles whenever any of these is present. (these ordinarily appear in maps)

Read the information shown along the side and the bottom of graphs and charts and tables, if any. This will help you understand what quantities or qualities are being presented or what comparisons are being made.

Determine your purpose for reading the map, chart, table, or graph.
Read for your purpose.

Graph

-a graph is a special reference material that uses dots and lines to show a system of relationships between things. - it presents a visual organization of materials for easy comparison.

 Pie

or circle graph This is s graph that shows how a whole is divided into different parts. The way the division is illustrated in the graph allows an easy comparison of the parts of the whole.

 Line

Graph This shows development or progress of a trend over a period of time. The lines going vertically and horizontally along the edges of graphs are called axes.

 Bar

Graph This graph is good for showing comparative figures and relationships. It is also used to contrast variousd events at a particular time.

Pictograph

This is a graph that uses sketches of figures to represent the concept under discussion.

Tables, Charts, Diagrams

and

concise way of organizing data for comparative purposes is through the use of charts, tables and diagrams.

Tables and Charts are often considered synonymous. They may be single-column, multicolumn (vertical or horizontal) charts.

IPA

PCLS

Webster

KEYWORDS Sergeant, laugh, heart, dart, pot Gauge, weigh, mate, bait, say Caesar, people, scene, key, eat Though, grow, low, oh, soul Through, canoe, sue, mood, grew

1. a 2. eI 3. i

a ey iy

4. o
5. u

oh
uw

oo

Diagram, on the other hand, is used to show the parts of a thing or the stages of a process.