Blood Type Test Experiment

Blood Type Test Experiment
Compiled By : Ahmad Mutafakir Alam Andhika Aji Dini Maysaroh Ines Caesar D. Shelby Amrus
Blood Type Test Experiment

I. II. III. Practicum s Title y Blood Type Test Experiment Date of Practicum y November 8th, 2011 Goal y To learn how to identify the ABO blood type and master the principle of ABO blood type test. y To observe aggregating and percipitating of the red blood cells. Basic Theory A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence ofinherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins,carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes) and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 30 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type different from their own, and the mother can formantibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe. Blood group systems A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. Across the 30 blood groups, over 600 different blood-group antigens have been found, but many of these are very rare, some being found mainly in certain ethnic groups. Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, orautoimmune disease. Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone-marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias andlymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's type. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome. Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen.] The Duffy antigen,
IV.
presumably as a result ofnatural selection, is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria. ABO blood group system
ABO blood group system: diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group The ABO system is the most important blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually Immunoglobulin M, abbreviated IgM, antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses. The O in ABO is often called 0 (zero, or null) in other languages.
Phenotype
Genotype
AA or AO
BB or BO
AB
AB
O Rh blood group system
OO
The Rh system is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen,
because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs.] Rh disease can develop in these cases. Rh negative blood types are much less in proportion of Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in White (15%). In the table below, the presence or absence of the Rh antigens is signified by the + or - sign, so that for example the A- group does not have any of the Rh antigens.
V.
Material and Equipment 1. Blood lancet (piercer)
2. Glass rod (Microscope Slide)
3. Disinfection cotton
4. Alcohol
5. A set of antiserum
6. Toothpick
VI.
Steps of Work y y y y Prepare tools and materials to be used. Then do the first stage of cleaning fingertip with cotton that has been given a 70% alcohol to clean fingertips and sterile it. The second stage, take a few drops of your blood by thrus the sterile awl to your fingertips. And then drop on glass preparations which have been prepared on paper or white opaque in order to see more easily and find out whether there is a clotting of the blood or not. After that, drop anti-A blood fluid in your blood drops on the first and anti-B blooddrops of fluid in your blood drops on the second. Next, stir the drops of blood that has been mixed anti-blood fluids A and B by using a toothpick in each droplet of blood. And finally, give the label on your first blood drop by blood drop both A and B. Witha view to knowing your blood type which classified.
y y y
VII.
Experiment s Result No. Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ines Dina Yuli Akmal Tika Riri Dias Dini Anin
Anti-A serum + + + -
Anti-B serum + + + -
Alkali + + + + -
Blood type O A B B O A AB O O
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Hashfi Bintang Asti Faishal Rizky Adi Harimas Isna Tiwi Andhika Hafri Pandu Vicky Lendy Cheisa Shebly Hendra Fitri Yuke Acid Dea Kiran Hasan Alam Nadia
+ + + + -
+ + + + + + + + -
+ + + + + + + + + + -
B A O O O B O O O O O B O O AB B O O A B B B A O
Pencentage of blood type A : X 100 % = 12,12 % Pencentage of blood type B : X 100 % = 27,27 % Pencentage of blood type AB : X 100 % = 6,06 % Pencentage of blood type O : X 100 % = 51,51 % Name Father s blood type Mother s blood type Blood type
VIII.
Conclusion
The ABO test shows that people have one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. If your red blood cells have: y The A antigen, you have type A blood. The liquid portion of your blood (plasma) has antibodies that fight against type B blood. In the United States, about 40% of the white population, 27% of African Americans, 28% of Asians, and 16% of Native Americans are type A. The B antigen, you have type B blood. Your plasma has antibodies that fight against type A blood. In the U.S., about 11% of the white population, 20% of African Americans, 27% of Asians, and 4% of Native Americans are type B. Neither the A nor B antigen, you have type O blood. Your plasma has antibodies that fight against both type A and type B blood. In the U.S., about 45% of the white population, 49% of African Americans, 40% of Asians, and 79% of Native Americans are type O. Both the A and B antigens, you have type AB blood. Your plasma does not have antibodies against type A or type B blood. In the U.S., about 4% of the white population, 4% of African Americans, 5% of Asians, and less than 1% of Native Americans are type AB.

Blood Type Test Experiment

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Blood Type Test Experiment

Blood Type Test Experiment

O Rh blood group system

Material and Equipment 1. Blood lancet (piercer)

2. Glass rod (Microscope Slide)

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