::::::::: :+: :+: +:+ +:+ +#++:++#+ +#+ +#+ #+# #+# #########

:::::::: :+: :+: +:+ +#++:++#++ +#+ #+# #+# ########

::::::::: :+: :+: +:+ +:+ +#++:++#: +#+ +#+ #+# #+# ### ###

:::::::::: :+: +:+ :#::+::# +#+ #+# ###

http://blac sun.box.s ____________________ __________________________I Topic: I_______________________ \ I Pascal programming I / \ E-mail: I for newbies I Written by: / > I I < /devil_panther@hotmail.com I____________________I devil panther \ /___________________________> <__________________________\

Introduction. 1) The 1.1) 1.2) 1.3) 1.4) 1.5) 1.6) 1.7) 1.8) 1.9) Basics. Basic constraction of the program. Variables and Definition types. Basic commands. Div and Mod. If...Else. Case. Consts. Random numbers. GoToXY.

2) Loops. 2.1) For...to...do. 2.2) While...do. 2.3) Repeat...until. 3) Arrays. 3.1) Array's definition. 3.2) Using Arrays. 3.3) Using Arrays and Loops. 4) Strings. 4.1) What the hec Strings are?! 4.2) String definition. 4.2) Using basic String. 5) Procedures and Functions. 5.1) What the hec a Procedure is?! 5.2) Writing a Procedure. 5.3) Parameters' rules. 5.4) Writing a Procedure with Parameters passing. 5.5) Return Parameters in Procedure. 5.6) What the hec is a Function?! 5.7) Writing a Function, and returns it's value. +

5.8) The problem with Procedures/Functions, and the solution. 6) Uses... 6.1) What is a Uses file?! 6.2) Uses Crt. 6.3) Writing your own Uses File. **) Final Words. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= *) Introduction: ***************** Hello people, I'm the Devil Panther, and I'll teach you newbie programmers out t here, the most simple language of the huge(well, it's not that huge...) programming world, and all you need is a brain, so run to ma e an x-ray to chec if your brain is inside your head and not on the floor when it spilled out from you ear, so if you see some thing red on the floor, and it's hard to thing, get the idea, IT'S YOUR BRAIN DOWN THERE and stop reading!!! :) This tutorial is only to ma e you understand the basics of the Pascal language, and a little of the advanced part programming li e the use of your own written functions in a better way. At the end of the tutorail you will find the best example ever, for a good Pasca l program. It's an old Card game I wrote once. It's not perfect but you can ma e it perfect ! I thin you now this old cards game, called Blac Jac (21)... The game have bu gs, li e cards repeat them self, it's YOUR job to fix it! REMEMBER: I made those bugs at the pr ogram on purpose and I use too many variables also on purpose, so it's your DRILL/JOB to fix the bugs and minimize the use of the variables in the game!!! To me, fixing this the game is li e 1 2 3... but to you, lets just say that you'll spend a lot of your spare time to fix the game by ma ing the code more effective, but it'll payoff in the end, believe me, it always does. And Remember this as well, "I didn't write this tutorial for myself, I wrote it for you" ;) Just One Small Thing before you start, the text inside the { } at the middle of the code are 'Line Notes', it's explains to you the meaning of the command, and what it's doe s. P.S: You can get a free Turbo Pascal compiler at the next URL: http://www.geocities.com/dp_site/Archive2/pascal.zip Or try and loo at the: www.borland.com web-site, you decide! NOW go, go my children(actually, you were my childer I would shoot you and then shoot myself!) and learn the most simple programming language there is to learn, almos t the most

simple!!! NOTE: When I'm tal ing about a Command, I'm actually mean: Function or a re... But, by calling those functions/procedure: commands, will ma e it easier to understand. It's for your own good!!! :) Because you don't now what ion is, or what a procedure is and what it's good for and all this crap, but don't worry about it, you will bout it in this tutorial. Procedu for you a funct learn a

NOTE: Turbo Pascal's compiler isn't sensitive for caps (you now, the small char s, and the big big chars), for example: you can write: "writeln", or "WRITELN", or even "WriTEL n" it's all the same to the Dos compilers, because Dos isn't sensitive for caps, and it's a Dos based compiler, even if you run it in Windows OS, but if you'll use a Windows based Pa scal compiler (li e Dev Pascal, by BloodShed), but if you still would li e Windows based compi ler, then go to: www.bloodshed.net and download a Windows based Pascal Based. Just ta e that in mind. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 1) The Basics. 1.1) Basic constraction of the program: ******************************************* First thing you need to now, is that every pascal program must have a name, what do i mean... Every program will start with: program the_name; the name can't start with a number or any special signs, but you can use the num ers in the middle, but no the signs. you can't put a space in the middle of the name only _ , and every command in pascal must end with ; and so as: program abc; Loo at the next basic s eleton of a pascal program: program program_struction; var { here will come the global variables, we will get to it later! } begin { the Main begin without ; at the end } { you write your code here } end. { end of the program! the end of the program must be with a full stop at the end } Simple isn't it!? :) 1.2) Variables and Definition types: ************************************** Remember the VAR part in the s eleton, now we will tal about it. But first a varible is a TAG, which let you to eep info inside it... li e a num ber or a letter. Let say we need a varuble that can eep a number in it, what do we do, how do we write it!? First you need to as your self what ind of num do you need in the program...re al number (3.26), or a integer number (3)... loo : program var_example; VAR a, c, e: integer;

b, d, f: real; ch: char; { you can choose any name you li e for the varibles, but not in the name of th e functions and commands } begin { Main Begin } ... end. { Main End } And in the Math section, the only sign which is different is: / and the + , - , * are the same! You see: in "REAL" type variable you can use / , but in the integer you can use only 'div' ! Because the integer type variable can include inside it only an integer number, so the 'div' action will do the / but the variable which will get the the action's result ( if it's an integer), will get only the number before the dot (.) ! So in conclusion: the integer type can't get into it a REAL type number or a var iable!!! But a REAL type variable can get into it an integer type number or an integer ty pe variable! The threes type was "CHAR", this means that the variable "ch" will get only lett ers and special signs! ( Every Char owns a special number, an ASCII char number form 1 to 255 (256), yo u can get the full list of all the ASCII code easaly at the next URL: http://members.tripod.com/~plangford/index.html You can transfer this char into it's ascii code, and bac the next way: 1. If you want to get the "letter", and you got the number of this letter (the number is the ascii code), you will do the next: ch:=chr(97); { "ch" must be "CHAR" type variable. } { the ascii code 97 is the char 'a' } { You can also put an integer variable in the "CHR( )" instead of the number but the variable MUST be an integer type!!! } 2. To get the number of the specific char (letter) you can do the next: a:=ord('b'); { The "a" 'can' be 'REAL', it won't be a mista e. But it's a b ad programming thin ing, you see a real programmer MUST own a special LOGIC to program right! } { You can use instead of 'b' in the ( ), a "CHAT" type variabl e! } { the ascii code of 'b' is 98, so after this command the value of "a" will be: 98 , simple, isn't it?!! }

1.3) Basic commands: ************************ 1.3.1) Let us start from the most simple one: write('Devil Panther is cool!'); What will it do, you as ?! It will print the line in the ' ' on the screen. But what will happen if you will do the next: program printing_example; begin { main begin, and as you can see we didn't put 'var', before the begin, because we didn't

There is a Boolean type too, but you don't need it for exist, in Pascal!

now, a lot type more are

need any variables for this example } write('DP '); write('is cool'); end. { main end } It will print: DP is cool What will you do if you want the program to get one line down after the DP ? program printing_exampe2; begin { the main begin } writeln('DP'); { when you use writeln it will get one line down after he prin ted the line } write('is cool'); { but here it will stay at the same line after he printed! } end. { the main end } You can also print varibles on the screen as well: program printing_example3; var a: integer; { the declaration of the variable 'a', as integer } begin { the main begin } a:= 5; { it will place 5 into the variable 'a', this is the way to place valu e into a varible } { the value must much the type of the variable, li e the number 5 you may only enter into an integer or a real type variable, you can't do it with a char type variable!!! } { when you put := after a variable, this means that the value you'll write after the := will enter into the variable and stay there, until you'll place int o it some other value, or the program will end } writeln('the number is A is: ',a,' got it?'); end. { the main end } 1.3.2) The Readln command is made so the user of the program could ma e an input to a v ariable! loo : readln(a); { this will ma e an input in to the variable 'a', this means, that t he user need to type/enter a value, when the program will get to the 'readln' command } 1.4) Div and Mod: ****************** Let say we got a variable with a number inside it, let say 34: program div_mod_example; var a, c: integer; { declaration of variables, from an integer type } begin { the main begin } a:=34; { and now we will do the next: } c:=a div 10; a:=a mod 10; end. { the main end } You probebly thin : "What the hell is that???". Well, the first command will dev it by 10. 34 / 10 = 3.4 , right?!

So in the first command "c" will get the left part, which is before the dot. And in the second command "a" will get the right part, which is after the dot. The variable 'c' has now the value of 3, and, the variable 'a' has now the value of 4. We didn't use "a" first, because we still needed it in it's full size (34). You see, you need a logical thin ing for programming, not just learning commands and use them, you need to now how to use them in a right way, because without that you stuc ! 1.5) If...Else: ************ Sometimes you need to chec the variables, and comparing them you a value, or to another variable. So, how do you do it, you as . Simple, there is a simple chec with 'if'. For example, let say ... a:=56; { and } d:=45; ... Let say you want to chec if they're equal... if (a=d) then { the condition, will come in the ( ) and after that will come: than } Now, if you will use only one command after the if just write it down under the if chec ! But if you got more than one... then you must put BEGIN under the if chec , to w rite down your code that you wish the program to do if the condition is right (activated), after you wrote you code you must put END; (NOT with a full stop(.)!!! But with ;) You can also chec if (a>d) then { this will chec if "a" is bigger than "d", if it's it will acti vate the code under the 'if' } You can chec if "a" is Bigger than "d", or equal! if (a>=d) then You can do the same thing with "<" and "<=". You can as well chec if the values aren't equal: "<>". This will come alone wit hout any ">" or "<". O , that was one condition "if"... Now the multi condition "if": Let say: a:=45; d:=32; if ((a>d)and(77-d=a)) then ... What we did here is: "a" getting the value of 45, and "d" will get 32. The "if" will chec if the value in "a" is bigger than the value in "d", AND 77-(the value of "d")=(the value of "a", meaning 45) . In this case the if will be right!

The AND in the middle of the "if" mean that the condition in the first ( ) and t he second ( ) must be right too!!! There can be an OR instead of AND... if ((a>d)or(77-d=a)) then The be And ill OR means that you need that only one condition to be right, so the "if" will activated! in the AND you need that both of the conditions to be correct, so the "if" w be activated!

What we did for now was a SIMPLE "if". Now will come not the hard part of the "i f", but not as simples as the "if" we did before, no we'll add an ELSE to the "if". The idea of the "ELSE" is: When the condition of the if won't activated, the pro gram will continue to the else part, but if the "if" is activated, the programs will jump over the "ELSE" part, and continue the program li e nothing happen! The tric of the "ELSE" is: that the sign ; will never come before the "ELSE". .. Loo : if (2=9) then writeln('I the man') { you see... no ; before the "ELSE" } { the unsigned last command before the "ELSE" includes the end; so instead of end; it will be end } else writeln('The DP is cool!'); In this case the program will see than 2 isn't equal to 9, and will jump to the "ELSE" part, and print on the screen: The DP is cool! (and it will get down one line, remeber... writeln is one line down, and write i s stay on the same line! ) Chec out this full program with if and else examples: program the_example; var a, b, c: integer; begin { the main begin } a:=1; b:=2; c:=3; if ((b-a=a)and(b+a=c)) then { this will chec if the condition of 2-1=1, and the condition of 2+1=3 are true, if so then the vari able 'a' will receive zero into itself} a:=0 else { or else, if even ONE of the contiosions is wrong/false then the varia bles 'b' and 'c', will receive zero, each and every one of them ('b' and 'c') } b:=0; c:=0;

end. { the main end } 1.6) Case: ********** First thing you need to now about the "CASE" is that it ind of li e "if". But it's most li e the Simple type of "if", with "ELSE". Ta e this small program for example: program case_example; var a: integer; begin { the main begin } readln(a); { an input by the user to the variable 'a' } case (a) of 1: writeln('you pressed 1'); 2: writeln('you pressed 2'); 3: writeln('you pressed 3'); end; end. { the main end } The "CASE" is on the variable "a", the "CASE" will chec if the value in "a" is one of the list's under the "CASE", the number or the char before the : is the value you li e to chec for, And the line after the : is the command you li e to activate if the value is c orrect! ( NOTE: you CAN'T use more than one command here after the : ). And when you li e to close the "Case", you must put end; but NO begin after/und er the "CASE ( { variable you li e to chec } ) OF" !!! 1.7) Consts: ************ Sometimes in your program you need some ind of number for constant use!!! Let say you want to chec some variables if they're equal to: 3741 . So instead of every time writing the number (3741), you can declare the number i n a special variable. Who to do it?! you as , no problem! If you li e to do such a thing, you must do it after the "PROGRAM", and before t he "VAR"!!! After writing "CONST". Loo at this small example: program const_example; const m = 3741; { we declared "m" as a const variable, you can't change it! } { the const variable can be change, and can use as how many as you li e!!! } var a, c: integer; { just a regular global variables of the type of integer! } begin { the main begin } a:=7315; c:=m; if (a=m) writeln('A is cool!') { and here there is no ; in the end, because the next command will be "ELSE"! } else { you see, we didn't use another begin here, because the "if" comes right after the "ELSE", li e one command, and after the "if" the same thing... only one command !} if (c=m) writeln('C is so cool, when I stuc ed a big Coc to every girl in the school

.'); end. { the main end } 1.8) Random numbers: ************************ Sometimes if you need to use a random number. Why you as ?! Well, lets ta e a small example of a card game, evry time you will ta e a card t he program must use some ind of number, right?! But what number should the program use... You n eed to tell the program in what range of number you need the program to choose (the program isn' t the one who ta es those number, but the PC timer is. You see all the program is does is to t a e a number from the running time of the computer. It's a lame example of who the "RANDOM" n umber idea wor s, but it's all you need to now about it!) OK, there are three types of "RANDOM" number. 1. A random number which it's range will be from 0 to 1, so the variable who'll get the result of the random into itself, will be a "REAL" type of variable. For example, the number which may come up when you'll do the next: b:=random; { remember that "b" is a "REAL" type of variable!!! } and the numbers could be in the variable "b", after this command are: 0.146.. . , 0.164... and more. 2. Another type of Random is where YOU decide, from what range the program will ta e a random. Lets say you li e a random number from 4 to 9, o ?! Loo : a:=random(9+1)+4; { the variable "a", is an integer type! } What we did here was, we added to the number in the ( ) 1 -> 9+1 (you can write 10 it's just the same, but it's no mista e to eep using 9+1), because the program will automatically sub from the number in the ( ) 1 . So, if we haven't put +1 after the 9, then the range of the random numbers wo uld be 4 to 8, got it!? GOOD! Now, after the ( ) we put +4, so the program would now from where to start l oo ing for a random number. If you will put -4 after the ( ) you will get the range from -4 to 9 ! NOTE: The only PROBLEM with this way of 'ranging the random numbers', is that every time you will run your program the rundom number will be every time the same one!! ! (BUMMER) 3. The threes and the last way will also let you range a random numbers, but this way WILL SOLVE THE BUMMER problem of the last way!!! All YOU need to do is to use the LAST way, BUT, you must put: "RANDOMIZE" aft er the main "BEGIN"!!! So after you placed the "RANDOMIZE" under the main "BEGIN". S o each time the will program runs, the random number will be different, (but won't get out of the specified range)!

Ta e a loo at this random example, in a full program: program random_example; begin { the main begin } writeln('the random number between 0 to 1, is: ',random); writeln('and the random number between 35 to 150, is: ',random(115)+35); { 15 0-35=115 } end. { the main end } 1.9) GoToXY: ************* Sometimes you li e to play with location of the spot of where the next line will be written next, So, how do you do it, simply! With command GoToXY which you use inside your code . Loo at the next example: gotoxy(3,4); { you can always put variables instead of values, but the values and variables MUST be in an integer type form! } after this small example of the command, the spot on the screen will be 3 places from the top left side of the screen, and 4 places under the it! It's just li e in math the first value is the X and the second one is the Y! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 2) Loops. 2.1) For...to...do: ****************** Sometimes in your program you need to do some thing a few times, this thing call ed a loop! The first type of the loop, and the most simple one if "FOR" loop. In this loop you have to now 'how many time you want to do a specific thing?!'. Lets ta e the most simple example ever, printing on the screen 10 times the word 'cool': program loop_cool; var i: integer; { here we declared an index for the loop! the name of the variabl e can be every name you li e, just li e a simple variable, because it's a simple variable } begin { Main Begin } for i:=1 to 10 do { This loop is for 1 (including 1) to 10 (including 10) } writeln('cool'); { Because we have here only one command after the "FOR", yo u won't need the "BEGIN" under it! But if you had more than one command yo u li e to be in the loop, you MUST put the "BEGIN" under the "FOR", an d "END;" under the last command you li e the loop to do! } end. { Main End } The main idea of this loop is that it will reapeat it self from the first comman d inside the loop (in this case is: "WRITELN('cool');"), to the last one for how many time as you wish (in this case the number of times is 10). At the end of this loop the value inside of the variable "i" will be 10.

You can do the loop upside down, by placing "DOWNTO" between the 1 and 10 instea d of just "TO"! So at the end of this loop with the "DOWNTO" instead of "TO", the value of the v ariable "i" will be 1, you will see why is pascal own this "DOWNTO" thing after you will learn th e Arrays! 2.2) While...do: **************** The last loop was the "FOR" loop, we new the exact times we li e to do the loop , but sometime you just can't now the it while programming the program... so you need to let t he program to decide of how many time the loop will run. We'll use now a loop which will chec the given condition(s) (the condition(s) you will give the loop, just li e the "if") every time it'll repeat itself. The loop called: "While", and this is how this loop's structure l oo s li e:WHILE ( here will come the condition you li e to chec ) DO The condition will loo li e just li e the "if"'s condition! The idea of the one or more commands after if just li e the "FOR" loop. The only thing you need to do so the loop won't be endless... You need that the condition in some place to be UNcorect! So lets ta e this small example of the "While" loop: In this example the idea is to print the line "DP is cool" for 9 times! Loo : program while_loop_example; var i: integer; begin { the main begin } i:=0; { we placed 0 in the variable "i", so we could INCrease the variable by one every time the loop will be repeated! } While (i<9) do begin { the begin of the loop } writeln('DP is cool!'); { this is the line we need to print on the screen! } inc(i); { here we Increasing the variable "i" by 1, it's the same if you'l l do "i:=i+1;" } { NOTE: there is also another command li e "INC", but upside down : "DEC" is just li e: "i:=i-1;" GOT IT?! } end; { the end of the loop } { When the "i" won't be less than 9, the loop will be stoped! } { and the program will continue the program after the end; (in this case) } { at the end of the loop the value in "i" will be 9. } end. { the main end } the way, if we place before the "WHILE" loop, into the variable "i" the value 9 or more... The program will just chec if the condition is correct, if it's than it will go into the loop... And if the value of i (here) is ma es the condition incorrect, that it won't eve n go into the loop (inside the loop), and value of "i" won't change, the program is actually w ill jump over

the loop, and continue the program li e nothing happen!!! I hope this's clear to you! Li e it's to me! ;) 2.3) Repeat...until: ******************* Li e I said in the "WHILE" loop if the condition isn't correct, then it won't ev en execute the inside of the loop even one time... But sometimes we need to do the loop at list once. OK... let start the explanation on this most simple loop... All you need to reme mber is that this Repeat loop is the opposite of the "While" loop. In "While" loop you chec e d the condition first, and then entered the loop, but in "Repeat" case no matter what the condit ion is, the inside of the loop will be done at list once. The "Repeat" loop will be stoped, ONLY when the condition is correct, chec out this simple example for the "Repeat" loop... Loo : program repeat_loop_example; var i: integer; begin { the main begin } repeat { Well, we may have more than one command inside the loop, but the "R epeat" itself is li e the "Begin" in other loops, and the "Until" in this loop acts li e the "End;" in the others! } writeln('Enter some ind of number value...'); { the line we want to print on the screen! } readln(i); { Here you need to ma e an input to the variable "i", the "i" co uld be in a "REAL" or an "INTEGER" type form (this means you CAN'T enter a lett er or any other sign from the eyboard, ONLY numbers!!!) when you'll enter the nu mber you wish just press ENTER to enter it into the variable "i". } until (i=0); { The loop will repeat itself until the value in the variable " i" will be 0 } end. { the main end } =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 3) Arrays. 3.1) Array's definition: *********************** First a few words about the Array, the array is a type of variable, the idea is that a simple variable can't include inside itself more than one value... but the array type o f variable CAN. Under the "VAR" (in your program) you define the number of cells to the array, i n the next way: program example; var arr: ARRAY [1..3] OF integer; { here we declared to the array variable called "arr", 3 cells, and the value every cell can get is on

ly an "Integer" type. } begin { the main "Begin" } ... The two dots betweet the 1 and the 3 means 'from where to where'. you can use as many cells as you whish... You can use any name you li e for the array, instead of "arr" in this small example, you MUST eep this form: arrayname: ARRAY [the_first_cell .. the_last_cell] OF the_type_of_value_in_every _cell. Those cells ma es the program more effective, and less wor for you. 3.2) Using Arrays: ******************* O ... now you now how to difine an array, but you don't now how to use it, now loo : we said that the array is number of cells, right?! And we want to enter a specif ic cell and enter a value into it, the next example will explain to you how to enter a value into a specific cell, and how to read a value from a specific cell as well. The next example will show you away to enter into the cell a value: Begin {the main "Begin" } arr[1]:=22; {the cell number 1 will include inside it the value 22 } arr[2]:=5; {the cell number 2 will include inside it the value 5 } arr[3]:=0; {the cell number 3 will include inside it the value 0 } The idea is that the number of the Cell is in the [ ]. Remember that you can't u se a number of cell which is out of range (in this case the range is from 1(including 1) to 3(i ncluding 3), so you CAN'T do the: arr[4]:=1; { the number of the cell is 4, and our last cell number is 3, so t he compiler will show an 'Error'!!! REMEMBER that! } Now, how do you read from the value from a specific cell?! Lets say i would li e to print the the cell number 2 on screen... loo : writeln(arr[2]); { This will print the value inside the cell 2 on the screen } Just remember that "arr[2]" is li e a simple variable, you can do what ever you li e with it... You can play any math on it, just li e on a simple variable ( * , + , -), but it 's 'div', or / depended on the type of the value inside the cell (if it "Integer" then it's div, and if it's "Real" then it's / ) O ... Lets move on... 3.5) Using Arrays and Loops: ******************************** Until now we wrote in the [ ] the number of the cell we want to use, but in 90% of wor ing with arrays, we never use a specific cell... We'll use Loops, the 'Index' of the loop instead of a specific value (the specific number of the cell) in the [ ]... Chec out the nex t example and you'll get the idea: program example_ARRAYS_LOOPS; var

i: integer; { here we declared an "Integer" type variable, which we will use as an Index. } begin { the main begin } for i:=1 to 3 do { a simple "For" loop from 1 to 3 (including 1 and 3) } arr[i]:=i+1; { every cell from 1 to 3 will get the INDEX, the "i"+1... so ce ll 1 will include 2, cell 2 will include 3, and cell 3 will include 4 } end. {the main end } You can use any type of loop as you wish, and the number number of the cell is t he Index, or you can use variables, as long as this variable will change every t ime the loop will repeat itself ( Li e the variable is been Increased or Decreased, it's your choise! ) so you w on't get into a situation when you will use the same cell. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 4) Strings. 4.1) What the hec Strings are?! *********************************** Remember the "Char" type variables, well a String is just li e an Array but ever y cell in this array will be from "Char" type. You can use arrays of "Char" type, but this will be st upid... because there is a special declaration of String, I'll explain how to declare and use th e string in the next two sections. 4.2) String's definition: ************************ Here I'll compare the "Char" type array declaration, and the original String's type declaration. 1. O , lets start with the "Char" type array first: program Char_Array; var fa e_string: array[1..5] of char; 2. And now the original String's one: program the_String; var str: string; Using the original way is better because, it's much more simple and less to writ e, and you don't always have to declare a specific range, but if you li e to do it (if you now t he number of chars you're going to use, or you just li e to save some memory space, or both. ), her e is the way you declare an exact number of chars in the string: var str: string[5]; And this will create a string variable of 5 chars. 4.2) Using basic String: ************************* O , I'll explain you now the process of wor ing with Strings, li e compering two strings, ma ing

an input to a string, pulling an output of the string, how to find out the lengt h of the string, and ma ing: 4.2.1)Comparing two strings, the direct way: if (str1>str2) then ... 4.2.2)Comparing two strings, char by char: for i:=1 to 10 do if (str1[i]=str2[i]) then ... 4.2.3)Ma ing a string input, the direct way: readln(str1); 4.2.4)Ma ing a string input, char by char: for i:=1 to 10 do readln(str1[i]); 4.2.5)Pulling an output of the string, the direct way: writeln(str1); 4.2.6)Pulling an output of the string, char by char: for i:=1 to 10 do write(str1[i]); 4.2.7)Getting the length of the string, the only way: x:=length(str1); { the variable x must be from an integer type ONLY. } { now 'x' includes the number of chars there are in the 'str1' string. } Well, that's all you need to now on how you need to declare and use the string, simple hah!? :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 5) Procedures and Functions. 5.1) What the hec a Procedure is?! **************************************** Until now we wrote our entire programs in one part!!! But this isn't effective, li e lets ta e for example a program which you need to print on the screen 3 different lines, at th e beginning, at the middle, and at the end. In each part you need print all 3 lines... so wha t... you will write those lines at every part of the program again and again, it's stupid don' t you thin ...?! So, what we'll do is write a small "procedure" which will include inside itself those 3 lines... But first I'll explain to you, what a procedure is. A procedure can include insi de itself commands and conditions chec ing, and every thing you learn until now. The procedure may be used from any place at the Main of the programs (between the Main "Begin" and the Main "En d."), the procedure may be used from another procedure as well. If you haven't understood it so well, don't worry, after a few examples you'll get the idea. Let us contin ue... 5.2) Writing a Procedure: ***************************

The Procedures will be written before the Main "Begin". To open a procedure you write: "Procedure" then the name of the procedure, and t hen ";", simple, don't you thin ... Now, under it, you must put "Begin", (it's the law :) ) even if you have only one command in the procedure. The procedure will end when you'll put "End;" . Loo at the next example to get the idea: program Procedure_example; { the program's title } procedure line; { openning a procedure } begin { the Procedure's "Begin" } writeln(' Uncle Fuc er, just li e the song says.'); end; begin { the Main "Begin" } write('I am an'); { printing on the screen: "I am an", and staying on the sam e line... } line; { using the procedure, it's li e the code written inside the procedure is passed here... } { the 'writeln' command in the procedure will start from the last line , print " Uncle Fuc er, just li e the song says.", and then, it will jump one line down. } write('You are an'); line; write('We all a bunch of '); line; end. { the Main "End" } We didn't use "Var" in our small example program, because we didn't need any glo bal variables in our example program.we could also declare some Local variables, by placing a "Var" before the procedure's "Begin", just li e the regular "Var" we new from the first chapters, except that: Those Local variables will exist only in the procedure, and will be deleted if y ou won't store them inside a Global variable (the variables we declared in the "Var" under the "Prog ram" 's name, as you now the global variable are nown to the whole program, and the local va riable are only nown to the procedure itself, to the specific procedure, not to all of the proc edures. 5.3) Parameters' rules: ************************ Until now what we did, was only a simple procedure... This means that we could o nly use: Global variable (the variable you declaring in the "Var" under the "Program" 's name) i nside the procedure, but what we will do now is returning variable from the pro cedure, and inputting them into it (the procedure)... To do that you need to remember the next two rules: 1. When you send a variable to procedure, the type of variable you send to the p rocedure is the same as the type of the variable which will receive the Data of the varia ble you sent. I now it's li e Chinese to you, or French to all the Chinese readers :) 2. If you li e to send an Array to a procedure you need to write a "Type" defini tion, under the "program" (before the "Var"). This is how you do it: program Type_definition; const

m = 5; type arr_type = array[1..m] of integer; var ... 'arr_type' is now a new declaration type, this 'arr_type' could have any name as you li e. If you li e to send an array to procedure, and you wrote the procedure so it wil l receive an array from the 'arr_type' type, then the array which you'll send to this proc edure MUST have the same number of cells as the type the procedure receives. In the ab ove example of "Type" the array MUST be 5 cells long, from 1 to 5. Now, after you understood the rules you may move on to the next section, which w ill explain you: Who to use Parameters, how to send variables to another procedure and even to receive them bac with a new Data in them... just continue reading! 5.4) Writing a Procedure with Parameters passing: ******************************************************** Well I hope you understood the rule, becuase we can't go on to the "writing a pr ocedure with parameters passing" part without those rules, so if you're not sure if you under stood the rules, please reread the rules chapter again and again until you'll under stand them pe rfectly!!! But if you did understand them, let's go on... The whole idea of parameters passing is to ma e the programming more simple and more effective, li e for example, ta e a loo at the next procedure: procedure example1; begin writeln('a newbie is a lamer :)'); end; Now, instead of 'newbie' you could place any other word, isn't it?! So, how about writing a procedure that will place a String type variable instead the word newbie, so you may use this procedure in different places with a different meaning. You could do it li e this: procedure example2(the_word: string); begin writeln('a ',the_word,' is a lamer :)'); end;

program the_use; var name: string; number: integer; begin { the Main Begin } name:='moron';

Now, you probably as , "so... how do I use this procedure???". Very simple, loo at this small program:

number:=25; example2(name); { this line will print on the screen: "a moron is a lamer :) " } example2('moron'); { this line will print the same thing as the line above, the variable 'name', received inside itself the line: moron . } example2(number); { this line won't wor because, actually with this line in the code, you won't be able even to compile the code, why y ou as , then return bac and reread the rules chapter again, because t he type of variable wich the procedure receives does not much the type of variable you send to the procedure!!! } end. { the Main End } O , now you can send more than one variable to a procedure, but you need to writ e a procedure to receive that much variables, and when you send the values/variables to the pr ocedure you need to send them at the same order as the variables were writen in the procedur e to receive those values/variabels, they also must mutch the order they been written, it's a ll said in the rules part!!! In the next chapter you'll learn how to return values from the procedure as a pa rameter! 5.5) Returning Parameters in Procedures: ********************************************** After you learn the parameters' rules, and you now how to write a procedure wit h them, I may now teach you how to return values with them: procedure return_example(var a: integer); You see the littele "var" before the 'a' variable, this means that at the end of the procedure the value which inside the variable 'a' will be returned to the variable you send to this procedure, and which the variable 'a' received it's value! This way is mostly used, when you need to return more than one value, or you nee d to return special values, li e Arrays, which is that the only way to do that! In the next chapter you will see other ways to return one value only, without se nding any other variable to pass the value. 5.6) What the hec is a Function?! ************************************** Very good, you got this far, I'm proud of you, because now comes the GOOD part, but a little harder than the previous chapters, but don't worry >:) Well, a function is actually a procedure, that must always return a value, even if the function haven't received any values/variables into itself! The only thing you need to now is that a Function can return one value only, in the section you will see how to write a function, how to return the value, and you will learn the rules of writing a function, so, just continue reading!

5.7) Writing a Function, and returns it's value: ************************************************** Now, the only thing that the procedure is different from a function, is that the function can only return one value (not li e the procedure), and the way of returning that value i s defferent than the return of value in the procedure, as you remember, in the procedure we return va lues with 'Var', right?! But in a function you do it with the function's name itself, I'll explai n later. Because now I'm going to exaplain you write the function first, and the then how to return it's value. 5.7.1)Using function without any parameters passing: function func_example: integer; begin writeln('it's all cool...'); func_example:=5; writeln('man, I am good!!!'); end; This is how you write a basic/simple function. But we almost never use those typ e of functions, that don't receive any parameters into itself. Any way I'll explain you the exam ple above: do you see the ':' after the function's name, and after we see 'integer', this i nteger, is actualy the type of value that this function may return, it could be any of the type of declaration, you declare the variables them selfs. Then as you can see, inside the function there is first a "writeln" command, wic h will print 'it's all cool' on the screen, then you see that an undeclared variable receive into itself the value of 5, but if you'll loo closely, you'll see, that the var iable's name is the same as the function's, how you as ?! very simple, you see, when you ma e the function's name to receive some ind of value, the function stops, well it isn't actualy stops, but you should stop writ ing the functin, to save yourself useless mista es. But there is another "writeln" command after rec eiving a value by the function's name ( func_example:=5; ), and as I said before, and I'l l say it again, you should stop writing the function, after the retrieve of a value from the functio n, so the program will get to the "writeln('man, I am good!!!');" command, but y ou shouldn't do it, it's just wrong. :) Now Ioo at how you call, and receive a value from a function, and where does th e value goes to?! program calling_a_function; var x, sum: integer; { here will come the function we wrote before } begin { Main Begin } x:=func_example; { the value of our function, that we wrote returns to x. } writeln('One way to call a function, that returns: ',x); writeln('Another way to call a function, that returns: ',func_example);

5.7.2)Using function with parameters passing: In paragraph 5.7.1, we learn how to write a basic/simple type of function (witho ut any parameters passing), now we'll see how the function will loo li e with parameters, and how to call this ind of function. Chec out the next example, of parameters passing in a function: function func_example(num1, num2: integer): integer; begin func_example:=num1+num2; end; This function received two parameters, 'num1' and 'num2', then it added 'num1' t o 'num2', and the result will go to 'func_example', that will be return from the function! Now, loo how to call a function with parameters passed into it: program calling_a_function; var x, sum: integer; begin { Main Begin } x:=func_example(2,3); { the value of our function, that we wrote returns to x. } writeln('One way to call a function, that returns: ',x); writeln('Another way to call a function, that returns: ',func_example(2,3)); { this is another way, which is more 'effective', when you print the returnin g value the function, instead, of placing it into a variable, and then printing it on the screen! } { you only place the return value into a variable, when you now that you don 't need it for print out on the screen. please chec out the threes way of use of the retu rn value. } sum:=func_example(2,3)+func_example(2,3); { this line will call the function once, and add it's return value to the rut urn value of the second function it will call, but you may do this act with variable and ma e actions on them with the function's return value that way!!! } end. { Main End } Simple isn't it?!

{ this is another way, which is more 'effective', when you print the returnin g value the function, instead, of placing it into a variable, and then printing it on the screen! } { you only place the return value into a variable, when you now that you don 't need it for print out on the screen. please chec out the threes way of use of the retu rn value. } sum:=func_example+func_example; { this line will call the function once, and add it's return value to the rut urn value of the second function it will call, but you may do this act with variable and ma e actions on them with the function's return value that way!!! } end. { Main End }

Final Note about the Functions/Procedures: all functions and procedures must be written before the Main Begin!!! But there is a small problem with the functions/procedures' calling, about that you'll learn in the next chapter. 5.8) The problem with Procedures/Functions, and the solution: ********************************************************************** You learn that you can can a function/procedure from another function/procedure, BUT you can't call a function/procedure from another function/procedure, if the function/proce dure you calling hasn't been written before the one it been called from! So, how can you call a function/procedure from another function/procedure even if the function/procedure you tring to call was written after the function/procedure you calling from?! It's truly simple, all you need to do is to declare the function/procedure the o ne you li e to call before all the inside of the functions/procedures are been written. I'll show you two examples, the one which won't wor , and the one that will: program Won't_Wor ; procedure calling; begin cool; end; procedure cool; begin writeln('You're a newbie!!! at list for now!!! :)'); end; begin { main Begin } calling; end. { main End } program Will_Wor ; procedure cool; { declaring the 'cool' procedure, so we could call it from the 'calling' procedure, even if the 'cool' procedure was written after 'callin g' procedure! } procedure calling; begin cool; end; procedure cool; begin writeln('You're a newbie!!! at list for now!!! :)'); end; begin { main Begin } calling; end. { main End } Now you may call the 'cool procedure from any where in the program!!! You see ho w simple his is, so simple tha it scares me! :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 6) Uses...

6.1) What is a Uses file?! *************************** A Uses file is ind of li e a header file (if you now C/C++). A Uses file is a file which includes inside itself some functions, and when you'll include the Us es file, you may use it's functions. You can use a ready Uses file of the compiler or to write your own functions and include them inside a new Uses file (a *.tpu file, I'll get to it). Don't worry... I'll get t o the part of how to use an exist uses file, and how to write one. 6.2) Uses Crt: ************** The most used Uses file in pascal programming is the Crt file, you can chec for the file at the pascal's Bin dir, the file called: "crt.tpu". Now... the most used functions of this Uses file are: - clrscr - textcolor - textbac ground But first, chec out the next example to see how to use a Uses file: program Uses_Example; uses crt; { the Uses file declaration Must come under the "Program", and only under it. } var ... In the above example we included the crt.tpu file in our program, so now you can use all the Crt functions... Li e: - clrscr => this function will Clear/Clean the screan from all the text. - textcolor => this function will change the color of the text, colors are fr om 1 to 15 (includes), you can also use the name of the color, li e: blac , whit e, yellow, green, red, etc. - textbac ground => this function is the bac ground of the text, not the bac g round of the whole screen... the colors are the same as in "textcol or". The next example will show you how to use those functions: program Crt_Example; uses crt; { the declaration of the Crt file in the program } begin { the Main begin. We s iped right to the "Begin", and didn't include the "Var" part, because we don't need any variables here } writeln('The normal text.'); { the good old gray color of the text } clrscr; { here we clear the screen, and the above line will disappear } textcolor(blue); { now instead of the original gray color of the compiler the new color will be blue } writeln('The colored text, in blue.); { this will show you a line on the scre en in the blue color } clrscr; { again we'll clear the screen, and the above line will disappear as well } textbac ground(yellow); { the new bac ground of the text is now yellow } writeln('The colored text, in blue on a yellow bac ground of the text.'); { a n example of how the

bac ground of the text } clrscr; { here we clearing the text again, but his time instead of blac bac g round it'll be yellow } { because the last textbac ground color was Yellow! } writeln('The colored text, in blue on a yellow bac ground of the whole screen. '); { shows you how the text will loo li e on the 'total' bac ground } end. { the Main end } 6.3) Writing your own Uses File: *********************************** Well, let say we wrote some ind of function which we'll use in many programs... For example let say you now that you need to include in all your programs the s ame 'about' function which will tell the user of the program, who the program wa s written by, etc. In this small chapter I'll teach you how to ma e your own Uses file, just the Us es Crt file. The struction of the Uses file is li e that: UNIT cool_fun; { the name of our Uses file is now 'cool_fun' } { so, just li e the Crt file, you write this to under th e "Program", to include this new Uses file into your program: "uses cool_fun;" } INTERFACE { here you may include another Uses file, li e Crt, or any of yours } { you may also put here the declaration of "Type", if you planning to use Arra y passing parameters } { you may as well include variables (global variables) which will be nown ins ide this Uses file, and I thin in the main program as well. } { Now, here we will declare some functions/procedures or both! The functions/p rocedures you'll decalre are the functions/procedures you will be able to call/use fro m the Main program, in which, this Uses file is been declared. } { Note: There must be at list one function or procedure under the INTERFACE } { INTERFACE Summary: Every thing you will write in the INTERFACE could be used from the main program, or from another Uses file, if this file was declared! } IMPLEMENTATION { as li e in the INTERFACE part you may declare variables, and call other Uses files, the only differences between the INTERFACE and the IMPLEMENTATION, is that what you declare in the IMPLEMENTATION, stays in IMPLEMENTATION, it's for th e Uses file use only! } { in this part you need to write the function/procedure itself, not only the d eclaration of it, as we did in the INTERFACE part }

text will loo

on the yellow

{ you may also include functions and procedures that haven't been declared in the INTERFACE part, but you won't be able to use those functions/procedures, fro m any other place than this Uses only } { you may call all functions/procedures, including the declared and the not de clared ones from any of the other functions/procedures, including the declared and the not de clared ones } BEGIN { this is the Uses file Begin } { This part will stay Empty, in 99% it does! So, don't write anything between the Begin and the End. } END. { Uses file End } All this you will write and save in the type of *.PAS file, then when you'll com pile that *.PAS file, and the compiler will create a *.TPU file (Turbo Pascal Unit), this *.TPU file will be created in the same dir as the *.PAS file was ( the *.PAS will stay, don't worry ) If you li e to use this file, you need to place it in the same directory as the compiler's files (inside the BIN dir). This is it fol s, this is how you write your own Uses file, easy, isn't it. And it's VERY useful in Pascal Programming, just li e the Header files in C/C++. This was the last chapter of my truly cool tutorial, please read the Final Words ! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= **) Final Words: ***************** Well, that's the ending, the ending of our story, that the ending, the ENDING... This is it! Men... you are free to go, to run wild on the fields of the cyber sp ace, Born to be wiiiiiiiild... I hope you understood the basics of Pascal. But the la nguage isn't over here, hell no, you still got two topics to learn on your own, using Files and Graphics. ( Graphics and wor ing with Files aren't that important in Pascal, but you're fr ee to learn them! ) Personally I li e to wor /play with files, but in C! Because playing with files in C is the most easy thing you had ever seen, so my advise to you is to learn C too. If you thin : "Why the hec do I need all this, if you haven't thought me Filing and Graphics?" Then remember I promissed you a Blac Jac game, here you go, just li e I promis ed, This will show you, that you don't need to now how to wor with files or creat ing graphic and stuff, you can create a really cool and color full game in a simple text mode! This also a good Drill for you, fix the repeating of the cards and try to use le ss variables than me. If you li e more practice, as the WebMaster of the site who published this tuto rial to connect me, and I will publish exercises, so you could practice at home by writing progr ams all by yourself!!! And Remember this as well, "I didn't write this tutorial for myself, I wrote it

for you"! P.S: Please don't E-Mail with any questions, Sorry, but I'm too Busy... So just go masturbate, as a wise man once said: "If you'll do it, it'll COME" ;) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= About the Source Code: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I placed some notes inside the (* *) in the source code ( the (* *) and the { } are just the same ). ( But you can't open the note with (* and close it with }, or open with { and cl ose with *), it's not wor ing that way. ) The places I put the notes in, are the places I thin are the most important for you to understand what's going on in the source code, and how the game wor s (the total idea). Well, enjoy yourself... as for me, I going to bed, my girl is waiting for me :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The Source Code for the Blac Jac game I was telling you about at the introduc tion section. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= program Devil_Blac _Jac ; { Devil_BJ } (* All Rights Reserved To Me, But You Can Edit It As You Li e, Just Remember Tha t I Wrote This Small, And Truly Simple Game, Not You! *) uses crt; (* In section 6.2 we studied about the functions included inside the CRT file, well, here we'll use them, functions li e the "clrscr" and "textcolo r", etc. *) const (* Here we declaring some constant variable, or should I say Range *) nums=[16..21]; var (* declaring variables for our game *) comp,n,m,tot,tot_p_one,x,x2,z,z2: integer; a,b,c,d,a2,b2,c2,e,f,g,h,e2,f2,g2,num,num_comp,mone,mone2,winning: integer; title,title_comp,num_wr,num_wr_comp,cool,cool2: string; game,enter,player,q1,q2,q3,q4,q5,q6: char; T: boolean; (* You see how many variables i used, you can easly use less variables, by edit the program a little. *) procedure card; (* This procedure is using the ASCII code list, to build the card's sides, the " qX" variables are the one which will include the value which will build the sides of each card *) begin q1:=chr(201); q2:=chr(205); q3:=chr(187); q4:=chr(186); q5:=chr(188); q6:=chr(200); end;

procedure p_one; (* The Player's turn procedure *) begin textbac ground(green); clrscr; (* If we'll use the "textbac ground" function and then "clrscr", this will color the whole screen with the color we used in "textbac ground" *) a:=0; b:=0; c:=0; d:=0; a2:=0; b2:=0; c2:=0; mone:=0; tot_p_one:=0; (* This small variable is very important to the Winning or Losin g progress, the variable counts the Total-Sum of the Player's cards *) player:='y'; textcolor(white); (* the color of the text is now white! *) writeln('Your`s!'); while (player='y')and(tot_p_one<=18) do (* This "While" loop will run while the variable "player" is 'y' AND the Total-S um of the player is under 19 (no including 19) *) begin x:=random(14+1-6)+6; (* the program will run a rundom number for the 'value ' of the card *) case x of (* The good old "Case" for the Card's Sign acording to the random number above!*) 6: num_wr:='6'; 7: num_wr:='7'; 8: num_wr:='8'; 9: num_wr:='9'; 10: num_wr:='10'; 11: num_wr:='J'; 12: num_wr:='Q'; 13: num_wr:='K'; 14: num_wr:='A'; end; (* the end of the case *) case x of (* This is another "Case" on the same Random number, this "Case" w e need to determine the Card's value in the game... Li e: King(K) is the number 13 but in the game it's value will be 4, you can change a few thing here as well to ma e the game more 'effective' *) 6: num:=6; 7: num:=7; 8: num:=8; 9: num:=9; 10: num:=10; 11: num:=2; 12: num:=3; 13: num:=4; 14: num:=11; end; (* the end of the case *) x2:=random(4)+1; (* Random number for the type of the card *) if x2=1 then begin title:=chr(3); textcolor(red); end; if x2=2 then begin title:=chr(4); textcolor(red); end; if x2=3 then begin title:=chr(5); textcolor(blac ); end; if x2=4 then begin title:=chr(6); textcolor(blac ); end; inc(mone); if mone=1 then a:=num; if mone=2 then b:=num; if mone=3 then c:=num;

mone=4 then d:=num; mone=5 then a2:=num; mone=6 then b2:=num; mone=7 then c2:=num; cool:=cool+num_wr+title+','; (* "cool" is a string of all card, this variable will show you at the end of the game the card you had, and next to it the total sum of the cards you had. *) if (a+b in nums)and(c=11) then c:=1; (* the "IN" sign chec s if the sun of the (a+b) is in range of the "NUMS", which we declared at the const! *) (* the same are the rest of the "IN" using conditions *) if (a+b+c in nums)and(d=11) then d:=1; if (a+b+c+d in nums)and(a2=11) then a2:=1; if (a+b+c+d+a2 in nums)and(b2=11) then b2:=1; if (a+b+c+d+a2+b2 in nums)and(c2=11) then c2:=1; tot_p_one:=a+b+c+d+a2+b2+c2; (* the total sum of the cards! *) if (num_wr<>'10')then (* the '10' includes 'two chars', 1 and 0, this will move the one small wall of the card, and mess it's structio n, that why we need to chec the card before printing the card's structio n. *) begin writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); writeln(q4,'':1,num_wr,title,q4); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); write(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); end else (* the else here, will be only executed if the above "if"'s condition isn't correct, in this case, if the variable "num_wr" isn't isn't 10 ( <> ) *) begin writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); writeln(q4,num_wr,title,q4); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); write(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); end; textcolor(11); write('MORE? '); (* here and in the next command the pragram as s you, "if you li e to ta e another card...", if you do li e to ta e another card, then press: 'y'. And if you don't then just press: 'n'. *) readln(player); end; T:=true; end; procedure computer; (* This procedure is computer's turn of playing *) begin tot:=0; comp:=0; n:=1; m:=40; gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(yellow); writeln('Computer`s'); writeln; inc(n);

if if if if

e:=0; f:=0; g:=0; h:=0; e2:=0; f2:=0; g2:=0; while (comp=0)and(tot<=16) do begin (* the random and chec ing of variables are pritty much the same as at the player's fucntion *) z:=random(14+1-6)+6; case z of 6: num_wr_comp:='6'; 7: num_wr_comp:='7'; 8: num_wr_comp:='8'; 9: num_wr_comp:='9'; 10: num_wr_comp:='10'; 11: num_wr_comp:='J'; 12: num_wr_comp:='Q'; 13: num_wr_comp:='K'; 14: num_wr_comp:='A'; end; case z of 6: num_comp:=6; 7: num_comp:=7; 8: num_comp:=8; 9: num_comp:=9; 10: num_comp:=10; 11: num_comp:=2; 12: num_comp:=3; 13: num_comp:=4; 14: num_comp:=11; end; z2:=random(4)+1; if (z2=1) then begin title_comp:=chr(3); textcolor(red); end; if (z2=2) then begin title_comp:=chr(4); textcolor(red); end; if (z2=3) then begin title_comp:=chr(5); textcolor(blac ); end; if (z2=4) then begin title_comp:=chr(6); textcolor(blac ); end; inc(mone2); if (mone2=1) then e:=num_comp; if (mone2=2) then f:=num_comp; if (mone2=3) then g:=num_comp; if (mone2=4) then h:=num_comp; if (mone2=5) then e2:=num_comp; if (mone2=6) then f2:=num_comp; if (mone2=7) then g2:=num_comp; cool2:=cool2+num_wr_comp+title_comp+','; if (e+f in nums)and(g=11) then g:=1; if (e+f+g in nums)and(h=11) then h:=1; if (e+f+g+h in nums)and(e2=11) then e2:=1; if (e+f+g+h+e2 in nums)and(f2=11) then f2:=1; if (e+f+g+h+e2+f2 in nums)and(g2=11) then g2:=1; if (num_wr_comp<>'10') then begin gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':1,num_wr_comp,title_comp,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5);

inc(n); end (* you see no ; just li e i told you at the start of the tutorial *) else begin gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,num_wr_comp,title,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); inc(n); writeln; end; tot:=e+f+g+h+e2+f2+g2; (* the total sum of the computer's cards! *) end; end; procedure exit; (* just a stupid exit procedure for the game's main *) begin clrscr; textbac ground(white); textcolor(blac ); writeln('You had played: The "Devil Blac -Jac "!'); writeln('You played nice, than you come again!'); writeln; end; procedure crediet; (* the game's crediets procedure, also for the game's main! *) begin clrscr; textbac ground(white); textcolor(blac ); writeln('This is version one (v1.0) of the "Devil Blac -Jac "!'); writeln('The game was written by Devil Panther, with Pascal language, on the y ear 2001.'); writeln; textcolor(yellow); writeln('Press (g) to go to the Game!'); writeln('Or Press (e) to Exit the game!'); write('':3,'Press Now: '); readln(enter); if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='e') then exit; end; procedure help; (* the help procedure of the game, also used from the game's main *) begin clrscr; textbac ground(white); textcolor(blac ); writeln('This is the most easier game in a world of cards, the rools are simpl e:'); writeln('All you need is no to pass the 21; By this numbers of cards:');

writeln('"6" => 6, "7" => 7, "8" => 8, "9" => 9, "10" => 10,'); writeln('"J" => 2, "Q" => 3, "K" => 4, "A" => 11'); textcolor(red); writeln('(By when the sum of the before numbers is bigger than 15,'); writeln('then the next "ACE" will be "A" => 1)'); writeln; textcolor(yellow); writeln('To go to the Game Press (g)!'); writeln('Or Press (e) to Exit!'); write('':3,'Press Now: '); readln(enter); if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='e') then exit; end; procedure main; begin repeat clrscr; textcolor(blue); write('To the('); textcolor(red); write('g'); textcolor(blue); write(')ame | ('); textcolor(red); write('h'); textcolor(blue); write(')elp | ('); textcolor(red); write('c'); textcolor(blue); write(')rediet | ('); textcolor(red); write('e'); textcolor(blue); writeln(')xit'); writeln; write('Your Choice: '); textcolor(blac ); readln(enter); until (enter='g')or(enter='h')or(enter='c')or(enter='e'); if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='h') then help; if (enter='c') then crediet; if (enter='e') then exit; end; BEGIN randomize; (* This is the randomize for the random, so the random numbers won't repeat itselfs... *) textbac ground(green); clrscr; T:=false; card; main; if T then (* while the T is true *) begin computer; writeln; textbac ground(blac ); textcolor(white); inc(n);

gotoXY(m,n); write('Your`s: '); writeln(cool,': ',tot_p_one); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(yellow); write('Computer`s: '); writeln(cool2,': ',tot); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln; inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(red); if (tot_p_one>21)and(tot<=21) then writeln('You Lost!!'); if (tot_p_one<=21)and(tot<=21) then begin if (tot_p_one>tot) then writeln('You Won!'); if (tot_p_one<tot) then writeln('You Lost!'); if (tot_p_one=tot) then writeln('No One Wins!'); end; if (tot_p_one<=21)and(tot>21) then writeln('You Won!!'); if (tot_p_one>21)and(tot>21) then writeln('Every one lost!!!'); writeln; writeln; textcolor(10); end; END. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Copy Righted On The Year 2001.