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    Electric Week XII Materials - MIMO - Dr. Karim G. Seddik

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    Such systems can handle processing of many inputs and many outputs at the same time. Its wide usage is in communications to enhance the performance of systems. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmitted power.

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    Electric Week XII Materials - MIMO - Dr. Karim G. Seddik

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    Such systems can handle processing of many inputs and many outputs at the same time. Its wide usage is in communications to enhance the performance of systems. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmitted power.

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    Electric Week XII Materials | MIMO | Dr. Karim G. Seddik

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    Such systems can handle processing of many inputs and many outputs at the same time. Its wide usage is in communications to enhance the performance of systems. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmitted power.

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    203 views28 pages

    Electric Week XII Materials - MIMO - Dr. Karim G. Seddik

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    Such systems can handle processing of many inputs and many outputs at the same time. Its wide usage is in communications to enhance the performance of systems. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmitted power.

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    2nd Day

    XII

    Dr. KARIM SEDDIK


    Assistant Professor Alexandria University American University in Cairo (AUC)

    CEWIT - Center of Excellence in Wireless and Information Technology

    Transmission on a multipath channel


    In wireless communication the propagation channel is characterized by

    multipath propagation due to scattering on different obstacles

    Time variations: Fading => SNR variations Time spread => frequency selectivity
    2

    types or providing larger bandwidths, this is also being achieved by using multiple antenna systems (Multiple Input, Multiple Output MIMO). This application note gives an introduction to basic MIMO concepts and terminology and explains how MIMO is implemented in the different radiocommunications standards. The solutions offered by Rohde & Schwarz are presented in the conclusion. The MIMO terminology refers to the channel, thus the transmitter is the channel input and the receiver the channel output.

    2 MIMO
    Several different diversity modes are used to make radiocommunications more robust, even with varying channels. These include time diversity (different timeslots and channel coding), frequency diversity (different channels, spread spectrum, and OFDM), and also spatial diversity. Spatial diversity requires the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter or the receiver end. Multiple antenna systems are typically known as Multiple Input, Multiple Output systems (MIMO). Multiple antenna technology can also be used to increase the data rate (spatial multiplexing) instead of improving robustness. In practice, both methods are used separately or in combination, depending on the channel condition.

    2.1 Conventional Radio System (SISO)


    Conventional systems use one transmit and one receive antenna. In MIMO terminology, this is called Single Input, Single Output (SISO) (Figure 1).

    Figure 1: SISO antenna configuration

    Shannon-Hartley theorem According to Shannon, the capacity C of a radio channel is dependent on bandwidth B and the signal-to-noise ratio S/N. The following applies to a SISO system:

    CEWIT - Center of Excellence in Wireless and Information Technology

    MIMO Channel

    S1

    Tx

    Rx

    R1

    S2

    Tx

    Rx

    R2

    S3

    Tx

    Rx

    R3

    S4

    Tx

    Rx

    R4

    H(4x4)
    9

    10

    MIMO

    Figure 4: MU-MIMO

    Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)

    11

    The purpose of spatial diversity is to make the transmission more robust. There is no increase in the data rate. This mode uses redundant data on different paths. 2.2.1.1 RX Diversity

    RX diversity uses more antennas on the receiver side than on the transmitter side. The simplest scenario consists of two RX and one TX antenna (SIMO, 1x2).

    Figure 5: SIMO antenna configuration

    Because special coding methods are not needed, this scenario is very easy to implement. Only two RF paths are needed for the receiver.
    12

    MIMO

    Figure 6: RX diversity

    Because of the different transmission paths, the receiver sees two differently faded signals. By using the appropriate method in the receiver, the signal-to-noise ratio can now be increased. Switched diversity always uses the stronger signal, while maximum ratio combining uses the sum signal from the two signals (see Figure 6).

    13

    CEWIT - Center of Excellence in Wireless and Information Technology

    Space-Time Transmit Diversity


    Alamouti Code

    time space

    14

    CEWIT - Center of Excellence in Wireless and Information Technology

    Space-Time Transmit Diversity

    Alamouti Code

    time space

    15

    2.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing


    Spatial multiplexing is not intended to make the transmission more robust; rather it increases the data rate. To do this, data is divided into separate streams; the streams are transmitted independently via separate antennas.

    Because MIMO transmits via the same channel, transmissions using cross components not equal to 0 will mutually influence one another.

    Figure 9: MIMO 2x2 antenna configuration

    If transmission matrix H is known, the cross components can be calculated on the receiver. In the open-loop method, the transmission includes special sections that are also known to the receiver. The receiver can perform a channel estimation. In the closed-loop method, the receiver reports the channel status to the transmitter via a special feedback channel. This makes it possible to respond to changing circumstances.

    16
    Rohde & Schwarz Introduction to MIMO 8

    1MA142_0e

    Space limitations of mobile units lead to Cooperative Diversity Broadcast nature of wireless channels is exploited Different protocols for forwarding the source information

    Decode-and-Forward (DAF) Amplify-and-Forward (AAF) ....


    Relay Relay

    Emulate MIMO System

    Source

    Destination Relay

    17

    Broadcast nature of wireless channels is exploited Different protocols for forwarding the source information

    Decode-and-Forward (DAF) Amplify-and-Forward (AAF) ....


    Relay Relay

    Emulate MIMO System

    Source

    Destination Relay

    Seddik (University of M aryland )

    Ph.D. T hesis Defense

    April 22, 2008


    18

    19

    M ulti-Node Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Communications

    Source-Only M ulti-Node AAF Protocol

    Source-Only Multi-Node Amplify-and-Forward Protocol

    Multi-node DAF Protocol have been considered before (Sadek et al. SP07)
    Relay 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Relay 2 Relay N

    Orthogonal channels

    source

    destination

    In phase 1, the source broadcasts its information to the destination and N relay nodes ys,d = ys,ri = Ps hs,d x + s,d Ps hs,ri x + s,ri , i = 1, 2, ..., N
    20

    Relays will only forward the source signal

    21

    Source-Only Multi-Node Amplify-and-Forward Protocol


    Multi-node DAF Protocol have been considered before (Sadek et al. SP07)
    Relay 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Relay 2 Relay N

    Orthogonal channels

    source

    destination

    In phase 1, the source broadcasts its information to the destination and N relay nodes ys,d = ys,ri = Ps hs,d x + s,d Ps hs,ri x + s,ri , i = 1, 2, ..., N

    Relays will only forward the source signal The received signal at the destination in phase 2 due to the i -th relay transmission is yri ,d = hri ,d i ys,ri + ri ,d where i
    Pi Ps | hs, ri | 2 + N0

    (power constraint)
    Ph.D. T hesis Defense April 22, 2008 7 / 57

    Karim G. Seddik (University of M aryland )

    22

    23

    24

    25

    Dist ribut ed Space-T ime and Space-Frequency Codings

    Data rate loss of classical protocols for large number of relays


    M ot ivat ion

    Motivation for Distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC)

    In DSTC relays are allowed to simultaneously transmit in the second phase using a form of space-time coding Data rate loss of classical protocols for large number of relays
    In DSTC term distributed comes because the space-time codesecond The relays are allowed to simultaneously transmit in the is phase using a form of space-time coding The term distributed comes because the space-time code is distributed among randomly located relay nodes

    distributed among randomly located relay nodes

    Relay

    Relay
    Relay

    Relay

    Relay Relay
    Destination

    Source Relay

    Source Relay
    Karim G. Seddik ( University of M aryland ) Ph.D. T hesis Defense April 22, 2008

    Destination

    18 / 57

    26

    27

    THANK YOU
    THINK
    28

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