Continuing Education 1

Horizontal Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: the Importance of Space Maintenance

Barry P. Levin, DMD LEARNING OBJECTIVES ABSTRACT

' discuss various methods of hardtissue augmentation for implant insertion ' describe a novel technique of regent-ration that utilizes the application of a resorbable mesh to maintain regenerative space ' explain the principles of horizontal space maintenance

At dental implaiitology's inception, patients seeking tooth or teeth replacement were conft'onted with the concern of whether they were viable "candidates" for treatment. Largely, this criteria was based on 3-dimensional bone volume present in edentulous sites selected for implant fixture insertion. When surgeons determined this volume as insufficient for implant placement, patients were encotiraged to seek alternative restorative therapy. As the ability to regenerate lost tissue, both hard and soft, has evolved, the number of patients now considered "candidates" for implant therapy has increased exponentially. Not only has the ability to regenerate lost hard tissue improved, but it has facilitated prosthetically and mechanically favorable implant positioning. This has led to decreases in mechanical and biologic complications. The efficacy of augmentation techniques has been critically evaluated, and minimizing morbidity while improving outcomes is a goal shai'ed by surgeons and patients alike. This aiticle discusses several methods of hard-tissue augmentation and presents a novel technique of regeneration aimed at improving clinical outcomes while decreasing morbidity associated with older, yet effective modes of ridge augmentation.
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he lack of masticatory function is not the only untoward consequence of tooth loss. The physiologic modeling and remodeling of alveolar bone, resulting in lost hoi izontal and vertical ridge dimensions, is normally inevitable. Pietrokovski and Massler' as well as Johnson- proved this more than four decades ago. Animal studies performed by Araujo and Lindhe^ reported significant reduction of alveolar ridge dimension following extractions. Schropp et al* demonstrated this phenomenon in humans, following 12 months of healing after removal of ;i single tooth. This bone loss ean result in ill-fitting removable prostheses and difficulty in placingendosseous implants in their most favorable positions. The early phases of implant dentistry typically started with surgical assessments of the proposed implant sites, and fixture placement into the sites with adequate bony support for implant placement. Although osseointegration vvas often accomplished, functional, mechanical, and esthetic compromises were accepted. As complications regarding prosthesis loosening, porcelain, abutment, abutment screw, and even implant fractures became more common, clinicians began to search for greater efiicacy in implant therapy in an effort to eliminate the regularity of these problematic events. Restoring lost alveolar bone to facilitate biomechanically favorable implant placements was an eventual goal. Over the past two decades, numerous investigators have presented countless methods of accomplishing this goal. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel method of alveolar 1 idge augmentation that can lead to minimally invasive implant placement in regenerated sites.

many situations, resulting in suboptimal regenerative outcomes. One commonly utilized method of horizontal regeneration is the use of intraoral autogenous block grafts. The blocks are hai-vested from the patient's symphisis or ramus. The donor sites are surgically isolated, and the appropriately sized blocks are "cut" with either rotary instruments, reciprocating saws, or piezo electric saws and removed. The perforation of cortical bone has been proven to enhance bone regeneration.-^ The donor sites are then treated with bone replacement grafts and/or haemostatic agents, as advocated by Misch,'' and closed. The dense cortical bone at the recipient site is decorticated to facilitate vascularity in growth and migration of cells into the desired regenerated site. The block is then closely adapted to the recipient site with fixation screws. Tension-free closure of the overlyingflapis achieved, and time to allow for incorporation of the block precedes fixation screw removal and implant placement. This technique is widely used and investigators report varying levels of success. One of several drawbacks to this technique is rsorption of the block, resulting in suboptimal bone regeneration. Cordaro' et al reported approximately 25% horizontal graft reduction using this technique. Methods to reduce the rsorption of autogenous block grafts have been tested, often with positive results. Von Arx and Buser" evaluated the efficacy of combining block grafts with anorganic bone particulate and resorbable porcine collagen membranes. They reported minimal "surface rsorption" with this technique. In the rabbit model, Kim and co-workers'' demonstrated the synergistic effect of collagen membranes and block grafts, and further demonstrated that the application of a "double membrane" technique resulted in smaller amounts of rsorption compared to a single-layer technique. The rsorption of block grafts, the expense associated with auxiliary materials necessary to minimize rsorption, and the PRINCIPLES OF HORIZONTAL SPACE MAINTENANCE morbidity associated with donor sites leads clinicians to search for alternative methods for ridge augmentation. One commonly Bone has an astounding capacity for regeneration. Beyond the used technique is the application of a rigid mesh to maintain redense cortex found on bone's outer surface, trabecular bone is generative space. This is not a new principle. Boyne'" presented often rich in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. These a technique of combining autogenous bone, hai-vested from the cells, stimulated by the appropriate growth factors, have the iliac crest, and protecting it from rsorption by a titanium mesh. ability to transform or differentiate into osteoblasts capable of He demonstrated minimal rsorption after 3 to 10 years in the bone formation. This treatment concept has resulted in sucedentulous maxilla. In the canine model, Thoma and co-workers" cessful regeneration of "space maintaining" defects, such as evaluated several methods of ridge augmentation of experimental four-walled extraction sockets and well-contained periodontal defects when grafting with recombinant hulesions. These types of defects provide natu- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ man bone morphogenetic protein- 2 (rh B M P- 2) rally occurring sites, where isolation of invading combined with bone graft materials or titanium soft-tissue cells, via barrier membranes (guided mesh. They found significant differences bebone regeneration [GBR], guided tissue regentween modalities. Demineralized grafts proved eration [GTR]), can facilitate ingrowths of these RELATED CONTENT: inadequate for space maintenance, resulting osteoblastic cells and bone regeneration. This Learn more about bone grafting/tissue regeneration materials at in collapse of the grafted sites and inadequate is not the case when bony walls are deficient or dentalaegis.com/go/cced35 ridge dimensions for implant placement. When missing. Collapse of the membrane-protected rhBMP-2 was protected by a titanium mesh, or space by the overlying fiap is unavoidable in
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Continuing Education 1

the mesh, referred to hy Boyne'" as a "pseudo-periosteum." This tenacious soft tissue is tightly hound to the tnesh and underlying hone, requiring sharp dissectiort and elevation ofthe material. This adds sigtiificant operative time to the procedure. This type of soft tissue is shown in Figure 2; the mesh removed at the time of itrtplant placerrtent still has the tissue attached following sharp dissection and elevation. The wideflapreflection and time needed to re tnove the mesh increases morhidity associated with the second surgical procedure, primarily intended for itnplant placement. The evolution of this techtiique has led to the developtnent of a rigid hut resorhable mesh. The challenge for cliniciatis and researchers is tofinda resorbahle mesh capahle of space maintetiatice comparahle to titaniutn mesh, yet composed of a tnaterial that is hiocotnpatihle and does tiot cotnpromise regenerative outcomes. Buchtnann et al''' demonstrated mild itiflamtnatory reactions to synthetic guided tissue regenet ation (GTR) harriers in lumtans. When comparing membranes composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and glycolide-lactic-co-polymer(PGL) in mandibular furcation lesions, hoth resulted in vertical attachment gaiti. The enzyitiatic release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was slightly more prolonged for the PLA barriers, hut there was tio clinical difference noted. The use of sytithetic polytners serving as tissueexclusionary harriers in periodontal therapy is time-tested and chnically proven. Karapataki et al'"' found that intrahony peri odontal defects treated with resorhable PLA tnetiihranes yielded comparahle results compared to non-resorbahle (ePTFE) harriers. In the animal model, Laurell et al"' reported indistingitishablo comparisons of native periodontal tissues atid those regetierated with PLA harrier utilized in GTR procedures. One of these materials approved for clinical use is a tnesh composed of a copolytner of 85% polylaetide and 15% polyglycollde. This material is resorbed in vivo over approximately 12 months titiie and reportedly maintains its structural integrity lor ahout 2 tnontlis, prior to its tnore rapid breakdown into lactic and glycolic acids before it is eliminated via hydrolysis in the form of water and carbon dioxide (COp. The biocompatibility of this material defends against untoward patient reactions and woutid complications, and it is designed to protect space for bone regeneration. Either bone particulate graft or recombitiant bone stimulatory proteins can be placed betweeti the alveolar ridge and the resorbable mesh. Lane and co-workers" demonstrated that when a poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) carrier is combined with rhBMP-2 in the anitnal model, no adverse local or systemic efects were observed. They also reported clinical efficacy of this eomhitiation in hone regeneration of surgically created bony defects without any ectopic hone fortnation. Oweti and co-workers'" itivestigated varieties of PLGA memhranes and found the potential for sustained drug release in treating periodontal defects.
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Fig 2. Fig 1. Note wide flap reflection necessary for titanium mesh removal and implant placement. The apical extent of the flap is necessary not only to remove the mesh but also two fixation screws that need to be placed at a safe distance from the apices of the adjacent teeth. Fig 2. Tenacious soft tissue incorporates around titanium mesh, which is used for ridge augmentation and removed at time of implant placement.

conibitied with mineralized, slowly resorbing botie graft, more successftil regeneration was reported. Von Arx and Kttrt'^ presented a case series of implants placed with fenestration or dehiscence defect, which were grafted with autogenous bone and titanium mesh. They reported an average of 93.5% defect resolution. The protective mechanism of rigid trtesh is not fully understood, however it has heen demotistrated to enhance even autogenous block grafting procedures. Rocuzzo et al '^ demonstrated less graft rsorption when hlock grafts were "covered" with titanium mesh. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of a rigid tnesh in alveolar ridge augmentation. Disadvantages to this technique include time necessary for mesh shaping, matiipulation, artdfixation.But perhaps the greatest shortcoming of titanium mesh is the necessity of its removal. This requires wide flap reflection and frequetitly sharp dissection (Figure 1). Often, a dense, soft-tissue layer is found over
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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Case One
The patient, a 39-year-old woman, presented at the inception of multidisciplinaiy therapy. Prior to starting comprehensive orthodontic treatment, it was determined that tooth Nos. 24 and 25 were deemed hopeless (Figtire 3). Cross-sectional views obtained from cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) demonstrated deficient labial and lingual cortices at the time of presentation (Figure 4 and Figure 5). FiiU-thicknessflapreflection and delicate extractions were done, utilizing periotomes and forceps and taking precaution to avoid unnecessary trauma and further bone loss; tooth Nos. 24 and 25 were removed (Figure 6). FoUovring thorough debridement with ultrasonic and hand instrumentation, the defects were obturated with a mineralized allograft (freeze-dried hone allograft [FDBA], Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation IMTF) Tissue Bank, www.mtf.org) (Figure 7). For purposes of graft containment, a traditional barrier membrane may have been chosen; however, due to the compression ofthe overlyingflapand an anticipated 6 to 9 months before implant placement was expected to occur, a thin or knife-edge crest ridge anatomy could result in this area. Therefore, a rigid, resorbable mesh was utilized to provide graft containment and space maintenance (Figure 8). This PLGA-coinposed mesh was trimmed extraorally to the desired size of the defect, then placed in a sterile, warm water bath at 70C for ahout 10 seconds. This temporary warming allows for 3-dimensional (3-D) contouring of the flat mesh to the desired shape needed to reconstruct the alveolar ridge. To prevent movement ofthe mesh in situ, it was affixed to the labial cortex with screws composed ofthe same PLGA polymer. A dermal allograft was placed over the graft site to augment the volume of soft tissue in this area of typically thin keratinized mucosa (Figure 9). The flaps were closed in a tension-free manner after a facial periostealreleasing incision (Figure 10). Active tooth movement was coinplete approximately 6 months after surgery, and a second CBCT scan was taken to evaluate the site prior to implant-placement surgery. With the adequate presence of both hard and soft tissues in the edentulous area (Figure 11), it was determined that no further tissue augmentation was required to place implants in their prosthetieally desired positions. At this point, the virtue of not having to deal with the removal of the mesh was apparent. Because regeneration was successful, and surgical re-entry to remove a titanium mesh and fixation screws was unnecessary, aflapless,computer-guided surgery could be considered utilizing software to fabricate the templates (Figure 12). This would reduce morbidity for the patient and enhance implant placement accuracy. Because the procedure was minimally invasive, postoperative bleeding was minimal, making it easier for the orthodontist to replace the arch wire and attached denture teeth for fixed provisionalization postoperatively.
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Fig 3. Pre-extraction situation. Tooth Nos. 24 and 25 were planned for extraction, and simultaneous ridge augmentation was planned. Implant placement in these two positions at the conclusion of active tooth movement was also planned. Fig 4 and Fig 5. Cross-sectional views of tooth Nos, 24 and 25 failed to demonstrate the presence of labial and iingual bony cortices. Fig 6. Following extractions, it was possible to visualize the facial and lingual bony walls. Fig 7. Bone aliograft (FDBA) was placed to obturate the extraction sites. Fig 8. Resorbable mesh was shaped and affixed to the labial cortex with two PLGA resorbable fixation screws. The mesh was passively adapted over the edentulous crest and provided graft containment on the lingual aspect of the grafted defect.

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Continuing Education 1

Fig 9. Dermal allograft was adapted over the mesh-protected, grafted defect. This augments the thickness and quality of the keratinized mucosa. Fig 10. Primary wound closure was achieved; the patient subsequently presented to the orthodontist to replace the archwire; two denture teeth were attached to brackets for esthetic purposes. Fig 11. Six months after extraction and augmentation, orthodontic therapy was completed and the patient returned for implant placement. Adequate hard and soft tissues were present. Fig 12. Flapless, computer-guided implant placement was performed. A transmucosal healing mode was chosen, with the placement of standard healing abutments.

Case Two extraction sites were also obturated with this grafting material. A 46-year-old woman presented with advanced chronic periThe area of tooth Nos. 7 and 8 presented a unique challenge, odontitis and had already lost several maxillary and mandibubecause the facial wall of the extraction sockets was totally lar teeth (Figure i;i and Figure 14). She initially complained of missing (Figure 16). This graft material, though osteoinductivc. pain in the maxillary anterior sextant, where a draining sinus lacks any space-maintaining properties. Therefore, a resorbahlc tract between tooth Nos. 7 and 8 was evident. The patient demesh was used to protect the 3-D regenerative space desired sired a fixed restoration and was unwilling to wear a removable for proper implant placement (Figure 17). Theflapswere then prosthesis, even on a temporary basis, if possible. It was declosed with a monofilament suture and the provisional bridge cided that tooth Nos. 2,6,11, and 15 would be retained to supwas recemented (Figure 18). port a fixed, provisional bridge, while the patient's remaining The patient returned approximately 5 months after the augteeth would be extracted and bone augmentation performed, mentation procedure for implant placement. Prior to this step, followed by implant placement (Figure 15). Extraction of the a CT.scan was taken with tlic patient wearing a rad opaque .scanmaxillary teeth with the exception of these four teeth was done ning appliance, which was based on thefinalprosthetic treatment to simplify provisionalization. plan (Figure 19 and Figure 20). Planning .software demonstrated The patient returned to the surgeon for bilateral maxillary adequate 3-1) volume for implant placement in the regenerated sinus grafting and anterior ridge augmentation. Because the area where rhBMP-2/ACS and PLGA mesh were combined. patient was a heavy smoker (more than 1.5 packs per day) and Removal of the provisional bridge permitted visualization of a due to the magnitude of the desired amount of bone regenhealthy and symmetrical edentulous ridge (Figure 21). A tootlieration, a biologic mediator or growth factor was chosen to and soft-tissue-supported template was seated to facilitate flapenhance augmentation and compensate for a suspected comless, computer-gtiided implant placement (Figure 22). Because promise in systemic wound healing caused by ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ the patient desired afixed,finalprosthesis and her substantial amount of smoking. This is an a "full complement" of teeth with the excep empirical statement regarding the efficacy ol tion of third molars, nine implants were placed. the use of growth factors for these purposes. Although a full-arch prosthesis may be sup Followingflapreflection, bilateral sinus grafts ported with fewer implants, the treatment plan RELATED CONTENT: were performed, utilizing a lateral approach anticipated that one or more implants could Learn more about surgical equipment and instruments at with piezo surgery for o.steotomy preparation; fail to osseointcgrate due to the patient's hav\ dentalaegls.com/go/cced2e both sinuses were grafted with rhBMP-2/absmoking habit. With nine implants placed inisorbable collagen sponge (ACS). The residual tially, both the surgeon and restorative dentist
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Continuing Kducation 1

DISCUSSION

Contemporary strategies for regenerating lost alveolar bone are frequently based on the concepts of "tissue engineering." Bruder and Fox'"' described the three "basic biologic elements" required for skeletal tissue regeneration: cells, growth and diflerentiation factors, and extracelltilar matrix scalolds. .Vs mentioned and demonstrated in this paper, host trabecularbone in healthy individu als is capable of providing the cellular population neces.saiy for differentiation stiinulated by the appropriate growth factors. The challenge for stirgeons is to provide a matrix capable of supporting "cellular attachment, migration, and jiroliferation" as described by Bruder.'" The ideal graft material for bone augmentation is yet to be discovered. Many materials are superior to others in one oimore aspects yet are Inferior regarding other properties. Autogenous and allogeneic block grafts are excellent in terms of providing 3-D space. I nvestigators such as Misch-" have reported excellent results concerning improved bone density at propt)sed implant sites; however, they did mention limitations of donor bone volume and potential for nerve damage to lower anterior teeth. Autogenous block grafts are also associated with signilicant rsorption and donor site morbidity. Particulate grafts, which can be atitogenotis. allogeneic, xenogenic. or alloplasts. are easier to apply, though graft migration duringand following surgery can be a challenge. Depending on their source and processing, they may be considered osteogenic, osteoinductive, osteocondiictive. or a combination of these properties. /\I though autogenous bone can provide viable bone-forming cells, the limiting factor for its use is the amotint tliat can be harvested for the appropriate defect be ing grafted. This type of grafting will always have vai-y ing degrees of donor site morbidity associated with it. Allografts have been titilized for decades in periodontics and oral surgeiy applications. These grafts are primarily osteoconductive, meaning they serve as a scaftbld for passive cellular repopulation and substitution. I n naturallyoccurringspace-maintainingdefects, this type of material is veiy successful. The demineralization of bone allograft has the potential for osteoinduetivity, meaning that the acid-demineralization process exposes mineral-bound growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The interaction of these proteins with undiflerentiated mesenchymal cells can influence these cells towards their differentiation down the osteoblastic pathway. Sato and Urist-' demonstrated this phenomenon of dif^ ferentiation in an animal model. One of the disadvantages of using demineralized bone for alveolar bone augmentation is its rapid rsorption rate. Often this results in less than ideal 3-D regeneration of the alveolar ridge. Xenografts and alloplasts are exclusively osteoconductive bone grafts, with varying degradation rates. Some are even consideretl to be nonresorbable. These materials may provide better space maintenance compared to demineralized bone, yet their substitution with regenerated autogenous bone is qtiestionable. Tliis max
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Fig 13. Pretreatment panorex demonstrating hopeless condition of maxillary dentition as well as mandibular molar teeth. Fig 14. Severe periodontitis and periodontal abscess on the facial aspect of tooth Nos. 7 and 8, All maxillary teeth were hypermobile and the patient was symptomatic in the anterior sextant. Fig 15. Fixed provisional bridge supported by the maxillary second moiars and canines.

decided that a full-arch prosthesis would still be possible despite the potential loss of one or two implants. It was noteworthy that in the maxillary anterior sextant, the resorbable mesh in the area of tooth Nos. 7 and 8 enabled adequate hard- and softtissue dimensions for implant placements. Moreover, due to the resorbable properties of the mesh, aflapless,guided placement could be performed (Figure 23).
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limit the eventual bone-to-implant contact, or osseointegration necessary for long-term implant loading success. In a short-term study in humans, this theor>'. based on implant sur\'ival, has been I efuted by Crespi et al.-' In the animal model. Araujo et al ' in their histologie analysis of extraction sockets speculated that a bone alloplasf may have "retarded bone formation." The regeneration of native bone by rhBMP-2, capable of sustaining functional loading, has been demonstrated in the animal model by Jovanovic cf al.-' In a human multi-center study. Fiorellini et al-'* demonstrated significant ridge dimensional preservation and gains when a therapeutic dose of rhBM P-2 delivered on an absorbable coUatien sponge was used in anterior extraction sites with buccal wall deficiencies. Although a different application of rhBMP-2/ACS was utilized in the sinus graft, multicenter studies^"'' reported favorably regarding 2- to 3-year functional loading of implants placed in sites grafted with this material. A regenerated site without residual graft material may constitute the ideal scenario for ridge auginentation procedures. Bone xenografts and alloplasts also may require gran migration and containment similar to that of autogenous and allogeneic particulatcs. With functional and esthetic demands becoming greater for implant therapy, if has never been more crucial to place implants into the most naturally occurring tooth locations as possible. This challenge is great when the alveolar ridge is damaged or severely resorbed. Clinicians desire to place implants into sites with adequate hard and soft tissues, where native bone underlying healthy keratinized mucosa provides the best possible scenario for success. A "moldable" mesh can provide this type of regenerative space. Wliether passive graft materials or osteoinductive proteins are placed beneath the mesh, the desired outcome is fhe regeneration of a healthy ridge composed of native bone. As demonstrated in this article, the utilization of a resorbable mesh has one main advantage over titanium mesh: its removal is unnecessaiy Not only does this simplify implant placement surgery, but it may also, under the appropriate circumstances, facilitateflapless,computer-guided implant surgery. The cases selected in this article are representative of a larger number of patients treated in a private periodontal practice. Based on the severity of tissue destruction and the quantity of desired regeneration, variations in grafting materials were utilized. For this reason, a consistent treatment protocol was not presented. In areas where the number of osseous walls necessaiy for partial graft containment and sources of vascularity are present, osteoconductive therapy can be sufficient to achieve the desired result. When the goal of substantial regeneration may he considered ambitious due to extensive bone loss, a more active, osteoinductive solution can be pursued. The utilization of stimulatory proteins, such as rhBMP-2, can provide a means of "compensating" for the compromised regenerative potential of severe osseous defects.
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Fig 16. The edentulous anterior sextant. Portions of the facial bony wall remain n the maxillary left central and lateral incisor region. The long-standing abscess associated with tooth Nos. 7 and 8 has resulted in total loss of the bony plate in this area. Fig 17. The extraction sites of tooth Nos. 9 and 10 were obturated with rhBMP-2/ ACS. The presence of a portion of the facial cortex provided space maintenance for bony regeneration. The same biomaterial was placed into site Nos. 7 and 8, but a resorbable PLGA mesh was contoured over the site and fixed to the facial bone to provide regenerative space in this area. Fig 18. Primary closure was achieved after bilateral sinus grafting and anterior ridge augmentation. The fixed, provisional bridge was then relieved to avoid pressure on the healing sites and recemented. Fig 19 and Fig 20. Scanning appliance worn by the patient for CT scan (Fig 19). Fabrication of a surgical template for flapless, computer-guided implant placement would be based on digital information obtained from the scan. Fig 20 demonstrates the cross-sectional view of the No. 8 position. Planning software demonstrated adequate 3-D volume for implant placement in this regenerated area where rhBMP-2/ACS and mesh were combined.

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Continuing Education 1

The purpose of this article is to provide the rationale for utilizing novel, hioresorbable space-maintenance materials, combined with various osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive graft materials, in the attempt to regenerate lost alveolar hone for the purpose of placing endosseous dental implants. The technique presented is meant to serve as an alternative t older tnethods of grafting, such as the use of autogenous hlock grafts and titanium mesh techniques. The benefit of this newer teclinique is to avoid or minimize some ofthe morbidity and eotnplications frequently associated with these other techniques.

REFERENCES

CONCLUSION

As technology advances, sometimes at unnerving rates, patients will come to expect tooth replacement to mimic their natural dentition in all aspects, achieved with a process that is less and less invasive and titne-consutnitig. It has heen demonstfated that by eliminating the removal of a space-maintaining mesh comhined with stimulatory rhBMP-2/ACS, amhitious bone regeneration and minimally invasive itnplant placetnent can be performed in a relatively timely manner with reduced morhidity for the patient.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Barry P.. Levin, DMD

Clinicul Associate Professor, University ofPennsylvaniu. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Private Practice. Perioilontohyy ami Dental Implant Surgery. Elkins Park, Pennsylvania; Fellow, International Team for Implantology (ITJ)

1. PietrokovskI J, Massler M. Alveolar ridge rsorption following tooth extraction. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17(1):21-27. 2. Johnson K. A study of the dimensional changes occurring in the maxilla following tooth extraction. Aust Dent J. 1969;14(4):241-244. 3. AraCijo MG, Lindhe J. Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 2OO5;32(2):212-218. 4. Schropp L, Wenzel A, Kostopoulos L, Karring T Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: a clinical and radiographie 12-month prospective study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2OO3:23(4):313-323. 5. Nishimura I, Shimizu Y, Ooya K. Effects of cortical bone perforation on experimental guided bone regeneration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2OO4;15(3):293-3OO. 6. Misch CM, Misch CE. Autogenous mandibular bone grafts for reconstruction of ridge deficiencies prior to implant placement [abstract]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;(8):117 7. Cordaro L, Amad DS, Cordaro M. Clinical results of alveolar ridge augmentation with mandibular block grafts in partially edentulous patients prior to implant placement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2002;13(l):103-ni. 8. von Arx T, Buser D. Horizontal ridge augmentation using autogenous block grafts and the guided bone regeneration technique with collagen membranes: a clinical study with 42 patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2OO6:17(4):359-366. 9. Kim SH, Kim DY. Kim KH, et al. The efficacy of a double-layer collagen membrane technique for overlaying block grafts in a rabbit calvarium model. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2OO9:2O(1O):1124-I132, 10. Boyne PJ, Cole MD, Stringer D, Shafqat JP, A technique for osseous restoration of deficient edentulous maxillary ridges. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985;43(2):87-91. 11. Thoma DS, Jones A, Yamashita M, et al. Ridge augmentation using recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 techniques: an experimental

Fig 21. Five months after sinus and ridge augmentation healthy soft tissues were evident and the maxillary ridge was symmetric in the anterior sextant, where one side was originally deficient in ridge width. Fig 22. Surgical template, supported by the four remaining teeth and soft tissues. Sequential computer-guided implant placement was used to further stabilize subsequent implant insertions. Fig 23. Implant placement in the Nos, 7, 8, and 9 positions. Because the mesh did not require removal, flapless placement was possible. Note that it is visually impossible to distinguish between which side (right or left) was augmented with rhBMP-2 alone and which side was grafted with rhBMP-2 plus PLGA mesh.

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study in the canine, J Periodontot. 2010;81(12):1829-1838, 12. von Arx T. Kurt B, Implant placement and simultaneous ridge augmentation using autogenous bone and a micro titanium mesh: a prospective clinical study with 20 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999; 10(l):24-33, 13. Rocuzzo M. Ramieri G. Bunino M, Berrone S, Autogenous bone graft alone or associated with titanium mesh for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation: a controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18(3):286-294, 14. Buchmann R, Hasilik A. Heinecke A. Lange DE, PMN responses following use of 2 biodegradable GTR membranes, J Clin Periodontol. 2001:28(11):1050-1057 15. Karapataki S. Hugoson A. Falk H. et al. Healing following GTR treatment of intrabony defects distal to mandibular 2"" molars using resorbable and non-resorbable barriers, J Clin Periodontal. 2OOO;27(5):333-34O, 16. Laurell L. Bose M, Graziani F, et al. The structure of periodontal tissues formed following guided tissue regeneration therapy of intrabony defects in the monkey, J Clin Perlodontol. 2006;33(8):596-603, 17. Lane JM, Yasko AW, Tomin E, et al. Bone marrow and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in osseous repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999:(361):216-227 18. Owen GR, Jackson JK, Chehroudi B, et al. An in vitro study of plasticized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) films as possible guided tissue regeneration membranes: material properties and drug release kinetics, J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;95(3):857-869,

19. Bruder SP, Fox BS, Tissue engineering of bone. Cell based strategies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;(367 suppl):S68-S83, 20. Misch CM. Misch CE, The repair of localized severe ridge defects for implant placement using mandibular bone grafts. Implant Dent. 1995;4(4):261-267 21. Sato K, Urist MR, Induced regeneration of calvaria by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;197:301-311, 22. Crespi R, Cappar P, Gherlone E, Dental implants placed in extraction sites grafted with different bone substitutes: radiographie evaluation at 24 months, J Periodontol. 2009;80(10):1616-1621, 23. Jovanovic SA. Hunt DR. Bernard GW. et al. Long-term functional loading of dental implants in rhBMP-2 induced bone, A histologie study in the canine ridge augmentation model. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2003;14(6):793-803, 24. Fiorellini JP, Howell TeH. Cochran D. et al. Randomized study evaluating recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for extraction socket augmentation, J Periodontol. 2005:76(4):605-613, 25. Boyne PJ, Lilly LC, Marx RE, et al. De novo bone induction by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in maxillary sinus floor augmentation, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005:63(12):1693-1707 26. Triplett RG, Nevins M, Marx RE, et al. Pivotal, randomized, parallel evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/absorbable collagen sponge and autogenous bone graft for maxillary sinus floor augmentation, J Oral l^axiltofac Surg. 2009;67(9):1947-1960,

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Continuing Education 1 I Quiz

Horizontal Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: the Importance of Space Maintenance

Barry P. Levin, DMD This article provides 2 hours of CE credit from AEGIS Publications, LLC. Record your answers on the enclosed answer form or .submit them on ii separate sheet of paper. You may also phone your answers in to (215) 504-1275 x 207 or fax them to (215) 504-1502 or log on to www.dentalaegis.com/ cced and click on "Continuing Education." Be sure to include your name, address, telephone iiumhcr. and last 4 digits of your Social Security nuiiihor. PLEASE COMPLETE ANSWER FORM ON PAGE 34, INCLUDING YOUR NAME AND PAYMENT INFORMATION.

1.

A commonly utilized method of horizontal regeneration is the use of intraoral autogenous block grafts, which are harvested from the patient's: A. ramus. B. symphisis. C. iliac crest. D. A o r B

6.

Basic biologic elements required for skeletal tissue regeneration include: A. host trabecular bone. B. growth and differentiation factors. C. extracellular matrix scaffolds. D. B and C Particulate grafts can be:

2.

The perforation of cortical bone has been proven to do what to bone regeneration? A. deter it B. eliminate it C. enhance it D. have no effect on it 8.

A. autogenous. B. allogeneic. C. xenogenic. D. all of the above The demineralization of bone allograft has the potential for what, meaning that the acid-demineralization process exposes mineral-bound growth factors? A. osteoconductivity B. osteogenicity C. osteoinductivity D. none of the above 9. Significant ridge dimensional preservation and gains were demonstrated when a therapeutic dose of rhBMP-2 delivered on what was used in anterior extraction sites with buccal wall deficiencies? A. hydroxyapatite B. an absorbable collagen sponge C. tricalcium phosphate D. autogenous bone particles 10. Under the appropriate circumstances, utilization of a resorbable mesh may facilitate: A. flapless. computer-guided implant surgery. B. a second, invasive surgery. C. osteoinductivity. D. A and B

3.

What leads clinicians to search for alternative methods for ridge augmentation? A. the rsorption of block grafts B. the expense associated with auxiliary materials necessary to minimize rsorption C. the morbidity associated with donor sites D. all of the above

4.

Perhaps the greatest shortcoming of titanium mesh is: A. its inability to provide space maintenance. B. the elimination of a secondary donor site. C. the necessity of its removal. D. its need for manipulation and fixation. The use of synthetic polymers serving as tissue-exclusionary barriers in periodontal therapy: A. is time-tested and clinically proven. B. is not clinically proven. C. is unreliable. D. has not been reported on.

The deadline for submiwion of quizzes is 36 months after the date uf publication. Partici[}ants must attain a score of 70% on each quiz to receive credit. Participants receiving a failinfi grade n any exam will be nutified and permitted to take one re-examination. Participants will receive an annual report documenting their accumulated credits, and are urged to contact their own state registiy boards torspecial CE requirements.

CowTwuiNG EDUCATION BECOGMTWN PROGDU*

AEGIS Puijl'Cdtions, LLC. is an ADA CERP Recognized Provider. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals In identifying quality providers of continuing dental education, ADA CERP does not approve or endorse individual courses or instructors, nor does It imply acceptance of credit hours by boards of dentistry Concerns or complaints about a CE provider may be directed to the provider or to ADA CERP at www.ada.org/cerp.

Academy
of Gencrat Itctistry

PACE

Approved PACE Program Provider FACO/MACD. Credit Approval does not imply acceptance by a stale or provincial board of dentistry or AGD endorement, (7/18/1990 to 12/1/2012)

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COMPENDIUM

October 2011

Volume :!2, Number S

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