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Session-1 - Fundamentals of Power System Protection

This document provides information about an upcoming short-term course on power system protection issues with distributed generators to be held on August 3rd and 4th, 2012 at NIT Trichy. The course will cover fundamentals of power system protection including basic relaying concepts, abnormal power system conditions, fault statistics, relaying schemes and methods of discrimination. It will also discuss components of protection systems such as current transformers, potential transformers and various types of relays including overcurrent, directional, differential and distance relays.

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283 views

Session-1 - Fundamentals of Power System Protection

This document provides information about an upcoming short-term course on power system protection issues with distributed generators to be held on August 3rd and 4th, 2012 at NIT Trichy. The course will cover fundamentals of power system protection including basic relaying concepts, abnormal power system conditions, fault statistics, relaying schemes and methods of discrimination. It will also discuss components of protection systems such as current transformers, potential transformers and various types of relays including overcurrent, directional, differential and distance relays.

Uploaded by

varathanpower
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering NIT Trichy Welcomes You all

Short-term course on Power System Protection Issues with Distributed Generators


3rd 4th August 2012
Co-ordinator P.Raja, M.Tech., Assistant Professor Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering NIT, Trichy - 15

Short-term course on Power System Protection Issues with Distributed Generators


3rd 4th August 2012

Session 1

Fundamentals of Power System Protection

P.Raja, M.Tech., Assistant Professor Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering NIT, Trichy - 15

Session I

BASIC PROTECTION RELAYING

What is Protection? - General


The act of protecting something / somebody Necessary when there is something wrong / abnormal condition Avoid the process of expansion should not allow the wrong / abnormal condition to spoil something is good In our discussion Protection of Power system

Need for Protection Analogy


Rain Umbrella
Processing & Signaling

Action

Sensing

Discussion on
Need for Protection Abnormal conditions of Electric Power System Components of Basic Protection system Fault Statistics Relaying schemes
Different discrimination

Methodology of implementation

Discussion on
Expected quality of a Relay Basic operation of a Relay Concepts of
Over current relay Directional over current relay Differential protection Distance relay

Components of Power Systems


Generator Bus Bar Transformer Transmission Line Loads
Transformer Rain Current Voltage Frequency

Voltage Frequency

Transformer

Generator

Bus Bar

Transmission Line

Fault conditions
Insulation Failure in any component Open conductor fault Line faults

Abnormal Conditions
Abnormal changes in
Current (Increment / Decrement) Voltage (Increment / Decrement) Frequency (Increment / Decrement)

Who causes the abnormality..?!


Fault Basic Circuit concept Short circuit Increase in current & Decrease in Voltage

What is Protection?
The function of protective equipment is not the preventive one its imply Takes action only after a fault has occurred Its the ambulance at the foot of the cliff rather than the fence at the top

Fundamental Principles
The essential and discriminative removal of an abnormality from a power system To minimize loss of supply and damage Two Basic requirements of the system
Must be provided with sufficient number of CBs Appropriate action of controlling and disconnecting equipments and there by remove the abnormal conditions

Fault Statistic Probability of Faults


Overhead lines CTs, PTs & control equipment Switch gear Transformers Underground cables Generators 50 % 12% 12 % 10% 9% 7%

Generator

Bus Bar

Transmission Line

Overhead Line Protection (Probability of Occurrence)


Line Ground (LG) Line Line (LL) Line Line Ground (LLG) 5% Line Line Line (LLL) 85% (least severe) 8% 2% (Most Severe)

Methods of Discrimination
Voltage Frequency

Transformer

Transformer

Generator

Bus Bar

Transmission Line

Methods of discrimination
By current magnitude By time By current with time By time and direction By distance measurement By distance with time By current balance

Methods of discrimination
By Opposed voltage protection By Phase comparison Distance protection with signaling channel

The Mediator!?
Voltage Frequency

Transformer CB Sensing Transmission Line

Transformer

Generator

Bus Bar

Relay

OC Differential Directional Distance Digital Distance

Travelling Wave 1980

Adaptive ANN Wavelet Wide area Hybrid

1900

1920

1940

1960

2000

2005

Numerical Network Based P based Digital Static Electromechanical

Components of Power System Protection

Instrumentation Transformers
CT
Characteristics

PT

Expected qualities of Protective Relay


Sensitivity Selectivity Speed Simplicity Reliability Economics

Relaying Over current


Sensing Current Current Transformer Relaying Electromechanical Attraction Induction
Comparison Pick up value Discrimination by level of current

Over current relay


Disadvantage of only current discrimination
Transmission system Zonal protection Primary and Back up protection

Importance of timing

Over current Relay with Time


Back up Relay Primary Relay
R1 R2 R3 R4 R9 R5 R6 B3 R7 R8

B1

B2

B4

R1

R2

R3

R4 R9

R5

R6 B3

R7

R8

B1

B2

B4

Parameters
Pick up value
Minimum operating value required to operate the relay How do you select?

Plug setting multiplier (PSM)


PSM=Fault current at the relay coil/Pick up current Pick up current = Rated secondary of the CT x Current setting

Time multiplier setting

Over current relay with timing


Inverse time over current relay
A - IDMT B - Very inverse C - Extremely inverse 0.14(TMS ) top PSM 0.02 1
13.5(TMS ) top PSM 1

80(TMS ) top PSM 2 1

Over current relay with Directional Element


Simple necessity of Directional element in Over current relay
A B

Parallel Feeder Ring Main system

Implementation of Electro-Mechanical Relay


Fuse Attraction Based Induction based Shaded pole Watt-hour structure Induction cup structure

Shaded-Pole Structure

Derivation of Torque

Watt-hour structure
E core U core Can be used for directional operation

Differential/ unit relay


Sensing two end currents Find the difference If the difference > set value Relay operates Zonal Protection
End 1 End 2

Pilot wire

Applications of Differential Relay


Unit Protection Apparatus of smaller distance
Transformer Alternator Motor Transmission Line*

Disadvantage of Over current relay


R1 B1 B2 F1 F2 F3

Fault Current

LLLG LLG
LG Ipu Reach of LG Reach of LLG Reach of LLLG Distance From Relay location

Distant Relays
Simple over current relay
Over reach or Under reach problem
R1 B1 B2

ZL1
F1 F2 F3

ZL2 ZL3

Fault F3 F2 F1

Current at Location IR3 IR2 IR1

Voltage at location VR3 VR2 VR1

Compare |VR3|>|IR3||Zset| |VR2|>|IR2||Zset| |VR1|>|IR1||Zset|

Desired response Restrain Verge of Operation Trip

Distance Relay
Simple Impedance Relay See saw Reactance Relay Mho Relay
General Torque Equation

T k1 I R k2 VR k3 VR I R cos( ) k4
2 2

Will be continued in Transmission Line protection

Thank you

Questions if any?!

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