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    Women, Peace-Building and The Mindanao Conflict

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    Nassreena Sampaco-Baddiri, chair of the Khadija Center for Muslim Women Studies and Regional Secretary of Department of Tourism-ARMM, discusses the institutional context of the Mindanao conflict, the realities of Bangsamoro women, and their vital role in peace building in Muslim Mindanao.

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    Women, Peace-Building and The Mindanao Conflict

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    Nassreena Sampaco-Baddiri, chair of the Khadija Center for Muslim Women Studies and Regional Secretary of Department of Tourism-ARMM, discusses the institutional context of the Mindanao conflict, the realities of Bangsamoro women, and their vital role in peace building in Muslim Mindanao.

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    Nassreena Sampaco-Baddiri, chair of the Khadija Center for Muslim Women Studies and Regional Secretary of Department of Tourism-ARMM, discusses the institutional context of the Mindanao conflict, the realities of Bangsamoro women, and their vital role in peace building in Muslim Mindanao.

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    139 views41 pages

    Women, Peace-Building and The Mindanao Conflict

    Uploaded by

    ADBGAD
    Nassreena Sampaco-Baddiri, chair of the Khadija Center for Muslim Women Studies and Regional Secretary of Department of Tourism-ARMM, discusses the institutional context of the Mindanao conflict, the realities of Bangsamoro women, and their vital role in peace building in Muslim Mindanao.

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    of 41

    Women, Peace-building and the Mindanao Conflict

    Nassreena Sampaco-Baddiri
    The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

    Mindanao Conflict
    Economic Costs of the Conflict: USD 3 Billion (WB, 2001)

    Lives lost: 160,000


    Internally Displaced People: 2.5 Million ++ Immense Human and Social Costs Quality of life: the worst in the Philippines (UNDP, 2009) Hunger (31%) is more extensive than the national average (18%) (SWS, 2012) Lowest in the Human Development Index (2003)

    Outline
    I. Institutional Context of the Mindanao Conflict
    i. Political ii. Economic iii. Social II. Realities of Moro Women i. Population and Poverty ii. Armed Conflict and Displacement iii. Health and Education III. IV. Moro women and Peace-building in Mindanao Policy Recommendations

    Mindanao Conflict
    Clash between two imagined nations or
    nationalisms, Filipino and Moro, each with their Soliman. Evolution own narratives of the conflict Santos,Conflict on2005.Moro Front.of the Armed the
    Philippine Human Development Report

    six key elements: (1) Economic marginalization and destitution; (2) Political domination and inferiorization (3) Physical insecurity; (4) Threatened Moro and Islamic identity; (5) Perception that government is the principal party to blame; and (6) Perception of hopelessness under the present set-up.

    Mindanao Conflict
    War damages infrastructure, institutions and production, destroys assets, breaks up communities and networks and kills and injures people (Collier, 2007) Decades-long conflict primary barrier to social development in Mindanao Conflict affected provincesmostly found in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) are the poorest in the Philippines

    Institutional Context: Politics


    The evolution of political institutions in Mindanao

    Datu/ Sultanate System

    Colonial Governance
    Spanish Colonial Era American Colonial Government

    Postindependence Philippine Republic

    Pre-Colonial Governance

    Post-colonial

    1920s: Muslim leaders asserted their right to a nation state

    Institutional Context: Politics


    Marcos:
    Unilateral Implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement Lupon ng Tagapagpaganap ng Pook (Regions 9 and 12) 1987 Jeddah Accord Regional Consultative Commission RA 6734 Organic Act of the ARMM

    C. Aquino: ARMM

    Ramos:

    1996 Final Peace Agreement

    Institutional Context: Economics


    Flourishing political economy of Muslim Sultanates in Mindanao prior to colonial rule subverted during the colonial era Exploitation of resources in the region became the cornerstone of colonial projects Muslim communities were deprived of vital resources such as their ancestral land

    Institutional Context: Economics


    Two factors that defined in the political economy of Mindanao in the colonial and post-independence period:
    Settlement into Mindanao (Both formal and informal) Indigenous Ancestral Land Agri-Industry Corporate Interests Competition for resources

    Institutional Context: Economics


    Demographic patterns illustrate the rapid migration into Mindanao and increased minoritization of the Bangsamoro. Essentially, lands inhabited by settlers were part of the indigenous ancestral domain that were communal in the precolonial era The establishment of corporate plantations resulted to competition of resources between migrants and locals, which fueled violence and engendered lawlessness in many parts of Mindanao.

    Institutional Context: Society


    The social divide between the largely Christian majority and the minority Muslim Filipinos: reinforced past colonial prejudice and policies of divide and conquer. The colonial picture of Moros as savages has changed very little even decades after the post-colonial era. (Abinales, 2007)

    Institutional Context: Society


    In 2005: Philippine Human Development, 55% of respondents believe that Muslims are prone to run amok; 44% believe Muslims probably secretly hated all nonMuslims; and only 14% could cite a personal experience with a Muslim.

    1997: Filipinas Foundation scientific survey of Muslim-Christian relations: there exists a high cross-sectional level of Christian bias against all Muslims in all aspects of interpersonal relations

    In a 2004 SWS survey: 41% of respondents had an unfavorable view of Muslims in the Philippines. 81% view Islam as a religion that is very different from Christianity

    In a 2010 SWS Survey: Filipinos have a very low familiarity with Islam with 76% saying they have insufficient, little or no knowledge of Islam.

    Institutional Context: Society


    Bifurcated narrative: Muslim minority and Christian majority Ferocious opposition to the MOA-AD in 2008 is a recent example of the huge rift between the minority Muslims in the Philippines and the majority Christians in the country (Baddiri, 2009) Informal ties based on trust (or the lack of it) define the relationship of the majority and the minority

    Institutional Analysis of the ARMM

    Marcos Administration Regional Commissions 9 and 12 1976 Tripoli Agreement LTP Autonomous Regions 9 and 12

    Cory Aquino Administration 1987 Jeddah Accord 1987 Constitution Regional Consultative Commission 1989 Organic Act RA 6734

    Ramos Administration 1996 Final Peace Agreement Chair Nur Misuari as Regional Governor of ARMM

    Arroyo Administration RA 9054 Plebiscite MOA-AD

    Realities of Moro Women


    Population and Poverty Armed Conflict and Displacement Health and Education

    MDG Rate of Progress: Poverty and Hunger in the ARMM

    Baseline (1990)

    Current Level (2005/06) 23.60 (2003) 52.80 (2003)

    Target by 2015

    Ave. rate of Progress -.058

    Required rate

    Ratio of Required Rate to Ave. rate -0.70

    Probability of Attaining Target

    Prop of pop. Below subsistence Prop of pop. Below poverty thres Prop of Families below poverty threshold

    30.50 (1991) 56.00 (1991)

    15.23 (2015) 28.00 (2015)

    1.21

    High

    -0.27

    7.75

    -2.07

    Low

    50.70 (1991)

    45.40 (2003)

    25.35 (2015)

    -0.44

    3.78

    -1.67

    Low

    Source: United Nations Development Programme, Philippines 2010

    Poverty Incidence
    2006 showed poverty in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) reached 55.3 percent (NSCB)

    The incidence of poverty in the ARMM is more than two times the national average of 26.9 percent.

    Moro women: Population and Poverty


    Basilan: rapid increase in population growth rates between from 2000 and 2007. Sulu has an annual population growth rate of 4.45 percent Tawi-Tawi registered a 4.7 percent average annual population growth rate in a span of seven years

    Higher population growth rate, high incidence of hunger, greater stress on Women
    (Nisa Ul-Haq Fi Bangsamoro)

    Human Development Index


    National Rank Philippines Metro Manila 13 17 18 27 35 36 68 74 75 76 Misamis Oriental South Cotabato Davao del Sur Camiguin Zamboanga del Sur Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Basilan Tawi-tawi Maguindanao Province HDI 0.72 0.78 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.36

    77

    Sulu

    0.30

    Life Expectancy
    HDI-1 Rank 2003 Province Life expectancy at birth (years) 2003 % HS Graduate (18 and above) 2003 Male 76.2 48.8 47.1 45.8 44.5 33.3 43.9 29.2 21.6 50.59

    17 18 20 68 74 75 76 77

    Metro Manila South Cotabato Davao del Sur Cebu Lanao del Sur Basilan Tawi-Tawi Maguindanao Sulu

    Female Male Female 72.9 67.0 75.3 70.5 66.0 55.5 72.7 69.5 51.6 74.1 71.2 47.1 59.6 56.1 47.1 64.3 56.9 29.9 53.6 48.7 37.8 52.8 51.2 28.6 55.6 49.9 20.5 53.52

    Philippines 72.4 67.2 Source: Human Development Network, 2005

    Moro Women: Reproductive Health


    Due to cultural, religious and logistical reasons, women in the ARMM generally have less access to modern family planning methods.
    Women experience frequent pregnancies and closely spaced births. There is poor access to health facilities and health workers need support to detect and manage high-risk pregnancies.
    (Nisa Ul-Haq Fi Bangsamoro)

    Internally Displaced Persons

    Estimated 2.5 million displaced by conflict in Mindanao

    Lived Realities of Moro women: Armed conflict, and volatile peace and order situation

    Internal displacement as a result of Armed Clashes Most IDPs in the ARMM are Muslim women and children The women in the family bears the burden
    (Nisa Ul haqq Fi Bangsamoro)

    Internal Displacement and Gender


    The absence of reproductive health services for women and men increases the number of pregnant women and newborn babies in evacuation centers. This has contributed to high maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates. Due to imbalanced gender power relations, women, particularly, young girls, are forced to marry early to avoid pre-marital sex. In some cases, these women are not only forced to marry but also forced out of necessity to be part of a polygamous marriage to elderly husbands.

    Moro Women Overseas Workers


    Migration has a female face Women form the majority of OFWs from Mindanao. Of the 135,000 Mindanaoans who joined the international labor market in 2002, majority or 88,000 were women The Middle East and Asia were top destinations of OFWs from Mindanao Increasing reliance on the export of young female migrant labor into high-risk occupations abroad
    (Nisa Ul-Haq Fi Bangsamoro)

    Women and Peace-Building in Mindanao

    Peace and Development Advocates


    The PDAP: coalition of six Philippine NGO networks that have over 200 community-based NGOs and POs. Provides both training and financial assistance to cooperative members in the form of a micro-lending program. As cooperative members, women (and men) venture into vegetable and fruit selling in market stalls, cattle fattening, farming, trading, welding, and steel fabrication.

    There are 200 peace and development advocates (PDAs) who are former MNLF combatants opting to engage in community development work instead of war.

    Emergency Livelihood
    The Emergency Livelihood Assistance Project (ELAP) was jointly designed and implemented by the Southern Philippines Council of Peace and Development (SPCPD) and USAID.

    Former combatants of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and their families provided assistance in the form of inputs required for the production of a crop or product (corn, cassava, bananas, tilapia fish, seaweed, and mud crabs) as well as training and technical assistance. The targeted beneficiaries of this livelihood program were 2,200 ex-combatants and their families.

    Mothers for Peace


    Mindanao Commission on Women (MCW): national peace advocacy campaignMothers for Peace M4P A response to the 2003 bombing of Buliok MILF Camp that ended the ceasefire and cut off the peace talks Aimed to convince the government and the MILF to immediately resume peace negotiations. The strategy included speaking to cabinet-level officials, lobbying the leadership of the AFP and the MILF, and getting the voice of the womenparticularly mothersout to the Philippine population as a whole.

    Islam and RH
    Al-Mujadilah Development Foundation Inc. (AMDF)- a Muslim womens organization based in Marawi City advocating for Peace, Reproductive Health, Good governance and Community Empowerment.

    AMDF Core values center on the belief that the Bangsamoro liberation movements quest for the right to self determination through a negotiated political settlement with the Government of the Republic of the Philippines will never be fully realized until every single Moro woman in every single Moro household is able to practice her right to self-determination.

    IDPs & the Dignity Kit


    AMDF initiated the provision of a hygiene kit for IDPs: included undergarments, a local piece of clothing that covers the body (malong) and essential toiletries. Deviated from the international standard of emergency assistance by converting some of the items in the standard list into the Dignity kit. Boosted the morale and sense of well-being of the IDPs whether male or female. This initiative has now been incorporated in the standard emergency package of humanitarian organizations both local and international and since became known as the dignity kit

    Islam and Gender Justice

    Nisa Ul-Haqq Fi Bangsamoro, an organization of Moro women civil society leaders from the various tribes of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) advocating for Moro womens empowerment through legal literacy, legislative reform as well as security sector reform. Some members are lawyers who provide legal assistance to rape victims and men and women whose rights are violated by the state. Advocacy to amend the Code of Muslim Personal Laws or PD 1978

    Bantay Ceasefire
    Bantay Ceasefire or ceasefire watch, a one of a kind initiative of grassroots organizations of tripeople

    Led to other initiatives such as:


    Communities declaring their areas as Peace Zones where fire arms are not allowed in the communities The IDPs conducting Bakwit Power or IDP power where they visit and dialogue with Manilabased government agencies

    GPH-MILF Peace Panels

    Appointment of Women Leaders into both panels: A milestone in the Peace Process Womens participation in the peace process: greatly contributes to indepth understanding of the Mindanao conflict

    GPH-MILF Peace Panels

    Inclusive peace panels are able to incorporate the special needs of women in conflict areas such as gender-based violence

    Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro


    Status quo is unacceptable and that the Bangsamoro shall replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Creation of a Ministerial form of government Asymmetric relations between Central Govt and the Bangsamoro

    Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro


    Enshrined Basic Rights: Right of women to meaningful political participation and protection from all forms of violence Right to equal opportunity and non-discrimination in social and economic activity and public service, regardless of class, creed, disability, gender or ethnicity

    Policy Recommendations
    Eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and promote gender equality

    Secure the participation of women in all forms of decision-making from planning to program implementation

    Policy Recommendations
    Capacitate the security sector in addressing gender-based violence: creation of womens desks, crises centers at the local levels Ensure implementation and localization of UNSCR 1325 and the Magna Carta for Women

    Policy Recommendations
    Strengthen human rights protection by consolidating a regional human rights body in Muslim Mindanao

    Reform the Code of Muslim Personal Laws (PD 1083) in order to address impediments in Muslim womens ability to participate in political, social and economic life

    Thank You

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