Brkewn 2018

Brian Hart has participated in 802.
11 development and standards activities for many years

Development
11a/b/g/h DSP chipset architect (2000-2004) Wi-Fi RRM (2004-2006) Wi-Fi location DSP architect (2006-) Other strategic initiatives (2011-)
Standards
IEEE 802.11 (2005-)
Wi-Fi Alliance (2008-)

Director
802.11n 20/40 vice-chair 802.11ac MU-MIMO co-chair Awards for contributions to 11k, 11n, 11v, 11y, 11aa Also active in 11ac, 11ad Active in Wi-Fi Direct, VHT5G
WiGig Alliance (2010-)
Other special interest groups and organizations

BRKEWN-2018 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Wireless Standards Update (mostly 802.11 and Wi-Fi)

Session ID: BRKSEWN-2018
BRKEWN-2018
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Why is Wi-Fi so Exciting?
Wi-Fi is Touching Our Lives
The Wi-Fi Alliance found ... ... 90% would rather go without their daily Starbucks than their Wi-Fi
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The Wi-Fi Alliance found ... ... 70% would rather give up chocolate rather than give up Wi-Fi
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The Wi-Fi Alliance found ... ... more than 70% of 1729 year olds agreed it would impossible to maintain relationships without Wi-Fi
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What is Todays Agenda?
Todays Presentation is Going to Focus on Various Aspects of Wi-Fi & Standards

Why is Wi-Fi so successful? Who are key players in Wi-Fi standards?
It flexibly meets the needs of all users IEEE 802.11 Working Group, Wi-Fi Alliance ... with Cisco leadership! A lot of exciting stuff, even after 20+ years of development!
What is coming down the standards pipeline?
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Todays Presentation Comes with Some Caveats
Todays talk WILL NOT ... Provide any information about Ciscos specific wireless product plans Represent the views or plans of any SDOs or ITAs
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Why is Wi-Fi so Successful?
In 2012 We Now are Past One Billion Wi-Fi Devices Sold Every Year
Wi-Fi chipsets sold per annum
1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
12
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... in Many Thousands of Wi-Fi Certified Devices (& Increasingly Diverse Devices)
Wi-Fi Alliance product certifications per annum (by category)
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... Generating as Much Wi-Fi Data Traffic as Wired Data Traffic (Forecast for 2015)
Monthly data traffic (by category)
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... in a Myriad of (Un)imaginable Applications

LCD/Plasma TVs Media Viewer
Refrigerator Projector
E-book Reader
Photo Frames
Internet Radio/Audio
Network Music Player/Server Network Web Camera Blu-ray Player
Automobile
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Wi-Fis Success is Based on a Bit of Luck & a Great Brand with Interoperability ...
Unlicensed spectrum become available at just the right time
Most cellular SPs are now realising Wi-Fi will get them through the licensed spectrum crunch Wi-Fi is so much better than WECA!
Wi-Fi Alliance certification ensures interoperability and is associated with a great brand
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Wi-Fis Success is Based on Good Enough Simply Meeting User Needs ...
IEEE 802.11 standards focused on being just good enough, incrementally expanding with new needs So anyone can set up a rough and ready Wi-Fi network anywhere and at any time ... cheaply And serious users (i.e. enterprise) can build managed networks that meet their needs too
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Who are Key Players in Wi-Fi Standards?
Wi-Fis Ecosystem is Mainly Based on Cooperation Between Three Stakeholders

Standards Certification Vendors
Standards
Standards
Standards
My favourite vendor
IEEE 802 is Probably the Most Famous Example of an IEEE Standards Activity
Sponsor Formal goal IEEE Computer Society develops Local Area Network standards and Metropolitan Area Network standards. 802.1 - architecture, internetworking, 802.16 - Broadband Wireless Access security, network management, & 802.18 - Radio Regulatory TAG protocol layers above the MAC & LLC 802.19 Wireless Coexistence layers 802.21 - Media Independent 802.3 - Ethernet Handover Services 802.11 - Wireless LAN 802.22 - Wireless RAN 802.15 - Wireless PAN
Current activities
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And for Fun it Looks like 802.16 (aka WiMax) will Prove the Evil of Even Numbers
Successful 802 (30 years old) 802.1 802.3 802.11 (20 years old) Unclear 802.19 802.15 802.22 Hypothesis An even numbered standard is a necessary but insufficient condition for long term success in IEEE 802 ? Unsuccessful 802.2 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.9 802.10 802.12 802.14 802.16 802.17 802.20 802.21 802.23
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The IEEE Standards Process has Worked Pretty Well for 802.11, but of Course, it is Not Perfect ...
too slow Many standards take 6+ years to develop The process is often rule bound The process relies on standardization by: research travel to interesting places too political Not very good at dealing with conflict The conflicts are based on combinations of: Technology Business Religion too compromising Contention is often resolved by compromise This can lead to very long & complex standards with many options The quality often suffers to point where additional documents are required for interpretation
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... but 802.11 has Done Well by Focusing on Users Developing Needs
The next generation? Demanding managed, reliable & secure connections anywhere with high performance for any application 11z 11u 11v 11p 11s
11ai 11ah 11af 11ac 11ad 11ae 11aa
In development Ratified 11y 11r 11k
11n 11w
Delighted to be securely connected Delighted to be connected 91-93 94 95

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11-1997 97 98
11b 11a 11-1999 99 00 01
11d
11h 11g
11j 11i
11e
02
11-2003 03 04
05
06
11-2007 07 08
09
10
11-2012 11 12
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The Wi-Fi Alliance is a Trade Association for 802.11 Based Products

Certifies the interoperability of 802.11 based products
16 test labs in 8 countries 12,700+ products since March 2000
The goal is to help ensure multi vendor interoperability Most testing utilises a testbed of golden products and low bar performance testing This is a pragmatic solution well suited to the WLAN industry
Facilitates collaboration within the ecosystem Acts as a thought leader on all issues related to Wi-Fi products and technology
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The Wi-Fi Alliance Has Almost 500 Members Across the Value Chain in Different Segments
Sponsor members Selection of regular members
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Who have a Shared Vision of Seamless Connectivity
Seamless connectivity ... using Wi-Fi
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Cisco is a Champion of Wireless Standards

By developing certified products Cisco policy is to implement useful 802.11 standards as soon as practical Cisco policy is to prove interoperability by Wi-Fi certifying equipment By investing in open WLAN standards Cisco provides officers & contributions to IEEE 802.11 Working Group Cisco is Sponsor of Wi-Fi Alliance & provides major contributions
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Cisco Innovates, and Then Contributes its Innovations into the Standards Process
Cisco feeds tested features back into standards
Industry association
Specifies subsets of IEEE standards Undertakes limited compatibility testing Supports industry-wide branding and communications Technical
Standards group
Technical Defines complex, featurerich technical standards for PHY & MAC
Cisco
Technical Adds differentiating features based on standards, but often before standards Markets Ciscos wireless products
Marketing
Marketing Sales
Sells & supports Ciscos wireless products
Feature bloat
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Minimal features
Differentiated features
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Yes, Cisco Cannot Go it Alone When Defining Standards

Cisco could use its market influence to define a standard based on proprietary protocols But experience with CCX indicates that even Cisco cannot go it alone in the long run The challenge for Cisco is not to decide to stay out of standards ... but to decide when to move proprietary features into standards
Cisco wants to be the prettiest and biggest ship on the largest possible ocean
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Cisco Supports the Development of the 802.11 Standard with Officers & Participation
Task group 802.11e 802.11g 802.11h 802.11i 802.11j 802.11k 802.11ma 802.11mb 802.11n 802.11p 802.11r 802.11s 802.11u
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Officer
Participate
Done 2005 2003 2003 2004 2004 2008 2007 2012 2009 2010 2008 2011 2011
Comment QoS 54Mb/s at 2.4GHz DFS and TPC Security Regulatory domain support Radio Resource Measurement Maintenance of standard Maintenance of standard >100 Mb/s at 2.4GHz and 5GHz Vehicular Fast roaming Mesh Internetworking with external networks
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Cisco Supports the Development of the 802.11 Standard with Officers & Participation
Task group 802.11v 802.11w 802.11y 802.11z 802.11aa 802.11ac 802.11ad 802.11ae 802.11af 802.11ah 802.11ai JTC1 ad hoc
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Officer
Participate
Done 2011 2009 2008 2010 2012
2012
Comment Radio Resource Management Management Frame Protection 3.6GHz operation Direct link a consumer issue Video >1Gb/s @ 5GHz >1Gb/s @ 60GHz QoS for management frames TV White Space <1GHz PHY Fast Initial Link Setup JTC1 liaison
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Cisco Supports Many Wi-Fi Alliance Activities as Sponsor and in Task Groups
Near term program PMF TDLS IBSS WMM-AC Voice Enterprise Display Hotspot 2.0 WMM Refresh Smart Grid
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Long term program VHT in 5G 60 GHz Hotspot 2.0
Cisco * * Starting Starting
Other activities Board of Directors Spectrum RF Health Enterprise Healthcare Operator
Cisco
WNM - NPS WNM O&T TV White Spaces
Power Conservation NAN Wi-Fi Serial Bus

* = officer level of participation Note: Cisco provided Board Chair from 2006-2011
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There are Many Examples Where Cisco has Driven an 802.11 TG with CCX & Other Material
Standard 802.11h 802.11i 802.11j Activity Spectrum management Security Multiple regulatory domains Cisco contribution Editor and main author, enabling 5GHz operation; part of base WFA certification Significant contributor, based on 802.1X for LEAP & group key rotation, TKIP; certified as WPA/WPA2 Editor and main author, enabling operation in multiple regulatory domains; no certification
802.11k 802.11r
Wireless Significant contributor of various features, many based on CCX Network features; elements likely to be certified soon by WFA as part of Voice Measurement Enterprise Fast roaming
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Significant contributor, with CCKM (Cisco) + WARP (Airespace) as basis; likely to be certified soon by WFA as part of Voice Enterprise
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Standard 802.11u 802.11v Activity WIEN Wireless Network Management Management Frame Protection 3.6GHz Video
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Cisco contribution Reinvigorated group and incorporated into Hotspot 2.0 activity (in SIG, WFA, WBA and GSMA) Author and contributor of a variety of location, diagnostic and other features, some derived from CCX features; WFA currently considering multiple certifications Editor and significant author, based on CCX feature; now certified by WFA Editor and main author, documenting new ways of opening up new spectrum; no certification likely Significant contributor of reliable multicast features, based on CCX feature
802.11w 802.11y 802.11aa
Standard 802.11ae 802.11ac Activity Management frame priority VHT <6GHz Cisco contribution Significant contributor of mechanisms to allow prioritisation of management frames Contributions to ensure useful for dense enterprise environment, especially better multi-channel operation & MU-MIMO; likely to be WFA certified Contributions to ensure useful for sea of desks enterprise environment and not just the consumer space; likely to be WFA certified Editor and main driver, focused on developing mechanisms that can be used to open up new spectrum
802.11ad 802.11af 802.11ai
VHT 60GHz TVWS
Fast initial link Redirected TG to a useful direction; they originally wanted to replace setup 802.11 security
Actually the Standards World is Even More Complicated than Presented ...
Anti-trust laws Partners Cisco
Regulations
Industry
Competitors Special Interest Groups
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What is Coming Down the Standards Pipeline?
The Remainder of the Presentation will Provide an Update of the Alphabet Soup
Topics Connectivity QoS Spectrum Management Security Verticals
IEEE standards The alphabet soup from 802.11a to 802.11ai
Wi-Fi certifications Another set of indecipherable names
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Wi-Fi Connectivity
Wi-Fi Connectivity is Based on a Series of 802.11 PHY Standards

802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af
The Past
The Future
802.11ad
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Wi-Fi Connectivity Today is Based on a the 802.11a/b/g/n PHY Standards ...

Technology Band DSSS 2.4GHz 5GHz PHY rate <11Mb/s 802.11b-1999 OFDM 802.11g-2003 802.11a-1999 <54Mb/s
802.11n-2009 (D2.0-2006)
<600Mb/s
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... with 802.11n Becoming Predominant in the Wi-Fi Market
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802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af
The Past
The Future
802.11ad
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802.11ac, the Next Generation Wi-Fi, is Just Around the Corner

Use cases IEEE 802.11ac Similar to 802.11n Voice/video/data for consumer/enterprise Extension of 802.11n in 5GHz only Few cool, new features, eg MU-MIMO Similar range to 802.11n Faster than 802.11n up to ~2.5Gb/s First usable draft standard in early 2012 First wave of certification in early 2013
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Technology
Functionality
Availability
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802.11ac Mainly Just Extends 802.11n Technology and Adds MU-MIMO

Feature Comments 5 GHz only Features could be applied to 2.4 GHz 80MHz channels Optional 160MHz and 80+80MHz 256QAM 802.11n has lower modulations Up to 8 spatial streams 1 SS mandatory, 2 SS for non-battery APs at WFA Beamforming Single mechanism this time MU-MIMO Cool new technology! MU = Multi-User RTS/CTS Improvements for wider bandwidths Better CCA Detects energy in secondary channel Deletes stuff Dark corners of 802.11n left to die
802.11ac Uses MU-MIMO to Provide Switch Rather than hub Technology

Single User MIMO in 802.11n sends one frame to one receiver Multi-user MIMO in 802.11ac sends multiple frames to multiple receivers
AP with 4 antennas can send 1 stream each to 3 smartphones, all at the same time
AP must beamform 1 space-time stream to the each receiver & simultaneously null-steer that space-time streams to the two other receivers
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802.11ac Supports Extended RTS/CTS Mode for Dynamic Wider Bandwidth

Initiator transmits multiple RTSs on free channels
Frequency
Responder transmits CTSs on channels it:

Received an RTS Senses as free Supports bandwidth-wise
RTS RTS RTS RTS
CTS CTS
Data frame Data frame
Initiator transmits data only over free channels
Channels not clear at receiver Time
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802.11ac Goes Faster with More Bits/Carrier, Bandwidth & Spatial Streams
Data Bits per Subcarrier 256QAM@r5/6 64QAM@r5/6 802.11ac AP 802.11n AP Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
4 8
Spatial streams
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80
160
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802.11ac Can Plausibly Operate at up to ~3.5Gb/s (@PHY) or ~2.5Gb/s (@MAC)

80 MHz PHY rate Spatial streams 1 2 3 4 8
1 2
MCS (QAMr5/6)
160 MHz PHY rate Spatial streams 1 2 3 4 8
MCS (QAMr5/6)
64 2901 3301 6502 9801
256 430 870 1300 1700 3500
64 650 1300 2000
256 870 1700 2600 3500 6900
Easy Plausible Fantasy
Mandatory for battery devices, long GI Mandatory for powered APs

802.11ac is at the End of a Progression to Higher Rates Over a 15 Year Period

6900
M ax
3500
tm
ax Pr
600 450? 300
od
uc
870
Ty
a pic
290
Min
65 54 (24) 11
2 802.11 802.11b
802.11
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802.11b
High HT 802.11n 802.11a/g Thruput 802.11a/g 802.11n
1997
Very High VHT 802.11ac Thruput 802.11ac 2013 Cisco Public
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802.11ac Represents only Some Improvement of rAte-at-range Compared to 802.11n

2500 3x4/256QAMr5/6/160MHz 3x3/256QAMr5/6/160MHz 3x4/256QAMr5/6/80MHz 3x3/256QAMr5/6/80MHz 2x3/256QAMr5/6/80MHz 3x4/64QAMr5/6/40MHz 2000
PHY rate*(1-PER) (Mbps)
11ac Wave 2
1500
1000
500
11ac Wave 1
0 20 40
11n 3x3
60 80 100 120 Distance (ft) 140 160 180 200
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Certified 802.11ac is Expected in Two Waves; Wave 1 in 2013 & Wave 2 in 2014
802.11ac D2.0 balloted 802.11ac Dx.0 ratified
Q2
Q3 2011
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2012
2013
2014
Estimates only
80 MHz 256QAM 1-3 SS
Wave 1 certified
160 MHz 1-4 SS MU-MIMO?
Wave 2 certified
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The Enterprise Should Upgrade to 802.11ac During the Next Upgrade Cycle
Considerations 802.11ac definitely represents a useful refinement of 802.11n functionality However, 802.11ac is not really compelling enough to justify an immediate upgrade Instead, you should transition to 802.11ac as part of your regular AP and client upgrade cycle
Certainly do not buy anything pre-certification
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802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af
The Past
The Future
802.11ad
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Use of 60GHz by 802.11ad Means Very High Rate, Beamformed, Room Area Networking
Lots of spectrum
About 7 GHz of 60 GHz spectrum available (varies by country)
Small wavelength
5mm wavelength, with range 20% less than 5GHz
Propagates like light

Easily blocked by humans, whiteboards, books, wall & concrete
Nominal behavior Can go very fast even with only one RF chain
Potential for lower cost and lower energy per bit
is
Multiple (<64) antennas 1+ Gbps form30 more cubicles/light poor range in can beam at for ft in This means walls range Same room & less interference typical environments Device sync needed in dense environments But also less interference from neighbours
Rates >1Gb/s
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Beam forming
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Room area networking

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802.11ad Will Realistically be Able to Achieve PHY Rates of 4.6Gb/s @ ~10m

Modulation SC OFDM SC OFDM MCS BPSK-r3/4 QPSK-r3/4 16QAM-r3/4 64QAM-r13/16 PHY rate (Mbps) 1200 2100 4600 6800 Comment Required Plausible Plausible Mostly Plausible
Properties: bandwidth = 2520MHz, spatial streams = 1
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802.11ad has the Potential to Create New User Experiences

IEEE 802.11 WG standard
802.11ad
Potential issues Potential applications

Wireless docking Wireless peripherals Syncngo HDMI replacement WLAN applications Not clear 802.11ad rates needed in WLAN SiBeam 60GHz HDMI replacement failed commercially ($600) 802.11ac may be good enough, particularly if video compression is acceptable!
WiGig Alliance specifications

Wireless A/V PAL Wireless PCIe PAL Wireless USB PAL etc
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The Certification of 802.11ad has Slipped & it is Possible it will be Split

802.11ad D6.0 balloted 802.11ad ratified
Q2
Q3 2011
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
2012 Delayed by a year!
2013 ? Wave 2 certified

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2014
Estimates only
Peer to peer functionality only
Wave 1 certified
AP functionality
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802.11ad is Unlikely to be of Interest to the Enterprise for Some Time

Considerations Once 802.11ad is completed (or a draft is certified), there may be some early interest in the enterprise for docking and video applications However, dense enterprise rollout is likely to be constrained by need for AP synchronisation It also maybe constrained by plans to use non enterprise class WPS based security Further out, 11ad may be useful for wireless networking, but as a follow-on to 11ac and if 11ad is adopted by device manufacturers
Cisco has inserted some hooks in the draft to enable synch
Cisco has defined higher requirements for enterprise-class docks

802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af
The Past
The Future
802.11ad
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802.11ah is Focused on Wireless Applications Below 1 GHz

802.11 has been remarkably successful as a solution in 2.4GHz & 5GHz The obvious question is what about new applications in new bands? 802.11ah is focused on lower power/rate & longer range in licence exempt bands below 1 GHz
Excluding TV broadcast bands Intelligent Transportation System @5.9GHz was first Flexibly & cheaply meeting the needs of users
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The 802.11ah Applications will Tend to be Lower Power/Rate & Longer Range
Proposed niche use cases Smartgrid
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802.11ah is Focusing on >100kb/s at <1km with a Traditional Wi-Fi Feel

What is 802.11ah specification? Europe: 868-868.6 MHz Japan: 950-958 MHz China: 314-316, 390-434, 470-510 & 779-787 MHz Kor: 917-923.5 MHz USA: 902-928 MHz 1,2,4,8,16 MHz (compared to 20/40 MHz in 802.11n) Probably based on 802.11ac Especially 802.15.4g
What will 802.11ah achieve? Rate > 100kb/s (less than traditional 802.11) < 1km the IEEE 802.11 WLAN user experience for fixed, outdoor, point to multi point applications (source: PAR)
Spectrum
Range
Channel width PHY Coexistence

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802.11ah Should be Monitored Until Standards & Market Situation Clearer

Considerations We dont expect significant market success for 802.11ah in the near future
Need a certification none yet discussed Need an ecosystem chip vendors interested! Need a standard planned for 2014
Watch this space!
Not a lot of common spectrum worldwide
Need to compete there is competition from 802.15.4g
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802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac
802.11g
802.11ah
802.11af
The Past
The Future
802.11ad
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802.11af will Define Operations in TV White Space Bands

The repacking of TV bands in many countries has resulted in opportunity for new unlicensed spectrum New rules are being designed to protect existing users from interference from unlicensed devices An amendment of 802.11, called 802.11af, is being defined to enable the use of this new spectrum
Especially protecting digital TV & wireless microphones This spectrum is often called TV White Space (TVWS)
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802.11af is Focusing on Using a Database to Avoid Interfering With Primary Users

What is 802.11af specification? Spectrum Channel width PHY 470-698 MHz (UHF) VHF varies by country 6, 7, 8 MHz (vs 20/40 MHz in 802.11n) Range Probably based on 802.11ac Database enablement to avoid interfering with TV & licensed microphones What will 802.11af achieve? Rate Less than traditional 802.11 due to narrow channels More (3.5x) than traditional 802.11 due to superior propagation of TVWS
Coexistence
Geolocation data base will contain information about protected users; it will be able to authorise the use of a channel at a particular time, location & power for unlicensed operation
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Most of the Proposed Use Cases for TVWS Focus on its Improved Range
Use case Extended coverage - home Extended coverage - home Extended coverage - rural Data offload - cellular Peer to peer Comment One AP allowing TVWS access to client Connecting APs in a network using TVWS Fixed TVWS allows 4W &range of >8km Using TVWS as just more spectrum Using TVWS as just more spectrum Requiring a TVWS radio in all clients may slow take-up
New client? Yes No Yes Yes Yes
The Potential of TVWS (aka Super Wi-Fi) is Often Oversold

There was been a lot of publicity related to TVWS However, much of the TVWS publicity is hype
Regulations are not yet in place in most/all countries Standards & certification not ready until 2014 The FCC even called it Super Wi-Fi in 2010
There is often not much available TVWS where people live Likely some of todays TVWS will be allocated to cellular
Particularly in US metro areas (10% have 2 channels or less)
Not clear the case for yet another new radio is compelling given alternate solutions for most/all use cases
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The Real Value of 802.11af is the Database Approach to Protect Existing Users
Considerations We dont expect significant market success for 802.11af in TVWS in the near future
Too much hype, not enough reality until beyond 2014 Possible cellular offload & extended coverage interesting
The real value of TVWS is the database approach
Approach could be used to open up other bands by providing a mechanism to protect existing users Trials of database sharing have already started in US & UK
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Spectrum
Wi-Fis Success has Resulting in a Growing Need for More Spectrum

802.11/Wi-Fi has been a wildly successful technology, and is now going into everything! Wi-Fi requires more & more spectrum to support its rapidly growing use everywhere This requirement has led to a series of efforts to:
Define rules to allow sharing with existing users Recall the forecasts of Wi-Fi use! Identify new Wi-Fi spectrum for niche & mainstream use
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A Variety of New Wi-Fi Spectrum has been Identified over the Years ...
Spectrum in 2000 2.4 GHz 5150-5350 MHz 5725-5850 MHz 5GHz only sometimes used as a complement Mainstream New spectrum since 2000 5250-5350 MHz (new rules) 5470-5725 MHz () DFS/TPC being used for sharing 5850-5925 MHz Automotive applications 3600-3650 MHz Experimental (US only) Planned new spectrum All of 5GHz! Required to obtain full benefit from 802.11ac
Note: spectrum availability varies by country; this table is representative

60 GHz egg room area networking <1GHz (various) eg. smartgrid TVWS (various) eg. rural broadband
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Niche
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... the New Wi-Fi Spectrum has been Supported by Various 802.11 Standards
1999 2003 2004 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 802.11a 802.11h 802.11j 802.11y 802.11p 802.11ad 802.11af 802.11ah
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Defined operation in 5GHz bands Enabled sharing with radar/satellite in 5GHz bands Originally to enable 4.9/5GHz operation in Japan; ultimately defined way of specifying regulatory classes Defined 3.6GHz operation in US; ultimately defined concept of enablement that is now used in other bands Defined use of 5.9GHz in US for automotive applications Defining operation in 60GHz bands Defining operation in TVWS bands Defining operation in bands less than 1GHz
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Niche Niche Niche? Niche Niche

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The Key to Most New Wi-Fi Spectrum is Various Techniques for Sharing
Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) Typically used to avoid radar after detection Mostly successful technique, but some issues in relation to weather radar that are being resolved ... with more to be done Cisco led development of this technique with regulators
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Transmit Power Control (TPC) Typically used to avoid interfering with satellites by reducing power to the level actually needed Also useful to avoid interfering with neighbours
Geolocation Database Database records characteristics of primary users Users must consult database to determine if & how allowed to operate at a particular location & time Cisco led development of this technique with regulators
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It is Hoped that Sharing Techniques will Soon Enable Use of All of 5GHz by 802.11ac
802.11ac defines use of 20, 40, 80, 80+80 & 160MHz channels The use of multiple 160MHz channels requires more contiguous spectrum There are regulatory & legislative efforts in US & Europe to allow more sharing of 5GHz spectrum
5000-5150 MHz (sharing with ????) 5725-5850 MHz (sharing with ITS) 5350-5470 MHz (sharing with radar)
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With Increased Use of 5GHz Might Come Tougher Rules!

Cisco has been a leader in understanding radar detection technology & regulations for 5GHz Unfortunately, some of our competitors have not been so disciplined
A number have been fined heavily in the US for breaking radar interference rules
This, along with better understanding, could result in regulators imposing tougher radar detection rules Watch this space ... because Cisco is!
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Wi-Fi QoS
Wi-Fi QoS is Mainly Based on a Wi-Fi Alliance Variant of 802.11e Called WMM
Original version of 802.11 had two forms of access Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) CSMA/CA access No QoS defined Wi-Fi Certified Point Coordination Function (PCF) Scheduled access using a super frame structure QoS defined Never Wi-Fi Certified
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802.11e defined two new two forms of access Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) CSMA/CA access QoS defined based on eight statistical priority levels HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) Scheduled access with access at any time QoS defined
Wi-Fi Alliance certifies Wi-Fi QoS as WMM 802.11e took so long to finish that the Wi-Fi Alliance decided to certify a subset of a variant called WMM (Wireless Multimedia) This difference has caused ongoing synchronisation issues ever since There was also a non certified variant of HCCA called WMM-SA
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Wi-Fi QoS Features have been Progressively Certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance Since 2004
802.11e standard 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 EDCA HCCA APSD Admission control Direct Link Wi-Fi specification EDCA WMM Not progressed (Wireless Multimedia) Specification 2004 Admission control Tunnelled Direct 2010 Link Setup 802.11z standard
Wi-Fi certification WMM No certification WMM-Power Save 2005 WMM-Admission Control Tunnelled Direct Link Setup 2012 2012 2004
WMM-AC will Enable Certified Admission Control for Voice from 2012
WMM defines four priorities but does not limit the use of any priority, and so can increase congestion WMM-AC forces devices to request bandwidth before using higher priorities AC mechanism likely to be used in enterprise first, especially for voice (but also video) Wi-Fi certification likely to occur in early 2012
Cisco has a similar mechanism in CCXv4 and CCX Lite Cisco AP likely to be in the test bed
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Wi-Fi Voice-Enterprise is a Solution, Rather than a Feature Certification

Most Wi-Fi certifications have been historically been feature based In contrast, the Wi-Fi Voice-Enterprise certification focuses on certifying a voice solution It is likely to be released in early 2012 about now Interestingly, Cisco has provided similar features in CCX for many years
Cisco is likely to recommend this certification at some point Cisco is likely to be in the test bed!
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Voice Enterprise Brings Together Roaming, Performance, Measurement & Management ...
802.11k based measurement Clients measure the radio environment on behalf of AP & to troubleshoot performance AP summarises data for clients so they can choose BSS 802.11v based management APs recommend BSS transitions to clients to move to another AP based on network load & network topology
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
802.11r based transition Client is enabled to transition quickly to new AP within the same mobility domain, by reuse of 802.1X security keys Transition within 50ms 802.11e based performance Uses WMM-AC (based on 802.11e) to reduce congestion Clients required to satisfy limits on latency, jitter, packet loss & consecutive lost packets
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Measurement
Management
Voice Enterprise
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Performance
Roaming
Work on QoS for Video Continues in 802.11aa but There are No Certification Plans
Feature Groupcast with retries (GCR) Interworking with 802.1AVB Overlapping BSS management Stream classification service Intra-access category prioritization Description Comment Defines reliable multicast using unsolicited Contributed by Cisco retries or a block ACK scheme from CCX Supports 802.1Qat stream reservation requests for end to end reservations Assists AP to avoid overlap and share in Heuristic attempting to an overlap situation provide guarantees Classifies MSDUs for transmission in a particular stream Adds extra EDCA queues for video & Unlikely to work voice => but not enough interest yet to start a Wi-Fi certification programme yet!
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Wi-Fi Management
Wi-Fi Certified Management will Expand Soon to Include 802.11k/v/ae/w

IEEE 802.11 standard
Wi-Fi Alliance certification Soon
802.11k Measurement 2008
802.11v Management 2011
802.11ae QoS 2012
802.11w Security 2009 Management Frame Protection
Voice Enterprise Network Power Save
Later
Soonish
Operations & Troubleshooting

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IEEE 802.11k, Based on CCX Features, is Focused on Measurement

802.11k was ratified in 2008 Could be certified in Voice Enterprise, and WNM O&T Simplify and/or automate WLAN radio configuration Better utilize radio resources Achieve better performance in dense deployments Alert administrator of problems Notify clients of radio status Measurement reports Beacon Frame Channel Load Noise Histogram STA Statistics Location Neighbor Report Link Measurement Transmit Stream Other features Measurement Pilot Status
Features
Goals
Cisco
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Cisco contributed many CCX features to 802.11k amendment

IEEE 802.11v (Aka the Kitchen Sink) is Focused on Management

The kitchen sink of features 802.11v was ratified in 2011 Wi-Fi certifications could include: Voice Enterprise Network Power Save Operations & Troubleshooting An extension of the 802. 11k work into management of: STAs by APs WLANs by higher layers BSS transition management Co-located interfer. reporting Diagnostic reporting Event reporting Flexible Multicast Service Multicast diagnostics reporting Multiple BSSID & SSID support Proxy ARP Presence & location TIM broadcast Traffic filtering service (TFS) Status Goals
Cisco
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Cisco contributed many CCX features to 802.11v amendment

IEEE 802.11ae is Focused on Appropriate QoS for Management Frames

IEEE 802.11ae will be ratified in 2012 802.11ae could be certified as part of Wi-Fi WNM O&T Traditionally, management frame were transmitted at the highest priority However, this make less sense as management frames are used to transmit less time sensitive (albeit still useful) information 802.11ae has been defined to allow management frames to be sent at appropriate priorities Status
Features
Define mechanisms for prioritizing IEEE 802.11 management frames using existing mechanisms for medium access
Goals
Cisco
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Cisco contributed many of the core ideas used in 802.11ae

Wi-Fi Network Power Save may be a Cert. of some 802.11v Power Save Features
Wi-Fi Network Power Save certification is in progress It is likely to be available some time in 2012-2013 Wi-Fi Network Power Save certifies features from 802.11v that focus on enhancing battery life of clients BSS Max Idle Period - AP to indicate period in which it wont disassociate STA ARP Proxy - allows an AP to indicate that it can proxy ARP frames for its STAs Wake on WLAN - allows devices to remain in a very low-power save state until they receive specified frames Directed Multicast Service - avoids waking all STAs by transmitting group frames as individual frames Flexible Multicast Service - allows STA to sleep longer using multicast delivery interval for longer than DTIM
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Status
Likely features
Goals
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Wi-Fi O&T may be a Cert. of Various 802.11v Enterprise Focused Features

Certification plans not yet decided; maybe 2013, maybe not at all! Based on 802.11v, 802.11k and 802.11ae Enable management of enterprise networks Improve network & device performance Enable new locationbased applications Help reduce IT support costs Net. connectivity diagnostic (11k/v) Net. inventory (11v) Net. health monitoring (11k/v) Load balancing (11k/v) E-911 location (11k/v) Asset recovery using location (11k/v) Location enabled troubleshooting (11k/v) Efficient channel utilization (11v) Efficient power & channel management (11k/v/y) Prioritization of man. frames (11ae) Status
Possible features
Goals
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IEEE 802.11w & Wi-Fi MFP are Focused on Securing Management Frames
802.11w was ratified in 2009 Wi-Fi certification was issued in Jan 2012, and will become mandatory later Provide data integrity, data origin authenticity, replay protection, & data confidentiality for selected man. frames Maintain backward compatibility Cisco contributed the basis of 802.11w from CCX WPA2/802.11i was defined to provide security for data frames, and not management frames At the time this made sense because few management frames were sensitive to attack Since then 802.11k & 802.11v, in particular, have defined management frames that could be misused if not secured 802.11w has been defined to secure selected Wi-Fi management frames Status The problem & solution
Cisco
Goals
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Hotspot 2.0: Making Wi-Fi Easy
There is a Massive Forecast Increase in Mobile Data over the Next Few Years
75 times greater than all global IP traffic (fixed and mobile) in 2000
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast, 20102015
Forecast growth of 26x between 2010-2015
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There is not Enough Licensed Spectrum to Satisfy Mobile Data Demand

It is a truism that operators need spectrum to operate their networks the question is how much? The answer is that they clearly do not have enough for future needs!
Operators did not embrace Wi-Fi; now they cant get enough of it as they recognise it can be used for data offload Operators are keenly lobbying for more licensed spectrum in most countries
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Unlicensed Spectrum Using Wi-Fi Hotspots will Provide a Partial Offload Solution
There will also be many residential hotspots too!
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Super Bowl XLVI Provides an Example how well Offload Can Work
The Super Bowl is the USAs most prestigious sporting event
Half time speed test
Wi-Fi = 3.9Mb/s
Ciscos Wi-Fi solution was used at Super Bowl XLVI
Cellular = 1.2Mb/s
Unique: 13k (19%) Simultaneous: 8k (12%) Aggreg. traffic 369.9 GB Max rate: 75/42 Mb/s
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But the Traditional Wi-Fi hotspot Experience is often Frustrating Compared to Cellular
Todays cellular experience Todays Wi-Fi hotspot experience ? ? ?
? ?
Operator has a cellular network and cellular roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone and gets automatic and secure cellular connectivity anywhere in the world - more voice bars in more places
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Operator has home Wi-Fi network & some WiFi roaming agreements However, customer does not get automatic and secure Wi-Fi connectivity (except maybe at home) and needs to intervene
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Connecting to a Hotspot is Way too Hard Today for the Average Person
Decide you want Wi-Fi connection Launch connection manager Scan & select for correct SSID Authenticate with hotspot
How do you know to even think their might be Wi-Fi available at a particular location?
Most people dont even know a connection manager exists on their device
But what is the correct SSID and on what basis is it selected?
Sometimes requires password in connection manager, sometimes a splash screen
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The Goal of Hotspot 2.0 is to Make Wi-Fi as Easy to Use and Secure as Cellular
Todays cellular experience Hotspot 2.0 experience
Operator has a cellular network and cellular roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone and gets automatic and secure cellular connectivity anywhere in the world - more voice bars in more places
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Operator has home Wi-Fi network & many WiFi roaming agreements worldwide Customer turns on phone & gets automatic secure Wi-Fi connectivity anywhere in the world more data bars in more places
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Hotspot 2.0 Consists of Three Basic Technologies

Network Discovery & Selection
Provides discovery mechanisms (based on 802.11u) to assist automatic selection of most appropriate hotspot Either home or partner SP Based on a range of parameters available before association Provides secure connectivity (based on WPA2-Enterprise) Using well known EAP authentication methods & common credentials Credentials include SIM & passwords
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Online Signup
Allows an SP to securely signup a new customer via the HS2.0 hotspot Expands existing cellular capability Enables enhanced local services
Operator Policy
Provides mechanism for the home SP to specify connection policies & preferences SP policies may be over ridden by the user
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The Work being Undertaken by the Wi-Fi Alliance is Only Part of the Story
Developed 802,11u
Extended 11u concept to HS2.0 Cisco led an activity
Refined and certified HS2.0 spec Cisco leads this activity in HS2.0 TGs
Defines inter operator roaming Cisco was first vendor to join WBA Board
Working with WBA
Cisco led this group technically
Cisco participates in this activity
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HS2.0 is the Basis for a Whole New User Experience

Now suppose we have easy Wi-Fi connectivity ... ... and we add Cisco powered indoor location We can then define location based services anywhere ... a bit like a location based app store Now we have a solution that will truly support the explosive growth of Wi-Fi that has been forecast for so long
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HS2.0 is the Basis for a Whole New User Experience

3G
voice
3G
voice
Note: Heidi did not visit garden dept
5 6
3G
3G
voice
3G
voice
Stores smiley face appears; clicks on it and gets coupons
Goes to electronics dept; offers price comparison
1 2
Customer walks into store
4
3G
Customer is on 3G outside store
Automatically and securely gets guest Internet Access
Store logo appears on handset Clicks on it to sign to stores loyalty program
Leaves store and goes back to 3G data
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Wi-Fi Security
Wi-Fi Security is Well Beyond Any Issues of the Past

WEP
Broken many years ago Replaced by WPA & then WPA2 Do not use!!!!
WPA
Based on TKIP & 802.1X Breaking Transitional mechanism Avoid use!
WPA2
Based on AES & 802.1X Enterprise class, particularly when used with appropriate EAP methods
Wi-Fi Alliance is strongly encouraging use of WPA2 (for enterprise & consumer), and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (for consumer) 802.11w defines security for management frames and was certified in early 2012 by the Wi-Fi Alliance There are ongoing efforts in 802.11ai to optimise the process of setting up WPA2 security
Wi-Fi Protected Setup

Designed to encourage consumers to actually use security Based on WPA2 but not enterprise class
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Wi-Fi Verticals
WFA is Transitioning from a Technology Focused ITA to a Vertically Driven Focus

Technology focus Certification of IEEE 802.11 standards 802.11b certification 802.11a certification WPA2 certification 802.11g certification 802.11n certification etc. Vertical focus
Transition of focus
Consideration of solutions for segments Enterprise TG Operator TG
Verticals drive certifications
Smartgrid TG Healthcare TG Automotive (future?) etc.

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The Wi-Fi is Focusing on Smartgrid as Part of the SEP2.0 Consortium

Wi-Fi was being so busy being successful that it left the SmartGrid space open to others In particular, Zigbee took the lead on Smartgrid applications & certification based on SEP2.0
SEP2.0 (based on IP) connects smart energy devices in the home/HAN to the Smart Grid Includes Wi-Fi Alliance, Zigbee Alliance & Homeplug Forum
The formation of a SEP2.0 Consortium (CSEP) for certification of SEP2.0 over any PHY/MAC
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Where have We been Today?
Todays Presentation Focused on Various Aspects of Wi-Fi & Standards

Why is Wi-Fi so successful?
It flexibly meets the needs of all users
Who are key players in Wi-Fi standards?
What is coming down the standards pipeline?
IEEE 802.11 WG, Wi-Fi Alliance ... with Cisco leadership! A lot of exciting stuff, even after 20+ years of development!
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Your Assistance is Requested ...
Your Ideas?
Today I have told you a little about what the standards world has planned for you However, I want to know what you want from standards or as value added proprietary features
Do you use Wi-Fi today? Why and why not? Are you investing in Wi-Fi in the near future? Why & what? What would you like to do with Wi-Fi in 2-5-10 years time?
Please contact my colleague Andrew Myles so that he can arrange a time to talk in detail amyles@cisco.com
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Complete Your Online Session Evaluation

Give us your feedback and you could win fabulous prizes. Winners announced daily. Receive 20 Passport points for each session evaluation you complete. Complete your session evaluation online now (open a browser through our wireless network to access our portal) or visit one of the Internet stations throughout the Convention Center.
Dont forget to activate your Cisco Live Virtual account for access to all session material, communities, and on-demand and live activities throughout the year. Activate your account at the Cisco booth in the World of Solutions or visit www.ciscolive.com.
Cisco Public 114
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Final Thoughts
Get hands-on experience with the Walk-in Labs located in World of Solutions, booth 1042 Come see demos of many key solutions and products in the main Cisco booth 2924 Visit www.ciscoLive365.com after the event for updated PDFs, on-demand session videos, networking, and more! Follow Cisco Live! using social media:
LinkedIn Group: http://linkd.in/CiscoLI
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ciscoliveus Twitter: https://twitter.com/#!/CiscoLive
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Brian Hart has participated in 802.

11 development and standards activities for many years

IEEE 802.11 (2005-)

Wi-Fi Alliance (2008-)

WiGig Alliance (2010-)

Other special interest groups and organizations

Wireless Standards Update (mostly 802.11 and Wi-Fi)

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Why is Wi-Fi so Exciting?

Wi-Fi is Touching Our Lives

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Wi-Fi is Touching Our Lives

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Wi-Fi is Touching Our Lives

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

What is Todays Agenda?

Todays Presentation is Going to Focus on Various Aspects of Wi-Fi & Standards

What is coming down the standards pipeline?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Todays Presentation Comes with Some Caveats

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Why is Wi-Fi so Successful?

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

... in a Myriad of (Un)imaginable Applications

Network Music Player/Server Network Web Camera Blu-ray Player

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Who are Key Players in Wi-Fi Standards?

Wi-Fis Ecosystem is Mainly Based on Cooperation Between Three Stakeholders

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

11ai 11ah 11af 11ac 11ad 11ae 11aa

In development Ratified 11y 11r 11k

Delighted to be securely connected Delighted to be connected 91-93 94 95

11b 11a 11-1999 99 00 01

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

The Wi-Fi Alliance is a Trade Association for 802.11 Based Products

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Who have a Shared Vision of Seamless Connectivity

Seamless connectivity ... using Wi-Fi

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco is a Champion of Wireless Standards

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Sells & supports Ciscos wireless products

Yes, Cisco Cannot Go it Alone When Defining Standards

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Done 2011 2009 2008 2010 2012

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Long term program VHT in 5G 60 GHz Hotspot 2.0

Cisco * * Starting Starting

Other activities Board of Directors Spectrum RF Health Enterprise Healthcare Operator

WNM - NPS WNM O&T TV White Spaces

Power Conservation NAN Wi-Fi Serial Bus