Chapter 5 - Combustion

MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING
5.0 Combustion Processes
Introduction to fuel and combustion

Any material that can be burned to released thermal energy is called fuel It consists of hydrogen) and carbon (hydrocarbon fuels CnHm) Hydrocarbon can exist in all phases a) coal b) gasoline c) natural gas Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are a mixture of numerous hydrocarbons and obtained from crude oil by distillation Hydrocarbon fuels are usually considered to be a single hydrocarbon a) octane - C8H18 b) dodecane (diesel fuel) C12H26 c) methyl alcohol (methanol) CH3OH d) methane CH4
Alternative fuels
Vehicles are a major source of air pollutants - nitric oxides - carbon monoxide - hydrocarbons - greenhouse gas carbon dioxide There is a growing shift in the transportation industry from the traditional petroleum based fuels to the cleaner burning alternative fuels friendlier - natural gas - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - Compressed natural gas (CNG)
Combustion process is a process where chemical reaction during which a fuel is oxidized and a large quantity of energy is released The oxidizer that commonly used in combustion process is air Pure oxygen, O2 is used as oxidizer in only some application such as cutting and welding
C + O2 CO2
Oxidizer: oxygen
C + O2 + 3.76 N 2 CO2 + 3.76 N 2
Oxidizer: air
Propane reacts with pure oxygen:
C 3 H 8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O
Propane reacts with air:
C 3 H 8 + 5(O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O + 18.8 N 2

Therefore the number of moles of air required for complete combustion is 5(1) + 5(3.76) = 23.8 moles
Air-fuel-ratio (AF)
Ratio of the mass of air to the mass of fuel
mair NM air AF = = m fuel NM fuel where N = number of moles & M = molar mass
Mole & mass fraction

Mole fraction, y:
Mass fraction, mf:
where P pressure, V volume, N no of mole, subscript i individual component, subscript m mixture and m mass.
Ideal Gas Law for Mixture

According to Daltons law of partial pressure:
where R universal gas constant
Example : Balancing the combustion equation

One kmol of octane (C8H18) is burned with air that contains 20 kmol of O2, as shown in figure. Assuming the product contain only CO2, H2O, O2 and N2, determine the mole number of each gas in the products and the air fuel ratio for this combustion process (Given; molar mass of air is Mair=28.97 kg/kmol=29kg/kmol)
C8H18 Combustion chamber AIR xCO2 yH2O z O2 w N2
Complete combustion- All the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2, hydrogen burns to H2O and all the sulfurs (if any) burnes to SO2.
CnHm Fuel AIR xCO2 Combustion chamber yH2O
excess O2
Theoretical & Actual combustion process
N2
Incomplete combustion- combustion product contain any unburned fuel or components such as C, H2, CO, or OH Reason for incomplete combustion 1) insufficient oxygen 3) dissociation 2) insufficient mixing
Stoichiometric/ Theoretical Air

The minimum amount of air needed for the complete of a fuel is called stoichiometric or theoritical air When fuel completely burned with theretical air, no uncombined oxygen is present in the product gases Theoretical air is also referred to the chemically correct amount of air or 100% theoretical air Combustion process less than theoretical air is incomplete Ideal combustion process during fuel is burned completely with theoretical air is called the stoichiometric or theoritical combustion Ex: CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2
Excess Air
In actual combustion processes, it is common practice to use more air than the stoichimetric amount to increase the chances of complete combustion or to control the temperature of the combustion chamber The amount of air in excess of the stoichimetric amount is called excess air Amount of excess air usually expressed in terms of stoichiometric air as percent excess air or percent theoretical air Ex: 50% excess air150% theoretical air 200% excess air 300% theoretical air 0% excess air 100% theoretical air Amounts of air less than the stoichiometric amount are called deficiency of air and often expressed as precent of deficiency of air Ex: 90% theoretical air 10% deficiency of air Equivalance ratio- ratio of the actual fuel-air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel air ratio
Analyzing Combustion Products; Theoretically, to achieve complete combustion requires the supply of excess air. Actual cases even the supply of excess air fails to ensure complete combustion occurs. lt is almost impossible to predict the exact composition of composition products on the basis of mass conservation alone. In practice, products of combustion are analyzed using gas analyzers located downstream from the main combustion chamber. These gas analyzers operates using Orsat gas analysis, where chemical compounds are used to absorb certain gas compositions and measures their volumes
Example: Combustion of coal with theoretical air

Coal from Pennsylvania which has an ultimate analysis (by mass) as 84.36% C, 1.89% H2, 4.4% O2, 0.63% N2, 0.89% S and 7.83% ash (non-combustibles) is burned with theoretical amount of air. Disregarding the ash content, determine the mole fractions of the products and the apparent molar mass of the product gases. Also determine the air-fuel-ratio required for this combustion process
Example: Dew point temperature of combustion products

Ethane (C2H6) is burned with 20% excess air during a combustion process. Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 100 kPa, determine a) the air fuel ratio b) the dew point temperature of the products
C2H6 Fuel AIR
20% excess
CO2 Combustion chamber H2O

excess O2
N2
Effect of Moisture in Combustion Air; lf dry air is used as combustion air, than its chemical composition can be written as ath(O2 + 3.76N2). lf the moisture content is significant (high humidity), it should be considered in the combustion process ath(O2 + 3.76N2) + Nv,air (H2O). where the number of moles of moisture can be determined from
Example: Combustion of gaseous fuel with Moist air

A certain natural gas has the following volumetric analysis: 72% CH4, 9% H2, 14% N2, 2% O2, and 3% CO2. This gas is now burned with the stoichiometric amount of air that enters the combustion chamber at 20C, 1 atm and 80% relative humidity. Assuming complete combustion and a total pressure of 1 atm, determine the dew point temperatures of the products.
Example: Reverse Combustion Analysis

Octane (C8H18) is burned with dry air. The volumetric analysis of the products on a dry basis is CO2: 10.02% O2: 5.62% CO: 0.88% N2: 83.48% Determine a) the air-fuel ratio b) the percentage of theoretical air used
First Law Analysis of Reacting System

Energy Analysis of Combustion Processes; Thermodynamics point of view, the amount of heat energy released during a combustion process is the important aspect to study. Basically the heat energy released from a combustion process comes from the chemical energy contain in the fuel.
In energy analysis, standard reference defined at 25oC and 1atm. The property value at the standard reference state is written as ho, so and uo Enthalpy of reaction, hg = difference between enthalpy of the products at a specified state and the enthalpy of reactants at the same state in complete combustion.
Enthalpy of combustion, hc = the amount of heat released during a steady flow of combustion process when 1kmol fuel burn completely at specified pressure & temperature. Hc = HProduct - Hreactant
In energy analysis, standard reference defined at 25oC and 1atm. The property value at the standard reference state is written as ho, so and uo Enthalpy of formation, hf = the enthalpy of a substance at a specified state due to its chemical composition. Q = hc = Hprod Hreactant = (Nphf)p - (Nrhf)r Normally, N2 and O2 consider as stable elements, thus their enthalpy of formation consider to be zero.
In actual combustion process, the temperatures of the reactants and products are NOT at standard reference state. Then, the heat value of the reactants or products at elevated temperature states can be written by
And enthalpy of combution; Hc = HProduct - Hreactant ; where hT = the sensible enthalpy at specified state, h = the sensible enthalpy at the standard reference state of 25oC and 1atm.
Example
1) Determine the enthalpy of combustion of liquid octane (C8H18) at 250C and 1 atm. Assuming the water in the products is in the liquid form. Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 250C at a rate of 0.05kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 50% excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 70C. An analysis of the combustion gases reveals that all the hydrogen in the fuel burns to H2O (gas) but only 90% of the carbon burns to CO2, with remaining 10% forming CO. If the exit temperature of the combustion gases is 1500K, determine; a) the mass flow rate of air. b) the rate of heat transfer from the combustion chamber (heat of formation C3H8 = -118910kJ/kmol)
2)

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MEC551 THERMAL ENGINEERING

5.0 Combustion Processes

Introduction to fuel and combustion

C + O2 + 3.76 N 2 CO2 + 3.76 N 2

Propane reacts with pure oxygen:

C 3 H 8 + 5(O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O + 18.8 N 2

Mole & mass fraction

Mass fraction, mf:

Ideal Gas Law for Mixture

where R universal gas constant

Example : Balancing the combustion equation

Theoretical & Actual combustion process

Stoichiometric/ Theoretical Air

Example: Combustion of coal with theoretical air

Example: Dew point temperature of combustion products

CO2 Combustion chamber H2O

Example: Combustion of gaseous fuel with Moist air

Example: Reverse Combustion Analysis

First Law Analysis of Reacting System

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