Telcom 2110 Network Design

David Tipper Associate Professor

Department of Information Science and Telecommunications y g University of Pittsburgh
tipper@tele.pitt.edu

http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~dtipper/tipper.html
Slides 1 http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~dtipper/2110.html

Course Outline
Introduction
Class Organization, network design types, top-down design

Requirements and Planning

Technical Goals and Constraints Economics and Technology Choices Traffic Demand Modeling and capacity requirements

Network Design Modeling and Algorithms

Relevant Results from Graph Theory Relevant Results from Optimization Theory Heuristics

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Course Outline
Access Network Design
Topology algorithms, physical design Wireless access network design

Wide Area Network Design

Design Algorithms Virtual network design Fault Tolerance/Survivability/Availability

Metro Network Design Technology and Design algorithms Emerging Issues

Support for Smart Grid Energy Efficiency
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Network Design
A Network can be thought as
Electronic communication devices
PCs phones PDAs laptops etc PCs, phones, PDAs, laptops, etc.

Network Devices
(hubs, routers, cross-connects, base stations, etc..)

Communication links
(Coax cable, 10base T, T1, T3, OC1, wireless, GPON, etc.)

Services
Phone calls, video web, software applications etc calls video, web applications, etc.

Network Design
Determines the location and type of network devices, the types and size of communication links to provide services to the electronic communication devices.
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Network Design, Performance and Management

Network (IP, circuit-switched, wireless) Forecast adjustment, Marketing input

traffic data capacity change routing update various controls

secs-mins

Real-Time Traffic Management

days-weeks

Capacity Management, Traffic Engineering, VPN Design

months-years

Network Design/Planning

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Network Time Scales

Short Term Planning Medium Term Planning Long Term Planning

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Network Design Issues

Long Term Planning 3-5 years typically How many $ are needed to get a usable network? What sort of network performance can we get with Y additional $ $? What should our network look like? What Technology should be used? What layer should provide protection?

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Types of Network Design

Can classify network design problems in several ways one method is based on geographical size
1. Access Networks
LANs, Campus, Residential networks, Cellular networks, etc Interconnection of central offices, POPs, corporate locations in a city, campus backbone network Higher bandwidth, may include leased lines Private d Public B kb P i t and P bli Backbone networks (UUNET, AT&T) t k (UUNET Interexchange Carriers Corporate virtual private network over common infrastructure

2. Metropolitan Networks (Metro Nets)

3. Wide Area Networks (WANs) or Long Haul Networks

Note, that the network design techniques for each category may differ
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Access, Metro and Long-Haul Transport

WAN Long-haul network Access network

Metro network
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Source:

J. Doucette, Ph.D. Thesis, UofA, 2004

Access, Metro and WANs

Partitioned-Heirarchical view of a network.

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Source:

W. D. Grover, ECE 681, UofA, Fall 2004

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Typical Wired Network Structure

Metro Area 1 Metro Area 2

Access

Feeder Network

Backbone Metro Area 3

Current Trends Core ~ Mesh Metro ~ Ring Access ~ Tree

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Central Offices

Metro Area n
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Transmission Rates
Access
POTS Line <64 Kbps T1 1.5 Mbps DSL .5 10Mbps Cable 3-10 Mbps FTTH/FTTC 10Mbps 2.5Gbps Cellular 384Kbps 10Mbps

Metro
T3 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 44.736 Mbps 51 Mbps 155 Mbps 622 Mbps p 2.5 Gbps 10 Gbps 10Gbps 40 Gbps 1.6Tbps 10Tbps

Rates increase from access to WAN

WAN
OC-192 OC-768 DWDM
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Access, Metro and Long-Haul/WAN: Roles and Analogy

Airline inter-hub analogy:
A traveler from Pittsburgh needs to visit Naples, Italy. An airport shuttle collects people going to the airport airport. A regional commuter jet brings him/her to JFK airport in New York City. At NYC, people from all over East Cost to board a well-filled 747 nonstop to Rome, Italy From Rome, a regional jet takes him/her to Naples Airport shuttle drops travelers at their hotels in Naples

The pattern is: access - transport - access An OC-n or a DWDM wavelength is the 747 OC n 747 multiplexing and grooming in the access and metro transport stages (switches, routers, ATM service nodes) are the regional airlines. Efficient solutions in airlines, shipping, and telecommunications industry all have this basic repeated structure.
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Network Technology
Networks have varying technology, components and protocols depending on size

WAN: Cross connects, routers, etc, DWDM, MPLS, IP, etc, SIP, BGP, OSPF etc,

METRO: SONET, ATM, MPLS, Carrier Ethernet, Frame Relay, WiMAX, point to point microwave, free space optical, etc

ACCESS: Twisted pair, T1, DSL, Cable Modem, WLAN, cellular, Fiber to Curb , Ethernet, etc.
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Types of Network Design

Can also classify network design problems based on technology used
Wired vs Wireless vs. Circuit switched vs. packet switched Etc. For example corporate access network
Wired LAN vs Wireless LAN

Vs.

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LAN vs. WLAN Design

-80 dBm

LAN Design: selection of technology (e.g., 100 Mbps vs. 1 Gbps vs. 10Gbps Ethernet) and cabling (e.g., coax (e g coax, twisted pair, optical; plenum vs pair vs. nonplenum).
WLAN Design selection of technology (e.g.,11Mbps 802.11 b , 54Mbps 802.11g, 106Mbps 802.11n) and AP Placement based on
Signal coverage and capacity Power level and access to AC power Frequency channel selection Connection to wired infrastructure

-80 dBm

Take measurements to get signal quality map

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Types of Network Design

Can classify network design problems based on network state 1. Greenfield N 1 G fi ld Network D i k Design
build a new network from scratch Re-engineering a network
Upgrade/change technology increase capacity Improve fault tolerance, performance, etc.

2. Incremental Network design

Network expansion d i N t k i design

Add users/facilities to a network

3. Virtual Network Design

Build an overlay network on top of a existing physical network infrastructure short lived compared to physical network design Ethernet VLANs, IP/MPLS VPNs, CDNs, etc.
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Greenfield Example
Want to build a cellular network to cover a small city.
BS4
IBM

BS3

BS5
BS4

Base stations (BS) locations determined by radio coverage

BS7

BS3

BS3
BS4

BS2
BS2

MSC
BS1
BS1

BS7
BS3

BS5

BS1

BS6

Need to determine locations of BSC and interconnect base stations to a BSC then to the MSC

BS3

BS2

BS4
BS4

BS1 BS2 BS1

BS7

BS5

BS5

BS6
BS7

BS6

30 BS, 4 BSC
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BSC

BC S

BC S

BSC

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Example
Minimum-cost network design
BS3
BS4
IBM

BS5
BS4

BS3

BS3
BS4

BS2

SD

Ba two yNe rks

Ce o n1400 ntilli

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R ST

ETH R E

LI K N

R 22C S3

N IS

AC T

ALM

PC C D AR

PW R

ALM

ALM 0 1 FAN 0 FAN 1 PWR PWR

BS2

BSC
BS1

MSC
Ba two yNe rks

SD

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R ST

ETH R E

LI K N

R 22C S3

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ALM

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BS7
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BS3

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BS5
BS1

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BSC
BS2
BS4

BS6
BS3
SD

Ba two yNe rks

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BS4

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BS1

BSC
BS2

BS1

BS7

BS5 BS5

BS6
BS7

BS6

30 BS, 4 BSC
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Incremental Design Example

Given Topology how do you make it single link fault tolerant Mesh-restoration network design
BS7
SD

BS3

BS5
BS4

BS4
IBM

BS3

BS3
BS4

BS2
6

SD

Bay N o ks etw r

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RST

ETHER

LI K N

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ALM

PCCARD

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BS2

BSC
BS1

MSC
Bay N o ks etw r

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ETHER

LI K N

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I NS

ACT

ALM

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PW R

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BS1
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Bay N o ks etw r

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BS7
BS3

BSC
BS5
BS1

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RST

ETH ER

LI K N

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I NS

ACT

ALM

PC AR C D

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BS2
BS4

BS6
BS3
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BS4

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BS1

BSC
BS2
BS1

BS7

BS5 BS5

BS6
BS7

BS6

30 BS, 4 BSC
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Backup link

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Virtual Network Design

Provider Edge (PE) Router Provider Core Router Label Switch Path (LSP)

C A B
1

Overlay VPN Network

Service Provider Core Network

4

2 3 5

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Taxonomy
The various network design classifications can be combined Network Design
Size

WAN

Metro

Access
Technology

Wired

..........

Wired

Wireless Stage

greenfield

..........

greenfield

incremental

Virtual

For example may have a wireless incremental access network design problem The techniques used to design the network will depend on the classification
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Network Design Tools

Computer Aided Design Tools available for certain problems
Aimed at Metro, Backbone and Wireless Access Network Design User provides set of traffic demands, geographic locations, performance requirements, etc. Most use some sort of optimization based formulation with heuristic solution to minimize $

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Network Design Tools

Variety of tools available- many are internal vendor or consultant tools - Examples
OnePlan by VPISystems (wired networks) SP-Guru by OPNET (wired networks) ETX by ETX (Cellular Networks) CellPlan by CellCAD (Cellular Networks) etc. WLAN Planner by Motorola Some link to simulation packages can verify design performance Provide Costing, tariff calculations, visualization, etc.

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Wireless Design Tools

Wireless Design Tools Concentrate on base station/AP placement and radio signal coverage, not backhaul design

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Indoor Models

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WLANS Design Tools

Motorola LAN Planner Lucent: WiSE tool Given building/space to be covered and parameters of building and AP predicts signal coverage

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Top Down Network Design Approach

Regardless of network design problem type, can follow a top down network design approach A top down network design project should f ll t d t kd i j t h ld follow the four steps below:
Conceptual Model
Objectives, Requirements, Constraints

Logical Model
Technology, network graph, node location, link size, etc. (where algorithms are used to minimize cost)

Physical Model
Specific hardware/software implementations (e.g., wiring diagram, repeater locations, etc.)

Implementation, Testing, Tuning and Documentation

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Conceptual Model Design

Determining Objectives
Try to understand the customers business
industry, market, suppliers, product, the competition they face, etc.

Try to understand the organizational structure of the business, their separate departments, lines of business, remote offices, etc. ffi t

Identify Business Objectives of the project

Through surveys/questionnaires, meetings

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Business Goals
Identify overall business goal of network
What will the network be used for? Mission critical uses? How does the customer think the new network will improve their p business practices? What is the criteria to be used to judge the network success/failure?

Typical business goals (may not be realistic!)

Increase revenue and profit Shorten product development cycles/improve corporate communications Provide new services/Modernize out-dated technologies Reduce network costs Make more data available to more people Improve network security and reliability
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Business Constraints
Organizational Politics and Policies
Who will manage/run network What are the companies policy on suppliers suppliers, platforms, vendors etc. Open vs. proprietary solutions? Security issues

Budget and Staffing Constraints

Your design must fit the budget Staff abilities may determine some of your design Is a business case/life cycle cost analysis needed?

Scheduling
Timeline, milestones
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Technical Goals & Constraints

From surveys/questionnaires, meetings etc. application data determine technical goals and constraints j Need to determine the technical scope of the project (i.e., the network design problem classification)
Network Size
(LAN, Campus net, enterprise WAN, backbone, etc.) Sites to be connected, distances, etc.

Network Technology requirements/goals

Wired vs. wireless, etc.

Network lifecycle state

Greenfield, incremental, VPN , ,

Technical goal is to build a network that meets users requirements + some they may not know they need.

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Technical Goals & Constraints

Typical Technical Goals
Scalability y Availability Network Performance
Utilization, Throughput, Delay, Delay Jitter, Packet Loss, Call blocking, etc.

Security Manageability/Interoperability Affordability $$

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Technical Goals - Continued

Traffic estimation is crucial to determine many network performance requirements
What are current/existing networks and services Identify applications and services to be provided from surveys and meetings Need to estimate application characteristics As a guideline construct a table with the following info
Application Sales Tracking
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Type of Application Distributed client/server

New App? Freq of use No/hourly

Criticality Very

Data Rate Bursty/ Max .5Mbps mean ~100Kbps

Perf. Metric

Delay

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Conceptual Model Network Design

Conceptual Model Design At end of conceptual model design should have gathered/identified
Objectives
Business Goals (e.g., make sales force more responsive to customers on sales calls) Technical Goals (e.g., provide wireless access to corporate data to sales force)

Requirements
Business (e.g.,support XYZ application) Technical (availability, delay, bandwidth, etc.,)

Constraints
Business (organizational, budget, etc.,) Technical (vendor, technology, sites to connect, security,etc.)
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Logical Level Network Design

Translate Conceptual Level Goals and requirements into Logical Level design
What kind of network will meet the conceptual design based on the information gathered. Topological network design (may use math algorithm here!)
Technology selection Costing Performance tradeoffs Need for sub-netting addressing issues etc.

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Logical Level Network Design

Typically many alternate logical designs are feasible Rank based on attributes
C t Cost Performance
Delay, throughput,call blocking, availability, etc.

Scalability Management Maintenance Utilization Etc. Et

May ask managers to evaluate tradeoffs

One approach is assume 100 point to be distributed among the categories of interest and managers must allocate the points among the attributes
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Physical Level Network Design

Hardware level requirements
Specific Router performance based on bandwidth requirements i Switches, Repeaters, etc...

Equipment location requirements

Physical security requirements Electrical Power

Capacity and Media selection

Bandwidth required, coax, fiber, etc. Wiring diagrams

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Testing, Tuning and Documentation

Finally Step in Network Design
Write and implement a test p p plan to show network meets technical goals/requirements Tune network/application parameters to improve performance (e.g., adjust active queue management thresholds in route to improve packet loss) Document Design

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Summary
Network Design is not a precise science.
Many different types of problems
e g greenfield vs incremental, wired vs wireless e.g., vs. incremental vs.

There can be several good answers (many more bad ones!) - usually no one best solution. It involves trade-offs among cost vs. performance, technical vs. non-technical issues

Top Down Design approach useful as a framework In many network designs (WAN Metro) use (WAN, mathematics/algorithms to help designers identify good solutions
Use computer models to solve mathematical formulations when possible
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