ATM vs IP FOR VOICE OVER IP

Abstract: The technologies such as IP (Internet Protocol), Asynchronous Transmission mode (ATM) Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) were presented in this paper. There are certain topics discussed in this paper such as data transmission includes Voice and video between source and destination. Practical simulations were conducted for observing the Quality of Service under condition of no loss of data. Graphical results were exploited using simulation results conducted for both IP and ATM technologies in order to observe their characteristics in providing Quality of Service. Introduction: The transmission of signals is the main goal of using ATM and Voice over IP technologies that includes voice, data or video signals. These techniques are used to transfer the information signals from source to destination via internet. The main purpose of using VoIP application is to transmit the signals (voice) over internet. The conversion of voice from analog input to digital data is the main principle lies with VoIP services which are used to achieve high bit rate. There are three different ways in applying VoIP services such as 1. ATA (analog telephone adapter) 2. ATM (asynchronous mode) 3. Internet Protocol (IP) Analog Telephone adapter is the device used to convert analog signals into digital signals and mainly used in IP phones and computer to computer networks. ATM which is known as one of the standard switching techniques uses asynchronous time division multiplexing prior to the encoding of data into packets of fixed size. The good reason for using ATM is because of its high Quality of service compare to other techniques. In an internet layer, Internet protocol is the primary protocol that delivers datagrams transmission

between the source hosts to destination hosts depending on the location of address. Hence in order to transmit on address, IP defines the addressing methods and structures. Even though there will be significant cost effective of using IP services but one should have to see drawback of voice quality degradation due to congestion of network. In this paper the in detail structures of ATM and IP are studied over the issue of Quality of service for voice traffic at complete usage of bandwidth. Voice over IP ATM and IP networks or even combination of ATM and IP networks are used in Voice over IP services. The process involved in applying VoIP services are Sampling, Quantization and Digitization. The analog signals are transmitted between the source and destination in VoIP. In order to transmit large distance or even for less distortion from original signal, there is every need to convert analog signal into digital signals. But prior to that, the data need to convert into packets and after that communication channel the data need to transmit to destination through internet data packets using control mechanism.[1][2][3] Modules Present In VoIP:In order to maintain the efficient signal transmission (voice) in VoIP services constitutes of two mechanisms as: 1. Transport mechanism applied in data plane. 2. Control (signalling) mechanism in control plane. The transmission of data between source and destination nodes includes with transport mechanism whereas the signalling mechanism used to control the way of signal transmission that has to be established between the nodes.[3] VoIP equipment provides use ITU-T H.323 through VoIP forum.

 H323 is a standard for sending voice & video using IP, on the internet and within intranets. VoIP promotes directory service standards; so that callers can easily identify the parties they want to call. VoIP directory services use touch tone signals for automatic call distribution and voice mails. VoIP uses the real time protocol to deliver packets with sufficient speed, to ensure good voice quality, and to meet a specific QOS level. VoIP routing is incorporated into LAN internet gateway. It receives packetized voice transforms from users .The VoIP enabled gateway then routes the packetized voice to intranet components or PSTN using T1 or E-1 interface.

process and also composite. An ATM network uses cells or packet switching with virtual circuits. ATM is virtual circuit based, the path is reserved before transmission. It uses 20 byte global NSAP (network service access point) address for signalling and 32- bit local assigned labels in cells and offers sophisticated traffic management like TCP/IP congestion control is packet loss based and also used for setting up connections path and circuit identifier are used once a connection is established.[1][2]

Congestion Mechanisms for ATM

1. ABR (available bit rate) 2. ERICA (explicit rate indication for congestion control. 3. EFCI indicator). (explicit forward congestion

ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode) Available Bit Rate (ABR): ATM design is appropriate for Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). In ATM service, complete information is transferred into packets of small fixed length called as cells before its transmission. Asynchronous Transfer mode exhibits in connection oriented that implies a connection is created between transmitter and receiver before the broadcast of signals. The cells are transmitted asynchronously over the established connection. Each cell has dimension 53 bytes in length, 48 bytes payload and 5 bytes header. In order to start an ATM call, firstly setup a connection so that all cells will follow the path to destination and as it can handle various types of traffic that includes variable rate traffic (with end to end with quality of service) and constant rate. ATM is one of an autonomous transmission media which doesnt suggest any specific rule, might be sent through a wire/ fibre/ by themselves or also be wrapped inside the payload that belongs to other carrier systems. Delivery of packets is not guaranteed but much of ATM devices operated at 155mbps. ATM technology is too costly for standardization Available bit rate is a switching algorithm, to achieve the objectives of impartiality fast transient response, scalability to various distances, efficiency and number of virtual circuits, flexibility to various background traffic designs and altered source traffic models. ABR is used to test the various requirements of ATM. Explicit Rate Indication for Congestion Control (ERICA): The main objective of explicit rate indication for congestion control is to achieve efficient and fair allocation of provided bandwidth. The main action of this switch is to monitor the load periodically on each link and defines a load factor Z, available capacity and number of currently active VCs (virtual circuits). Explicit forward congestion indication (EFCI) is a congestion feedback modes used in ATM networks by ABR service. A network element in an approaching congestion state can set the EFCI.

Permanent Virtual Path (PVP): ATM network operates typically use this in order to reduce the switching time in ATM switches. ATM PVP is used for multiplexing ATM traffic. PVP is a connection oriented manually configured by network operator.

The Adaptation layer that maps the data to ATM cells in order to transmission. AAL type1 is used in order to meet requirements of constant bit rate (CBR) as ATM mostly deals with FIFO transmission and it is also a synchronous, connection oriented traffic. The functions of ATM are switching, congestion control, sequential delivery of data and many more.

Permanent virtual connection (PVC): Permanent virtual connection eliminates the repeated call setup and clearing. PVC is a preconfigured by service provider.

Fig. Comparison of Networks for VoIP.

Throughput

in

IP

Network parameters of ATM & IP include: a. Switches (atm and Ethernet). b. Work station(atm & Ethernet) c. Links(100 Base T and OC3 SONET) In ATM networks, the atm_16 cross connection is one of the node model used in application which represent a switch which is used in establishing virtual path and virtual connections switching capabilities. It can able to provide 16 VP links. The work station reveals an atm node which is used for client-server applications on TCP/UDP. The ATM_E1 link is used to manage connection between terminals of different nodes in the network. ATM is more advantageous for real time applications as it basically has different congestion controls at the time of heavy traffic. In this scenario,

Throughput for IP networks will be more as it is will not establish permanent or virtual path between sender and receiver due to this transmission or reception rate will be higher compare to ATM networks. It will provide more number of packets to transmit as load increases, but throughput will be low for IP if load is too heavy when compared to ATM at that instant. Qualities of traffic: In IP networks, different factors affects voice quality such as stability and availability of service, delays, reliability scalability, grade of service, etc. [1][4]. Low throughput: Number of bits or packets (cells) transmitted or received at the node in unit time is called as throughput. On the same network, as there is an increment in changing load from other users uses the resources, the bit rate (maximum throughput) may deliver convinced data stream which will be truncated for real time multimedia applications.[1][4]

From figure :Jitter will be more for ATM compare to IP, as it is connection oriented which establish a path and transmit data serially due to which delay in the system increases. Out-of-order delivery Packets arrived with delay due to which they may occur in disorder this is known to be outof-order delivery. Due to this, special protocols are required additional protocols which are answerable for grouping out-oforder packets to an isochronous state after they reach their destination.

Fig. Comparison of Throughput between ATM and IP for VoIP. Dropped packets: Packets dropped due to data corruption or arriving after buffers filled. The information retransmission will be requested which leads severe delays in complete transmission.[4] Errors: There will be possibility of errors in the network when it has noise and interference. At the receiver side need to identify errors in order to ask for retransmission of data.[4] Latency: Excessive latency is used to provide applications. Packets will get delayed to reach destination due to heavy traffic as it stuck up in lengthy queues, or will assign less short path in order to dodge congestion. In some scenarios, excessive latency can reduce an application such as VoIP or online gaming impracticable.[4] Jitter: In general, time taken for packets to travel from source to destination will more compare to transmit rate as occurrence of delays. It varies depending on position in queue which can vary unpredictably. this change in delays can be termed as jitter

SIMULATION USING OPNET: ATM and IP design models have been created using OPNET software. In this scenario, an ATM cross connection along with ATM (workstations, servers and clients) for ATM model and whereas Ethernet, workstations, servers and users for IP model. First, initialise open object palette and connect network as per requirements. Change the applications definition and profile configuration parameters in which our requirements with destination preferences are assigned. Default settings of quality of service and ATM configuration are used for this simulation. Workstations are used in order to transmit different kinds of information through servers or direct clients. Edit attributes of workstation through which we can meet our targets on type of data transmission. Observe the various parameters which affect the Quality of Service and made a choice better at the end of this session between ATM and IP Networks.

networks. Packets transreceived in ATM will slightly more compare to IP networks but the delays in ATM makes the both systems compatible. In case of Traffic congestion, preferred to go for IP networks with some congestion controls in order to make your data reliable and efficiently transmitted.

Traffic is one of the factors which affects QoS in voice Transmission because at the more traffic, there will be congestion in the system due to which data has to take different routes which may increase delay due to this, overall system efficiency will be declined. This can be mainly seen in ATM networks as it is connection oriented the probability of assigned routes depending on traffic will be more complex. Thus in order to avoid these type of situations in ATM different Traffic congestion controls are used like ERICA, EFCI, PPI etc. These are having individual schemes and loop holes in controlling traffic congestions. From the graph it can observed that the Traffic sent and received through ATM networks are same as it uses different congestion control depending on the traffic. For example Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) is used to establish path between transreceiver in order to transmit or receive data. There are only slight delays in ATM network which will take some time for initialise and when data is ready to transmit, receiver also in position to accept simultaneously as in ATM opts for FIFO services which are used in serial communication that mainly used in voice transmission. But in IP networks, there wont be any delay as packets assigned in different routes since they are not in serial communication, packets can take any routes based on priorities and thus make data transmission more efficiently. The saturation point in IP networks will come soon which means data transmit by sender will be received with short delay which can be entertained. And moreover there are no chances of missing information due to node failure and etc. which can be problem in ATM

Fig: Comparison of Voice Traffic in ATM and IP Networks. Packet Delay: Is defined as Delay in packets at transmission due to various parameters that includes routing protocol, congestion etc. the packet delay will be more for ATM networks as it is serial communication and connection oriented service. Due to this small delay at one node will affect every node due to which delay increases in the network. But in case of IP networks, there will be delays which can be

negotiable due to this there wont be any packet delays. This makes IP to compete with ATM even though it is connectionless oriented service. Thus for Packet delay which impacts on QoS IP networks are preferred.

Fig: comparison of Packet Delay in ATM and IP networks. Conclusions: The above results shows different parameters involves in Voice transmission over ATM and IP network .By considering factors like traffic, delay, throughput, it seems that IP network performs well compare to ATM networks. But it is not a good thing to ignore ATM completely. References: 1. Tutorials (Class notes) 2. www.coe.montana.edu/ee/rwolff/EE548/paper s/VOIP/upenn_overview_VOIP.pdf 3. Stallingss., data communications, Pearson (2011) 4. http://www.linktionary.com/q/qos.html