Understanding Economic

Understanding the Economic and Stock Market Cycles
Why sitting on the sidelines can mean missed opportunities

After one of the longest running economic expansions in the modern era, we find ourselves in the midst of a recession. Headlines show rising unemployment, lower consumer sentiment and rising foreclosures. Yet despite the gloomy economic news, the market is actually presenting opportunities to buy high-quality stocks and investment-grade corporate bonds at very low valuations. To make sense of the negative headlines and potential opportunities, it is useful to look at the interaction and differences between the economic and stock market cycles. A refresher on the economic cycle
The economic cycle is the long-term pattern of alternating periods of economic growth and decline. Growth periods are expansions of the economy or booms,similar to what we experienced from 2002 to 2008. Periods of decline are contractions of the economy or recessions, similar to the conditions we are experiencing currently in 2009. The highest point of a boom is called a peak; the lowest point of a recession is called a trough. The expansions and contractions of the economy are measured, and announced in the headlines, by changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Understanding leading and lagging indicators

Newspaper and media reports today are full of what can be a bewildering array of economic statistics. Making sense of these can be a challenge for many investors. There are some basic principles that can help you understand how they affect you and your investments. Economists look at leading indicators to determine where the economy is heading, and to estimate the degree of expansion or contraction in the next phase of the economic cycle. They look at lagging indicators to confirm what has already happened in the economy, and to measure where we are in the current economic phase. Listed below are some of the most commonly cited indicators.
Leading indicators. These indicators tend to move before the economy follows suit, as they did in 2008. Lagging indicators. These indicators confirm what has already happened to the economy.
Stock market The decline in the S&P/TSX Composite Index and other world indices in September 2008 suggested that a period of economic weakness would follow, which we started experiencing in December 2008. Housing starts The number of new houses under construction began declining in September 2008. the results of a survey called the Confidence Index, which hit an 18-year low in fall 2008, indicating an oncoming recession.
Unemployment rate Canada experienced record job losses in January 2009 as unemployment hit 7.2%, well above its recent low of 5.8% in January 2008. promote business and consumer spending. The Bank of Canada decreased its interest rate to an historic low of 0.50% in March 2009.
Interest Rates Interest rates tend to be low during a recession to Business spending Businesses are cutting their spending in
anticipation of a decrease in demand for their goods and services. In a recent Bank of Canada Business Outlook Survey, investment in machinery and equipment was expected to be significantly reduced for the first time since 2001.
Consumer sentiment The Conference Board of Canada publishes
A closer look at the stock market as a leading indicator

Making investment decisions based on what the markets did yesterday or last month is like trying to drive while looking in the rear-view mirror. This is because stock markets are forward-looking: their valuations reflect expected future earnings. Given their tendency to lead the rest of the economy, history has shown that stock markets will often turn upward while their respective economies are still in recession, as illustrated below. > In the recession of the mid-1970s, stock markets began to recover soon after reaching their lows in December 1974. Economic conditions, however, did not show signs of recovery until April 1975. > In the recession of the early 1980s, stock markets began to recover after hitting their lows in August 1982, but their related economies did not recover until about four months later.
S&P 500 Index Rebound During The 1974-1975 Recession

120 110 100 90 80 70 60
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Source: RBC Asset Management, National Bureau of Economic Research
S&P 500 Index Rebound During The 1981-1983 Recession

180 160
Economy in recession
Economy in recession
Stock markets began recovering before the recession was over
140 120 100 80
Stock markets began recovering before the recession was over
1981
1982
1983
1984
Source: RBC Asset Management, National Bureau of Economic Research
How does this lag affect investors?

The lag between the stock market cycle and the economic cycle creates a challenge for investors, as strong emotions at both peaks and troughs push people into buying high and selling low exactly the opposite of what they should be doing.
The Stock Market And The Economy: How The Two Cycles Are Related
Exuberance makes investors want to TOP OF buy more stocks STOCK MARKET CYCLE at high prices.
STOCK MARKET CYCLE PEAK OF ECONOMIC CYCLE
Economy in recession. Currently, the Canadian economy and stock markets are somewhere on the curves within this shaded area.
Stock market recovery begins while economy is still in recession and media headlines are still negative.
ECONOMIC CYCLE
Worry pushes investors to sell their stocks when values drop, rather than buy more and ride out the market bottom.
Investors hesitate to invest even as the market begins to recover.
BOTTOM OF STOCK MARKET CYCLE
TROUGH OF ECONOMIC CYCLE
For illustrative purposes only
Time
What does this mean for investment portfolios?

Based on the S&P/TSX Composite Index for the 10 years ending December 31, 2008, those who stayed invested through the full economic cycle earned 5.3%. Those who tried to time the market by buying and selling often did not do as well. Sitting on the sidelines waiting for the market to recover and missing just the 10 best trading days produced a return of only -0.8%. Missing the 30 best and 50 best trading days earned returns of -7.7% and -12.7% respectively.
Economic and Stock Market Cycles
Massive government intervention poised to make a difference

Through the use of monetary and fiscal policies, governments aim to stimulate the economy during recessions and to moderate growth when the economy is expanding too rapidly. Listed below are some of the aggressive actions governments worldwide are taking to limit the effects of the current recession.
Government Actions Aimed At Stimulating The Economy
MONETARY POLICY
How governments and central banks control the money supply and interest rates. POSSIBLE ACTION ACTION TAKEN RECENTLY DESIRED EXPANSIONARY OUTCOME
Raise or lower interest rates
The Bank of Canada overnight rate has been decreased to its historic low of 0.50%. The central banks of many countries around the world have also reduced their rates.
Low borrowing costs will stimulate the economy by enabling businesses and individuals to access loans that increase spending.
Increase or decrease the money supply
The U.S. and the U.K.s quantitative easing strategies (i.e., printing new money to inject into the system) are underway. The Bank of Canada has hinted at this as a possible future policy, if and when necessary.
More money flowing through the economy improves liquidity and credit conditions, and in turn encourages more business and consumer spending.
FISCAL POLICY
How governments adjust their spending and taxation to influence the economy. POSSIBLE ACTION ACTION TAKEN RECENTLY DESIRED EXPANSIONARY OUTCOME
Increase or decrease spending on government programs
Of the $40B of fiscal stimulus introduced by Canadas federal budget in January 2009, about $27B is allocated to spending programs. The U.S. and other countries have also committed billions to their fiscal spending packages. Of the $40B of fiscal stimulus introduced by Canadas federal budget in January 2009, about $13B is in tax cuts. The U.S. has similarly instituted tax cuts in its economic stimulus bill.
Government spending will create jobs and counter the drop in corporate and consumer spending, and meet its objective of stopping the economy from contracting into a deeper recession.
Raise or cut taxes
Tax cuts provide families with more aftertax dollars to spend on consumer goods, and businesses with more money to spend on payroll, operations and equipment needed to grow.
Stick with your long-term plan

In Canada, the impact of government actions should begin to be felt over the next several quarters. At RBC Asset Management Inc., we believe that the economic recovery will commence in late 2009 or early 2010, and that the stock market will bottom before then. History has shown us that sitting on the sidelines while economic news continues to be negative often results in missing a
Economic and Stock Market Cycles
significant upturn in the market. This lesson provides a compelling argument for exploring some of the many investment opportunities that exist currently in the marketplace, particularly in light of the aggressive government policies aimed at minimizing the effects of this recession. Understanding the difference between the stock market and economic cycles, and the time lag that often occurs between them, is vital to avoiding the inclination to abandon your long-term investment plan until the headlines announce that the economy is improving.
Talk to your advisor about why now may be the time to move out of money market funds into long-term funds that are well-positioned to capture the market upswing when it occurs.
This article is not intended to provide individual investment, legal, accounting, tax, financial or other advice and is provided as a general source of information only. Specific investment strategies should be considered relative to each investors objectives and risk tolerance. The information contained herein is provided by RBC Asset Management Inc. (RBC AM) and is believed to be up-to-date, accurate and reliable. Due to the possibility of human or mechanical error, RBC AM is not responsible for any errors or omissions. Information obtained from third parties is believed to be reliable but neither RBC AM, its affiliates nor any other person assumes responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any loss or damage suffered. Opinions and estimates constitute our judgment as of February 28, 2009, and are subject to change without notice. Graphs and charts are used for illustrative purposes only and do not predict future values or performance. This article may contain forward-looking statements which are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements, which use predictive words like may, could, should, would, suspect, outlook, believe, plan, anticipate, estimate, expect, intend, forecast, objective and similar expressions, involve inherent risks and uncertainties and it is possible that actual results, actions or events could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. All opinions in forward looking statements are subject to change without notice and are provided in good faith but without legal responsibility. Please consult your advisor and read the prospectus before investing. There may be commissions, trailing commissions, management fees and expenses associated with mutual fund investments. Mutual funds are not guaranteed, their values change frequently and past performance may not be repeated. RBC Funds are offered by RBC Asset Management Inc. and distributed through authorized dealers.
Registered trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. RBC Asset Management is a registered trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. Used under licence. RBC Asset Management Inc. 2009
98177 (03/2009)

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Understanding the Economic and Stock Market Cycles

Why sitting on the sidelines can mean missed opportunities

Understanding leading and lagging indicators

Consumer sentiment The Conference Board of Canada publishes

A closer look at the stock market as a leading indicator

S&P 500 Index Rebound During The 1974-1975 Recession

S&P 500 Index Rebound During The 1981-1983 Recession

Stock markets began recovering before the recession was over

140 120 100 80

Stock markets began recovering before the recession was over

Source: RBC Asset Management, National Bureau of Economic Research

How does this lag affect investors?

Investors hesitate to invest even as the market begins to recover.

BOTTOM OF STOCK MARKET CYCLE

TROUGH OF ECONOMIC CYCLE

For illustrative purposes only

What does this mean for investment portfolios?

Economic and Stock Market Cycles

Massive government intervention poised to make a difference

Government Actions Aimed At Stimulating The Economy

Raise or lower interest rates

Increase or decrease the money supply

Increase or decrease spending on government programs

Raise or cut taxes

Stick with your long-term plan

Economic and Stock Market Cycles

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