DB

DC10 PART-I
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Each question carries 2 marks. Choose the correct or best alternative in the following: Q.1 In the relational modes, cardinality is termed as: (A) Number of tuples. (B) Number of attributes. (C) Number of tables. (D) Number of constraints. Ans: A Q.2 Relational calculus is a (A) Procedural language. (C) Data definition language. Ans: B Q.3 The view of total database content is (A) Conceptual view. (C) External view. Ans: A Q.4 Cartesian product in relational algebra is (A) a Unary operator. (B) a Binary operator. (C) a Ternary operator. (D) not defined. Ans: B Cartesian product in relational algebra is a binary operator. (It requires two operands. e.g., P X Q) Q.5 DML is provided for (A) Description of logical structure of database. (B) Addition of new structures in the database system. (C) Manipulation & processing of database. (D) Definition of physical structure of database system. Ans: C DML is provided for manipulation & processing of database. (Data stored in the database is processed or manipulated using data manipulation language commands as its name) (B) Internal view. (D) Physical View. (B) Non- Procedural language. (D) High level language.
DC10 Q.6 AS clause is used in SQL for (A) Selection operation. (C) Join operation.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (B) Rename operation. (D) Projection operation.
Ans: B AS clause is used in SQL for rename operation. (e.g., SELECT ENO AS EMPLOYEE_NO FROM EMP) Q.7 ODBC stands for (A) Object Database Connectivity. (B) Oral Database Connectivity. (C) Oracle Database Connectivity. (D) Open Database Connectivity. Ans: D Q.8 Architecture of the database can be viewed as (A) two levels. (B) four levels. (C) three levels. (D) one level. Ans: C Q.9 In a relational model, relations are termed as (A) Tuples. (B) Attributes (C) Tables. (D) Rows. Ans: Q.10 The database schema is written in (A) HLL (C) DDL Ans: C Q.11 In the architecture of a database system external level is the (A) physical level. (B) logical level. (C) conceptual level (D) view level. Ans: D Q.12 An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is a (A) strong entity set. (B) weak entity set. (C) simple entity set. (D) primary entity set. Ans: B Q.13 In a Hierarchical model records are organized as (A) Graph. (B) List. (C) Links. (D) Tree. 2 (B) DML (D) DCL
DC10 Ans: D Q.14
In an E-R diagram attributes are represented by (A) rectangle. (B) square. (C) ellipse. (D) triangle. Ans: C
Q.15
In case of entity integrity, the primary key may be (A) not Null (B) Null (C) both Null & not Null. (D) any value. Ans: A
Q.16
In tuple relational calculus P1 P2 is equivalent to (B) P1 P2 (A) P1 P2 (D) P1 P2 (C) P1 P2 Ans: A In tuple relational calculus P1 (The logical implication expression A P2 is equivalent to P1 P2. B, meaning if A then B,is equivalent to A B)
Q.17
The language used in application programs to request data from the DBMS is referred to as the (A) DML (B) DDL (C) VDL (D) SDL Ans: A
Q.18
A logical schema (A) is the entire database. (B) is a standard way of organizing information into accessible parts. (C) describes how data is actually stored on disk. (D) both (A) and (C) Ans: A
Q.19
Related fields in a database are grouped to form a (A) data file. (B) data record. (C) menu. (D) bank. Ans: B Related data fields in a database are grouped to form a data record. (A record is a collection of related fields)
Q.20
The database environment has all of the following components except: (A) users. (B) separate files. (C) database. (D) database administrator. Ans: A 3
DC10 Q.21
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS The language which has recently become the defacto standard for interfacing application programs with relational database system is (A) Oracle. (B) SQL. (C) DBase. (D) 4GL. Ans: B
Q.22
The way a particular application views the data from the database that the application uses is a (A) module. (B) relational model. (C) schema. (D) sub schema. Ans: D
Q.23
In an E-R diagram an entity set is represent by a (A) rectangle. (B) ellipse. (C) diamond box. (D) circle. Ans: A
Q.24
A report generator is used to (A) update files. (C) data entry. Ans: B
(B) print files on paper. (D) delete files.
Q.25
The property / properties of a database is / are : (A) It is an integrated collection of logically related records. (B) It consolidates separate files into a common pool of data records. (C) Data stored in a database is independent of the application programs using it. (D) All of the above. Ans: D
Q.26
The DBMS language component which can be embedded in a program is (A) The data definition language (DDL). (B) The data manipulation language (DML). (C) The database administrator (DBA). (D) A query language. Ans: B
Q.27
A relational database developer refers to a record as (A) a criteria. (B) a relation. (C) a tuple. (D) an attribute. Ans: C
Q.28
The relational model feature is that there 4
DC10 (A) (B) (C) (D)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS is no need for primary key data. is much more data independence than some other database models. are explicit relationships among records. are tables with many dimensions.
Ans: B Q.29 Conceptual design (A) is a documentation technique. (B) needs data volume and processing frequencies to determine the size of the database. (C) involves modelling independent of the DBMS. (D) is designing the relational model. Ans:C Q.30 The method in which records are physically stored in a specified order according to a key field in each record is (A) hash. (B) direct. (C) sequential. (D) all of the above. Ans: A A method in which records are physically stored in a specified order according to a key field in each record is hash. (In hash method, a hash function is performed on the key value to determine the unique physical address of the record to store or retrieve) Q.31 A subschema expresses (A) the logical view. (C) the external view.
(B) the physical view. (D) all of the above.
Ans: C A subschema expresses the external view. (External schemas are called also called as subschemas) Q.32 Count function in SQL returns the number of (A) values. (B) distinct values. (C) groups. (D) columns. Ans: A Count function in SQL returns the number of values. (Count function counts all the not null values in the specific column. If we want to count only distinct values than the DISTINCT keyword is also to be used) Q.33 Which one of the following statements is false? (A) The data dictionary is normally maintained by the database administrator. (B) Data elements in the database can be modified by changing the data dictionary. (C) The data dictionary contains the name and description of each data element. (D) The data dictionary is a tool used exclusively by the database administrator. Ans: B 5
DC10 Q.34
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS An advantage of the database management approach is (A) data is dependent on programs. (B) data redundancy increases. (C) data is integrated and can be accessed by multiple programs. (D) none of the above. Ans: C
Q.35
A DBMS query language is designed to (A) support end users who use English-like commands. (B) support in the development of complex applications software. (C) specify the structure of a database. (D) all of the above. Ans: D
Q.36
Transaction processing is associated with everything below except (A) producing detail, summary, or exception reports. (B) recording a business activity. (C) confirming an action or triggering a response. (D) maintaining data. Ans: C
Q.37
It is possible to define a schema completely using (A) VDL and DDL. (B) DDL and DML. (C) SDL and DDL. (D) VDL and DML. Ans: B
Q.38
The method of access which uses key transformation is known as (A) direct. (B) hash. (C) random. (D) sequential. Ans: B
Q.39
Data independence means (A) data is defined separately and not included in programs. (B) programs are not dependent on the physical attributes of data. (C) programs are not dependent on the logical attributes of data. (D) both (B) and (C). Ans: D both (B) and (C)
Q.40
The statement in SQL which allows to change the definition of a table is (A) Alter. (B) Update. (C) Create. (D) select. Ans: A 6
DC10 Q.41
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS E-R model uses this symbol to represent weak entity set ? (A) Dotted rectangle. (B) Diamond (C) Doubly outlined rectangle (D) None of these Ans: C
Q.42
SET concept is used in : (A) Network Model (B) Hierarchical Model (C) Relational Model (D) None of these Ans: A
Q.43
Relational Algebra is (A) Data Definition Language . (B) Meta Language (C) Procedural query Language (D) None of the above Ans: C
Q.44
Key to represent relationship between tables is called (A) Primary key (B) Secondary Key (C) Foreign Key (D) None of these Ans: C
Q.45
_______ produces the relation that has attributes of R1 and R2 (A) Cartesian product (B) Difference (C) Intersection (D) Product Ans: A
Q.46
The file organization that provides very fast access to any arbitrary record of a file is (A) Ordered file (B) Unordered file (C) Hashed file (D) B-tree Ans: C
Q.47
DBMS helps achieve (A) Data independence (C) Neither (A) nor (B) Ans: D
(B) Centralized control of data (D) both (A) and (B)
Q.48
Which of the following are the properties of entities? (A) Groups (B) Table 7
DC10 (C) Attributes Ans: Q.49 C
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (D) Switchboards
In a relation (A) Ordering of rows is immaterial (B) No two rows are identical (C) (A) and (B) both are true (D) None of these. Ans: C
Q.50
Which of the following is correct: (A) a SQL query automatically eliminates duplicates. (B) SQL permits attribute names to be repeated in the same relation. (C) a SQL query will not work if there are no indexes on the relations (D) None of these Ans: D
Q.51
It is better to use files than a DBMS when there are (A) Stringent real-time requirements. (B) Multiple users wish to access the data. (C) Complex relationships among data. (D) All of the above. Ans: B
Q.52
The conceptual model is (A) dependent on hardware. (B) dependent on software. (C) dependent on both hardware and software (D) independent of both hardware and software. Ans: D
Q.53
What is a relationship called when it is maintained between two entities? (A) Unary (B) Binary (C) Ternary (D) Quaternary Ans: B
Q.54
Which of the following operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table? (A) PROJECTION (B) SELECTION (C) UNION (D) JOIN Ans: A 8
DC10 Q.55
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Which of the following is a valid SQL type? (A) CHARACTER (B) NUMERIC (C) FLOAT (D) All of the above Ans: D
Q.56
The RDBMS terminology for a row is (A) tuple. (B) relation. (C) attribute. (D) degree. Ans: A
Q.57
Which of the following operations need the participating relations to be union compatible? (A) UNION (B) INTERSECTION (C) DIFFERENCE (D) All of the above Ans: D
Q.58
The full form of DDL is (A Dynamic Data Language (C) Data Definition Language Ans: C
(B) Detailed Data Language (D) Data Derivation Language
Q.59
Which of the following is an advantage of view? (A) Data security (B) Derived columns (C) Hiding of complex queries (D) All of the above Ans: D
Q.60
Which of the following is a legal expression in SQL? (A) SELECT NULL FROM EMPLOYEE; (B) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE; (C) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY = NULL; (D) None of the above Ans: B
Q.61
The users who use easy-to-use menu are called (A) Sophisticated end users. (B) Nave users. (C) Stand-alone users. (D) Casual end users. Ans: B
Q.62
Which database level is closest to the users? (A) External (B) Internal (C) Physical (D) Conceptual Ans: A 9
DC10 Q.63
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Which are the two ways in which entities can participate in a relationship? (A) Passive and active (B) Total and partial (C) Simple and Complex (D) All of the above Ans: B
Q.64
The result of the UNION operation between R1 and R2 is a relation that includes (A) all the tuples of R1 (B) all the tuples of R2 (C) all the tuples of R1 and R2 (D) all the tuples of R1 and R2 which have common columns Ans: D
Q.65
Which of the following is a comparison operator in SQL? (A) = (B) LIKE (C) BETWEEN (D) All of the above Ans: D
Q.66
A set of possible data values is called (A) attribute. (B) degree. (C) tuple. (D) domain. Ans: D
Q.67
Which of the operations constitute a basic set of operations for manipulating relational data? (A) Predicate calculus (B) Relational calculus (C) Relational algebra (D) None of the above Ans:C
Q.68
Which of the following is another name for weak entity? (A) Child (B) Owner (C) Dominant (D) All of the above Ans: A
Q.69
Which of the following database object does not physically exist? (A) base table (B) index (C) view (D) none of the above Ans: C
Q.70
NULL is (A) the same as 0 for integer (B) the same as blank for character (C) the same as 0 for integer and blank for character 10
DC10 (D) not a value Ans: D Q.71
Which of the following is record based logical model? (A) Network Model (B) Object oriented model (C) E-R Model (D) None of these Ans: A
Q.72
A data dictionary is a special file that contains: (A) The name of all fields in all files. (B) The width of all fields in all files. (C) The data type of all fields in all files. (D) All of the above. Ans: D
Q.73
A file manipulation command that extracts some of the records from a file is called (A) SELECT (B) PROJECT (C) JOIN (D) PRODUCT Ans: A
Q.74
The physical location of a record is determined by a mathematical formula that transforms a file key into a record location is : (A) B-Tree File (B) Hashed File (C) Indexed File (D) Sequential file. Ans: B
Q.75
Using Relational Algebra the query that finds customers, who have a balance of over 1000 is (A) Customer_name( balance >1000(Deposit)) (B) Customer_name( balance >1000(Deposit)) (C) Customer_name( balance >1000(Borrow)) (D) Customer_name( balance >1000(Borrow)) Ans: A
Q.76
A primary key is combined with a foreign key creates (A) Parent-Child relation ship between the tables that connect them. (B) Many to many relationship between the tables that connect them. (C) Network model between the tables that connect them. (D) None of the above. Ans: A
Q.77
In E-R Diagram derived attribute are represented by 11
DC10 (A) Ellipse (C) Rectangle Ans B Q.78 Cross Product is a: (A) Unary Operator (C) Binary Operator Ans: C Q.79
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (B) Dashed ellipse (D) Triangle
(B) Ternary Operator (D) Not an operator
An instance of relational schema R (A, B, C) has distinct values of A including NULL values. Which one of the following is true? (A) A is a candidate key (B) A is not a candidate key (C) A is a primary Key (D) Both (A) and (C) Ans: B
Q.80
Consider the join of a relation R with relation S. If R has m tuples and S has n tuples, then the maximum size of join is: (A) mn (B) m+n (C) (m+n)/2 (D) 2(m+n) Ans: A
Q.81
The natural join is equal to : (A) Cartesian Product (B) Combination of Union and Cartesian product (C) Combination of selection and Cartesian product (D) Combination of projection and Cartesian product Ans: D
Q.82
Which one of the following is not true for a view: (A) View is derived from other tables. (B) View is a virtual table. (C) A view definition is permanently stored as part of the database. (D) View never contains derived columns. Ans: C
Q.83
A primary key if combined with a foreign key creates (A) Parent-Child relationship between the tables that connect them. (B) Many to many relationship between the tables that connect them. (C) Network model between the tables that connect them. (D) None of the above. Ans: A 12
DC10 Q.84
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS In E-R Diagram relationship type is represented by (A) Ellipse (B) Dashed ellipse (C) Rectangle (D) Diamond Ans: D
Q.85
Hierarchical model is also called (A) Tree structure (C) Normalize Structure Ans: A
(B) Plex Structure (D) Table Structure
Q.86
To delete a particular column in a relation the command used is: (A) UPDATE (B) DROP (C) ALTER (D) DELETE Ans: C
Q.87
The ______ operator is used to compare a value to a list of literals values that have been specified. (A) BETWEEN (B) ANY (C) IN (D) ALL Ans: A
Q.88
A logical schema A) is the entire database B) is a standard way of organizing information into a accessible part C) describe how data is actually stored on disk D) none of these Ans: D
Q.89
A B-tree of order m has maximum of _____________ children (A) m (B) m+1 (C) m-1 (D) m/2 Ans: A
Q.90
_____________ function divides one numeric expression by another and returns the remainder. (A) POWER (B) MOD (C) ROUND (D) REMAINDER Ans: B
Q.91
A data manipulation command the combines the records from one or more tables is called (A) SELECT (B) PROJECT (C) JOIN (D) PRODUCT 13
DC10 Ans: C Q.92
In E-R diagram generalization is represented by (A) Ellipse (B) Dashed ellipse (C) Rectangle (D) Triangle Ans: D
Q.93
_________ is a virtual table that draws its data from the result of an SQL SELECT statement. (A) View (B) Synonym (C) Sequence (D) Transaction Ans: A
Q.94
The method of access which uses key transformation is known as (A) Direct (B) Hash (C) Random (D) Sequential Ans: B
Q.95
A table joined with itself is called (A) Join (C) Outer Join Ans: B
(B) Self Join (D) Equi Join
Q.96
_________ data type can store unstructured data (A) RAW (B) CHAR (C) NUMERIC (D) VARCHAR Ans: A
Q.97
Which two files are used during operation of the DBMS (A) Query languages and utilities (B) DML and query language (C) Data dictionary and transaction log (D) Data dictionary and query language Ans: C
14
DC10 PART-II
DESCRIPTIVES
Q.1 What is a database? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using of DBMS. (7) Ans: Database A database is a collection of related data and/or information stored so that it is available to many users for different purposes. Advantages Of DBMS 1. Centralized Management and Control - One of the main advantages of using a database system is that the organization can exert, via the DBA, centralized management and control over the data. 2. Reduction of Redundancies and Inconsistencies - Centralized control avoids unnecessary duplication of data and effectively reduces the total amount of data storage required. Removing redundancy eliminates inconsistencies. 3. Data Sharing - A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of application programs or users. 4. Data Integrity - Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is both accurate and consistent. Centralized control can also ensure that adequate checks are incorporated in the DBMS to provide data integrity. 5. Data Security - Data is of vital importance to an organization and may be confidential. Such confidential data must not be accessed by unauthorized persons. The DBA who has the ultimate responsibility for the data in the DBMS can ensure that proper access procedures are followed. Different levels of security could be implemented for various types of data and operations. 6. Data Independence - Data independence is the capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system without having to change the schema at the next level. It is usually considered from two points of view: physical data independence and logical data independence. Physical data independence is the capacity to change the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Logical data independence is the capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. 7. Providing Storage Structures for Efficient Query Processing - Database systems provide capabilities for efficiently executing queries and updates. Auxiliary files called indexes are used for this purpose. 8. Backup and Recovery - These facilities are provided to recover databases from hardware and/or software failures. Some other advantages are: Reduced Application Development Time Flexibility Availability of up-to-date Information Disadvantages Of DBMS 1. Cost of Software/Hardware and Migration - A significant disadvantage of the DBMS system is cost.
15
DC10 2.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Reduced Response and Throughput - The processing overhead introduced by the DBMS to implement security, integrity, and sharing of the data causes a degradation of the response and throughput times. Problem with Centralization - Centralization also means that the data is accessible from a single source namely the database. This increases the potential of security breaches and disruption of the operation of the organization because of downtimes and failures. (7)
3.
Q.2
Explain five duties of Database Administrator.
Ans: 1. DBA administers the three levels of the database and, in consultation with the overall user community, sets up the definition of the global view or conceptual level of the database. 2. Mappings between the internal and the conceptual levels, as well as between the conceptual and external levels, are also defined by the DBA. 3. DBA ensures that appropriate measures are in place to maintain the integrity of the database and that the database is not accessible to unauthorized users. 4. DBA is responsible for granting permission to the users of the database and stores the profile of each user in the database. 5. DBA is responsible for defining procedures to recover the database from failures with minimal loss of data. Q.3 Explain the terms primary key, candidate key and foreign key. Give an example for each. (7) Ans: Primary Key Primary key is one of the candidate keys that uniquely identifies each row in the relation. Candidate Key A candidate key of an entity set is a minimal superkey, that uniquely identifies each row in the relation. Foreign Key Let there are two relations (tables) R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R which is referred in the relation S is called the foreign key in the relation S and referenced key in the relation R. The relation R is also called as parent table and relation S is also called as child table. For example: STUDENT Enrl No 11 15 6 33 Roll No 17 16 6 75 Name Ankit Vats Vivek Rajput Vanita Bhavya City Delhi Meerut Punjab Delhi Mobile 9891663808 9891468487 9810618396
16
DC10 GRADE
Grade Roll No Course 6 C A 17 VB C 75 VB A 6 DBMS B 16 C B Roll No is the primary key in the relation STUDENT and Roll No + Course is the primary key of the relation GRADE. Enrl No and Roll No are the candidate keys of the relation STUDENT. Roll No in the relation GRADE is a foreign key whose values must be one of those of the relation STUDENT. Q.4 Differentiate between logical database design and physical database design. Show how this separation leads to data independence. (7) Ans: Basis Task
Logical Database Design Maps or transforms the conceptual schema (or an ER schema) from the high-level data model into a relational database schema.
Physical Database Design The specifications for the stored database in terms of physical storage structures, record placement, and indexes are designed.
Choice of The mapping can proceed in two The following criteria are often used criteria stages: to guide the choice of physical database design options: System-independent mapping Response Time but data model-dependent Tailoring the schemas to a Space Utilization specific DBMS Transaction Throughput Result DDL statements in the language of An initial determination of storage the chosen DBMS that specify the structures and the access paths for conceptual and external level the database files. This corresponds schemas of the database system. But to defining the internal schema in if the DDL statements include some terms of Data Storage Definition physical design parameters, a Language. complete DDL specification must wait until after the physical database design phase is completed. The database design is divided into several phases. The logical database design and physical database design are two of them. This separation is generally based on the concept of three-level architecture of DBMS, which provides the data independence. Therefore, we can say that this separation leads to data independence because the output of the logical database design is the conceptual and external level schemas of the database
17
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS system which is independent from the output of the physical database design that is internal schema.
Q.5
Consider the following relation schemes: (27=14) Project (Project#, Project_name, chief_architect) Employee (Emp#, Empname) Assigned_To (Project#, Emp#) Give expression in Tuple calculus and Domain calculus for each of the queries below: (i) Get the employee numbers of employees who work on all projects. (ii) Get the employee numbers of employees who do not work on the COMP123 project. Ans: (i) Tuple Calculus: u (u ASSIGNED_TO {t[Emp#] | t ASSIGNED_TO p (p PROJECT p[Project#] = u[Project#] t[Emp#] = u[Emp#]))} Domain Calculus: {e | p (<p, e> ASSIGNED_TO p1 (<p1, n1, c1> PROJECT <p1, e> ASSIGNED_TO))} (ii) Tuple Calculus: {t[Emp#] | t ASSIGNED_TO u (u ASSIGNED_TO u[Project#] = COMP123 t[Emp#] = u[Emp#])} Domain Calculus: {e | p (<p, e> ASSIGNED_TO p1, e1 (<p1, e1> ASSIGNED_TO p1 COMP123 e1 e))}
Q.6
What is ODBC? How does Oracle act as ODBC and give examples of front end uses with ODBC. (7) Ans: ODBC Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC) enable the integration of SQL with a general-purpose programming language. ODBC expose database capabilities in a standardized way to the application programmer through an application programming interface (API). Using ODBC, an application can access not just one DBMS but several different ones simultaneously. ODBC achieve portability at the level of the executable by introducing an extra level of indirection. All direct interaction with a specific DBMS happens through a DBMSspecific driver. A driver is a software program that translates the ODBC calls into DBMSspecific calls. Drivers are loaded dynamically on demand since the DBMSs the application is going to access are known only at run-time. Available drivers are registered with a driver manager. The Oracle database driver translates the SQL commands from the application into equivalent commands that the Oracle DBMS understands and takes the result from the DBMS and translate into equivalent form for the application. Example: Let there be a DSN named EMPLOYEE through, which we want to access the Oracle database in Visual Basic. Dim CN As New ADODB.Connection Dim RS As New ADODB.Recordset CN.Open DSN=employee, scott, tiger 18
DC10 RS.Open Select * From Emp, CN Q.7
Define the five basic operators of relational algebra with an example each.
(7)
Ans: Five basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union () - Selects tuples that are in either P or Q or in both of them. The duplicate tuples are eliminated. R=PQ 2. Minus () - Removes common tuples from the first relation. R=PQ 3. Cartesian Product or Cross Product () - The cartesian product of two relations is the concatenation of tuples belonging to the two relations and consisting of all possible combination of the tuples. R=PQ For Example: P: ID 101 103 104 R=PQ ID 100 101 103 104 R=PQ P.ID 101 101 103 103 104 104 P.Name Jones Jones Smith Smith Lalonde Lalonde 19 Q.ID 100 104 100 104 100 104 Q.Name John Lalonde John Lalonde John Lalonde Name John Jones Smith Lalonde Name Jones Smith Lalonde R=PQ ID 101 103 Name Jones Smith Q: ID 100 104 Name John Lalonde
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 4. Projection () - The projection of a relation is defined as a projection of all its tuples over some set of attributes, i.e., it yields a vertical subset of the relation. It is used to either reduce the number of attributes (degree) in the resultant relation or to reorder attributes. The projection of a relation T on the attribute A is denoted by A(T). 5. Selection () - Selects only some of the tuples, those satisfy given criteria, from the relation. It yields a horizontal subset of a given relation, i.e., the action is defined over a complete set of attribute names but only a subset of the tuples are included in the result. R = B(P) For Example: EMPLOYEE: Id Name Name 101 Jones Jones 103 104 106 Smith Lalonde Byron Smith Lalonde Byron
Projection of relation EMPLOYEE over attribute Name EMPLOYEE: Result of Selection Id Name Id Name 101 Jones 104 Lalonde 103 104 106 Smith Lalonde Byron 106 Byron
Result of Selection over EMPLOYEE for ID > 103 Q.8 Explain entity integrity and referential integrity rules in relational model. Show how these are realized in SQL. (7) Ans: Entity Integrity Rule No primary key value can be null. Referential Integrity Rule In referential integrity, it is ensured that a value that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appears for a certain set of attributes in another relation. In SQL, entity integrity and referential integrity rules are implemented as constraints on the relation called as primary key constraint and reference key constraint respectively. These constraints can be specified with relation at the time of creation of the relations or after the creation of the relations by altering the definition of the relations. For example:
CREATE TABLE DEPT

(DEPTNO DNAME (EMPNO NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, VARCHAR2(15)); NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, 20
CREATE TABLE EMP
DC10 ENAME JOB DEPTNO Q.9
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS VARCHAR2(15), VARCHAR2(10), NUMBER REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO));
What are the advantages of embedded query language? Give an example of a embedded SQL query. (7) Ans: Embedded query language SQL can be implemented in two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or by using API. The use of SQL commands within a host language (e.g., C, Java, etc.) program is called embedded query language or Embedded SQL. Although similar capabilities are supported for a variety of host languages, the syntax sometimes varies. Some of the advantages of embedded SQL are: SQL statements can be used wherever a statement in the host language is allowed. It combines the strengths of two programming environments, the procedural features of host languages and non-procedural features of SQL. SQL statements can refer to variables (must be prefixed by a colon in SQL statements) defined in the host program. Special program variables (called null indicators) are used to assign and retrieve the NULL values to and from the database. The facilities available through the interactive query language are also automatically available to the host programs. Embedded SQL along with host languages can be used to accomplish very complex and complicated data access and manipulation tasks. Example: The following Embedded SQL statement in C inserts a row, whose column values are based on the values of the host language variables contained in it. EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Sailors VALUES (:c_sname, :c_sid, :c_rating, :c_age);
Q.10
Consider the following relations: (3.5 x 2=7) S (S#, SNAME, STATUS, CITY) SP (S#, P#, QTY) P (P#, PNAME, COLOR, WEIGHT, CITY) Give an expression in SQL for each of queries below: (i) Get supplier names for supplier who supply at least one red part (ii) Get supplier names for supplier who do not supply part P2. Ans:(i) SELECT SNAME FROM S WHERE S# IN (SELECT S# FROM SP WHERE P# IN (SELECT P# FROM P WHERE COLOR = RED)) (ii) SELECT SNAME FROM S WHERE S# NOT IN (SELECT S# FROM SP WHERE P# = P2)
Q.11
Define a view and a trigger. Construct a view for the above relations which has the information about suppliers and the parts they supply. The view contains the S#, SNAME, P# , PNAME renamed as SNO, NAME, PNO, PNAME. (7) 21
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: View A view is a virtual table which is based on the one or more physical tables and/or views. In other words, a view is a named table that is represented, not by its own physically separate stored data, but by its definition in terms of other named tables (base tables or views). Trigger A trigger is a procedure that is automatically invoked by the DBMS in the response to specified changes to the database. Triggers may be used to supplement declarative referential integrity, to enforce complex business rules or to audit changes to data. Command:
CREATE VIEW SUP_PART (SNO, NAME, PNO, PNAME) AS

SELECT S.S#, SNAME, P.P#, PNAME FROM S, SP, P WHERE S.S# = SP.S# AND P.P# = SP.P# Q.12 Differentiate between the following: (i) (iv) Theta Join. (ii) Equi Join. (iii) Natural Join Outer Join. (10)
Ans:(i) Theta Join The theta join operation is an extension to the natural-join operation that allows us to combine selection and a Cartesian product into a single operation. Consider relations r(R) and s(S), and let be a predicate on attributes in the schema R S. The theta join operation r s is defined as follows: r s = (r x s) (ii) Equi Join It produces all the combinations of tuples from two relations that satisfy a join condition with only equality comparison (=). (iii) Natural Join - Same as equi-join except that the join attributes (having same names) are not included in the resulting relation. Only one sets of domain compatible attributes involved in the natural join are present. (iv) Outer Join - If there are any values in one table that do not have corresponding value(s) in the other, in an equi-join that will not be selected. Such rows can be forcefully selected by using the outer join. The corresponding columns for that row will have NULLs. There are actually three forms of the outer-join operation: left outer join ( X), right outer join (X ) and full outer join ( X ). Q.13 What are temporary tables? When are they useful? Justify with an example. (4)
Ans: Temporary tables exists solely for a particular session, or whose data persists for the duration of the transaction. The temporary tables are generally used to support specialized rollups or specific application processing requirements. Unlike a permanent table, a space is not allocated to a temporary table when it is created. Space will be dynamically allocated for the table as rows are inserted. The CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE command is used to create a temporary table in Oracle. CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <table_name> ( 22
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS <columns details> ) ON COMMIT {PRESERVE|DELETE} ROWS;
Q.14
Draw and explain the three level architecture of the database system.
(7)
Ans: A DBMS provides three levels of data is said to follow three-level architecture. The goal of the three-schema architecture is to separate the user applications and the physical database. The view at each of these levels is described by a schema. The processes of transforming requests and results between levels are called mappings. In this architecture, schemas can be defined at the following three levels:
External Level or Subschema It is the highest level of database abstraction where only those portions of the database of concern to a user or application program are included. Any number of user views (some of which may be identical) may exist for a given global or conceptual view. Each external view is described by means of a schema called an external schema or subschema. Conceptual Level or Conceptual Schema - At this level of database abstraction all the database entities and the relationships among them are included. One conceptual view represents the entire database. This conceptual view is defined by the conceptual schema. There is only one conceptual schema per database. The description of data at this level is in a format independent of its physical representation. It also includes features that specify the checks to retain data consistency and integrity. Internal Level or Physical Schema It is closest to the physical storage method used. It indicates how the data will be stored and describes the data structures and access methods to be used by the database. The internal view is expressed by the internal schema. 23
DC10 Q.15
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Explain (a) Heap file (b) Sorted file. Also discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
Ans:
Heap File is an unordered set of records, stored on a set of pages. This class
provides basic support for inserting, selecting, updating, and deleting records. Temporary heap files are used for external sorting and in other relational operators. A sequential scan of a heap file (via the Scan class) is the most basic access method. Sorted file The sort utility shall perform one of the following functions: 1.Sort lines of all the named files together and write the result to the specified output. 2.Merge lines of all the named (presorted) files together and write the result to the specified output. 3.Check that a single input file is correctly presorted. Comparisons shall be based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of input (or, if no sort keys are specified, the entire line up to, but not including, the terminating <newline>), and shall be performed using the collating sequence of the current locale. Q.16 Describe a method for direct search? Explain how data is stored in a file so that direct searching can be performed.
Ans:
For a file of unordered fixed length records using unspanned blocks and
contiguous allocation, it is straight forward to access any record by its position in the file. If the file records are numbered 0,1,2,---,r-1 and the records in each block are numbered 0,1,---bfr-1; where bfr is the blocking factor, then ith record of the file is located in block [(i/bfr)] and is the (I mod bfr)th record in that block. Such a file is often called a relative or direct file because records can easily be accessed directly by their relative positions. Accessing a record based on a search condition; however, it facilitates the construction of access paths on the file, such as the indexes.
Q17
Explain the integrity constraints: Not Null, Unique, Primary Key with an example each. Is the combination Not Null, Primary Key a valid combination. Justify. (7) Ans: Not Null Should contain valid values and cannot be NULL. Unique An attribute or a combination of two or more attributes must have a unique value in each row. The unique key can have NULL values. 24
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Primary Key It is same as unique key but cannot have NULL values. A table can have at most one primary key in it. For example: STUDENT Roll No Name 17 Ankit Vats 16 Vivek Rajput 6 Vanita 75 Bhavya Roll No is a primary key. City Delhi Meerut Punjab Delhi Mobile 9891663808 9891468487 NULL 9810618396
Name is defined with NOT NULL, means each student must have a name. Mobile is unique. Not Null, Primary Key is a valid combination. Primary key constraint already includes Not Null constraint in it but we can also add Not Null constraint with it. The use of Not Null with Primary Key will not have any effect. It is same as if we are using just Primary Key. Q.18 Explain the followings : (i) Nested Queries. (ii) Cursors in SQL. (iii) RDBMS. (iv) View (v) Application Programming Interface
(14)
Ans: (i) Nested Queries A SELECT query can have subquery(s) in it. When a SELECT query having another SELECT query in it, is called as nested query. Some operations cannot be performed with single SELECT command or with join operation. There are some operations which can be performed with the help of nested queries (also referred to as subqueries). For example, we want to compute the second highest salary: SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL < (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP) Some operations can be performed both by Join and subqueries. The Join operation is costlier in terms of time and space. Therefore, the solution based on subqueries is preferred. (ii) Cursors in SQL An object used to store the output of a query for row-by-row processing by the application programs. Cursors are constructs that enable the user to name a private memory area to hold a specific statement for access at a later time. Cursors are used to process multi-row result sets one row at a time. Additionally, cursors keep track of which row is currently being accessed, which allows for interactive processing of the active set. (iii) RDBMS RDBMS is a database management system (DBMS) that stores data in the form of relations. Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. An important feature of 25
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS relational system is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a single table. (iv) View A view is a relation (virtual rather than base) and can be used in query expressions, that is, queries can be written using the view as a relation. In other words, a view is a named table that is represented, not by its own physically separate stored data, but by its definition in terms of other named tables (base tables or views). The base relations on which a view is based are sometimes called the existing relations. The definition of a view in a create view statement is stored in the system catalog. The syntax to create a view is:CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW <view_name> [(<aliases>)] AS <query> WITH {READ ONLY|CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>]}; (v) Application Programming Interface Commercial SQL implementations take one of the two basic techniques for including SQL in a programming language embedded SQL and application program interface (API). In the application program interface approach, the program communicates with the RDBMS using a set of functions called the Application Program Interface (API). The program passes the SQL statements to the RDBMS using API calls and uses API calls to retrieve the results. In this method, the precompiler is not required. Consider the following relational schema: (7) PERSON (SS#, NAME, ADDRESS) CAR (REGISTRATION_NUMBER, YEAR, MODEL) ACCIDENT (DATE, DRIVER, CAR_REG_NO) OWNS (SS#, LICENSE) Construct the following relational algebra queries: (i) Find the names of persons who are involved in an accident. (ii) Find the registration number of cars which were not involved in any accident. Ans: (i) NAME(PERSON) DRIVER(ACCIDENT) (ii) REGISTRATION_NUMBER(CAR) CAR_REG_NO(ACCIDENT)
Q.19
Q.20
What is a key? Explain Candidate Key, Alternate Key and Foreign Key.
(7)
Ans: Key A single attribute or a combination of two or more attributes of an entity set that is used to identify one or more instances (rows) of the set (table) is called as key. Candidate Key A candidate key is a minimal superkey, which can be used to uniquely identify a tuple in the relation. Alternate Key All the candidate keys except primary key are called as alternate keys. Foreign Key Let there are two relations (tables) R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R which is referred in the relation S is called the foreign key in the relation S and referenced key in the relation R. The relation R is also called as parent table and relation S is also called as child table. Q.21 What is data independence? Explain the difference between physical and logical data independence. (7) Ans: Data independence is the capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system without having to change the schema at the next level. The three-schema architecture allows the feature of data independence. Data independence occurs 26
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS because when the schema is changed at some level, the schema at the next level remains unchanged; only the mapping between the two levels is changed. Types of data independence are: Physical Data Independence It is capacity to change the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Hence, the external schemas need not be changed as well. Changes to the internal schema may be needed because some physical files had to be reorganized to improve the performance of retrieval or update. If the same data as before remains in the database, the conceptual schema needs not be changed. Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. The conceptual schema may be changed to expand the database (by adding a record type or data item), to change constraints, or to reduce the database (by removing a record type or data item). Only the view definition and the mappings need be changed in a DBMS that supports logical data independence. Changes to constraints can be applied to the conceptual schema without affecting the external schemas or application programs.
Q.22
Write short notes on: (i) Weak and strong entity sets. (ii) Types of attributes. (iii) Oracle Instance. (iv) Mid square method of hashing.
(4 x 4 = 16 )
Ans: (i) Weak and Strong entity sets: A strong entity set has a primary key. All tuples in the set are distinguishable by that key. A weak entity set has no primary key unless attributes of the strong entity set on which it depends are included. Tuples in a weak entity set are partitioned according to their relationship with tuples in a strong entity set. Tuples within each partition are distinguishable by a discriminator, which is a set of attributes. A strong entity set has a primary key. All tuples in the set are distinguishable by that key. A weak entity set has no primary key unless attributes of the strong entity set on which it depends are included. Tuples in a weak entity set are partitioned according to their relationship with tuples in a strong entity set. Tuples within each partition are distinguishable by a discriminator, which is a set of attributes. (ii) Types of attributes:An attribute's type determines the kind of values that are allowed in the attribute. For example, the value version 1 is not valid for an attribute defined as an integer, but the value 1 is valid. Numeric types (such as integer or real) can also be limited to a predefined range by their attribute definition. Choice :An attribute with a list of predefined values. ID Reference: An attribute with a value that is a Unique ID value from another element. It is typically used for element-based cross-references. ID References: An attribute with a value of one or more Unique ID values from another element. Integer: An attribute with a whole number value (no decimal parts). Examples of valid integers are 22, -22, and +322. An integer can be defined to fall within a range. Integers: An attribute with a value of one or more integers. Enter each number on a separate line in the Attribute Value text box. Real An attribute with a real number value, with or without a decimal part (the value can also be expressed in scientific notation). Examples of valid real numbers are 2, 22.4, 0.22, and 2.3e-1. A real number can be defined to fall within a range. 27
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Reals: An attribute with a value of one or more real numbers. Enter each number on a separate line in the Attribute Value text box. String: An attribute with a value of a series of characters (text). Strings: An attribute with a value of one or more strings. Enter each string on a separate line in the Attribute Value text box. Unique ID: An attribute with a value of a unique text string. An element can have only one ID attribute (which can be of type Unique ID or Unique IDs). All ID values must be unique in the document or book. An element with a Unique ID attribute can be the source for an element-based cross-reference. Unique IDs: An attribute with a value of one or more unique text strings. Enter each string on a separate line in the Attribute Value text box. (iii) Oracle Instances: An instance is the (executed) Oracle software and the memory they use. It is the instance that manipulates the data stored in the database. It can be started independent of any database. It consists of: 1) A shared memory area that provides the communication between various processes. 2) Upto five background processes which handled various tasks. Whenever an oracle instance starts, the file INIT.ORA is executed. (iv) Mid square method of hashing: In midsquare hashing, the key is squared and the address selected from the middle of the squared number. Mid square method * Square K. * Strip predetermined digits from front and rear. * e.g., use thousands and ten thousands places.
Q.23
Consider the following relational schemas: EMPLOYEE (EMPLOYEE_NAME, STREET, CITY) WORKS (EMPLOYEE_NAME, COMPANYNAME, SALARY) COMPANY (COMPANY_NAME, CITY) Specify the table definitions in SQL. Ans: CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE ( EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(20) PRIMARY KEY, STREET VARCHAR2(20), CITY VARCHAR2(15)); CREATE TABLE COMPANY ( COMPANY_NAME VARCHAR2(50) PRIMARY KEY, CITY VARCHAR2(15)); CREATE TABLE WORKS ( EMPLOYEE_NAME VARCHAR2(20) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EMPLOYEE_NAME, COMPANYNAME VARCHAR2(50) REFERENCES COMPANY(COMPANY_NAME, SALARY NUMBER(6), CONSTRAINT WORKS_PK PRIMARY KEY(EMPLOYEE_NAME, COMPANY_NAME)); (5)
Q.24
Give an expression in SQL for each of queries below: 28
(9)
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (i) Find the names of all employees who work for first Bank Corporation. (ii) Find the names and company names of all employees sorted in ascending order of company name and descending order of employee names of that company. (iii) Change the city of First Bank Corporation to New Delhi Ans: SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME FROM WORKS WHERE COMPANYNAME = First Bank Corporation; (ii) SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME, COMPANYNAME FROM WORKS ORDER BY COMPANYNAME, EMPLOYEE_NAME DESC; (iii) UPDATE COMPANY SET CITY = New Delhi WHERE COMPANY_NAME = First Bank Corporation; (i)
Q.25 Discuss the correspondence between the E-R model construct and the relation model construct. Show how each E-R model construct can be mapped to the relational model using the suitable example? Ans: An entity-relationship model (ERM): An entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract conceptual representation of structured data. Entity-relationship modeling is a relational schema database modeling method, used in software engineering to produce a type of conceptual data model (or semantic data model) of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created using this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, or ER diagrams or ERDs for short. ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm: 1) Step 1: Mapping of regular entity types: For each strong entity type E, create a relation T that includes all the simple attributes of a composite attribute. 2) Step2: Mapping of weak entity types: For each weak entity type W with owner entity type E, create relation R and include all simple attributes (or simple components of composite attributes) of W as attributed of R. In addition, include as foreign key attributes of R, the primary key attribute (s) of relation(s) that correspond to the owner(s) and the partial key of the weak entity type W, if any. 3) Mapping of relationship types: form a relation R, for relationship with primary keys of participating relations A and B as foreign keys in R. In addition to this, any attributes of relationship become an attribute of R also. 4) Mapping of multivalued attributes: For each multilvalued attribute A, create a new relation R. This relation R will include an attribute corresponding to A, plus primary key attribute K-as a foreign key in R-of the relation that represents the entity type or relationship type that has A as an attribute. Q.26 Explain the concepts of relational data model. disadvantages. Also discuss its advantages and (7)
Ans: Relational Data Model The relational model was first introduced by Prof. E.F. Codd of the IBM Research in 1970 and attracted immediate attention due to its simplicity and 29
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS mathematical foundation. The model uses the concept of a mathematical relation (like a table of values) as its basic building block, and has its theoretical basis in set theory and first-order predicate logic. The relational model represents the database as a collection of relations. The relational model like all other models consists of three basic components: a set of domains and a set of relations operation on relations integrity rules Advantages Ease of use The revision of any information as tables consisting of rows and columns is quite natural and therefore even first time users find it attractive. Flexibility Different tables from which information has to be linked and extracted can be easily manipulated by operators such as project and join to give information in the form in which it is desired. Security Security control and authorization can also be implemented more easily by moving sensitive attributes in a given table into a separate relation with its own authorization controls. If authorization requirement permits, a particular attribute could be joined back with others to enable full information retrieval. Data Independence Data independence is achieved more easily with normalization structure used in a relational database than in the more complicated tree or network structure. It also frees the users from details of storage structure and access methods. Data Manipulation Language The possibility of responding to ad-hoc query by means of a language based on relational algebra and relational calculus is easy in the relational database approach. Provides simplicity in the data organization and the availability of reasonably simple to very powerful query languages. Disadvantages Performance If the number of tables between which relationships to be established are large and the tables themselves are voluminous, the performance in responding to queries is definitely degraded. Unsuitable for Hierarchies While the relational database approach is a logically attractive, commercially feasible approach, but if the data is for example naturally organized in a hierarchical manner and stored as such, the hierarchical approach may give better results.
Q.27
Consider the following relational schema: (14) Doctor(DName,Reg_no) Patient(Pname, Disease) Assigned_To (Pname,Dname) Give expression in both Tuple calculus and Domain calculus for each of the queries: (i) Get the names of patients who are assigned to more than one doctor. (ii) Get the names of doctors who are treating patients with Polio. Ans: (i)Tuple Calculus: {p[PName] | p PATIENT a1, a2 (a1 ASSIGNED_TO a2 ASSIGNED_TO p[PName] = a1[PName] a1[PName] = a2[PName] a1[DName] a2[DName])} Domain Calculus: 30
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS {p | p1, d1, p2, d2 (<p, s> PATIENT <p1, d1> ASSIGNED_TO <p2, d2> ASSIGNED_TO p1 = p2 d1 d2)} (ii)Tuple Calculus: {u[Dname] | u ASSIGNED_TO t (t PATIENT t[Disease] = Polio t[PName] = u[PName])} Domain Calculus: {d | p1, p2, s2 (<p1, d> ASSIGNED_TO <p2, s2> PATIENT p1 = p2 s2 = Polio)}
Q.28
What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain.
(7)
Ans: Embedded SQL SQL can be implemented in two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or by using API. The use of SQL commands within a host language (e.g., C, Java, etc.) program is called embedded query language or Embedded SQL. Although similar capabilities are supported for a variety of host languages, the syntax sometimes varies. Some of the features of embedded SQL are: SQL statements can be used wherever a statement in the host language is allowed. It combines the strengths of two programming environments, the procedural features of host languages and non-procedural features of SQL. SQL statements can refer to variables (must be prefixed by a colon in SQL statements) defined in the host program. Special program variables (called null indicators) are used to assign and retrieve the NULL values to and from the database. The facilities available through the interactive query language are also automatically available to the host programs. Embedded SQL along with host languages can be used to accomplish very complex and complicated data access and manipulation tasks. Q.29 What is the purpose of tables, private synonyms and public synonyms? If there are multiple objects of same name on an Oracle database, which order are they accessed in? Ans: The purpose of table is to store data. If we use the PUBLIC keyword (or no keyword at all), anyone who has access to the database can use our synonym. If the database is not ANSI-compliant, a user does not need to know the name of the owner of a public synonym. Any synonym in a database that is not ANSI-compliant and was created in an Informix database server is a public synonym. In an ANSI-compliant database, all synonyms are private. If you use the PUBLIC or PRIVATE keywords, the database server issues a syntax error. If you use the PRIVATE keyword to declare a synonym in a database that is not ANSI-compliant, the unqualified synonym can be used by its owner. Other users must qualify the synonym with the name of the owner. Q.30 Explain the followings: (i) Temporary Tables (ii) Integrity Constraints. Ans: 31 (14)
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (i) Temporary Tables Temporary tables exists solely for a particular session, or whose data persists for the duration of the transaction. The temporary tables are generally used to support specialized rollups or specific application processing requirements. Unlike a permanent table, a temporary table does not automatically allocate space when it is created. Space will be dynamically allocated for the table as rows are inserted. The CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE command is used to create a temporary table in Oracle. CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <table_name> ( <columns details> ) ON COMMIT {PRESERVE|DELETE} ROWS; (ii)Integrity Constraints A database is only as good as the information stored in it, and a DBMS must therefore help prevent the entry of incorrect information. An integrity constraint is a condition specified on a database schema and restricts the data that can be stored in an instance of the database. If a database instance satisfies all the integrity constraints specified on the database schema, it is a legal instance. A DBMS enforces integrity constraints, in that it permits only legal instances to be stored in the database. Integrity constraints are specified and enforced at different times: When the DBA or end user defines a database schema, he or she specifies the integrity constraints that must hold on any instance of this database. When a database application is run, the DBMS checks for violations and disallows changes to the data that violate the specified integrity constraints. Many kinds of integrity constraints can be specified in the relational model, such as, Not Null, Check, Unique, Primary Key, etc.
Q.31
Explain different types of failures that occur in Oracle database.
(7)
Ans: Types of Failures In Oracle database following types of failures can occurred: Statement Failure Bad data type Insufficient space Insufficient Privileges (e.g., object privileges to a role) User Process Failure User performed an abnormal disconnect User's session was abnormally terminated User's program raised an address exception User Error User drops a table User damages data by modification Instance Failure Media Failure User drops a table User damages data by modification Alert Logs Records informational and error messages All Instance startups and shutdowns are recorded in the log 32
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Every Create, Alter, or Drop operation on a rollback segment, tablespace, or database is record in the log Recovery Views DB Verify Used to insure that a datafile is valid before a restore
Q.32
What is ODBC? What are the uses of ODBC? Under what circumstances we use this technology? (7) Ans: ODBC Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC) enable the integration of SQL with a general-purpose programming language. ODBC expose database capabilities in a standardized way to the application programmer through an application programming interface (API). In contrast to Embedded SQL, ODBC allows a single executable to access different DBMSs without recompilation. Thus, while Embedded SQL is DBMSindependent only at the source code level, applications using ODBC are DBMSindependent at the source code level and at the level of the executable. All direct interaction with a specific DBMS happens through a DBMS-specific driver. A driver is a software program that translates the ODBC calls into DBMS-specific calls. Drivers are loaded dynamically on demand since the DBMSs the application is going to access are known only at run-time. Available drivers are registered with a driver manager. The driver translates the SQL commands from the application into equivalent commands that the DBMS understands. An application that interacts with a data source through ODBC selects a data source, dynamically loads the corresponding driver, and establishes a connection with the data source. ODBC achieves portability at the level of the executable by introducing an extra level of indirection. In addition, using ODBC, an application can access not just one DBMS but several different ones simultaneously.
Q.33
List any two significant differences between a file processing system and a DBMS. (4) Ans: File Processing System vs. DBMS Data Independence - Data independence is the capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system without having to change the schema at the next level. In file processing systems the data and applications are generally interdependent, but DBMS provides the feature of data independence. Data Redundancy Data redundancy means unnecessary duplication of data. In file processing systems there is redundancy of data, but in DBMS we can reduce data redundancy by means of normalization process without affecting the original data. If we do so in file processing system, it becomes too complex.
Q.34
Differentiate between various levels of data abstraction.
(5)
Ans: Data Abstraction Abstraction is the process to hide the irrelevant things from the users and represent the relevant things to the user. Database systems are often used by non-computer professionals so that the complexity must be hidden from database system users. This is done by defining levels of abstract as which the database may be viewed, there are logical view or external view, conceptual view and internal view or physical view. 33
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS o External View This is the highest level of abstraction as seen by a user. It describes only the part of entire database, which is relevant to a particular user. o Conceptual View This is the next higher level of abstraction which is the sum total of Database Management System user's views. It describes what data are actually stored in the database. It contains information about entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structure. o Internal View This is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how the data are physically stored
Q.35
What are the various symbols used to draw an E-R diagram? Explain with the help of an example how weak entity sets are represented in an E-R diagram. (6) Ans: Various symbols used to draw an E-R diagram Symbol Meaning ENTITY TYPE WEAK ENTITY TYPE RELATIONSHIP TYPE ATTRIBUTE KEY ATTRIBUTE MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTE COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTE DERIVED ATTRIBUTE
E1
E2
CARDINALITY RATIO 1:N
Weak Entity Sets - An entity set that does not have a key attribute is called weak entity set. A weak entity must participate in an identifying relationship type with an owner or identifying entity type Entities are identified by the combination of: A partial key of the weak entity type The primary key of the identifying entity type Example: Suppose that a DEPENDENT entity is identified by the dependents first name and birhtdate, and the specific EMPLOYEE that the dependent is related to. DEPENDENT is a weak entity type with EMPLOYEE as its identifying entity type via the identifying relationship type DEPENDENT_OF
34
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FNAME

BDATE ADDRESS
EMPLOYEE
DEPENDENTS_OF
DEPENDENT
Name
Birth Date
Relationship
Q.36
Define the following terms: a) Primary key. b) DML c) Multivalued attribute d)
(8)
Relationship instance
Ans: Primary Key Primary key is one of the candidate keys. It should be chosen such that its attribute values are never, or very rarely, changed. b) Data Manipulation Language (DML) A data manipulation language is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model. c) Multivalued Attribute Multivalued attribute may have more than one value for an entity. For example, PreviousDegrees of a STUDENT. d) Relationship Instance A relationship is an association among two or more entities. An instance of relationship set is a set of relationships. Q.37
Define a table in SQL called Client, which is used to store information about the clients. Define CLIENT_NO as the primary key whose first letter must start with C. Also ensure that the column NAME should not allow NULL values. Column name Data type Size CLIENT_NO Varchar2 6 NAME Varchar2 20 ADDRESS1 Varchar2 30 ADDRESS2 Varchar2 30 CITY Varchar2 15 STATE Varchar2 15 PINCODE Number 6 BAL_DUE Number 10, 2 (7) 35
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: CREATE TABLE CLIENT ( CLIENT_NO VARCHAR2(6) PRIMARY KEY CHECK (CLIENT_NO LIKE C%), NAME VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL, ADDRESS1 VARCHAR2(30), ADDRESS2 VARCHAR2(30), CITY VARCHAR2(15), STATE VARCHAR2(15), PINCODE NUMBER(6), BAL_DUE NUMBER(10,2))
Q.38
An orchestra database consists of the following relations: (3.5 x 2=7) CONDUCTS (conductor, composition) REQUIRES (composition, Instrument) PLAYS (Player, Instrument) Give the relational calculus queries for the following: (i) List the compositions and the players. (ii) List the compositions which require the violin and the congo
Ans: (i) Tuple Calculus: {r[Composition] || p[Player] | r REQUIRES p PLAYS r[Instrument] = p[Instrument]} Domain Calculus: {c || p | i1, i2 (<c, i1> REQUIRES <p, i2> PLAYS i1 = i2)} (ii) Tuple Calculus: {r[Composition] | r REQUIRES u (u REQUIRES r[Composition] = u[Composition] r[Instrument] = violin u[Instrument] = congo)} Domain Calculus: {c | i1, c2, i2 (<c, i1> REQUIRES <c2, i2> REQUIRES c 1 = c i 1 = violin i 2 = congo)} Q.39
Perform the following with syntax and a suitable example (i) Create a table from existing table. (ii) Insert data in your table from another table.
Ans: (i) Create table <table-name> as <select-statement> e.g, To create a new table N_emp with employee names and their identification numbers only from employee table, statement is to create table N_emp as select empname, empid from employee (ii) insert into <table-name > <select-statement> e.g, To insert tuples from employee into N_emp created above, use following statement Insert into N_emp select empname, empid from employee Q.40
What is an INDEX as defined in ORACLE? Write the syntax of creating an INDEX. Create an index for the table Client, field CLIENT_NO of Q. (2+2+3) 36
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: Indexes in Oracle Index is typically a listing of keywords accompanied by the location of information on a subject. In other words, An index can be viewed as an auxiliary table which contains two fields: the key and the location of the record of that key. Indexes are used to improve the performance of the search operation. Indexes are not strictly necessary to running Oracle, they do speed the process. Syntax of Creating an Index: CREATE [BITMAP] [UNIQUE] INDEX <index_name> ON <table_name>(<column_name1> [, <column_name2>] . . .); Command: CREATE INDEX client_client_no ON client(client_no);
Q.41
Consider the following relational database: STUDENT (name, student#, class, major) COURSE (course name, course#, credit hours, department) SECTION (section identifier, course#, semester, year, instructor) GRADE_REPORT (student#, section identifier, grade) PREREQUISITE (course#, presequisite#) Specify the following queries in SQL on the above database schema. (3.5 x 4=14) (i) Retrieve the names of all students majoring in CS (Computer Science). (ii) Retrieve the names of all courses taught by Professor King in 1998 (iii) Delete the record for the student whose name is Smith and whose student number is 17. (iv) Insert a new course <Knowledge Engineering, CS4390, 3, CS>
Ans: (i) SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE MAJOR = CS (ii) SELECT COURSE_NAME FROM COURSE C, SECTION S WHERE C.COURSE# = S.COURSE# AND INSTRUCTOR = KING AND YEAR = 1998 OR SELECT COURSE_NAME FROM COURSE WHERE COURSE# IN (SELECT COURSE# FROM SECTION WHERE INSTRUCTOR = KING AND YEAR = 1998) (iii) DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME = Smith AND STUDENT# = 17 (iv) INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES(Knowledge Engineering, CS4390, 3, CS) Q.42
Explain the concept of a data model. What data models are used in database management systems? (7) Ans: Data Model Model is an abstraction process that hides irrelevant details while highlighting details relevant to the applications at hand. Similarly, a data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe structure of a database and provides the necessary means to achieve this abstraction. Structure of database means the data types, relationships, and constraints that should hold for the data. In general a data model consists of two elements: A mathematical notation for expressing data and relationships. Operations on the data that serve to express queries and other manipulations of the data.
37
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Describe the GRANT function and explain, how it relates to security. What types of privileges may be granted? How are they revoked? (6)
Ans: Since more than one user can access one database, there exists the need to restrict user from using entire database in any way. Setting up access privilege can do this. Any privilege can be granted to or revoked from user with taken of the GRANT and REVOKE statements. Each privilege can be granted or revoked individually or in a group. Such group of rights is called ROLE and rights can be granted or revoked into in the same way as to the user. Access privileges include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. GRANT {statement|role_name} ON {object_name} TO {user|role_name_2} [WITH GRANT OPTION]
statement role_name object_name user role_name_2 WITH GRANT OPTION A statement to be granted or revoked. The name of a role to be granted or revoked. The name of an object (table, view or role) on which the rights will be changed. The name of a user, the rights will be granted to or revoked from. All users are represented by the keyword PUBLIC. The name of a role, the rights will be granted to or revoked from. Gives the administration right on object. right can grant rights, revoke rights, create role, change role and delete role.
An example of granting permission to user B for reading EMP table is: GRANT SELECT ON emp to B; The REVOKE statement is used to revoke the permissions from the user. The syntax for REVOKE statement is given as: REVOKE {statement|role_name} FROM {user|role_name};
Q.101
Define the following terms (i) Catalog and meta data (iii) DBA (v) Snapshot (vii) High level DML
(ii) Parametric end users (iv) Controlled redundancy (vi) Data sublanguage (viii) Data abstraction (16)
Ans: i) Catalog and meta data A catalog is a compilation of records describing the contents of a particular collection or group of collections.Metadata (meta data, or sometimes metainformation) is "data about data", of any sort in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels, for example a database schema. (ii) Parametric end users may be given update access, but are generally not allowed to change the structure of data. (iii) DBA: A database administrator (DBA) is a person who is responsible for the environmental aspects of a database. In general, these include: Recoverability - Creating and testing Backups Integrity - Verifying or helping to verify data integrity 64
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Security - Defining and/or implementing access controls to the data Availability - Ensuring maximum uptime Performance - Ensuring maximum performance Development and testing support - Helping programmers and engineers to efficiently utilize the database (iv) Controlled redundancy The replication of data within the data warehouse for the purposes of improved data access or understand ability. (v) Snapshot A record of the state of an entry fetched from a persistent store at the time is it fetched (vi) Data sublanguage In relational database theory, the term sublanguage, first used for this purpose by E. F. Codd in 1970, refers to a computer language used to define or manipulate the structure and contents of a relational database management system (RDBMS). Typical sublanguages associated with modern RDBMS's are QBE (Query by Example) and SQL (Structured Query Language). (vii) High level DML A high-level or non-procedural DML allows the user to specify what data is required without specifying how it is to be obtained. Many DBMSs allow high-level DML statements either to be entered interactively from a terminal or to be embedded in a general-purpose programming language. (viii) Data abstraction Data abstraction is a methodology that enables us to isolate how a compound data object is used from the details of how it is constructed from more primitive data objects.
Q.102
Differentiate between (i) Procedural and non procedural DML (ii) Forms based and graphical interface (iii) Internal and external schema
(4 x 3 = 12)
Ans (i) Procedural and non procedural DML Procedural DML specify what data is needed and how to get those data. Non procedural DML specify what data is needed without specifying how to get those data. (ii) Forms based and graphical interface: graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with electronic devices like computers, hand-held devices (MP3 Players, Portable Media Players, and Gaming devices), household appliances and office equipment. A GUI offers graphical icons, and visual indicators as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation to fully represent the information and actions available to a user. The actions are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. Forms-based applications are inherently less usable and less functional than traditional GUI-based applications. (iii) Internal and external schema: Internal Schema Describes the physical storage structure Uses a physical data model External Schema Includes a number user views Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model Q.103
Explain the conventions for displaying an ER schema as an ER diagram.
(8)
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: An E-R Diagram scheme may define certain constraints to which the contents of a database must conform. Mapping Cardinalities: express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship. For binary relationship sets between entity sets A and B, the mapping cardinality must be one of: 1. One-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B, and an entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A. (Figure 2.3) 2. One-to-many: An entity in A is associated with any number in B. An entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A. (Figure 2.4) 3. Many-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B. An entity in B is associated with any number in A. (Figure 2.5) 4. Many-to-many: Entities in A and B are associated with any number from each other. The appropriate mapping cardinality for a particular relationship set depends on the real world being modeled. Cardinality ratios for binary relationships are represented on ER diagram by displaying 1,M, N etc. on the diamonds. Existence Dependencies: if the existence of entity X depends on the existence of entity Y, then X is said to be existence dependent on Y
Q.104
Describe the two alternatives for specifying structural constraints on
relationship types. (8)
Ans: Relationship types have certain constraints that limit the possible combination of entities that may participate in relationship. An example of a constraint is that if we have the entities Doctor and Patient, the organization may have a rule that a patient cannot be seen by more than one doctor. This constraint needs to be described in the schema.There are two main types of structural relationship constraints on: cardinality ratio, and participation Q.105
Discuss the techniques for a hash file to expand and shrink dynamically. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? (8)
Ans: The hashing techniques that allow dyanamic file expansion are: (i) Extendible hashing (ii) Linear hashing The main advantage of extendible hashing that makes it attractive is that performance of the file does not degrade as the file grows. Also, no space is allocated in extendible hashing for future growth, but additional buckets can be allocated dynamically as needed. A disadvantage is that the directory must be searched before accessing the buckets themselves, resulting in two blocks accesses instead of one in static hashing. Q.106
What are the reasons for having variable length records? What are the various ways to store variable length records? (4)
Ans: Variable-length records arise in a database in several ways: (i)Storage of multiple items in a file. (ii)Record types allowing variable field size (iii)Record types allowing repeating fields 66
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Various ways of storing variable length records: (i) In fixed form by allocating every record, maximum amount of space that can be occupied a record and padding smaller sized records with nulls. (ii) Special separator characters between the records to delineate variable length records.
Q107
Discuss the mechanism to read data from and write to a disk.
(4)
Ans: Disk read/write heads are mechanisms that read data from or write data to disk drives. The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years. In a hard drive, the heads 'fly' above the disk surface with clearance of as little as 3 nanometres. The "flying height" is constantly decreasing to enable higher area density. The flying height of the head is controlled by the design of an air-bearing etched onto the disk-facing surface of the slider. The role of the air bearing is to maintain the flying height constant as the head moves over the surface of the disk. If the head hits the disk's surface, a catastrophic head crash can result. The heads themselves started out similar to the heads in tape recorderssimple devices made out of a tiny C-shaped piece of highly magnetizable material called ferrite wrapped in a fine wire coil. When writing, the coil is energized, a strong magnetic field forms in the gap of the C, and the recording surface adjacent to the gap is magnetized. When reading, the magnetized material rotates past the heads, the ferrite core concentrates the field, and a current is generated in the coil. The gap where the field is very strong is quite narrow. That gap is roughly equal to the thickness of the magnetic media on the recording surface. The gap determines the minimum size of a recorded area on the disk. Ferrite heads are large, and write fairly large features.
Q.108 Consider the following relations RENTER(rno, fname, lname, address, tel_no, pref_type, max_rent) VIEWING(rno, pno, date, comment) PROPERTY_FOR_RENT( pno, street, area ,city, pcode, type, rooms, rent) Express the following queries in relational algebra. (i) List the name and comments of all renters who have viewed a property. (ii) Identify all renters who have viewed all properties with three rooms.
Ans: (i) fname,lname,comment(RENTER (ii)

VIEWING)
VIEWING)
fname,lname ( rooms =3 (PROPERTY_FOR_RENT) RENTER
Q.109
Consider the relations City (city_name, state) Hotel (name, address) City_hotel (hotel_name, city_name, owner) Answer the following queries in relational algebra (i) Find the names and address of hotels in Agra. (ii) List the names of cities which have no hotel. (iii) List the names of the hotels owned by Taj Group.
(9)
Ans: (i) name, address ( city_name= Agra (Hotelname=city_name (ii) city_name (City) city_name(City_hotel) 67
City_hotel))
DC10 (iii) Q.110
hotel_name ( owner=Taj Group (City_hotel))
Explain the difference between using functions with and without grouping attributes in relational algebra. Give examples. (6)
Ans: Group functions are used to group data of similar type. GAMMA = grouping and aggregation Applying GAMMAL(R) Group R according to all the grouping attributes on list L. o That is: form one group for each distinct list of values for those attributes in R. Within each group, compute AGG(A ) for each aggregation on list L. Result has one tuple for each group: o The grouping attributes and o Their groups aggregations. Example: Grouping /Aggregation R= (ABC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 5 GAMMAA,B,AVG(C) (R) = ? First, group R by A and B : ABC 123 125 456 Then, average C within groups: A B AVG(C) 12 4 45 6 Q.111
Define the following with respect to SQL (i) Specifying alias (ii) UNIQUE function (iii) ORDER BY clause (iv) LIKE predicate (v) Asterisk (*)
(10)
Ans:(i) Specifying alias: is used to rename column or attribute in a table. (ii) UNIQUE function: If UNIQUE is specified then only unique values are used to calculate the mean. (iii) ORDER BY clause: The ORDER BY clause allows you to sort the records in your result set. The ORDER BY clause can only be used in select statements. (iv) LIKE predicate: The LIKE predicate searches for strings that have a certain pattern. (v) Asterisk (*): In SQL, the columns for all the tables and views in the FROM clause will be displayed. Q.112
Consider the relations given below Borrower (id_no, name)
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Book (accno., title, author, borrower_idno) (a) Define the above relations as tables in SQL making real world assumptions about the type of the fields. Define the primary keys and the foreign keys. (7) (b) For the above relations answer the following queries in SQL What are the titles of the books borrowed by the borrower whose id-no in 365. (i) Find the numbers and names of borrowers who have borrowed books on DBMS in ascending order in id_no. (ii) List the names of borrowers who have borrowed at least two books. (9)
Ans: a) Create table Book (Accno int Primary Key, title char(30), author char(30), borrow-idno int references Borrower_id.no ); Create table borrower (id-no int Primary Key, name char(30) ); b) (i) Select title from Book, Borrower where Borrower.id_no =Book.borrower-idno and borrower.id_no = 365 (ii) Select id_no, name from Borrower, Book where Borrower.id_no= Book.borrower_idno and title= DBMS order by id_no asc; (iii) Select name from Borrower, Book where Borrower.id_no = book.borrower_id_no having count (*) > 2 Q.113
Describe the structure of Oracle data dictionary.
(4)
Ans: Generally, the data dictionary consists of base tables and user-accessible views. The base tables contain all database information that is dynamically updated by Oracle RDBMS. Oracle strictly discourages using those tables even for selects; the database users normally have no access to them, and even DBAs do not typically query these tables directly. The information stored in the base tables is cryptic and difficult to understand. The user-accessible views summarize and display the information stored in the base tables; they display the information from the base tables in readable and/or simplified form using joins, column aliases, and so on. Different Oracle users can have SELECT privileges on different database views. Q.114
In Oracle what is system global area and how is it organized?
(6)
Ans: The SGA is a collection of shared memory areas that along with the Oracle processes constitute an Oracle instance. All SGA components allocate and deallocate space in units of granules. Granule size is determined by total SGA size. On most platforms, the size of a granule is 4 MB if the total SGA size is less than 1 GB, and granule size is 16MB for larger SGAs. Some platform dependencies arise. For example, on 32-bit Windows, the granule size is 8M for SGAs larger than 1GB Q.115
Write a short note on QBE.
(6)
Ans: Stands for "Query By Example." QBE is a feature included with various database applications that provides a user-friendly method of running database queries. 69
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Typically without QBE, a user must write input commands using correct SQL (Structured Query Language) syntax. This is a standard language that nearly all database programs support. However, if the syntax is slightly incorrect the query may return the wrong results or may not run at all. The Query By Example feature provides a simple interface for a user to enter queries. Instead of writing an entire SQL command, the user can just fill in blanks or select items to define the query she wants to perform. For example, a user may want to select an entry from a table called "Table1" with an ID of 123. Using SQL, the user would need to input the command, "SELECT * FROM Table1 WHERE ID = 123". The QBE interface may allow the user to just click on Table1, type in "123" in the ID field and click "Search." QBE is offered with most database programs, though the interface is often different between applications. For example, Microsoft Access has a QBE interface known as "Query Design View" that is completely graphical. The phpMyAdmin application used with MySQL, offers a Web-based interface where users can select a query operator and fill in blanks with search terms. Whatever QBE implementation is provided with a program, the purpose is the same to make it easier to run database queries and to avoid the frustrations of SQL errors
Q.116
What three main types of actions involve databases? Briefly discuss these.
(6)
Ans: The three main types of actions involving databases are: (i) Defining: It involves specifying the data types, structures and constraints of data types, structures and constraints the data to be stored in the database. (ii) Manipulating: It includes functions such as querying the database to retrieve specific data updating the database to reflect changes in the miniworld and generating reports form data. (iii) Sharing: It allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously. Q.117
What are the situations when DBMS should not be used?
(6)
Ans: DBMS should not be used in situations like: (i) No need of security. (ii) Not difficulty to access the data (iii) No redundancy and inconsistency etc. Q.118
What is the difference between a database schema and a database state? (4) Ans: The collection of information stored in database at particular moment in time is called database state while the overall design of database is called database schema. With the help of a diagram describe the typical component modules of a DBMS. (8)
Q.119
Ans: The functional components of a database system can be broadly divided 1) Storage manager and 2) query processor 1) Storage manager components includes: 70
into:
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2)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (i) Authorization and integrity manager to test integrity constraints and authorized access to data. (ii) Transaction manager to ensure that database remains in a consistent state. (iii) File manager to manage disk storage space. (iv) Buffer manager is responsible for buffering data. The query processor component includes: (i) DDL interpreter to interpret DDL statements (ii) DML compiler which translation DML queries into query evaluation plan for query evaluation engine. (iii) Query evaluation engine execute low level instructions generated by DML compiler.
Compiler and Linker
DML queries
DDL Interpreter
Applcation Prog.obj.code
D M L com puter & organizer
Query Processor Query evaluation engine
Buffer Manager
File Manager
Authorzsation & Integrity Manager Storage Manager Disk Storage
Transaction Manager
Q.120
Define the following: (i) Participation role (iii) Composite attributes
(ii) Recursive relationship type (iv) Entity
Ans: (i) Participation role: roles are indicating in E-R diagram by labelling the lines that connect diamonds to rectangles. (ii) Recursive relationship type: A recursive relationship is one in which the same entity participates more than once in the relationship (iii) Composite attribute: A composite attribute has multiple components, each of which is atomic or composite. (iv) Entity: A DBMS entity is either a thing in the modeled world or a drawing element in an ERD. Q.121
A database is to be constructed to keep track of the teams and games of a sport league. A team has a number of players, not all of whom participate in each game. It is desired to keep track of the players participating in each game of each team and the result of the game.
71
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Create an ER diagram, completely with attributes, keys and constraints, for the above description. State any assumptions that you make. (8)
Ans:
Name Tid Name Tid
mTea
Has n
Players
m
Participated
n Game Result
Name
Type
Q.122
Discuss the types of integrity constraints that must be checked for the update operations Insert and Delete. Give examples. (8)
Ans: Insert operation can violet any of the following four constraints: 1) Domain constraints can be violated if given attribute value does not appear in corresponding domain. 2) Key constraints can be violated if given attribute value does not appear in corresponding domain. 3) Entity integrity can be violated if the primary key of the new tuple t is NULL. 4) Referential integrity can be violated if value of any foreign key in t refers to a tuple that does not exist in referenced relation. Delete operation can violate only referential integrity constraints, if the tuple being deleted is referenced by the foreign keys from other tuples in the database. Q.123
Differentiate between the following giving advantages and disadvantages of each. (i) Primary and secondary storage. (ii) Open addressing and chaining for collision resolution. (iii) Unordered and ordered file.
(12)
Ans: i) Primary and secondary storage *Computer storage is classified into primary(main) memory and secondary(peripheral) storage. a) Primary storage is usually RAM; ~10ns access time b) Secondary storage is usually hard disk drives; ~10ms access time c) Secondary storage is a lot cheaper than primary, 3/Mb vs.$1/Mb. Secondary storage is persistent 72
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a)

Databases are stored in secondary memory, and large databases are manipulated in secondary storage. b) We need to minimise disk accesses when accessing and manipulating databases. (ii) Open addressing and chaining for collision resolution In open addressing, proceeding from the occupied position specified by hash address the program checks the subsequent positions in order until an unused (empty) position is found. Chaining: In this method various overflow locations are kept, usually by extending the way with a number of overflow positions. Additionally, a pointer field is added to each record location. A collision is resolved by placing the new record in an unused overflow location and setting the pointer of occupied hash address location to the address of that overflow location. A linked list of overflow records for each hash address is thus maintained. (iii) Unordered and ordered file Unordered file do no has any sequence while ordered file has arranged in some sequence and data are assigned in ordered format.
Q.124
What is recursive closure? Why is it not possible to define this operation in relational algebra? (4)
Ans: Recursive closure is applied to recursive relationship. An example of recursive operation is to retrieve all SUPERVISEES of an Employee e at all levels- that is , all EMPLOYEE e directly supervised by e; all employees e directly supervised by each employee e and so on Q.125
Consider the two tables R1 (A,B,C) and R2 (P,Q,R) shown below R1 A B C a 15 10 a 25 8 b 15 5 R2 P Q R b 15 5 c 10 8 b 5 6 Show the results of the following operations: (i) A, B (R1)
(ii) F COUNT P,AVERAGE Q (R2 ) (where F is the aggregate function) (iii) R1 X R1.B > R2.Q R2 (iv) R1 X R2 (12) Ans: (i) A a a b B 15 25 15 73
DC10 (ii)
Count p 3 Average Q 10
(iii)
A a A a a a b b
R1 x R1.B>R2.Q R2 B 15 15 25 25 25 15 15 C 10 10 8 8 8 5 5 P c b b c b c b Q 10 5 15 10 5 10 5 R 8 6 5 8 6 8 6
(iv) R1 X R2
A a a a a a a b b b B 15 15 15 25 25 25 15 15 15 C 10 10 10 8 8 8 5 5 5 P b c b b c b b c b Q 15 10 5 15 10 5 15 10 5 R 10 8 6 5 8 6 5 8 6
Q.126
Explain the EXISTS and UNIQUE functions of SQL. Give an example for each. (6) Ans: EXISTS: The EXISTS function takes one parameter which is a SQL statement. If any records exist that match the criteria it returns true, otherwise it returns false. This gives you a clean, efficient way to write a stored procedure that does either an insert or update. UNIQUE: If UNIQUE is specified then only unique values are used to calculate the mean. What is NULL? Give an example to illustrate testing for NULL in SQL.
Q.127
(4) Ans: The NULL SQL keyword is used to represent either a missing value or a value that is not applicable in a relational table. Consider there is a relation: Person(id, name, address, phone) Now to find ids and names of person who do not have a phone is: 74
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Select id, name from Person where phone is null
Q.128
Describe substring comparison in SQL. For the relation Person(name, address), write a SQL query which retrieves the names of people whose name begins with A and address contains Bangalore. (6)
Ans: SUBSTR is used to extract a set of characters from a string by specifying the character starting position and end position and length of characters to be fetched. example substr('hello',2,3) will return 'ell' Select name from Person where name like A% and address = Bangalore Q.129
Consider the following relations with keys underlined Street (name, location, city) House (number, street_name) Lives (name, house_number) Define the above relations as tables in SQL making real world assumptions about the type of the fields. Define the primary keys and the foreign keys. (7) Create table street (name character(30) primary key, location character(30), city Ans: character(30)); Create table house( number integer primary key, street_name character(30) references street(name)); Create table lives ( name character(30) primary key, house number integer references house(number));
Q.130
For the relations given in Q129 answer the following queries in SQL
(i) Get the names of persons who live in the street named Mahatma Gandhi. (ii) Get the house numbers street wise. (iii) Get the numbers of houses which are not occupied.
(9)
Ans: (i) Select lives.name from Street, House, Lives where Street.name = House.street_name and House. Number = Lives. House_number and street_name = Mahatma Gandhi; (ii) Select number from House order by street_name; (iii) Select number from house minus Select house_number from lives; Q.131
How is the database organised in Oracle?
(8)
Ans: Database organized in Oracle in terms of table and table contains attributes and values. 75
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A database consists of one or more logical units called table spaces. Each table space in turn, consists of one or more physical structures called data files. These may be either, files managed by the operating system or raw devices. Oracle database consists of following table spaces (i) System (ii) Table spaces to store user data (iii) Temporary table spaces. The space in table space is divided into units, called segments, that each contain data for a specific data structure. These are four types of segments: (i) Data segments (ii) Index segments (iii) Temporary segments (iv) Rollback segments
Q.132
Explain the following with respect to QBE (i). CNT (ii) I (iii) P (iv) D
(8)
Ans: (i) CNT: It is one of the aggregation commands provide in QBE. It is used to identify number of tuples (ii) I : It is the command in QBE which is used to insert tuple (s) into the database (iii) P: It is the command that is used to print (logically display) the value of the attribute in whose cell it is written. To display the entire relation, P has to be written in every field or by placing a single P in the column headed by the relation name also displays entire relation. (iv) D: It is the command in QBE to delete tuple(s) from the relation. Q.133
Discuss the differences between the candidate keys and the primary key of a relation. Give example to illustrate your answer.
Ans: A candidate key is one which can be used as primary key that is not null and unique constraint both holding true. In short all primary keys are definitely candidate keys. That is one of the candidate keys is chosen as primary key. Q.134
What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain.
(6)
Ans: Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called data definition language. For example, the following statement in the SQL defines the account table Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer) Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL allows a user to specify storage structure and access methods used by the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints like balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000. Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model. 76
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS There are basically two types: 1) Procedural DMLs require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) require a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.
Q.135
Explain the terms primary key, candidate key, alternate key and secondary key. In the given table identify each key. (8) STUDENT(SID,Regno, Name, City)
Ans: Primary Key: The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. It can either be a normal attribute (or set of attributes) that is guaranteed to be unique (such as Social Security Number in a table with no more than one record per person) or it can be generated by the DBMS (such as a globally unique identifier, or GUID, in Microsoft SQL Server). Candidate Key: A candidate key is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database record without any extraneous data. Each table may have one or more candidate keys. One of these candidate keys is selected as the table primary key. Alternate Key: An alternate key (or secondary key) is any candidate key which is not selected to be the primary key (PK). For example, a relational database with a table "employee" could have attributes like "employee_id", "bank_acct_no", and so on. In this case, both "employee_id" and "bank_acct_no" serve as unique identifiers for a given employee, and could thus arguably be used for a primary key. Hence, both of them are called "candidate keys". If, for example, "bank_acct_no" was chosen as the primary key, "employee_id" would become the alternate key Secondary Key: Same as above In above table SID is a primary key, SID and Regno are candidate keys and SIDor Regno are alternate or secondary key. Q.136
In an organisation several projects are undertaken. Each projects can employ one or more employees. Each employee can work on one or more projects.Each project is undertaken on the request of client. A client can request for several projects. Each project has only one client. A project can use a number of items and a item may be used by several projects. Draw an E-R diagram and convert it to a relational schema. (10)
77
DC10 Ans:
I name m Use m n Item Work n
I Type Employee E name Empid
P name
Project n
Pid Request l Client C name
C No.
The relational schema has following tables 1) Project (Pid, Pname) 2) Employee (Empid, Ename) 3) Client (Cno, Cname) 4) Item (I type, I name) 5) Use (Pid, I type) 6) Work (Pid, Empid) 7) Request (Pid, Cno)
Q.137
Define (i) Identifying relationship. (ii) Specialisation / generalization. (iii) Aggregation.
(6)
Ans: (i) Identifying relationship: An identifying relationship means that the child table cannot be uniquely identified without the parent. For example, you have this situation in the intersection table used to resolve a many-to-many relationship where the intersecting table's Primary Key is a composite of the left and right (parents) table's Primary Keys (ii) Specialisation / generalization: Generalization/Specialization represents the is a relationship set, an essential element of the object oriented paradigm. The main idea in Generalization/Specialization is that one object class (the specialization) is a subset of another (the generalization). (iii) Aggregation: Aggregation refers to an abstraction in which a relationship between objects is regarded as a higher-level object. Q.138
What is hash file organization? What are the causes of bucket overflow in a hash file organization? What can be done to reduce the occurrence of bucket overflow? (8)
78
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: Hashing involves computing the address of a data item by computing a function on the search key value. A hash function h is a function from the set of all search key values K to the set of all bucket addresses B. We choose a number of buckets to correspond to the number of search key values we will have stored in the database. To perform a lookup on a search key value Ki, we compute h(Ki), and search the bucket with that address. then the If two search keys i and j map to the same address, because, h(Ki)=h(Kj) bucket at the address obtained will contain records with both search key values. The hash functions selected should be such that it should result in uniform distribution of search keys.
Q.139
What do you understand by RAID? Explain RAID Level 4 and Level5. (8) Ans: RAID which stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (as named by the inventor), or alternatively Redundant Array of Independent Disks (a less relative name, and thus now the generally accepted one) is a technology that employs the simultaneous use of two or more hard disk drives to achieve greater levels of performance, reliability, and/or larger data volume sizes. RAID Level 4: In this setup, files can be distributed between multiple disks. Each disk operates independently which allows I/O requests to be performed in parallel, though data transfer speeds can suffer due to the type of parity. The error detection is achieved through dedicated parity and is stored in a separate, single disk unit. RAID Level 5: Distributed parity requires all drives but one to be present to operate; drive failure requires replacement, but the array is not destroyed by a single drive failure. Upon drive failure, any subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that the drive failure is masked from the end user. The array will have data loss in the event of a second drive failure and is vulnerable until the data that was on the failed drive is rebuilt onto a replacement drive Consider the relations: PROJECT(proj#,proj_name,chief_architect) EMPLOYEE(emp#,emp_name) ASSIGNED(proj#,emp#) Use relational algebra to express the following queries: (i) Get details of employees working on project COMP33. (ii) Get the employee number of employees who work on all projects. (iii) Get details of project on which employee with name RAM is working. (9)
Q.140
Ans:(i) EMPLOYEE (ii) (iii) PROJECT Q.141
Emp#(project#=comp33(ASSIGNED))
ASSIGNED))
Emp#(EMPLOYEE)-(ASSIGNED project#(PROJECT))
(project#(Emp_name=RAM(EMPLOYEE)
Differentiate between join and outer join.
(4)
Ans:Outer joins return all rows from at least one of the tables or views mentioned in the FROM clause, as long as those rows meet any WHERE or HAVING search conditions. 79
DC10

All rows are retrieved from the left table referenced with a left outer join, and all rows from the right table referenced in a right outer join. All rows from both tables are returned in a full outer join. A table can be joined to itself in a self-join.
Q.142
Consider a table student (std_id, std_name, date_of_birth, percent_marks, dept_name). Write a QBE query to display names of Computer Science department students who have scored more than 80%. (3)
Ans: Stud_id
Stud_name
date_of_birth
Percent_marks
Dept_name
Computer Science Department
P._S
>80
Q.143
Consider the relations EMP(ENO,ENAME,AGE,BASIC_SALARY) WORK_IN(ENO,DNO) DEPT(DNO,DNAME,CITY) Express the following queries in SQL
(i) Find names of employees who work in a deptt. in Delhi. (ii) Get the deptt. number in which more than one employee is working. (iii) Find name of employee who earns highest salary in HR department. (9) Ans:(i) select ENAME from EMP, WORK_IN, DEPT where EMP.ENo= WORK_IN.ENO and WORK_IN.DNO= DEPT.DNO and CITY= Delhi; (ii) select DNO from WORK_IN group by DNO having count(*) >1 (iii) select ENAME from EMP e where BASIC_SALARY >= (select max(BASIC_SALARY) from DEPT,WORK_IN where DNAME = HR and e.ENO = WORK_IN.ENO and WORK_IN. DNO= DEPT.DNO) Q.144
Explain various kinds of constraints that can be specified using CREATE TABLE command. Explain CASCADE and RESTRICT clauses of DROP SCHEMA command. (7)
80
DC10 Ans:
Constraint Description
PRIMARY KEY Determines which column(s) uniquely identifies each record. The primary key cannot be NULL, and the data value(s) must be unique. FOREIGN KEY In a one-to-many relationship, the constraint is added to the "many" table. The constraint ensures that if a value is entered into a specified column, it must already exist in the "one" table, or the record is not added. UNIQUE Ensures that all data values stored in a specified column are unique. The UNIQUE constraint differs from the PRIMARY KEY constraint in that it allows NULL values. Ensures that a specified condition is true before the data value is added to a table. For example, an order's ship date cannot be earlier than its order date. Ensures that a specified column cannon contain a NULL value. The NOT NULL constraint can only be created with the column-level approach to table creation.
CHECK
NOT NULL
Prevents the DROP from taking place if any dependent objects exists (RESTRICT) or causes all dependent objects do also be dropped (CASCADE).
Q.145
Write short notes on following: (i) Extension and Intension. (ii) Weak and strong entity type. (iii) Views in SQL. (iv) Built in function in QBE.
(4 4 = 16) Ans: (i) In any data model, it is important to distinguish between the description of the database and the database itself the description of a database is called database schema, which is specified during database design and is not expected to change frequently. The actual data in a database is database itself. May change quite frequently. The schema is sometimes called the intension, and a database state is called an extension of the schema. (ii) Weak and Strong entity type: An entity set that does not have a primary key is referred to as a weak entity set. The existence of a weak entity set depends on the existence of a strong entity set; it must relate to the strong set via a on-to-many relationship set. A discriminator of a weak entity set is the set of attributes that distinguishes among all the entities of a weak entity set. The primary key of a weak entity set is formed by the primary key of the strong entity set on which the weak entity set is existence depends, plus the weak entity sets discriminator. (iii) We define a view in SQL by using the create view command. To define a view, we must give the view a name and must state the query that computers the view. The form of the create view command is Create view z as <query expression> where z is the view name < query expression > is any legal query expression. (iv) Built in function in QBE: QBE includes several built in functions like AVG, MAX,MIN,SUM and CNT. We must prefix these operators with ALL to create a multiset on which the aggregate operation is evaluated. The ALL operator ensures that duplicates 81
DC10

are not eliminated. We can use UNQ to specify that we want duplicates eliminated. QBE also offers the ability to compute functions on groups of tuples using the G operator, which is analogous to SQLs group by construct.
Q.146
What is Oracle Process? Explain any four processes started by Oracle.
(8)
Ans: Oracle Process is as follows: SMON: The System Monitor carries out a crash recovery when a crashed instance is started up again. It also cleans temporary segments. PMON: The Process Monitor checks if a user process fails and if so, does all cleaning up of resources that the user process has aquired. DBWR : The Database Writer writes dirty blocks from the database buffer to the datafiles. How many DBWn Processes are started is determined by the initialization parameter DB_WRITER_PROCESSES. DBWR also writes the actual SCN with the Block. LGWR : The Log Writer writes the redo log buffer from the SGA to the online redo log file. Q.147
What is DBMS and what are functions of DBMS (10) Ans: DBMS consist of collection of integrated data and set of program to access those data. The functions performed by a typical DBMS are the following: Data Definition: The DBMS provides functions to define the structure of the data in the application. These include defining and modifying the record structure, the type and size of fields and the various constraints/conditions to be satisfied by the data in each field. Data Manipulation: Once the data structure is defined, data needs to be inserted, modified or deleted. The functions which perform these operations are also part of the DBMS. These functions can handle planned and unplanned data manipulation needs. Planned queries are those which form part of the application. Unplanned queries are ad-hoc queries which are performed on a need basis. Data Security & Integrity: The DBMS contains functions which handle the security and integrity of data in the application. These can be Thus the DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use when there is a large volume of data and many transactions to be proved How many types of users works on database?
Q.148
(6)
Ans: Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system (i) Application programmersinteract with system through DML calls (ii) Sophisticated usersform requests in a database query language (iii) Specialized userswrite specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework (iv) Naive usersinvoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously Examples, people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff Q.149
Describes the various relationship constraints by giving suitable example.
(8)
82
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Ans: Constraints on relationships: There are two types of constraints on relationships. 1) Mapping cardinalities or cardinality ratios express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set. For a binary relationship set between entities A and B. The mapping cardinality may be any one of the following: a) One to One: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B and an entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A. b) One to Many: An entity in A can be associated with any number in B but an entity in B is associated with at most one in A. c) Many to one: An entity in A is associated with at most one in B but an entity in B is associated with any number in A. d) Many to Many: An entity in A and B can be associated with any number of entities in the other entity set. 2) Participation constraints: The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to be total if every entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R. If only some entities in E participation of entity set E in relationship R is said to be partial.
Q.150
What is an E-R model? Draw an E-R Diagram for the company database with following Descriptions: The company is organized into departments. Each department has a unique name and a unique number with several locations. A department controls a number of projects, each of which has a unique name, unique number and a single location. We store each employees name, social security number, address, and salary. An employee is assigned to one department but may work on several projects, which are not necessarily controlled by the same departments. We want to keep track of the dependents of each employee for insurance purposes. We keep each dependents name, age and relationship to the employee. (8)
Ans: An entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract conceptual representation of structured data. Entity-relationship modeling is a relational schema database modeling method, used in software engineering to produce a type of conceptual data model (or semantic data model) of a system, often a relational database, and its requirements in a top-down fashion. Diagrams created using this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, or ER diagrams or ERDs for short.
83
DC10
Q.151
Define the following
(i) (ii)
Record-Based Logical Models Data Independence
(8)
Ans:(i) Record-Based logical Models: Also describe data at the conceptual and view levels. Unlike object-oriented models, are used to specify overall logical structure of the database, and provide a higher-level description of the implementation. Named so because the database is structured in fixed-format records of several types. Each record type defines a fixed number of fields, or attributes. Each field is usually of a fixed length (this simplifies the implementation). Record-based models do not include a mechanism for direct representation of code in the database. Separate languages associated with the model are used to express database queries and updates. The three most widely-accepted models are the relational, network, and hierarchical. (ii) Data Independence: Techniques that allow data to be changed without affecting the applications that process it. There are two kinds of data independence. The first type is data independence for data, which is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It allows the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS by field and are concerned with only the data fields they use, not the format of the complete record. Thus, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs that must be changed are those that use those new fields.
84
DC10 Q.152

What is bucket overflow and how bucket overflow is handled by Over Flow Chaining or Closed Hashing? (8)
Ans: Bucket: unit of storage containing records. Bucket is a disk block or contiguous block .Bucket contains multiple records . Hash Function: maps records to bucket numbers Function h from set of all search key values K to the set of all bucket addresses(numbers) B .Records with different search key values may be mapped same bucket. Entire bucket has to be searched to locate record.If bucket is full need overflow buckets and pointers How to handle bucket overflow: Buckets overflow is handled by using overflow buckets o Closed Hashing (Chaining): The overflow buckets of a given bucket are chained together in a linked list o Open Hashing: place in next available bucket (not suitable for database applications) o Multiple Hashing : use a second hash function Q.153
What are the Constituents of File? Also explain all the possible file operations.
(8)
Ans: A file is organised logically as sequence of record. These records are mapped onto disk blocks. Although blocks are of fixed size determined by the physical properties of the disk and by the operating system, record sizes vary. In a relational database, tuples of distinct relations are generally of different sizes. Possible operations on a file: (i) Create: a file can be created (ii) Delete: a file can be deleted (iii) Changing attributes of a file: The attributes of a file say read only, authors name etc. can be changed. (iv) Contents of the file can be altered. Q.154
Express the following queries in SQL assumes that the data is stored in EMPLOYEE table with relevant fields. (i) Display name, job, salary, and hire date of employee who are hired between May 10, 1975 and December 20, 1980. Order the query in ascending order of hire date. (ii) Display name and hire date of employee who are employed after employee RAGHAV. (6)
Ans: (i) Select name, job, salary, hire date from employee where hire date between May-10-1975 and Dec-20-1980 order by hire date; (ii) Select name, hire date from employee Where hire date> (select hire date from employee where name= Raghav); Q.155
What are the various types of the update operations on relations? Also explain the constraints on these update operation. Give examples in support of your answer. (10)
85
DC10 Ans:

There are three basic update separation on relations: (i) Insert : It is used to insert a new tuple or tuples in a relation. Insert can violate any of the four tuples of constraints : Domain constraints, key constraints , entity integrity and referential integrity (ii) Delete : It is used to delete tuples. The delete operation can violate only referential integrity, if the tuple being deleted is referenced by the foreign keys from other tuples in the database (iii) Modify: It is used to change value of some attributes in existing tuples. Modify can also violate any of the four constraints as specified in insert operation. Examples: (1) Inserting a tuple having null value for primary key violates entity integrity (2) Deleting a tuple in a table for which tuples exist other tables that are dependent on those tuples will violate referential key integrity. (3) Modifying a primary key attribute to any other such that is aheady exists in the table will violate entity integrity. Consider the relations EMPLOYEE(emp#, name) ASSIGNED_TO(project#, emp#) PROJECT(project#, project_name, chief) Express the following queries in Relational Algebra (i) Get details of employee working on both comp354 and comp345 project numbers. (ii)Find the employee number of employee who do not work on project comp678 (8)
Q.156
Ans:(i) EMPLOYEE (ASSIGNED TO project # ((project#=comp351 project#=comp 345 ASSIGNED _TO))) (ii) Emp#(EMPLOYEE)-Emp# (project#=c 678 ASSIGNED_TO)) Q.157
Explain the SQL operators BETWEEN-AND, IN, LIKE and IS_NULL by taking suitable examples. (8)
86
DC10 Ans:
Comparison Description Operators
LIKE
column value is similar to specified character(s). % and are two special characters to match any substring and character respectively in a string. Eg, Perry% matches any sting with Perry.
column value is equal to any one of a specified set of values. Eg, SQL query to find all customers who are borrowers also from a bank as well as account holders in the bank is : IN Select cust# from borrower where cust# in( Select cust# in depositor)
column value is between two values, including the end values specified in the range. Eg, SQL query to find all employees hiredate between 1-JAN-2008 to 31-DEC-2008: BETWEEN...AND Select * from employee where hiredate between 1-JAN-2008 and 31-DEC-2008
column value does not exist. Eg, SQL statement to find all salesperson who are not earning any commission: IS NULL Select * from employee where job= Sales and commission is null.
Q.158
Write short note on followings:
(i) Relational Constraints (ii) Disadvantages of Relational Approach (iii) Instances and Schemas (4 4 = 16) Ans: (i) Relational Constraints are: NOT NULL Unique Primary key Foreign key Table check (ii) Disadvantages of relational approach: Substantial hardware and system software overhead May not fit all business models Can facilitate poor design and implementation 87
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS May promote "islands of information" problems (iii) Instances and schemas: Databases changes over time as the information is inserted and deleted. The collection of information stored in database at a particular moment in time is called Instances and the overall design of database is called schemas.
What are the key features of Oracle?
Q.159
(8)
Ans: Key features of Oracle are as follows: Read Consistency Concurrency Locking Mechanisms Quiesce Database RAC Portability Q.160
Explain the following functions of Oracle with suitable examples: (i) To_Char( ) (ii) Count( ) (iii) Trim( ) (iv) Length( )
(8) Ans: (i) To_char( ): The TO_CHAR function converts a DATETIME, number, or NTEXT expression to a TEXT expression in a specified format. This function is typically used to format output data. (ii) Count( ): The COUNT function returns the number of rows in a query. The syntax for the COUNT function is: SELECT COUNT (expression) FROM tables WHERE predicates; (iii) Trim( ): In Oracle/PLSQL, the trim function removes all specified characters either from the beginning or the ending of a string. The syntax for the trim function is: trim( [ leading | trailing | both [ trim_character ] ] string1 ) leading - remove trim_string from the front of string1. trailing - remove trim_string from the end of string1. both - remove trim_string from the front and end of string1. (iv) Length( ): In Oracle/PLSQL, the length function returns the length of the specified string. The syntax for the length function is: length(string1) string1 is the string to return the length for. If string1 is NULL, then the function returns NULL. Q.161
Explain the disadvantages of a file processing system.
Ans: Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include: 1) Data Redundancy 2) Data Inconsistency 3) Difficult to access data 4) Data isolation 5) Atomicity problem 88
DC10
6) Concurrent access anomalies 7) Security problem
Q.162
What is data model? Explain object based and record based data models.
Ans: A data model is an abstract model that describes how data is represented and accessed. (i) Object based data models: Similar to a relational database model, but objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language (ii) Record based data models: is a database model based on first-order predicate logic. Its core idea is to describe a database as a collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing constraints on the possible values and combinations of values. Q.163
How is Oracle used in PL/SQL? Define the features of procedures and how they are defined. (7)
Ans: PL/SQL PL/SQL is Oracles procedural language (PL) superset of the Structured Query Language (SQL). PL/SQL is block-structured language that enables developers to code procedures, functions and unnamed blocks that combine SQL with procedural statements. PL/SQL has its own processing engine that executes PL/SQL blocks and subprograms. If the host program does not have the PL/SQL engine, the blocks of code are sent to the Oracle server for processing. The following figure shows the PL/SQL engine as an integrated component of Oracle server. The engine executes procedure statements and passes SQL statements to the SQL statement executor in the Oracle server.
PL/SQL Block
PL/SQL Engine
SQL Statement Executor Oracle Server PL/SQL Engine Procedures Sophisticated business rules and application logic can be stored as procedures within Oracle. Stored procedures groups of SQL and PL/SQL statements allow you to move code that enforces business rules from the application to the database. As a result the code will be stored once for all applications to use. Procedures can be defined or created with the CREATE PROCEDURE command. The syntax in Oracle to define a procedure is: CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE [<user>.]<procedure_name> [(<arg1> [IN|OUT|IN OUT] <data type> [,<arg2> [IN|OUT|IN OUT] <data type>] ...)] {IS|AS} [<declaration>] BEGIN 89
DC10
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS <body> [EXCEPTION WHEN <exception_name> THEN <error handling statements> [WHEN <exception_name> THEN <error handling statements> ... ...] [WHEN OTHERS THEN <error handling statements>]] END;
Q.164
Draw an E_R Model for the following: An organization uses number of items of a equipment to produce goods. Each item is at one LOCATION, of one TYPE and has a DETAILED_DISCRIPTION. Faults on the equipment are identified by a unique FAULT_ID and are reported at a TIME_REPORTED. Any number of persons may be assigned to a fault and work on the fault until it is fixed. The TIME_FIXED is recorded as is the TIME_SPENT by each person on a fault. Any number of parts may be used to repair a fault. The QTY_USED of each parts is recorded against the fault. Each part is identified by a PART_ID and has a given weight and MAX_DIMENSION and can have any number of colors.
Ans:
Organization
Works bar
Fault_id
Time_Reported
Time_Fixed
Person
Assign
Fault
m
Person_ID Has
Repair
Qty_ used
m
m Consists of
Weight Part
Equipment
Item
Contains
Location
Type
Detailed discription
Part_Id
Max_Dimension
Colour
90
DC10 Q.165
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Explain the concept of generalization and aggregation in E_R diagrams. Give one example for each one of them.
Ans: Generalization: Consider extending the entity set account by classifying accounts as being either savings-account or chequing-account. Each of these is described by the attributes of account plus additional attributes. (savings has interest-rate and chequing has overdraft-amount.) We can express the similarities between the entity sets by generalization. This is the process of forming containment relationships between a higher-level entity set and one or more lower-level entity sets. Aggregation: The E-R model cannot express relationships among relationships. When would we need such a thing? Consider a DB with information about employees who work on a particular project and use a number of machines doing that work. We get the E-R diagram shown in Figure 1.
na me id ho ur s
n u mb e r
e mp lo ye e
wo r k
p r o j ect
u ser s
ma c hi n er y
id
Figure 1: E-R diagram with redundant relationships Relationship sets work and uses could be combined into a single set. However, they shouldn't be, as this would obscure the logical structure of this scheme. The solution is to use aggregation. An abstraction through which relationships are treated as higher-level entities. For our example, we treat the relationship set work and the entity sets employee and project as a higher-level entity set called work. Figure 2 shows the E-R diagram with aggregation.
wo r k
91
DC10
na me id

ho ur s
n u mb e r
e mp lo ye e
wo r k
p r o j ect
u ser s
ma c hi n er y
id
Figure 2: E-R diagram with aggregation
92

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What are the different types of database models discussed in the document?

What are the different types of database models discussed in the document?

Explain the concept of generalization and aggregation in ER diagrams.

Explain the concept of generalization and aggregation in ER diagrams.

DC10 PART-I

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (B) Rename operation. (D) Projection operation.

DC10 Ans: D Q.14

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

(B) print files on paper. (D) delete files.

The relational model feature is that there 4

DC10 (A) (B) (C) (D)

(B) the physical view. (D) all of the above.

(B) Centralized control of data (D) both (A) and (B)

DC10 (C) Attributes Ans: Q.49 C

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (D) Switchboards

(B) Detailed Data Language (D) Data Derivation Language

DC10 (D) not a value Ans: D Q.71

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

In E-R Diagram derived attribute are represented by 11

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (B) Dashed ellipse (D) Triangle

(B) Ternary Operator (D) Not an operator

(B) Plex Structure (D) Table Structure

DC10 Ans: C Q.92

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

(B) Self Join (D) Equi Join

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Explain five duties of Database Administrator.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DC10 RS.Open Select * From Emp, CN Q.7

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

CREATE TABLE DEPT

CREATE TABLE EMP

DC10 ENAME JOB DEPTNO Q.9

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS VARCHAR2(15), VARCHAR2(10), NUMBER REFERENCES DEPT(DEPTNO));

CREATE VIEW SUP_PART (SNO, NAME, PNO, PNAME) AS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS <columns details> ) ON COMMIT {PRESERVE|DELETE} ROWS;

Give an expression in SQL for each of queries below: 28

What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain.

Explain different types of failures that occur in Oracle database.

Differentiate between various levels of data abstraction.

CARDINALITY RATIO 1:N

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Define the following terms: a) Primary key. b) DML c) Multivalued attribute d)

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Describe the two alternatives for specifying structural constraints on

relationship types. (8)

Discuss the mechanism to read data from and write to a disk.

Ans: (i) fname,lname,comment(RENTER (ii)

fname,lname ( rooms =3 (PROPERTY_FOR_RENT) RENTER

DC10 (iii) Q.110

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

hotel_name ( owner=Taj Group (City_hotel))

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Compiler and Linker