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    Review of Congestion Control Algorithms For Performance Evaluation of WCDMA

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    The document summarizes a review of congestion control algorithms for performance evaluation of WCDMA networks. It discusses three main approaches for controlling congestion in IP radio access networks (RANs): call admission control, router control using active queue management, and diversity control. Call admission control decides whether to admit new calls based on quality of service requirements and current traffic load. Router control uses techniques like REDAQM to drop packets and avoid buffer overflow. Diversity control selectively discards frames from redundant secondary cellular connections to reduce traffic loads during congestion.

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    Review of Congestion Control Algorithms For Performance Evaluation of WCDMA

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    The document summarizes a review of congestion control algorithms for performance evaluation of WCDMA networks. It discusses three main approaches for controlling congestion in IP radio access networks (RANs): call admission control, router control using active queue management, and diversity control. Call admission control decides whether to admit new calls based on quality of service requirements and current traffic load. Router control uses techniques like REDAQM to drop packets and avoid buffer overflow. Diversity control selectively discards frames from redundant secondary cellular connections to reduce traffic loads during congestion.

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    The document summarizes a review of congestion control algorithms for performance evaluation of WCDMA networks. It discusses three main approaches for controlling congestion in IP radio access networks (RANs): call admission control, router control using active queue management, and diversity control. Call admission control decides whether to admit new calls based on quality of service requirements and current traffic load. Router control uses techniques like REDAQM to drop packets and avoid buffer overflow. Diversity control selectively discards frames from redundant secondary cellular connections to reduce traffic loads during congestion.

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    67 views4 pages

    Review of Congestion Control Algorithms For Performance Evaluation of WCDMA

    Uploaded by

    abhi749434
    The document summarizes a review of congestion control algorithms for performance evaluation of WCDMA networks. It discusses three main approaches for controlling congestion in IP radio access networks (RANs): call admission control, router control using active queue management, and diversity control. Call admission control decides whether to admit new calls based on quality of service requirements and current traffic load. Router control uses techniques like REDAQM to drop packets and avoid buffer overflow. Diversity control selectively discards frames from redundant secondary cellular connections to reduce traffic loads during congestion.

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    International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

    Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 1, Issue 1, November 2011)

    Review of congestion control algorithms for Performance Evaluation of WCDMA


    Arnika khare1, Prof. Yudhisthir Raut2
    1

    M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electronics And Communication, NIIST, Bhopal, M.P. India
    2

    Department of Electronics And Communication, NIIST, Bhopal, M.P. India


    1

    khare.arnika@gmail.com
    2

    r.yudhi@gmail.com

    I. INTRODUCTION Cellular wireless networks have become an important part of the communication infrastructure. It has been selected for implementation in both the North American and European 3G standards. Traditionally, in these wireless access networks, the base stations are connected to radio network controllers or base station controllers by point-to-point links. These links, also called backhaul links, are expensive and their use impressive an ongoing cost on the service providers. In such networks, reliability comes at a high price: by replication of links or controllers. IP RAN has the following advantages: Cost: Point-to-point links, including T1 links, are expensive and cannot be shared. An IP network will benefit from statistical multiplexing gains and could be shared with other wireless and wireless applications. Scalability and Reliability: Replacing point-to-point links by a distributed IP network will provide alternate paths to more than one network controller, thereby improving reliability and scalability. For example, it is shown in [2] that adding a selected few paths between base stations and network controllers results in the majority of the gains in resiliency to failures. Data Applications: Increasingly, a large number of IP based data applications, including Web browsing, email, streaming, and packetized voice (voice over IP) are being offered in wireless networks. Hence, wireless access networks must support IP traffic. An IP RAN efficiently addresses this eventuality.

    Abstract WCDMA is an important air interface technologies for wireless networks. As WCDMA based cellular networks fully developed, the current point-topoint links will evolve to an IP-based Radio Access Network (RAN).This Paper present a review of congestion control mechanism using Router control, channel control and admission control method for IP-RAN on WCDMA cellular network. The Router control mechanism uses the features of WCDMA networks using active Queue Management technique to reduce delay and to minimize the correlated losses. The Random Early Detection Active Queue Management scheme (REDAQM) is to be realized for the router control for data transmission over the radio network using routers as the channel. The channel control mechanism control the congestion by dividing the access channel into multiple layer for data accessing. Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the important methods in the performance evaluation of cellular network of Wideband CDMA. CAC handles different classes of users and type of services. It is the most highlighted part and deals with the resource allocation and resource management. The aim of this paper is improve and enhance the quality of service by generating different congestion control algorithms for multiclass users Keywords Call Admission Control (CAC), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Radio access network (RAN), Active queue management (AQM), Random Early Detection Active Queue Management (REDAQM).

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    International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering


    Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 1, Issue 1, November 2011) 2. ROUTER CONTROL USING ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT: Active queue management (AQM) [4] is a form of router control that attempts to provide congestion control by monitoring the congestion state of a router queue and proactively dropping packets before the buffers become full and queuing delays become too high. Some of the AQM policies (e.g., [7]) drop packets with a certain probability to avoid bursty loss. Y

    New flow Fig.1. Wireless Access Network with IP RAN.

    New state

    N
    Calculate avg & maxq

    While the use of an IP RAN results in the above advantages, mechanisms must be designed to control IP RAN congestion. Congestion occurs when the offered traffic exceeds the IP RAN capacity. There are essentially three approaches to control and avoid congestion: 1.CALL ADMISSION CONTROL: In WCDMA cellular network bandwidth is varying over time due to inter and intracell interference. To overcome the scarcity of bandwidth in WCDMA, CAC is used. It is the rule to admit requested calls maintaining the quality of service. CAC is basically to make a decision about whether a user should be admitted into the system according to the users quality of service requirements and the current traffic load.

    Y
    Non adaptive? Drop

    N
    Minth<avg<maxth hh

    Robust
    RED

    N
    Avg<minth

    Fragile
    Accept

    N
    Drop tail Fig.3 active queue management

    3. DIVERSITY CONTROL: Diversity allows mobile users to smoothly transition their connections from one cell to the next without loosing connectivity or suffering service degradations as is typical in hardhandoff scenarios. Diversity control selectively discards uplink voice radio frames from potentially redundant secondary legs for some mobile users at the base stations in such a way that the voice quality is not noticeably degraded while reducing traffic in the IP RAN to manage congestion. Key challenges in diversity control are the service degradation and restoration policies, which dictate how users are chosen for and freed from diversity control, respectively.
    Fig.2: Flow chart for CAC algorithm

    21

    International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering


    Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 1, Issue 1, November 2011) In this paper, the work done in [3] is analyzed and the future work will be to implement the same analysis but with artificial intelligence. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II is a brief on literature reviews of the related topics. Section III describes the future scope with the conclusion in section IV. II. LITERATURE SURVEY To satisfy ever-increasing demands for higher data rates, as well as to allow more users to simultaneously access the network, interest has peaked in what has come to be known as wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA). And WCDMA is packet switched network. An important issue in packed switched network is congestion. In this section we discuss the survey Of various congestion control mechanism. Several papers are published with the impact of congestion. Many algorithms have been proposed for the CAC for wireless CDMA cellular networks. In fact, this topic is among the interest of many of the researchers. Several papers are published with the CAC algorithm where handoff is given priority. That is certain bandwidth is reserved for the handoff calls also known as guard channel policy [8, 10, 11]. Researchers have been done in this field based upon the SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio) calculations [12], [13]. But in these literatures, the mobility of the user has been kept constant. And also, the channels are not assumed to be dynamic in nature due to which there is under utilization of the resources when the load is not so heavy. In paper [9,14], imperfect power is assumed to determine the SIR. in [15] assumed the imperfect power, dynamic channel allocation and imperfect power. In [16], used packet switched MC-CDMA supporting multimedia applications in which handoff is given priority developing the CAC based on real time measurements by estimating the effective bandwidth in the users cell and the neighbouring cells too for the mobility information. The simulation achieved low new call blocking and handoff call dropping probabilities. In [17], the CAC algorithm is proposed which considers not only the cell in which the call is originating but also neighbouring cells so that the handoff call blocking probability is reduced. Shen, Chang et all [18] proposed intelligent call admission controller with fuzzy logic theory to estimate the new and handoff call interference based on the knowledge of effective bandwidth method. They say that intelligent system such as fuzzy logic or neural network system cope up with the traffic uncertainty. According to their paper, the fuzzy logic system is preferred when there is no mathematical model of a process. Random early Detection is one of the active queue management control mechanism deployed at gateways [1]. The RED gateway detects incipient congestion by computing the average queue size (Jacobson, 1998). The gateway could notify connections of congestions either by dropping packets arriving at the gateway or by setting a bit in packet headers. When the average queue size exceeds a preset threshold, the gateway drops or marks each arriving packet with a certain probability, where the exact probability is a function of the average queue size. RED gateways keep the average queue size low while allowing occasional burst of packets in the queue. In[19] presented the WCDMA networks, radio network controller (RNC) is a potential bottleneck for TCP connections - due to difference in available bandwidth between the core network (CN) and the radio access network (RAN). This may result in packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) buffer overflows or excessive delays at the RNC, as PDCP buffers are flow-specific. In order to avoid PDCP buffer overflows, different active queue management (AQM) methods may be applied at the RNC. In typical cellular networks, mobiles can be in SHO with up to six base stations at once with one primary leg and up to five secondary legs. These multiple legs constitute what is known as the mobiles active set. Field measurements (also corroborated by [5] and [6]) indicate that CDMA voice users tend to operate in SHO mode almost half of the time, with an average of about 1.5 legs per call. In [10] diversity control exploits traffic redundancy, it can be a very effective congestion control technique by adapting to congestion without either increasing the frame error rate or blocking. III. FUTURE SCOPE The implementation makes few assumptions for the implementation of the two control mechanisms such as idle channel equal speed traffic balanced, burstiness etc.These assumptions hold well during algorithm evaluation but may deviate in its operation in real time scenario. An effort could be made to evaluate the performance considering these factors also. The proposed implementation is evaluated on apart of image and speech sample, an effort can be made to speed up the operation of this implementation in future.

    22

    International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering


    Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 1, Issue 1, November 2011) The algorithm can also be tried out with other communication system such as MC-CDMA, CSCDMA etc. The implementation can also be evaluated considering various channel parameters for real time evaluation .these implementation could be made to evaluate the performance of mobile ad-hoc network. IV. CONCLUSION The evolution of wireless communication for multi bit rate application has come down to integration of different technologies for efficient transmission of data over wireless network. In this paper, we studied the problem of congestion control in the IP RAN of a WCDMA wireless access network and examined three control techniques, called admission control, diversity control, and router control. This paper, review of different types of call admission control algo. is done. The aim of this research is to enhance the same algorithm with multiclass and multiservice user this paper realizes the two most advanced congestion control policies namely the Channel Admission Control and Router Control controlling in wireless network. For the evaluation of control algorithms a wireless network with WCDMA standard is adapted. A router interface is described as an intermediate interface between the source and destination to provide better services using an IP- enabled wireless. This algorithm is designed an incorporated with router architecture for the control of congestion at early stage. The controlled is achieved by floating the congestion level between minimum and maximum threshold. References[1] Nokia Launches Its IP Radio Access Network Concept IP
    RAN, http://press.nokia.com/PR/200002/, Feb. 2002.

    [6] S.Hong and I.-T. Lu,Soft Handoff Parameter Optimization in


    Various Propagation Environments, Technology Conf., 2001. Proc. Vehicular

    [7] S. Floyd and V. Jacobson, Random Early Detection Gateways


    for Congestion Avoidance, IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 397-413, Aug. 1993.

    [8] Shristop Lindemann, Marco Lohmann and Axel Thummler, ,


    Adaptive Call Admission Control for QoS/ Revenue Optimization in CDMA Cellular Networks, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wireless Networks 10,457-472,2004.

    [9]

    Yuguang Fang, Yi Zhang, Call Admission Control Schemes and Performance Analysis in Wireless Mobile Networks, IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology, vol 51, no. 2 March 2002. and Xin Wang, Congestion Control Policies for IP Based CDMA Radio Access Networks,IEEE transaction on mobile computing, vol 4, no 4, Jul/Aug,2005.

    [10] Sneha Kumar Kasera, Ramchandran Ramjee, Sandra R.Thuel

    [11] B. Sudhir Kumar Reddy, Call Admission and Control Schemes


    for QoS provisioning in Wireless Networks, MTech (IT), IITBombay, April 2004.

    [12] Jon M Peha and Arak Sutivong,Admissionn Control


    Algorithm for Cellular Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wireless Networks 7, 117-125, 2001.

    [13] Derong Liu, Yi Zhang and Sanqing Hu, Call Admission


    Policies on Calculated Power Control Setpoints in SIR- Based Power-Controlled DS-CDMA Cellular Networks, Wireless Networks 10,473-483, 2004.

    [14] Mohamed H. Ahmed and Halim Yanikomeroglu, SINR


    Threshold Lower Bound for SINR-based Call Admission Control in CDMA Networks with Imperfect Power ControlIEEE Communications Letters, Vol 9, no. 4, April 2005.

    [15] Yiannis

    Argyropoulos, Scott Jordan and Srikant P.R.Kumar,Dynamic Channel Allocation in InterferenceLimited Cellular Systems with Uneven Traffic Distribution, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol 48 no.1,1999. wireless.

    [16] JinFang Zhang, An adaptive handoff priority scheme for [17] Youssef Iraqi and Raouf Boutaba, A Novel Distributed Call
    Admission Control for Wireless NetworksACM,,WOWMOM 2000 . Mobile Multimedia

    [2] T. Bu, M.C. Chan, and R. Ramjee, Connectivity, Performance,


    and Resiliency of IP-Based CDMA Radio Access, Proc. IEEE Infocom 04, 2004.

    [3] [4]

    K. Maney, Future Not So Bright for Telecoms, USA Today, July 2002. B. Braden, D. Clark, J. Crowcroft , B. Davie, S. Deering, D. Estrin, S. Floyd, V. Jacobson, G. Minshall, C. Partridge, L. Peterson, K. Ramakrishnan, S. Shenker, J. Wroclawski, and L. Zhang, Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet, Request for Comments 2309, Network Working Group, Apr. 1998. M. Wallace and R. Walton, CDMA Radio Network Planning, Proc. Third Ann. Intl Conf. Universal Personal Comm., Sept. 1994.

    [18] Scott Shen, Chung-Ju Chang, Ching Yao Huang and Qi Bi,
    Intelligent Call Admission Control for Wideband CDMA Cellular Systems, IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, Vol 3. No 5, Sept 2004.

    [19] Lakkakorpi, J.Cuny, R.Nokia Technol. Platforms, Espoo


    Comparison of different active queue management mechanisms for 3G radio network controllers : IEEE wireless communication and networking conference.

    [5]

    [20] Xinxing ZhaoY.,uning Dong Hai-tao Zhao Zhang Hui Jiazhou


    Li Can Sheng Coll. of Comm. & Inf. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Posts & Telecommunication., Nanjing, China A real-time congestion control mechanism for multimedia transmission over 3G wireless networks January 2011.

    23

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