Exercises On Etymology

WWXXXXXXXXXXXX; V VV VV V "
P.ROLANDI. 75171
FOREIGN BOOKSELLER I SELLER.
XV A A A A. A A. / A. XV V V A V" V V A A A V A A. A
'" ,
%-
CIRCULATING 20.8ERNERSSTT SSTT

'"' LONDON.
Jl
mto's
Now
issued, strongly
tarn.
bound in Cloth :
Directories.
Infant Treatment
,.
Geography.
Geographical Primer England, Geographical Text-book Scotland do do do Scripture Geography General Treatise on Geography,
a.
fi
o
of..O
Education
9
10 10
English. Narrative Series of Standard Heading Books, adapted to the Revised Code Infant School Primer 1J .0 6 Standard I Standard TI 8 _.
Stai
LARGE SCHOOL-ROOM MAPS

(5 feet 2 inchet long, ty 4 /eel ( inchti broad.)
England
mounted
Star
Stai Stai
Elc: 23
12 12 12 12 12 12
12
12 12 18
Fin
Seci
,
Sim Rue Les MOJ Con Gra Gra Ety

Elo Enj
lished,
at
2s.
extra.
oodn
Os.)
Case
(10
Maps, 1 16
ntaining 9 quarto
,.2
Presented
to the
turning 15 quarto
adern
Wr
LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

by
& Ancient
10
lining 34 quarto
with Index
FAMILY MAPS; A. K. Johnston.

2 feet 3 incha broad.)
'estern
Hemisphere,
Cop
Fir Sec Dre
;land, Europe, Asia, lan and Palestine
MRS. H. M. EERGU30N
COM, 4, 4. ; or 5.] United States f the World. Each

u<l
.shed,
g I
Me An
Iso
story.
..2 ..3
r;
C
r,
On
e
..3
Ancient..
2 story of the <5i Instructive 2
Sty Ore
ary
Working Drawings and

Steam-Engines,
Illustrations of
4to,
in a sheet 25 by 20 inches .............. 1 Details of
Arithmetic
& Mathematics.
1
sewed ............ ]
Machine and Mill
Gearing, 4to, sewed ....................... 1
Introduction to Arithmetic Arithmetic, Advanced Treatise Key to Arithmetic
2
'J
..
..
..
(XXXXXX) .AAAAAAA/
(XXXXXXXX) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX) XXXXXXXX) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx YYVV
':
'
'
:'
':
:'
': :'
'; :'
': :'
';
:'
'; :'
'",
:'
':
:'
:'
'';
;'
'.'-.
;'
':
A-
' :"' ;'
'
'
-"'
'
-''
"-
-""'
**
'
''
'''''"'"'
"'-
'
-'"'
-'"*'
A AA A. A A
Slxxx;>
; :
:xx;Sxxxxxxxxxxx>o
tfjamtars's
^
CONTINUED.
,.
tars*
d
6 3 3
6
Arithmetic & Mathematics.
Book-Keeping by 8. and D. Entry ....1 1 by Single Entry , two Ruled Books for S. Entry.l two Ruled Books for D. Entry. 1 3 Algebra 2 Key to Algebra and Problems in Algebra Exercises
,
Science. ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCIENCE ; prepared W. <fc A. K. Johnston. by

Designed to
&c.,
illustrate Natural Philosophy, mounted with rollers and cloth to hang on the walls of School-rooms: namely 1. Properties of Bodies. 2. Mechanical
3.
Powers.
S.
Hydrostatics
4.
Hydraulics.
With Answers
2
1
Without Answers
Plane Geometry Key to Plane Geometry
Physiology, Plate I. These Sheets are accompanied with Diafrrams and Descriptive Book each 10 And may be had varnished, at 23. extra.
.
The
Explicit Euclid,
ft.
2 2 2
1
Latin.
6 C
With copious English Notes and
Prefaces.
Geometrical Chart measuring 3 4 inches by 2 feet 4 inches Solid and Spherical Geometry
Practical Mathematics Key to Practical Mathematics
6
6 G
U
Ruddiman's Latin Rudiments Latin Grammar, Elementary , Advanced

Latin Exercises, Elementary
,
o 10
1
(3
(
3
1
4
3 3
Advanced
6 6
6
Mathematical Tables
Science.
Sciences, Introduction to the
Key to Advanced Latin

Phxdrus's Fables
Exercises ....2
1
Nepos
Csesar.
1
2
2
1
Sallust
10
Matter and Motion, Laws Mechanics

Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Acoustics Optics
of.
1
Quintus Curtius
Ovid.,
.3
<5tc
10
1
1
Horace
Virgil.
In
Two Vols
Astronomy
Electricity
1
1 1
Livy. Cicero
3 each. ..3 3
3
Meteorology. Natural Philosophy,

,
Volume 1 Volume II
adapted
3 3
Latin and English Dictionary Latin-English Part English-Latin Part
5
1
6
SCIENTIFIC CHARTS
Educational Course
German.
Edited by
to the Scientific Treatises in the
Dr Aue, German Master in

School of Edinburgh.
the High
1
(5
each Chart
measuring 40 by 27 inches, and

containing upwards of 20 pictorial
illustrations.
German Reading Book Second German Reading Book German Grammar, Elementary
First
6
2
1
(i
I]
Sheet
//
1.
Laws
2. 3.
of Matter Mechanics
&
Motion. ..1
1 1
Advanced Phrase-Book, English-German

:,
3
1
6
<;
Do
sheet
Othen in courte of preparation.
6 U
(i
German and English

German
Each
The
mounted on rollers 4 mounted & varnished..5
7 Dictionary 4 German-English Part English-German Part ....4 Synonyms, Dictionary of....l
illustrations are of a popular character, so as to be intelligi' ,e to beginners; an.l the Sheets thcmselv, will be found suitable both for the Si hool-room and
;
Minor Educational Course.

For Use in
1.
the
Humbler Class of Schools.

2
u
(i
:.'
Chemistry, by Professor AVilson Geology Zoology Animal Physiology Vegetable Physiology

Political
2. 3.
Introduction to Reading Reading Lessons Arithmetical Primer
:>
2
1 1
6
6
4.
5.
Key
6.
to ditto
Grammatical Primer Outlines of Geography

History
o
n
2
:'
Economy
*** Other Works in preparation.

W. and R. CHAMBERS,
47 Paternoster
Row, London, and 339 High
Street,
Edinburgh.
(XXX
/vvvvvvvvvvvv
'
CUAMBER&S EDUCATIONAL COURSE EDITED
BY
W.
AND
R.
CHAMBERS.
EXEECISES
ETYMOLOGY.
BY WILLIAM GRAHAM,
LL.D.,
f'OR
TKACHER, NAVAL AND MILITARY ACADEMY, SCOTTISH INSTITUTION THE JEDUCATION OF YOUNG LADIES, &C.
WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, LONDON AND EDINBURGH.
PREFACE.
THE English tongue presents so great a variety of elements, that the study of its Etymology affords an acquaintance with many other languages, tending to familiarise the student not only with modern
German one branch of the same Teutonic family as that to which English belongs but also with Greek and Latin and with French, Spanish, and Italian, which the dead languages originally
helped to form.
have been successfully made of late to render the Greek inviting to the pupil, by a knowledge of Latin roots existing in English words but as yet little has been done in school-books to make the existence of Teutonic words in
Many
efforts
access to Latin and
our language available for ascertaining the roots of Saxon-English words, and for familiarising the memory with the kindred words of the modern German. This want is attempted to be supplied
in the present volume.
But Etymology should harejhigher aims.
JttLShould-ejcliibit
the
roots bT a language which has long since ceasd,.laJje jspoieu ; and, connecting these with those of other vanished tongues, lead
to the recognition of a
language the
common
parent of many others,

1
and to the confirmation of the truth of one primitive language Etymology should also point out the similar character of all lingual changes a similarity arising from the common nature of man. These subjects have occupied the attention of eminent modern philologists and in few departments of science or literature have such instructive discoveries been lately made as in those which
.
concern the transmigration of languages. The Exercises and Extracts in this volume, therefore, have been so arranged, as to lay the basis of such habits of inquiry as will lead the learner into
the right track of general, as well as of philological, investigation.
IV
PREFACE.
Throughout the work, therefore, illustrations and examples are chosen of a nature to awaken the reflective faculties of the youthful mind, and to create in it a desire for something beyond the dry
formality of arbitrary rules. In the Latin Derivation, the exercises are given in the form of short sentences. This is by no means a common mode but in
;
schools, it is of consequence that every lesson should be precisely determined, and so arranged that each pupil may have a sentence or two to explain. Moreover, a mere vocabulary of defined
Latinised-English words would not show their proper value ; for the use of a word can only be explained by associating it with other words. This association is, in the first lessons, made with
Saxon-English, which, being the vernacular part of our language, the pupil is supposed to understand. As the lessons proceed,
words of Latin
origin, previously explained, are employed, as so that the teacher can connecting the new words introduced make the pupil explain not merely the new word (over which the figure of reference is placed), but the words which were learned
;
some time before
thus giving, in a
new
lesson, the
advantage of
frequent revisal. To illustrate the advantage of this plan, let it be supposed that the scholar reads from an alphabetical list of words that implore
is
Some days
derived from ploro, I wail, and signifies, to ask with wailing. or weeks after he comes to morsel, and reads that the
;
origin of that word is mordeo, I bite next he meets with pilgrim, and sees that it comes from per, through, and ager, a field. But it
is
moranda
a question whether he will be able to retain these separate mein his mind so effectually as when the words are pre-
sented to
him thus
The
1
1 2 pilgrim implored a morsel3 of bread.
Ager, a field
2
;
ploro, I wail
3
;
mordeo, I bite.
It
may be said, that in all the books which a boy uses at school, a similar association of words takes place but ordinary sentences do not present the same root in so many combinations, nor are
;
they constructed, as is frequently the case in this work, for Thus, in special purpose of eliciting the meanings of words. " To a mind like yours, distracted with so many cares, sentence, following extract from a very attracting story may be welcome,"
the the the

the
word
*'Tk
traho
is is
exhibited in three combinations.
In the sentence,
ant
a provident animal, and lays in provision for winter."
PREFACE.
the
word
video is not only exhibited in
two meanings, but the
origin of the
provision, as expressing store laid up in prospect " of want, is necessarily pointed out. The in the sentence,
word
And
CONSEQUENCE
will be, that
he will become a
man
of CONSEQUENCE,"
the pupil is constrained, by the very position of these words, to reason on that process which can force the same word to have
significations apparently irreconcilable.
By composing sentences of my own, I gain the advantage of crowding into one a greater portion of Latinised-English than can be found in other compositions. Thus, in the following sentence,
The veterans reposed on the verdant turf, and, protected from the fervent solar ray by the dense foliage of the oak, narrated with the
garrulity of age,
"
days," there are Latin.
and the jocundity of soldiers, the tales of other no fewer than fourteen words derived from the
The derivatives from the Greek are arranged alphabetically; partly on account of the difficulty of mixing up many sentences of Greek derivatives, and partly because of the little variation
which they undergo by means of prefixes. This is the less to be regretted, as, by the time the pupil arrives at them, he will have become so expert in ascertaining the meanings of words, as to pick up the Greek with comparative ease.
Derivation.
Is using this work, the Teacher may proceed at once to the Latin The list of Saxon words is given for the benefit of of
those Teachers
Derivation
who may not have devoted much time to Northern whom the number is much greater than of those
who have
enabled,
neglected the Classic Tongues.
They
will soon
is
be
when teaching the Latin Derivation
which
mixed up
with Saxon-English to make frequent reference to the origin of our native English, and thus much of" it may be communicated
incidentally. It is of great consequence that the pupils, in going
through the
Latin Derivation, should give
explanations of the words marked with figures. If they are permitted to give merely a synonymous word perhaps obtained by consulting a dictionary
literal
the great object of the Exercises is lost. The pupils should be taught to go over the first lesson (page 76) in this way.
"
Pupil.
Among the conspirators were several aspirants to the throne." Among the breathers together were several who breathed
patriot
is
after the throne.
"
The
is
inspired with the love of country, and for its
good
ready to expire."
Pupil.
spirit,
The lover of his country is breathed into, filled as with ;i with the love of country, and for its good is ready to breathe
out,
or to die.
The List of Roots, annexed to each Lesson, should be thorough! v committed to memory. It is almost needless to advert to the necessity of the pupil becoming perfectly familiar with the prefixes before advancing far into the Latin Derivation.
EXEECISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
INTRODUCTORY.
is a comEnglish language, as spoken in the present day, Its basis is the Anglo-Saxon position of various languages. the language of the Angles, one of the tribes of that Saxon
THE
confederacy, which, about the beginning of the sixth century, supplanted the Celtic inhabitants of Britain, and drove them The incursions of into the mountains of Wales and Scotland. the Danes into England, and their settlement in several parts, made little alteration on the Anglo-Saxon, as the Danish tribes were kindred with the Saxon, being descendants of In the eleventh century, the same great Gothic family. the Normans, or North-men, another kindred tribe, who had, two centuries before, seized and possessed that part of France
since called
Normandy, subdued England. They brought with them the French language, which, in the course of time, they
settled.
had adopted from the people amongst whom they had been This they continued, in England, to use in common discourse, and in schools and courts of law, for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet as they were not so numerous as the Saxon population, the old language finally prevailed ; and though many French words found their way into the English, the bulk of the language continued to be Saxon. The French tongue being founded on the Latin, its introduction caused the infusion of a great number of Latin words into our language ; afterwards, as Roman literature was studied, a great number of other Latin terms were introduced into It is in some measure possible to distinguish the English. Latin introduced through the French, by the words being more changed in their form than the other Latin terms which were adopted directly by the learned. From the addition of so many Latin words, a species of double language has been formed the Saxon English, which we commonly employ in conversation, and the Latinised English, which is principally employed in learned composition. Mixed, however, as the two are, each language preserves an idiomatic character ; for, with few exceptions, the prefixes and affixes of the one cannot be conjoined with the words of the other.
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
further addition has been made to the English by the introduction of Greek words. This has been going on since the commencement of the study of Greek literature in the sixteenth century. As we had Latin through the French, we had unconsciously many Greek words through the Latin, which may be regarded as a variety of the Greek. The words which we have received immediately from the Greek are comparatively few, with the exception of terms of art and science, which are now extensively taken from that language. When we look back to the early history of our language, it may be said that we see it approaching our country in two great but unequal streams, one of which comes from the shores of the Baltic, while the other, leaving Greece, passes along the shores of the Mediterranean, and finally reaches us through France. When we look to the more recent history of our language, we see great additions made to it by the adoption of words from the literature of Greece and Rome. It is sufficient, however, for all common purposes, to describe the English as mainly composed of Saxon and Latin. Though the Celtic inhabitants, or Britons, are said to have been expelled by the Saxons, some of their words have been left in our language. The names of rivers, mountains, and other natural objects, in England as well as in Scotland, are generally Celtic, and the names of many places are founded on terms in the same language. As in the case of the Latin passing into the English through the French, we have words of Celtic origin through the French, France having been at one time widely inhabited by Celtic tribes. In many of the names of places in France, Spain, and Italy, the Celtic is also still discernible. Descendants of the Celts, more or less unmixed, still exist in the centre and south of Ireland, the north of Scotland, in Wales, Cornwall, and Armorica, a district in the west of France. In all of these districts, except Cornwall, varieties of their The following table shows original language are still spoken. how these various branches of Celtic are connected :
CELTIC LANGUAGE.
Ancient Gaulish (partly composAncient British,
|
KXKRCISES ON ETYMOLOGY. >

1
t
(B
O
"
E
n
<
tr
Cfi
ll
>
ff
II
E.
<r-
?
"1 1
5
re
re
g.
II
EXKRCISES OX ETYMOLOGY.
SAXON ETYMOLOGY.
The Anglo-Saxon, as has been already stated, forms the The greater number of the basis of the English language. words in common use belong to that tongue, and by these alone it is possible to express most of our ideas with clearness and precision. Many of our most correct and elegant prosewriters have adhered closely to the Saxon idiom, and the
greatest of our poets have made it the vehicle of their happiest " and noblest effusions. " If we examine," says Ingram, the most simple specimens of written language, or that which is used in our colloquial intercourse with each other on ordinary occasions, we shall find the average Saxon words to be no
fewer than eight out of ten, or, on the most moderate compuIndeed, the learned Dr Hickes tation, fifteen out of twenty. has already observed, that of fifty-eight words of which the Lord's Prayer is composed, noirmore than three words are of Gallo-Norman introduction, and of those two are corruptions from the Latin, which cannot be said of the Saxon. The remaining fifty-five are immediately and originally derivable
from the Anglo-Saxon." That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great
proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. words not Saxon are marked in Italics.
The
WICKLIFFE.
Here ye ; lo, a man sowinge goith out to so\ve, and the while he sovveth sum seed fel aboute the weye, and briddis of hevene camen and eeten it. Other felde doun on stony places where it hadde not myche erthe, and anoon it sprong up, for it hadde not depnesse of erthe, and whanne the sunne roos up it welewide for hete, and it driede up, for it hadde no roote. And other fel doun into thornes ; and thornes sprungen up and strangliden it, and it gaf not fruyt. And others felde doun into good lond and it gaf fruyt, spryngyng up arid wexinge, and oon broughte thritty fold, and oon sixty fold, and oon an hundrid fold.
:
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our With loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us and regain the blissful seat
Sing, heavenly muse.
woe,,
With thee conversing, I forget all time, All seasons, and their change ; all please alike. Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, With charm of earliest birds ; pleasant the sun When first on this delightful land he spreads
His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower, Glistering with dew ; fragrant the fertile earth, After soft showers ; and sweet the coming on Of grateful evening mild ; then silent night With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon, And these the gems of heaven, her starry tram.
SHAKSPERE.
To be, or not to be, that is the question ; Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And, by opposing, end them 2 To die, to sleep No more and by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks
;
I
That
flesh is heir to 'twere a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die ; to sleep ; To sleep ? perchance to dream All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players ;
!
!
And
They have
one
man
their exits and their entrances, in his time plays many parts ;
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling and puking in his nurse's arms. And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth.
;
TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form., and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light ; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good ; and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. Genesis, i. 1 6. And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau, his eldest And he said unto him, Beson, and said unto him, My son. hold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison ; and make me savoury meat, such that my soul as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat
:
;
And Rebekah heard when Isaac bless thee before I die. spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt And Rebekah spake unto Jacob for venison, and to bring it.
may
her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my
death.
Genesis, xxvii. 1
7.
THOMSON.
These as they change, Almighty Father these The rolling year Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasing spiing Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love. Wide flush the fields the softening air is balm ; Echo the mountains round ; the forest smiles And every sense and every heart is joy. Then comes thy glory in the summer months, With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun
!
Are but the varied God.
Shoots full perfection through the swelling year.

ADDISON.
walking in the open fields, till the night insensibly fell upon me. I at first amused myself with all the richness and variety of colours which appeared in the western parts of heaven. In proportion as they faded away
I
was yesterday, about
sunset,
and went out, several stars and planets appeared, one after another, till the whole firmament was in a glow. The blueness of the ether was exceedingly heightened and enlivened by the
unison of the year.
Every man being conscious to himself that he thinks, and that which his mind is applied about whilst thinking being the ideas that are there, it is past doubt, that men have in their minds several ideas. Such as are those expressed by the
words, whiteness, hardness, sweetness, thinking, motion, man, army, drunkenness, and others. It is in the first I know place, then, to be inquired, how he comes by them I it is a received doctrine that men have native ideas and original
elephant,
characters stamped
upon
their
minds
in their very first being.
Let Indians, and the gay, like Indians, fond
Of feather'd fopperies, the sun adore Darkness has more divinity for me
;
thought inward ; it drives back the soul on herself, our point supremeThere lies our theatre : there sits OUT judge. Darkness the curtain drops o'er life's dull scene : 'Tis the kind hand of Providence stretch'd out 'Twixt man and vanity ; 'tis reason's reign, And virtue's too ; these tutelary shades Are man's asylum from the tainted throng. IMight is the good man's friend, and guardian too. It no less rescues virtue, than inspires.
It strikes
To
settle
a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last cost to dig out. 'Tis a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, the homelier, and the coarser coat ; and whereof, to a judicious palate, the maggots are the best. 'Tis a sack posset, wherein the deeper you go you will find it the sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with judgment, may cost you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worm.
is
Wisdom
you the pains
ROBERTSON.
This great emperor, in the plenitude of his power, and in possession of all the honours which can flatter the heart of man, took the extraordinary resolution to resign his kingdom, and to withdraw entirely from any concern in business or the affairs of this world, in order that he might spend the remainder of his days in retirement and solitude. Diocletian is perhaps the only prince, capable of holding the reins of government, who ever resigned them from deliberate choice, and who continued during many years to enjoy the tranquillity of retirement,
12
without fetching one penitent sigh, or casting back one look of desire towards the power or dignity which he had abandoned.
HUME.
and graces of her air combined the most amiable of women ; and the charms of her address and conversation aided the impression which her lovely figure made on the heart of all beholders. Ambitious and active in her temper, yet inclined to cheerfulness and society; of a lofty spirit, constant and even vehement in her purpose, yet politic, gentle, and affable, in her demeanour, she seemed to partake only so much of the ma/e virtues as to render her estimable, without relinquishing those soft graces which compose the proper ornament of her se#.
The
beauties of her person
to
make her
GIBBON.
era, the empire of 2?oze comprehended the fairest 7>ar of the earth, and the most civilised portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valour. The </en/e but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence. JOHNSON.
In the second century of the Christian
"s, that power which constitutes & poet ; that quality without which judgment is cold, and knowledge is i?je?' y that
energy which collects, combines, amplifies, and animates; the superiority must, with some hesitation, be allowed to Dryden. It is not to be inferred that of this poetical vigour Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more ; for every other writer since Milton must give jo/ace to Pope y and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better poems.
BYRON.
Ancient of days ! august Athena ! where, Where are thy men of might thy grand in soul * Gone glimmering through the dream of things that were.
A *cAoo/-boy's tale
First in the race that led to Glory's goal, They won, and passed away. Is this the
whole
the wonder of an hour ! The warrior's weapon and the sophist's stole Are sought in vain, and o'er each mouldering tower, Dim with the mist of years, grey flits the shade of power.
13
From these quotations it will be seen that the bulk of the English is Anglo-Saxon, and that he who would become thoroughly acquainted with its structure must study that language and the cognate languages of Gothic descent. It has been calculated that the English language, as now spoken, consists of thirty-eight thousand words, of which about twentythree thousand, or five-eighths, are of Saxon origin : the rest being mainly composed of Latin and Greek, the former in much " From such the greater proportion. instances," says Sharon " we form an idea of the power of the Saxon Turner, may language, but by no means a just idea ; for we must not conclude that the words which are not Saxon could not be supOn the contrary, Saxon terms might plied by Saxon words. be substituted for almost all the words not marked as Saxon." " was the " Great, verily," says Camden, glory of our tongue before the Norman conquest, in this that the old English could express most aptly all the conceptions of the mind in their own tongue, without borrowing from any."
WORDS PRINCIPALLY OF GOTHIC
ORIGIN.
The following lists exhibit the derivation of many of the most generally used English words. It has not been thought proper merely to place the English word beside the Saxon, as the presenting of one name for another, unless in a modern tongue, would be a comparatively useless exercise ; but the root in the Saxon is frequently given, and is traced from the parent Gothic, or shown to exist in kindred descendants of the Gothic, such as the Icelandic, &c. The corresponding word in the German has been given, as the English pupil may thus acquire a great number of German words ; and his progress in that language, which is daily becoming more an object of study in this country, be thus greatly facilitated. The prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs, have been given in separate lists before the general vocabulary, in order that the student may be enabled to per-
ceive at one view that process of to these classes of Avords.
abridgment which
is
common
PREPOSITIONS PRINCIPALLY FROM THE SAXON. About from boda, extremity or boundary. Some derive word from bout (French), an end.
this
Above, upon, up, ovei*. Ufa (Anglo-Saxon), high ; ufera, over or upper ; ufemcest., uppermost. Auf (German), boven (Dutch).
14
After
comparative of aft. gein sta (Gothic), standing opposite. Along on length. Amid on middian, in the middle. Among maengan, to mix. Around from round. At ad (Latin), to. Athwart thweorian, to wrest or twist.
Against
abattre (French), to beat down. be, the imperative of beon, to be. Before, behind, below, beneath, besides, between
Bating
By Saxon
made up of the imperative be and hind, low, neath, sides, twain. Betwixt from the imperative be and twos (Gothic), two. But from beon-utan, to be out. Concerning from cerno (Latin), I see. On the same principle, Respecting -from specio, I see ; and Regarding from regarder (French), to look at.
Down from dufen, to dip. During from durus (Latin), hard. Except from ex, out of, and capio (Latin), I take. For fromfairina (Gothic), cause. From from /rum, beginning, original, source, author.
Figs come from Turkey
;
figs
come
beginning Turkey.
In connected with inna, a cave. An inn, a house of reception. Near from the Anglo-Saxon adjective nih, the comparative of which forms near, and the superlative next. Of from afora, progeny. On on (Gothic). Out ut (Gothic). This word may be traced in many formations, thus utter, oust, jut, put, butt, &c. Past from the verb to pass. Since from sithan (Gothic), after that. According to Tooke, sithan or sithence means seen and thenceforward. Through from dauro (Gothic), a door. Till compounded of to and while. To as from denotes beginning, to denotes, according to Tooke, termination, and is derived from the Gothic substantive tani, The Latin ad, to, is derived by Tooke, on the act, effect. same principle, from actum, the past participle ofagere, to act.
Touching present participle of to touch. Towards from wardian, to look at. Under from on-neder, or nether. With from withan, to join.
CONJUNCTIONS.
15
and so. And from anad, the imperative of anan, to give. As Tooke makes this word an article, meaning
Also
all
it,
that, or
which. But the imperative of botan, to boot, to superadd.
Because from be and cause. Either aithwar, eitt-twar (Gothic), one of two. Or and other probably connected with it. Else from alesan, to dismiss. If from gif, imperative of gifan, to give. This is Tooke's derivation ; by others it has been traced from a Gothic root,
signifying even. Lest from lesan, to dismiss. Since from neon, to see.
Still from stellan, to put. So from the Gothic article sa or so, signifying it or that. That from thean, to get, to take, or to assume. Then, and the article the also from thean. Though from thaf, the past participle of thafian, to allow. Yet from get, the past participle of getan, to get.
Therefore, wherefore, likewise, &c., are of obvious derivation.
ADVERBS.
The common
Asunder
Astray
adverbial termination,
;
ly,
is
a corruption of
is
lihe
goodly, goodlike.
sondrian, to separate
sand,
what
separated.
from to stray. Awry from writhan, to writhe. Enough genaeg (Dutch), from genoegen, to content. Lief from lufian, to love. Farewell from faran, to go, and well.
" So on he fares, and
to the border
comes
of
Eden."
MILTON.
Halt
from healdan,
imperative of
to hold.
Lo
look.
Perhaps
by
or through haps.
lyft
Aloft, or loft
(Saxon), the
air.
Ought wiht (Saxon), a point or jot ; a whit, or one whit. Nought na wiht. More connected, according to Tooke, with a mow or heap.
Rather
from rath (Saxon), soon
I
;
comparative, rather, sooner.
had rather go myself ;
had sooner go myself.
" The quick and the dead." Quickly from cwic, alive. Alone all-one. Only, one-like.
16
in one
in one instant. from a verb of northern extraction, signifying
;
Anon
Ay, or yea
possess.
to
But, as a conjunction, derived from botan, to boot, or to superadd. Occasion might be taken here to notice that the same word cannot be employed as belonging to more than one of the parts of speech. The word but does not form an exception , for but, the conjunction, is of a different extraction from but, the preposition. The former was formerly written bot ; and in some parts of Scotland it is still pronounced bot as a conjunction, and but as a preposition. The word that is sometimes called a conjunction, sometimes a relative pronoun, and sometimes a demonstrative. If the sentence in which it occurs is analysed, it will be found to be always a demonstrative. The derivation of prepositions, conjunctions, &c., is useful in explaining to the pupil the real nature of these parts of speech that they are originally nouns or verbs. This may be done at a pretty early stage in teaching. In fact, with regard to prepositions, unless they are referred to verbs, no distinct idea can be conveyed of their force. The verbal form of many of the prepositions such as regarding, during, &c. readily suggests to the mind of the pupil their real meaning, and prepares him to admit the derivation of those which are not so obvious. The similarity of the derivation in regarding, respecting, and con"I cerning, should be pointed out. spoke regarding, or respecting, or concerning him" that is, looking at him.
PREFIXES AND TERMINATIONS DERIVED FROM THE SAXON.

Dael
part.
a part; the modern termination die; middle, the mid

or
Dom,
dome
judgment, sentence, ordinance, decree

office,
t
composition denotes power,
in ; quality, condition, &c. ;
En and
king, kingdom, &c. ed,* and by contraction
from an, to give.

:
* The difference of meaning between the primitive noun and the adjective derived from it, terminating in en, is commonly thus explained
NOUN.
ADJECTIVE.
Wood, the substantive wood. Wooden, made of wood. Now, it is evident that all the difference between the words wood and wooden must reside in the syllable en. And this syllable does not mean made of, as the common explanation implies, but give,
add, join, &c. It gives no additional meaning to the word, but simply denotes that its meaning, in that place, is incomplete till some other word is added to it. Thus, I may say, " Men love gold,' and proceed no further ; but if I say, " Men love golden" the "sentence evidently wants something to be added. The question is " Golden what ?" Answer " Golden watches, golden treasures," &c. ; literally gold adit watches ; gold add treaaures.
1 ''
17
Er
from wer, a man, denotes a person.
In modern language
this is er, ar, or, &c. Er in the comparative degree often spelt in
or,
Saxon ar,
er, aer,
&c., is still the same word, originally signifying ere, before, in point of time ; and thence, by an easy gradation, Est, in the superlative degree before, in point of quality. often spelt (test, ist, ost, &c., is in each form the same word,
and signifying
first
originally, like er, applicable to time,
but secondarily to quality. Our English words before and first are equally used in both these senses. Ern from eern, a place ; signifies towards, thus, southern, towards the south. Full the fill, plenty. Had, hade sex, person, order, office, quality, kind, &c. It is the modern termination hood or head. Ig and ic from ican, to eke, to increase, or add. The modern termination y is derived from ig, g being by the Saxons frequently pronounced y. in Saxon generally denoted nation ; it is the origin of the Isc modern ish, which sometimes denotes kind, and sometimes
degree, as in coldish. This is the Leas, lease the perfect tense of leosan, to lose. modern termination, less. Ling in Saxon, is a frequent ending of patronymic nouns ; in composition now it has a diminishing force, as in stripling,
Mis
Ness
youngling, witling, darling. implies error or defect. a termination signifying condition, which, added to an adjective, changes it into a substantive ; from a Gothic word
as in forbear, forbid. in composition denotes property, ;
office,
meaning property. For signifies from, against, Hie, rice a kingdom, realm
as bishop, bishopric.
Scip,
scyp
a shape, form, action,

;
&c.
This
is
the
modern termination ship. Sum, sume some a part or portion of a thing. Wise mode, manner, way ; as in likewise.
GENERAL VOCABULARY.
Abode
bide. Some derive this word from but or bit (Arabic or Persian), to pass the night. Acorn aecern (Saxon), oak-corn. Acre a measure of ground ; cecer (Saxon), acker (German).
from bidan (Saxon), to
18
natter
Adder a venomous reptile ; from cettrene (Saxon), (German). Addle rotten from ata (Gothic), to defile.
;
Aerie
the nest of a bird of prey ; also, the brood itself; from ey (Teutonic), an egg; ag (Saxon), ei (German). il from adlian (Saxon), to be sick. Ague from agin (Gothic), fear, trembling ; ajur (Icelandic). Ajar leaning to one side ; judur (Gothic), aside. Ale probably from aelan (Saxon), to burn, that which inflames. It is remarkable that the Greek word zuthos, a drink made from barley, should be derived from aithos, heat.
Allow
Aloof
to permit ; from lofian (Saxon), to praise (French), from laudo (Latin), to praise.
all off.
allouer
Ambush Amount
Anger
lying in wait;
to
among
bushes; bois (French), a wood.
mount
to.
rage ; ange (Saxon), arger (German), angst (German), vexation, anguish. Ango (Latin), I choke. Angle to fish with a hook; ungeln (German) ; from angel, a
hook.
Anneal
to
temper
glass or
metal
analan (Saxon)
from
el,
eld (Gothic), fire.
Answer
Atone
a reply; andswer (Gothic), antwoord (Belgic), counto

;
ter-speech.
make at one, according to some ; una (Gothic), aduno (Latin), to unite. Auburn of a brown or burnt colour. Awkward inelegant perhaps from to thwart, or from aewerd (Saxon), compounded of ae, adversative, and ward.
favour
;
Award
Awe
Awn
Bait
to adjudge the worth. fear ; aga (Gothic), oga (Saxon),
a covering or hull
;
hauln (Gothic),
awe (Danish). hiillen (German),

;
to cover. to feed
To
bait also
means
from bitan (Saxon), to bite hence, to batten. to put food in the way for the purpose of
tempting.
Baking
fire
;
from bak (Gothic), fire, signifies to harden at the hence, beacon, a signal originally by fire. Bale to throw out water from a ship. Eaile (French), balga (Swedish), a pail. Bale a round package ; from ball ; hence, balloon. Band a tie; frombii.d; hence, bond, bound, bunch, bundle, and bent, a kind of -rass used for binding. Bandy crooked ; from to bend. It signifies also a crooked bat for striking a ball ; hence, to bandy words, to throw back.
'
Bargain
liJ
borgian (Saxon), to lend, to borrow; berga (Gothic), Some derive borough from borh (Saxon), a pledge the members of a borough being pledged to each other. Bark bergen (German), to save, to hide. Harbour, a place of shelter ; from the same. Baron a lord ; from bar (old German), a man ; ver (Icelandic),
to secure.
vir (Latin).
Barter
exchange
from braetan (Gothic),
Bask
with
Bass
to lie in the sun. bake. From the
to change. Basa, bada (Gothic), heat, connected same word, bath, which signified ori-
ginally hot water.
a rush-mat ; bics (Belgic), a rush ; hence, also, besom. Besenreis (German), twig for making a broom ; reis (German), twig, shoot, or sprig. Bat something to strike or beat with ; hence, also, beetle. Bay a part of the sea round which the land bends ; bige
word are bough, bow, bosom, bight. To beckon, to make a sign by bending the hand. Hence, a bout, a trial, a round buckle, a ring for fastening ; bague (French), a ring ; bugan (Saxon), biegen and beugen (German), to bend. Bead a small globe of glass, &c. ; boed (Saxon), prayer. The number of prayers were counted by beads. Beaker a cup with a beak ; becher (German), a cup. Beef from boeuf (French), an ox. Begin gynnan (Saxon), to go in compounded of ga-inna. Behave from to have, signifying to possess one's self ; hence,
; ;
(Saxon), baai (Belgic), bugt (Dutch).
In
affinity
with this
also, behove, to
be proper.
long,
Behold Belong
perty.
to hold in view.
from
length of possession constituting prowill

;
Bequeath
to leave
by
cwcelhan (Saxon), to say
hence,
also, quoth.
Berry from to bear. Bet wed (Saxon), a pledge; hence, wager; hence,
also, to
<
wed, to pledge love. Bier from to bear ; what the dead are borne on ; hence, also, barrow. Bit from to bite. In the same way, morceau in French, from mordre; hence, also, bitter. Blank and bleach from blcecan (Saxon), to fade. Blanc
Bleak Blend
(French), white ; hence, blankets. connected with black. Blak (Teutonic), ink. to mix; bland (Gothic), many ; hence, blunder, confusion. These words have also been derived from blind. Bless to wish happy ; blithsian (Saxon), to make biithe.
20
Blink
to shut the eye, to wink ; bit/a (Gothic), to shine ; blyna, to obscure. Boast bogan (Saxon), to use a bow, to boast. person who vaunts is said to draw a long bow. Jactare (Latin), to shoot,
Book
has the same extension of meaning. derived, according to some, from beech ; the beech-tree being used as paper by the Goths. Others derive it from bugan, to bend or fold ; referring to the folded leaves of the
parchment.
Boon
a favour, a prayer
ban (Icelandic), ben (Saxon).
Boor a clown ; beorman (Saxon), a cultivator; bauer (German), bcoran, to bear. Boot a covering for the leg; bottes (Welsh), a shoe; botte
(French).
Boot profit bot (Saxon) hence, better and best. Booth a stall bade (Saxon), a dwelling ; hence, bude (Saxon), from bwa (Gothic), to build ; hence, also, the termination
; ;
;
buttle in the
names of places.
Bread
Break
made of brayed or ground corn. connected with this word are bray, breach, &c. brook, a rivulet, a broken stream. Bracken, a fern, according
what
is
To break
ask.
to Skinner, to
what breaks easily. come to an explanation
breka (Icelandic), to
Bridle
Brown
a bit with reins ; bitol (Saxon) ; ol (Gothic), a strap. connected with to burn ; hence, brand, to mark with fire ; brindled, variegated by fire ; and brandy (branntwein, brand, a /laming sword ; to branGerman), burnt wine. dish, to wave a brand, or sword.
Brogue bro-aeg (Welsh), country speech. Brunt vehemence ; brennen (German), to burn. Buff a put off ; from be off.
Bulk bolg (Gothic) hence, big, bulge. Burden a load, from to bear. Burganet armour for the head ; beorgan (Saxon),
;
to defend,
and heafod, the head.
Bury
to hide; beorgan (Saxon), bergen (German), to protect, to conceal. barrow, a tumulus where the dead have been interred ; or from berg (German), a hill. To burrow, to make holes in the ground. But end, mark ; but (Swedish), butt (Teutonic), bout
(French). Butler boutillier (French), one who has the charge of bottles. Butterfly buter-flege (Saxon) ; but (Gothic), large, and fleye,
fly-
Bye
good-bye
good be with you.
Cajole
21
goela (Gothic), fraud ; hence, gull, guile, and wile. Cark anxiety; from care; hence, also, chary. Karg (German), penurious. Char a kind of red trout cear (Icelandic), red.
;
Charwoman
literally,
;
woman
that scours
scheurn (Ger-
man), to scour scheurnfrau (German), a charwoman. Chase pursuit after game; jaga (Gothic), jagen (German), to hunt ; or rather from chasse (French), which is traced to
calco (Latin), I
trample on.
;
Cheapen to ask the price ceap (Saxon), a bargain ; koop (Dutch); hence, chapman; kauf ( German), purchase; coup
(Scotch), exchange.
Churl
ceorl (Saxon), a
;
boor
eorl,
noble
ceorle,
plebeian
(German), a man, a fellow. Churn from cyrran (Saxon), to turn ; kehren (German). Clamber from to climb ; clifwa (Swedish), to climb, to go up a cliff; klirnmen (German). Clammy wet ; Mem (Belgic), wet clay. Clasp from clyppan (Saxon), to embrace ; clespe (Dutch) ; hence, to clip, to bound ; and the secondary meaning, to cut
hence, also, carle
kerl
off,
to divide.
Cleave to split, to adhere ; clifian (Saxon), kleben (German), to adhere ; hence, cliff, a division or fissure of the rock ; claw, a division of the foot ; club, a division of expenditure ; and clover, from its cloven leaves. Clever glagur (Icelandic), sharp-eyed ; hence, gleg (Scotch),
quick.
Clock
from cleccian (Saxon), to strike ; hence,
to clock, to
hatch
chickens, from the noise Cloister a place enclosed.
made by the hen.

;
Cloth
clad
(Saxon)
from lod (Icelandic), wool
kleiden
(German),
to clothe.
Clear gler (Gothic), shining, white. Coal from aelan (Saxon), to burn. Contrive from trouver (French), to find ; hence, to retrieve, to regain ; hence, also, troubadour, or trovador, a finder or
inventor.
Cope
to contend to terrify
;
comp (Saxon), a contest
kampf (German).
oga (Saxon), fear. Craft cunning, knowledge ; craft (Saxon), kraft (German), power. There seems to be a natural association between
Cow
knowledge and power. (See King.) Crag a rock, a declivity ; derived by some from to crack. Crane- an instrument resembling the bird called a crane. In the same way, an instrument in Scotland for weighing, called a trone, consisting of two cross bars, beaked at the end, is derived from triona (Icelandic), a beak.
22
Cramp
in Scotland, a piece of sharp iron attached by a strap to the shoe, to prevent sliding on the ice. Craven one who meanly craves his life, a coward.
kram (Gothic), krumm (German), crooked.
Cramps
Craze
krachen (German), to break or crack
crazed,
or
crac/c-brained.
Cream
C r eek
from
Creep crawl and cringe ; hence, also, cripple, one who creeps. Crew a ship's company ; cread (Saxon) ; hence, crowd. Cricket a game played with a crooked bat. Crock an earthen pot ; crocca (Saxon), krug (German) ; hence, cruise ; cruisgin (Irish), a small pot. Crony a confidant ; kronen (Teutonic), to whisper. Crotchet a mark in music ; from croche (French), a hook. Crumb krumm (German), crooked, bent hence, to crumple. Cuff raw/( Teutonic), the fist ; a blow with the hand.
;
rahm (German), ream (Saxon), crerne (French). crecca (Saxon), kreek (Belgic), an inlet of the sea ; crook. creopan (Saxon), kriechen (German), to creep ; hence,
Cunning
skill,
kennen (German),
craft ; to
;
kunna (Gothic), cnawan (Saxon), know; token (old English and Scotch).
from karg (German), parsimonious,
Curmudgeon
a miser
;
and mod, the mind.
Dab
wet, moisture dyppan (Saxon), to dip, to immerse. Daily from dey, old English for milk. Daisy daege's ege (Saxon), day's eye. Dale a vale dale (Gothic), dal (Swedish), thai (German), dol (Welsh). Dally dahlen (German), to trifle. Some connect this word with dwell. Dangle to hang loosely from hang. Dare to presume ; dear (Saxon), diirfen (German). Darling from dear and ling, diminutive. Daw from dauk (Gothic), or da (Celtic), black. Dawn from dceg (Saxon), day, to become day ; tagen (German) ; from tag, day. Dead meaning actual, is connected by some with the word
; ;
Decoy
deed; thus, a dead certainty. from koi (Dutch), a cage ; a decoy duck, a duck in a cage, which induces others to go in. Deal from dcel (Saxon), the.il (Ger.), a part ; daelan (Saxon),
Denizen
(German), to divide hence, to deal, to sell in parts. a freeman; from dinas (Welsh), a city, and sydd (Welsh), free.
theilen
;
Dye
Defile
to tinge ; deagan (Saxon), to colour. to make /cm// faul (German).
Diet
23
a meeting ; thiot-mat (Gothic), the national meeting. to arrange or deck; decan (Saxon), decken (German), to cover ; hence, dizen. Hence, the deck of a vessel. Connected with this, theccan (Saxon), to cover, to thatch. Dike a mound ; from to dig. Dine dcegnan (old Saxon) ; from day ; to take the day-meal. Dint a blow, a mark ; from dencgan (Saxon), to knock ; to
Dight
ding (Scotch). Tooke traces it to din, noise. Dip dt/ppen (Saxon), tauchen (German), to dip ; taufen (German), to baptise. Dolt from dull. Door dauro (Goth.), thiir (Ger.), duru (Sax.), thura (Greek). Dote to grow silly; dutten (Belgic), radotter (French); to grow doited (Scotch). Doughty from dihtig (Saxon), arranged, prepared ; or from duguth (Saxon), tugend (German), riches, power ; tiichtig (German), able. Dove connected with dive, and northern words signifying
; dasa (Swedish) ; hence, daze (Scotch), to be stupid. Drag dragan (Saxon), dreggen (German), trekken (Belgic) ; hence, a track-boat. Draught a drink ; from draw. Draughts a game, in which moves or drawings are made; hence, a draught, a sketch or drawing. Dray a thing drawn. Dread roed (Danish), red (Scotch), afraid ; from offraedd
Doze
ablution. to slumber
Dream
Drear
(Gothic), greatly affrighted. drauma (Gothic), traum (German).

tratirig
Drench
Drill
drill,
(German), mournful. from to drink. Dribble and drip from drop.

thirlian (Saxon), drillen military exercise.
(German), to bore; hence,
Droll
Drown
Drudge
comical ; drole (French). connected with drink.
from
to
;
Dub
drag.
signifies to create or name, from the ceremony of striking the candidate for knightship with a sword. Dun to crave clamorously ; from din, noise.
to strike
dubban (Saxon),
Dunce
dumeriss (Swedish), dull understanding ; dumm (German), dull, stupid. Dusk dancks (Gothic), duster (German), du (Welsh), dark. Dwindle dwinan (Saxon), to pine ; to dwine (Scotch).
24
Earl
from oera (Gothic), ehre (German), honour. earnan (Saxon), ernten (German), to reap, to gather. Earnest payment in advance of wages; arnutz (Gothic), prior use ; eher, soon, and niitzen (German), use. Earth soil erde (German), eard (Saxon), yird (Scotch). Eke to add awka (Gothic), eacnn (Saxon).
Earn
Elbow
Elope
elbogen, bogan (Saxon), a bending ; bogen (German). to run away; loopen (Belgic), hleopan (Saxon), to run;
Embar
hence, leap. to bar or shut in ; hence, embarrass. Engage to give a gage or pledge. Enhance enhausser (French), to raise the price ; originally from altus (Latin), high. Entangle to implicate ; may be derived, as Dr Jameson suggests, from tangle, long sea- weed, from tengia (Icelandic), to Teino (Greek), to extend. join. Errand (trend (Saxon) ; from ara (Gothic), to employ. Essay a trial ; essayer (French), to try. Etch from etzan (German), to eat, to mark with aquafortis. Evil according to some, from uwell (Gothic), meaning not well, uebel (German) ; others deduce it from chebel (Hebrew),
pain. Fault, and faulter
from fail; fehlen (German),
to fail
fehl,
wrong. Fardel a burden ; fardeau ( French ),fero (Latin), I carry. Fare to go ; faran (Saxon), hence, fare, passage-money. Farewell go on well ; faran (Saxon), to go. Farm -ferma (Italian), firmus (Latin), a stipulation for the
management
of land or other concerns.
Farthing the fourth part of a penny. Fashion make, mode ; fromfafon (French), which is derived fromfacio (Latin), I make. Feather -faether ( Saxon },feder (German). Feeble weak ; foible. (French), flexibilis (Latin). Fellow a partner felag (Gothic) ; fe, goods, and lag, society. Fe in the northern languages denoted cattle or money ; in the same way pecus (Latin), cattle, is connected with pecunia,
;
money.
Fell
fels
a rocky hill; fioell (Swedish), a ridge of mountains; (German), a rock.
Felon
Felt
from fel (Gothic), a fault. a kind of cloth ; from fell, signifying a hide or fell ; pellis (Latin), a skin. Fen a marsh, a bog ; fenn (Saxon), clay. Feodal or feudal from/e, property, and audal (Gothic) ; udal
(Scottish), full possession.
Udal and
allodial are connected,
25
applying to lands that were not subject to a superior lord

like the feudal.
Ferry
firth
-fere
;
Fester Fetter
( Saxon \fu hre (German), a passage over a river or farja (Swedish), a boat ; ferge (German), a ferryman. to corrupt ; from etter (Saxon), venom. to chain the feet ; from feet.
Feud
a quarrel ; from, fan (Saxon), to hate. cultivated ground, a meadow; feld (German) ; from fla (Gothic), flat ; but Tooke makes out a field to be a place where the trees are cut down, or felled. Fiend a foe, a devil ; from fian (Saxon), to hate. Feind (German), an enemy, the devil.
Field
Fife
pfeifen
(German), to whistle, to pipe.

;
Fifty
-five tens.
Fight
to contend, or battle
vigan (Gothic), fechten (Gerfirst

;
man).
Filch
Vixen
is
by some derived from the
also vie,
to contend.
from fela, filgia (Gothic). from fell., a hide or skin. ; Finance fromfeing (Gothic), fine, payment. Find to discover, to feel ; finna (Gothic), finden (German), findan (Saxon). Fine not coarse ; fhyn, fin (Gothic), fein (German) ; connected with these, dunn (German), thin. Finger, fangs fromfangen (Saxon), taken ;fangen (German), to catch. Finger (German). Fire fyr (Icelandic), fetter (German), fyr (Saxon), feu (French), pyr (Greek). Fist -fast (Gothic ),faust (German) ; the hand/a*^. Flake a flock of snow or wool ; fiage (Swedish), a fragment. Flame leoma (Saxon),/amme (German) ; from log (Gothic). Flat -fla (Gothic), platt (German). Flatter from fiat, smooth ; fietzen (Teutonic), to flatter ; to
Film
a thin skin
fieitch (Scotch).
Flaw
Flax
Flea
Fleet Flesh
a break
-fieaao (
fio
fiage (Gothic), a fragment. Saxon), fiachs (German). (Gothic \fioh (German).

;
a navy
-fiaesc
(
fiota (Gothic), to float.
Saxon \fitisch (German). Flit to remove originally from float, to remove by water. Flood that winch fiows ; fiuth (German). Floor the bottom of a room ; from fla (Gothic), flat, fiur (German). Flounder a flat fish ; from fla (Gothic), flat.
;
Flout
to
mock
flitan (Saxon), to contend
hence, to flyte
(Scotch), to scold.
26
Flush from to fow ; flessen (German). ]yJliega (Gothic), fiegen ( German ),feogan (Saxon). Foam hiom (Gothic \fa:m (Saxon), faum (German). Fodder from food. FolAfalld (Gothic); compounded of fee-lag (flock-station),
falced
(Saxon).
Folk people, nation ; volk (German); folgia ( Gothic), folgen (German), to follow or associate. Ford a shallow part of a river fiard ( Gothic \fiord ( Swedish). Forefend from fore and fend, to take previous means of
;
defence.
Forget fromybr, negative, and geta (Gothic), to heed. Forlorn lost, destitute ; lora (Swedish), loss ; verloren (Ger-
man).
Forsake from for, not, and seek ; not to seek, to desert. Forswear from for, not, and swear ; to swear falsely ; verschworen (German).
Fortnight
fourteen nights.
tens.
Forty four
Fowl
(Saxon) ; from feogan, to fly. an animal remarkable for cunning ; foxa (Icelandic), to deceive, ffug (Welsh), deceit. Frame to plan or form from fram (Gothic), from. In Scotland, fremd means foreign or foreigner. Fren (old English), a foreigner ; fremd (German), strange. Freight to load a vessel fracht (German). Friend freond (Saxon), freund (German) ; from freon (Saxon), frcien (German), to free, to love. Fringe renz (Gothic), a border, grenze ( German). Frolic from fro ( Gothic },froh (German), joyful. Frow -frau (Gothic and German), a lady ; from free.
-fitgel
Fox
Frown
Fuel
runs (Teutonic), rugae (Latin), a wrinkle. material for burning ; feu ( French ), focus (Latin),
;
tire.
Fulsome from foul. Fun merriment unna (Gothic), to please. Furlough leave of absence furleif, orluf ( Gothic), for leave. Furze a prickly shrub probably from fire, as this and other
; ;
shrubs were used for ovens.
Gab
idle talk ; gaber (old French), to laugh at ; galban (Saxon), to trifle ; hence, gibe, jabber, gibberish, &c. Gad to run about like an animal stung by the gad-fly. Gad a sting ; hence, goad ; gadda (Icelandic), to sting. Gag something put into the mouth to hinder speech ; kanwegge (Belgic), a jaw-wedge. Tooke derives it from gaeginn (Saxon), to close up. Gain advantage ; agan (Saxon), to obtain. This verb, and
27
the verb of motion, gan, to go, and anan, to give, form the infinitives of most of the Saxon verbs ; thus, deal-an, to give a deal or part, care-an, to have care, bidd-an (from bidde-gan),
to go to pray.
Geek
a simpleton, foolery ; geac (Saxon), a cTickoo ; geek fool ; hence, gawky, a stupid fellow. Gallop to move by leaps ; laupo (Gothic), to leap ; gallopiren
(German), a
(German), to gallop. Gaol goilo (Italian); from caveola (Latin), a cage; hence, jail; geol (Welsh). Garden what is enclosed or guarded; gyrdan (Saxon), to
enclose, to gird.
Garlic
a plant ; from geir ( Gothic), a spear, and lauk ( Teutonic and German), a leek. Geir-man (Icelandic), the man of the javelin ed-gar, a happy weapon ; ethal-gar, a noble weapon. Garret originally a watch-tower ; guerite (French), warte (German) ; from wara (Gothic), to defend, to observe ;
;
hence, also, garrison.
Garter jarretiere (French), a hough-band ; jarret (French), the hough. This word is by some derived from to gird. Gas inflammable vapour ; asa (Gothic), to burn.
Gate
bility
derived by some from gata, to hold, but in all probafrom the verb to go.
to bring together.
to
Gather
Gauge Gaunt
measure ; from gaule (French), a rod ; gaial (Arm.) lean ; gewoned (Saxon), wanting ; hence, to wane. Gay cheerful ; gae (Arm.), gai (French). Gazelle an Arabian deer ; gaz (Hebrew), a goat, and al, a deer. Ghost spirit, breath, the soul of one deceased ; gant (Swe-
Gibe Giddy
dish), geist (German). to mock ; gabban (Saxon), to

restless,
mock.
thoughtless ; perhaps from to gad, to run about ; connected by some with geddian (Saxon), to sing, to be giddy. Gigot from coxa (Latin), the haunch. Gild to cover with gold. Gills the openings at the neck of a fish ; gil (Gothic), a
Gin
; hence, glen. a liquor ; contraction of Geneva ; genevre (French), juniper. Gin a snare ; according to some, a contraction of engine. Girl a young woman ; goila (Gothic), diminutive of karla, a woman ; feminine of carl, a man. Gist the substance or spirit of anything; geist (German),
fissure
spirit.
Glad
joyful
gloed (Saxon), Icetus (Lathi), joyful.
28
Glare gler (Gothic), clear ; hence, glow and glory. Glance a quick view ; from to glow ; hence, glent (Scottish) and glee, an oblique view. Gleam a coruscation ; connected with gloom, loom, and glim-
mer all signifying an unsteady light. Gloamin (Scotch), the evening twilight. Glee a song ; glig (Saxon), music. Glide to go gently ; ylidan (Saxon), gleiten (German), glisser (French).
Glove glof ( Icelandic) from to cleave. Goal a barrier ; tiule (Gothic), thil (Saxon). Golf a game played with a club ; from kolbe (German;, a
;
club.
Gold
Good
gall (Gothic), goelen (Saxon), yellow. connected with God ; and (Gothic), power. Good originally means furious, brave in battle ; bravery in savage times being the principal virtue ; so, virtue, from vis (Latin),
Goths, brave warriors. from gehos (Saxon), rough, and berry. Gossip a sponsor in baptism ; from gud (Gothic), religious, and sib, a relation. In Scotland, persons are said to be sib when they are relatives. Grape fruit of the vine ; grappe (French), traube (German), cluster ; trauen (German), to unite ; hence, groups
strength.
Gooseberry
(French). Grapple to lay hold of; from grqff (Gothic), the hand; hence, gripe, grasp ; griffe (French), a finger or claw. To grope to gripe or feel one's way. Grass groes (Saxon), gras (German), that which grows. Grave to dig ; grafan (Saxon), graben (German) ; hence,
Graze Green
groove. to eat grass.
groen (Teutonic), that which is in a growing state ; gro (Gothic), to increase ; hence, great. Greet to salute ; grithan (Saxon), to give peace. To greet (Scotch), to weep ; greitan (Gothic), gredare (Italian), to weep. Greyhound from grey (Gothic), a dog ; greyhound (Saxon). Grief sorrow; grave (Italian), grams (Latin). Grim frightful ; grim (Saxon), grimm (German), furious ; grim (Celtic), war.
Grimace
a
distortion
;
from affectation; from gryma (Icelandic),
mask
Grind
grin
Grisly
hence, to begrime, to sully. to reduce to powder ; grunn (Gothic), a stone. to grind or set the teeth.
To
graus (Teutonic), horror.
Grist
29
corn to be ground ; the fee paid to the miller. Groat a coin ; so named from its great size. Grocer one who deals in spices ; from gras (Gothic), aromatics ; hence, kraut (German), vegetables, spicery. Groom from guma (Gothic aud Saxon), a man, a servant ; a
Grove
bridegroom, a bvide's-man. a walk shaded by trees
gro-hof (Gothic), a growing
cover.
Thomson.
grufla (Gothic)
; ;
Grovel
connected with crawl.

;
Ground the earth perhaps from grun (Teutonic), green. Grub from gruben (German), to dig hence, groove. Guerdon recompense werd (Gothic), value, worth ; guider;
done (Italian), guerdon (French), a reward. giest (Gothic), gast (German), gest (Saxon), one receiving hospitality ; from gista (Icelandic), to take food. Guild a society; from gild (Saxon), contribution; hence,
Guest
yield
and
guilt, originally fine,

;
punishment.
guile.,
Gulf
Gull
a whirlpool
to trick
wile.
;
gol (Swedish), gaul (Icelandic). goela (Gothic), to entice ; hence, cajole,
and
Gun
by Tooke from gynian (Saxon), to gape, to g'dhnen (German), gaunt. Habergeon armour to defend the neck ; halz (Gothic and German), the neck, and bergen, to cover. Hack a rack for cattle to feed at ; haeck (Moeso-Gothic), hek (Belgic), rails, enclosure. Haddock a fish so named from the size of its head. Haft the handle of a tool ; that by which it is hav'd or held. Haggard withered ; from hag, a witch. Haggle to bargain tediously ; haecklen (Teutonic). Hail frozen drops of rain; hragel (Gothic), hagel (German),
derived
;
yawn
hagal (Saxon).
Hale
healthy ; heil (Gothic and German), hal (Saxon) ; hence, whole, heal, health, holy. Halt halta (Gothic), halten (German), to hold. Hamlet from ham, a home or village, and little; a little village. Hamper a basket used for carriage ; supposed to be handpannier.
Hand
from hentan, to take hold of. Handkerchief a kerchief used in the hand. Handsome handy, elegant ; it has the latter meaning in henta (Icelandic), to become. Hank a wreath ; perhaps from to hang. Happy from hap, luck ; good luck. Harangue a speech from hringan (Saxon), to sound.
:
30
literally,
Harbour
a place for soldiers
from here (Saxon), an
army, and beorgan (Saxon), to defend. Hare an animal that hears quickly ; in the same way logos (Greek), from ous, the ear. Hare-brained from hwera (Gothic), to whirl, and brain; giddy-headed. Some connect it with hare an animal which is vulgarly said to be periodically mad. Harness defensive armour harneskia (Gothic) perhaps from her (Gothic), an army ; harnois (French), arnes (Arm.) To harry to invade, rob ; heria (Gothic), hergian (Saxon) hence, harrier and harrow. Harvest haerfest (Saxon) according to some, the feast of the Herth (the earth), a deity of the ancient Germans according to others, from ar (Gothic), the year, and vest, food, the produce of the year herbst (German). Haste speed hast (Gothic, German, and Swedish). Hat what covers the head ; hut (German). Hate malice; hata (Gothic), hass (German), hate (Saxon) ; from hat (Saxon), hot. Have to possess ; hava (Gothic), haben (German), habeo
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
(Latin).
Haven
a harbour ; hafn (Gothic), hafen (German), havre (French). Haw an enclosure, a hedge ; hag (German), an enclosed
The name Hague, (Gaelic). derived from these roots. The Dutch pronounce it like the guttural haugh of the Scotch. Hawthorn a thorn employed in making haws, or hedges. Hay grass cut and dried ; hau (Gothic), heg (Saxon), heu (German) ; from hauga (Gothic), hauen (German), to cut ;
meadow, haugh (Scotch), augh
is
the capital of Holland,
Head
hence, hew and hoe. the top, the chief; haufd (Gothic), heafd (Saxon), haupt (German), caput (Latin) ; hence, heave, heavy, heaven. Heap an accumulation ; haufe (German), heap (Saxon), hop (Swedish). Hear to perceive by the ear ; heyra (Gothic), horen (Ger-
man), hyran (Saxon). Heart herda (Sanscrit), hearta (Gothic), hertz (German). Hearth a fire-place; hearth (Saxon), herd (German); perhaps from haurga (Moeso-Gothic), a fire. Heat warmth ; heit (Gothic), hitze (German), heat (Saxon), hit (Hebrew), fire, the sun. Heathen perhaps from heid (Gothic), a forest; heide (German), heath heiden (German), heathen. Heed attention perhaps from hug ( Gothic ), the mind ; hiiten
; ;
(German),
to observe, to take heed.
Heinous hateful ; haine (French), hatred. Heirloom what descends to an heir ; loma (Saxon), a
31
utensil.
used in Scotland for the kitchen utensils. Hell originally, the grave ; from hyla (Gothic), to cover ; whence, hull, a cover, helmet, a covering for the head, and helm, that which protects or governs a vessel.
Loom
is still
Help Herd
; hialp (Gothic), hulfe (German), help (Saxon). a guard, a flock ; herd (Gothic), herds (German), heord (Saxon) ; connected with these, her (Gothic), heer (German), an army. Herring has also been connected with these, as it appears in herds, or hoards. Hest, and behest a command ; heil (Gothic), hacs (Saxon),
aid
geheiss (German). Hight named, called ; heissen (German), to distinguish by a name, to call. Hill an eminence ; hal, hangel (Gothic), htigel (German), hyt (Saxon) ; from hilan (Saxon), to conceal ; hence, also, hole. Hilt what is held. Hoard a treasure ; hirda (Gothic), to guard. Hollow from hole. Home hairn (Gothic), helm (German), ham (Saxon) ; from heima (old German), to cover.
Hood Hope
a covering for the head.
hapa (Gothic), hoffen (German), hopian (Saxon). Horse from ras (Gothic), speed ; from the same word may come rash, impetuous, rush, to go with force, and a rush, what rushes up.
Hover
to
hang
over.
;
Hound
hunt.
a dog for chase
hund (Gothic and German)
hence,
Huge
high ; hoeg (Swedish), heah (Saxon), hoch (German), The Scotch word howe, signifying a knoll, has high, vast. been derived from the same. Hurst in names, means a forest. Husband from house and bua (Gothic), to conduct. Husbandman a farmer ; supposed to be one bound to a house or farm, a bond-man. Ice ise (Gothic), eis (German). Idle lazy; from id (Suevo-Gothic), labour, with a negative It is prefix, o-idelig ; hence, the Scotch eident, laborious. also traced to eitel (German), inane,
trifling.
Infantry
foot soldiers; derived by some from fante (Icelandic), a young man ; fante (Italian), a page or servant. Iron a metal ; iarn (Gothic), iren (Saxon), hiarn (Welsh),
eisen
(German).
32
Island
land.
eyland (Gothic), ealand (Saxon)
;
from
ea,
water, and
from upa (Saxon), up, what climbs up ; ifig (Saxon), epheu (German). Jaundice a distemper accompanied hy a yellowness of the skin; gul (Gothic), geolew ( Saxon), jaune (French), yellow. Jaw the bone which chews or chaws ; kau (Teutonic). Jet to shoot out ; jetter (French), to throw ; from jacto
Ivy
(Latin).
Joy
Juggle
(French), gioia (Italian), gaudium (Latin). jongler (French), giocolare (Italian), to play mountebank tricks ; fromjocus (Latin), a jest. Jumble to mix confusedly ; schommeln, wommelen (Belgic). Kale a pot-herb ; kal (Gothic), kail (Scotch), cole (Engjoie
lish).
Keel the lowest timber of a ship; kiol (Gothic), kiel (German). Kerchief couvre chef (French), to cover the head. Kern to form into grains kierna (Icelandic), kernen (Ger;
man)
Kidnap
hence,
to corn, to
;
sprinkle with salt
hence, kernel.
child,
to steal children
from kind (German), a
and
nab. Kill perhaps from kilia (Gothic), to hurt, or from cwettan (Saxon), to kill or quell.
Kin kindred kyn (Gothic). Kind indulgent the tenderness shown

;
for one of our
own
kind.
King
a monarch kong (Gothic), kung (Swedish), cyning (Saxon), konig (German ; derived by some from kun, kyn (Gothic), a nation, people. It may perhaps be as naturally allied with konnen (German), to be able, to know, to ken ; hence, our aiixiliary can. Kirk kyrk (Gothic), kirche (German) ; sometimes derived from kuriou-oikos (Greek), the house of the Lord. Knack from to know ; knabe (German), a boy, a servant. Knave a rogue ; knecht (German), servant, slave. Knead knya (Gothic), kneten (German), cnoedan (Saxon) ; from kno (Gothic), the fist, the hand folded. Knee knoe (Gothic), knie (German), cneow (Saxon). Knife knifa (Gothic), kneif (German), cnif (Saxon), canif
;
(French).
Knight
Knit
to
knecht
(German);
knots.
originally,
an
inferior,
one in-
ferior to a baronet.
make by
Knot
knutt (Gothic), knoten (German), cnotta (Saxon).
33
Lack
to suffer want; lecan (Saxon), to diminish; hence, intake (Scotch), to fall off in quantity or measure. Lackey foot-boy ; from lacken (Gothic), to run, or lega (Gothic), to hire. Lad laed (Teutonic), ledig (Swedish) ; perhaps from lausa
Ladder
(Gothic), loose, one unmarried ; hence, lass. kid (Gothic), a way, and ra (Gothic), a range; loedra (Saxon), letter (German); from leiten, to lead ; hence, milllead, the artificial canal led to a mill.
lafda (Gothic), hlaefdiga (Saxon), hleof, high. According to some, from hlaf (Gothic), bread, and dian, to serve ; as the mistress used to distribute the bread to the
Lady
domestics.
Landscape
landschape (Belgic), a portion of land hi a particular shape or form.
Lank
Lash
from
lean.
laschen (German), to beat. Laugh hloeja (Gothic), hlihan (Saxon), lachen (German), lauch (Scotch). Law statute, edict ; la, lag (Gothic), what is laid down ; loi
(French), lex (Latin).

law.
Alloy
a mixture proportioned by
Lay
to place, to put down; loega (Gothic), legen (German), legan (Saxon). Lay a song ; Hod (Gothic), lied (Belgic), a song or ballad; laut (German), sound ; hence, loud and lute.
Lazy
losk (Gothic), liissig (German), (Gothic), to loose. Lead a heavy metal ; from load.
perhaps from
leisa
Leap
run.
laup (Gothic), hleapan (Saxon), lanfen (German), to
Leech
a small water serpent ; from laecken (Teutonic), to diminish. Left-hand literally, that which is left, not used. Link (German), has in the same way been traced to linquo (Latin), to
leave,
Leman
Lend
lend.
sinister (Latin), to sino, to let alone. a sweetheart ; lieb (German), beloved, and man. to grant ; loena (Gothic), lehnen (German), to lean, to
lasttcn
and
Let
Liard
Ha (Gothic),
;
(German), latan (Saxon),
laisser
(French)
hence,
;
lease.
derived by some from lae (Saxon), hair, roan, hoary and har (Saxon), hoary by others from liardus (barbarous Latin), a roan horse ; which has been analysed by Thomson into lios (Gothic), white, and reod (Saxon), red.
;
34
lecken
laigwan (Moeso Gothic), liccan (Saxon). (French),
(German),
lecher
Lick
Lie
to strike
las
; ;
a falsehood
lag (Icelandic), a stroke. lygi (Gothic), luge (German),
Kg (Saxon)
(Gothic) fraud. Lie to rest ; liggia (Gothic), liegen (German), Kgan (Saxon). The idea of concealment is common to this and the foregoing word. Lief Helen (German), to love, to like ; lieber, rather, sooner. Life lif, lib (Gothic), leben (German), lyf ( Saxon). to raise into the air, literally; lyft (Saxon), luft (GerLift man), the air ; the lift (Scotch), lugu (Gothic), air ; hence, lungs. Lofty, what is lifted up. Like lyk (Gothic), gleich (German), lie (Saxon). Limb litha (Gothic), to bend; hence, limber and lithe, lith (Saxon), lith (Scotch), a joint, used also as a verb, signifying
to
from
put out ofjoint.

to
Limp
walk lame.
Linger to stay long. Links lyck (Gothic), loenk (Icelandic), lenJcen (German), to bend. Lip lub (Persic), lub (Hindostanee), lippe (Saxon and German), labium (Latin).
Listen
to give attention
lef,
;
hlistan (Saxon), lauschen

Iceib
(German),
;
to listen.
Loaf
hlaif( Gothic), hlaf (Saxon),

;
(German)
raise.
from
Hlaf-
lofa (Gothic), to raise up, hlifian maKSse (Saxon), loaf-mass or feast
(Saxon), to
hence,
Lammas.
lock of to shut ; luka (Icelandic), lucan (Saxon). Lock (Scotch), a quantity. hair, hair clustered. Loiter to be late; lat (Suevo-Gothic), slow; hence, lout.
Lock
Loose
Lord
laus (Gothic), lose (German). hlaford (Saxon), compounded of hlaf, past participle of hlifian, to raise, and ord, origin, birth, one of exalted birth ; laird (Scotch). Love affection ; luib (Gothic), luva (Saxon), liebe (German),
Kef (Belgic).
Luck chance, good fortune lucka (Gothic), gluck (German). Lug to drag lugga (Suevo-Gothic), to draw. Lukewarm tepid chloa (Icelandic), to be warm, hliwan
; ; ;
Lure
to lowe (Scotch). ; luder (Swedish and German), carrion, bait ; lura (Spanish), flesh. On the same principle, appas (French), a charm, has been traced from pasco (Latin), to
(Saxon), lauwen (Teutonic)

a bait
;
feed.
35
Lurk
Mad
sion.
lura (Swedish), lauern (German), to lie in wait. disordered in mind ; mod (Saxon), the mind, also pas;
Maid a young woman magd (German).
may
(Gothic), mat, mcegd (Saxon),

to
Maim
Main
able,
lame
;
mutilate
by
derived by some from maitan (Gothic), others from mancus (Latin).
powerful ; mage (Saxon) ; from meiga (Gothic), to be macht (German), might, power; hence, might, may,
to
make; rnachen (German),
make.
Man man
(Gothic and Swedish), mann (German) ; connected with magn (Gothic), strength ; in the same way, vir (Latin), a man, with vis, strength. Manger a trough to eat out of; manger (French), to eat; mando (Latin), to chew ; mounch (old English and Scotch), to chew. Mangle to mutilate ; manga (Gothic), mangeln (German). March the limit of a county ; mark (Gothic and German) ; hence, marquis, one who takes care of the marches. March a marked or measured movement. Market markt (German), from mark, an assignation ; tryst (Scotch), an appointed place of meeting, is used to signify a market ; from to trust. Some connect market with mercor
Master
(Latin), to buy. the chief; maestur (Gothic) ; from mcest (Saxon), greatest ; meister (German). Mastiff perhaps from maetst (Gothic), greatest, and tiffe
Maw
(Teutonic), a dog. the stomach;
maga (Gothic), magen (German); hence,

;
mawkish. Mayor the chief magistrate

greater.
from major (Latin), greater ; or maer (Gothic), mehr (Teutonic), mare (Saxon), more or
field
Meadow a to mow.
Meal
of grass
meed (Saxon)
mahen (German),
melo (Saxon), mehl (German) ; from malu (Icelandic), molo (Latin), to grind. Mean midan (Gothic), mittel (German), medium (Latin), moyen (French), something in the middle, or between, to effect a pxirpose. Middle, from mid-deal, the mid share ; midla (Icelandic), to divide, to interpose ; hence, meddle. Mean low, vulgar ; mane, (Saxon), gemein (German) ; from
menge (German), great number; hence, mengen, to mix; hence, many and among. Mean to intend ; minna (Gothic), mcenan (Saxon), meinen (German).
36
Measles
from maser (German), a spot. mota (Gothic), metan (Saxon), gemote (Saxon), meetMote-hills, ing, and the place where a meeting was held. hills of meeting witten agemot, meeting of wise men. Merle (Scotch) the blackbird merle (German and French). Mesh the space between the threads of a net meis (Gothic), masche (German), max (Saxon) ; from meisa (Gothic), to
Meet
divide.
muthvol (German), full of courage muth, courage, and voll, full. Milk miolk (Gothic), milch (German), mile (Saxon) ; hence, milt, the sperm of a fish. Mind mod, minne (Gothic), gemynd (Saxon) inna (Gothic),
Mettle
; ;
to hold internally. Mince to make small lessen.
minska (Swedish), minuo (Latin), I

;
Mire myra (Gothic), moder (German), mud hence, mud. Miss to go from the mark missa (Gothic), missen (German), missian (Saxon). Mis, the prefix, derived from this word ; perhaps a mist, a fog, is also derived from this. Moan mcenan (Saxon), to express grief; the same Saxon word signifies to mean, to think ; the Saxon word also signifies to remember, in the same way as to mind (Scotch). Moil to drudge ; rnodila (Gothic), from moed, trouble ; miihe
;
(German).
Month Mood
derived from moon.

disposition of
mind ; moody, haughty, pensive ; mod (Saxon), muth, (German), mind, heart, passion; hence, mad. In the same way , frenzy, from phren (Greek), the mind. Moon mana (Gothic), mona (Saxon), mond (German), mene (Greek). Moon has been derived from mana (Gothic), to admonish, as the northern nations were superstitiously swayed by the appearances of that luminary. Moor a marsh mcer (Gothic), moor (German), moer (Belgic). Morning morgan (Gothic), morgen (German and Saxon). The morn, in Scotland, signifies the morrow. Morning is
;
derived by Tooke from myrran (Saxon), to scatter. mest (Gothic), mcest (Saxon), meist (German). Moth moth (Saxon), motte (German) ; from meida (Gothic), to divide, as insect is derived from seco (Latin), to cut.
Most
Mother mata (Sanscrit), moder (Gothic), mutter (German), modor (Saxon), mater (Latin), meter (Greek). Mould warp a mole moldwarp (Gothic) from molde (Saxon), mull (German), earth, and weorpian (Saxon), werfen (German), to throw ; hence, a wharf, something thrown out ; in the same way, jettee, a wharf, from jetter (French), to throw.
;
;
37
;
Mould
earth mold (Gothic), niolde (Saxon), mull (German) from mala (Gothic), to beat small hence, mules (Scotch), the earth of the grave. Connected with these, meal, mill ; mola (Latin).
;
Mound
Mouth
to defend
mund (Gothic), defence mundian (Saxon), mund (Icelandic), a hand. mun (Gothic), mund (German), mutli (Saxon), mundx
a fence
;
;
(Scotch) ; perhaps from in (Gothic), an entrance. Like on (Latin), mun (Gothic) also signified the countenance. Much mitt (Gothic), michel (old German), mycel (Saxon) ; hence, michle (Scotch).
maurther (Gothic), morth (Saxon), mord (German), meurtre (French). Mutton the flesh of sheep ; mouton (French), a sheep. Nag a horse ; from hncegan (Saxon), to neigh. Nail a pin, the corneous substance on the toes and fingers ;
Murder
(German), naegel (Saxon). naken (Gothic), nackend (German), nacod (Saxon), noeth (Welsh). Name nam (Gothic, Persic, and Sanscrit), to tell. Nap to take a short sleep hnaeppiun ( Saxon ) perhaps from hnigan (Saxon), neigen (German), to nod, to bend; hence,
nagle (Gothic), nagel
Naked
also, knee.
Narrow
Neat
from near ; nahe (German), nigh, or near. small and handsome; natid (Gothic), nett (German), nitidus (Latin) ; hence, natty. Neat cattle ; neat (Saxon), nowt (Scotch). Need exigence, want ; naud (Gothic), noth (German), neod
(Saxon). Needle nadel (German), ncedl (Saxon). Neighbour from neah, near, and bur (Saxon), a bower, cottage ; bua (Gothic), to dwell. Neither not either. Ness a point of land running into the sea, a nose of land ; nfisa
(Swedish), ne.se (Saxon), nase (German). Nest nest (German and Saxon), nidus (Latin). Net net (Icelandic), netz (German), net (Saxon), what
is
knit or knotted. Nettle nilssla (Swedish), nessel (German), netele (Saxon), from el (Gothic), fire ; thus, urtica (Latin), from uro (Latin), to burn.
New nawa
(Sanscrit),
nou
(Persic),
navn
(Hindostanee),
neos (Greek), novus (Latin), ny (Gothic and Swedish), neu
(German), niwe (Saxon). Night not (Gothic), nacht (German), niht (Saxon) (Greek), nox (Lathi).
nuks
38
Nightingale from night, and gala (Swedish and Icelandic), to sing ; galan (Saxon) ; connected with this, gellen (German), to sound ; whence yell, and perhaps gale; gulgul (Sanscrit),
(Gothic), nehmen (German), niman (Saxon), to take away ; hence, also, nimble, catching quick. To benumb, to take away the senses, from the same root. Nine niun (Gothic), neun (German), nigon (Saxon). Nip to pinch ; niupa (Gothic), kneipen (German). Nose the protuberance on the face ; nasa (Sanscrit), naus nef (Gothic), nase (German), nese (Saxon), nasus (Latin),
Nim
bulbul (Persic). to filch; nemo,
nex (French)
snout, snuff.
hence, nozle,
snaffle,
snarl, sneeze,
snore,
Not
Now nu
neit (Gothic), nicht
(German), nate (Saxon).
(Gothic and Saxon), nun (German), nun (Greek), nunc (Latin). nuss (German), hnut Nut a gland, the fruit of a tree
;
(Saxon),
Oak
Oath law
(Latin), noix (French). ek (Gothic), eiche (German) ; ac (Saxon), like the Latin
nux
word robur,
from
signifying also strength

to eke.
connected with ecan
(Saxon), to increase,
;
aith (Gothic), eid

ce
till
continued
(German), ath (Saxon), ce (Saxon), (Gothic), always ; thus denoting what has it became a law; aei (Greek), always; aye
(English). Odd singular ; udda (Swedish) ; perhaps from eit, ein (Gothic), one. Old alda (Gothic), alt (German), eald (Saxon) ; eildens yldan (Saxon), to put off, to yield. (Scottish), equals in age One ein (German), cen (Saxon). Only cenlic (Saxon), one;
like.
Open
Any cenig (Saxon). open (Gothic), offen (German), open (Saxon), to
lift
off
or up.
Orchard a garden; aurtigards (Gothic), ortgeard (Saxon); from wyrt, an herb, and geard, a garden. Ordeal a trial of innocence by fire or water ordeil (Gothic), from or, without, and urtheil (German), ordcel (Saxon) dcel, a part or separation, judgment without distinction of
;
persons.
Otherwise manner.
other
ways ; weise (German), wisi (Saxon), wise,
Oven offon (Gothic), ofen (German), ofen (Saxon). Overcome to subdue from over and come.
;
Outrage
to some, utter ; meaning, according rage, or violence. Thomson derives it from oultrage (French), oltraggio (Italian) ; from ultra agere (Latin), to drive beyond.
extreme violence
39
Eigen
Owe
to be indebted to ago. (Gothic), ugan (Saxon). (German), own, peculiar. Pace from pas (French), a step. Pack pack (German), a parcel or packet.
;
Pad
a foot-path ; used also as a verb, to travel gently, to rob onfoot. foot-pad is therefore a redundancy ; path( Saxon),
pfad (German) ; pedd (Celtic), a foot. Paddock a toad; padde (Teutonic), pad (Dutch). The Scotch word puddock is applied not to a toad but to a frog. Paddock a park; a corruption of parruc (Saxon) ; pferchp. (German), a fold or pen; connected by some with bergen
(German), to enclose. Pageant a show; from pcecan (Saxon), to deceive; hence, according to Tooke, page, an attendant, as servants were frequently addressed as knaves, &c. Pain pin (Saxon), pein (German). Pcena, (Latin), pome (Greek), punishment. Pall a cloak or mantle ; pcell, pylca (Saxon), pelz (German), a fur garment. Pallet a bed of straw, a mean bed ; paille (French), paglia (Italian), straw. Pad, a saddle stuffed with straw; paga
(Spanish), straw. Palter to deceive ; pultar, baldar ( Spanish), fallo (Latin). Paltry mean ; from paltor (Gothic), rags ; hence, pelting (English), pitiful, and peltrie (Scotch), trash.
Pan
panna (Swedish and
Icelandic), pfanne
(German), panna
(Saxon), patina (Latin), patane (Greek). Parcel a small bundle ; from part. Parboil to boil in part. Pare to trim ; purer (French), to deck, to
hence, parry ; paro (Latin). Parlour literally, a room for conversation
make ready
;
from parler
(French), to speak ; hence, also, parliament. Parse from part ; to resolve a sentence into parts. Pastime an amusement ; what passes the time agreeably. Passover a sacrifice ; so named from God's passing over the habitations of the Israelites.
Pawky
Pear
cunning
from pcccan (Saxon), to deceive.
Packing,
is
as applied to a deceitful to the same origin.
mode
of filling
up a jury,
traced
pera (Icelandic), birn (German), poire (French), pera (Saxon), peren (Welsh), from per, sweet. Peck a measure ; from poki (Icelandic), pack (old German), pocca (Saxon), a bag; hence, poke, pouch, pocket, and poche
(French).
To peck
from
to
pick; picken (German), pycan (Saxon).
40
to utter in a small voice
;
To peep
(Latin).
pipen (German), pipio
To peer to come just in sight ; contracted from to appear. To pelt derived by Johnson from pellet, a little ball or bullet
pila (Latin), a ball
;
hence, pill. Penny pfennig (German), peneg (Saxon) ; connected with to pene (Scotch), to beat out, and paena (Icelandic), to pin
(Scotch), strike.
Pen
a fold ; pyndan (Saxon), to enclose ; hence, a pound, a pinfold, and the verb to poind, signifying to distrain, to seize Pfandan (German), to seize or on, or enclose as a surety.
distrain
;
hence, pawn.
Pond
is
by some connected with
pyndan. Pent penned up. Pepper peppor (Saxon), pfeffer (German), polvre (French),
pepe (Italian).
Perhaps from per (Latin), through or by, and haps. Perry a drink from pears. Pert perhaps a contraction of impertinent. Pet a lamb taken into the house and much made of
hence,
any creature that is indulged. Jameson says that it may be from pete (Teutonic), a little god-daughter. It is more probably from petit (French), small. derived by Johnson from devpit Pet slight passion; (French). Pie a bird ; pie (French), pica (Latin) ; hence, pied, partycoloured. Pile pil (Saxon), pfahl (German), pawl (Welsh), palo (Italian), a pile or pole ; pfeiler (German), a pillar.
Pine
to
to languish ; pina (Icelandic) ; from pin, paen, pinan (Saxon), to punish or torture ; ping (Gothic), labour; hence,
pingle (Scotch), to toil incessantly.
Pit
puddle
Plaid
connected with put (Dutch), a well ; pfutze (German), a ; pittr (Icelandic), a well ; puits (French), puteua
(Latin), put (Sanscrit).
perhaps from pleth (Welsh), a fold. Plico (Latin), I hence, plait, to fold. Pli (French), a fold, wrinkle, habit ; hence, to ply, to apply, &c. Plan something which makes plain ; connected with platt, (German), flat, plain ; hence, plate, and a plot or plat of ground, meaning a smooth piece of ground ; hence, plot, according to some, the plan or basis of a conspiracy. Plash pliitschern (German), to splash. Plea the act of pleading ; according to some, from plaider (French), to plead ; according to others, from pleo (Saxon),
fold
;
quarrel, debate.
Plight
41
plilit
pligt (Swedish), pflicht (German), a duty or pledge ; (Saxon), pliyt (Danish), duty, penance; plicht (Scottish), obligation in a disagreeable matter ; hence, to plight, to bind one's self ; verpflichten (German), to oblige.
plocJfa
Plough plog (Gothic), pflug (German). Pluck luka (Swedish), to draw; pftucken (German),
plommon (Swedish), pjtaume (German), plume (Saxon), prune (French), prugna (Italian). with a sudden motion; from plomp (Teutonic), Plump leaden ; plumbum (Latin), lead. Plump round or fat ; might at first be employed to signify what was solid or
heavy.
Plum
(Icelandic), plukken (Dutch).
Poach
a bag.
literally, to
carry off in a poke or bag
poche (French),
;
to search for with a long instrument perhaps from paak (Gothic), a staff; connected with this pauken (German), to beat, and paik (Scotch), a blow. Pool pol (Swedish), pfuhl (German).
To poke
Pose
connected with
to
puzzle; putsa (Icelandic), to push,

fowls
;
to rub.
Poulterer
one
who
sells
poule (French), a hen.

;
Pound
pfund (German), pund (Saxon) connected, perhaps, with pyndan, to enclose, a certain measure or weight hence, a pound, a pinfold, a place in which beasts are enclosed, and to poind, a Scotch law-term,
pund
(Icelandic),
;
literally to distrain.
shut up or retain anything as a security, to
Pout
Praise
anger by putting out the lip. prisa (Gothic), preis (German), price, praise; pretium (Latin).
to express
Prance
to
move
in a
;
showy way
prangen (German), to
glitter, to
parade
hence, prank,
frolic.
Prate, and prattle to talk childishly ; prata (Swedish), praten (Dutch), phradsso (Greek), to speak. Pride prate (Saxon), prydad (Swedish), adorned ; hence, Prcett (Saxon), pretty, and prude, an over nice woman. craft or subtlety, may be connected with this.
Prig
also, to
from prachgen (Belgic), to beg; hence, ; prig (Scotch), to haggle about the price of anything ; hence, also, prog, a low word, signifying victuals, or provision of any kind.
to steal, to filch
Prim
prampera (Suevo-Gothic), to walk ; according to some, a contraction of primitive. Primrose the rose that appears first ; primus (Latin), first. Prong a fork ; prionn (Icelandic), pren (Danish), the point
affectedly nice
;
loftily
42
of a graving tool ; prion (Saxon) ; hence, to print, and the Scotch word prin, a pin. Prop pour appuis (French), for support. Prove prova (Gothic), proben (German), to try, to taste ; prie (Scotch), to taste. Prowl to rove about in search of a thing ; according to some, a corruption of patrol ; but referred by others, with more probability, to proie (French), prey, and utter, to go, thus signifying to go in search of prey. Prune to cut off; provigner (French), to lay a branch of a vine in the ground to take root. Pry to look carefully into ; perhaps from to prove. Pucker to contract into folds ; perhaps from poke, a bag or
Puddle
pocket. a pool; poel (Teutonic), a pool; pfuhl (German), puteus (Latin), a well. Pug a kind name for a monkey, a playful appellation ; piga (Swedish), pika (Icelandic), a virgin ; piga (Saxon), a little
maid.
petty, inconsiderable; puts ne (French), since born ; applied to an inferior order of judges in England. Punye (Scotch), a small body of men, is derived by Jameson from poignee (French), a handful ; pugnus (Latin), a fist. Pun to use the same word in different senses ; perhaps from punian (Saxon), to beat, bray, or pound; or from pungo (Latin), I pierce, I point. Purchase to buy, to obtain with labour, to acquire ; derived
Puny
from pourchasse (French), and meaning originally what was procured by the chasse or chase. Purge to make pure ; pur (German), pure, merely ; or from purgo (Latin), I purify, which has been traced to pur (Greek), fire. Purl to flow with a gentle noise ; byrla (Gothic), to pour out
liquor.
by Skinner from pour and put far away. Purse posi (Icelandic), a little bag; puse (Saxon), a purse. The Scotch word pose, a secret hoard of money, has been derived from these by some ; others trace it to positus
Purloin
loin
to take
by
theft
derived
to
(French),
far,
meaning
Purse
(Latin), placed. to draw the moutli together like a purse. Pursy short-breathed and fat; borstigh (Teutonic), asthmatic ; from borste, the breast, the seat of the lungs. Some might ally this word with purse, distended like a
purse.
Push
pousser (French).
43
Quack
a pretender, one
to cry, to
who
;
noises his
(German),
of salves.
quack
own fame ; qualcen quacksalber (Teutonic), a crier
Quagmire
a shaking bog; quatio (Latin), wagian (Saxon),
to shake ; hence, wag. Quail to languish ; quillen (German), to occasion pain. Quake to shake ; quakaeln (Teutonic), cwacian (Saxon),
Quakers a sect of religionists so named from the tremblings which they at times exhibited. Qualm a sudden fit of sickness cwcelm (Saxon), death ;
;
quatio (Latin).
hence, quell, to crush, to subdue, originally to kill. Quandary a doubt or difficulty ; qu'en dirai-je (French), of it. Thomson derives it from literally, what shall I say draga tweon (Saxon), the agitation of doubt. Quarry a stone mine ; so called from the stones being squared when taken out of a quarry; quarre (French), square;
quatuor (Latin,) four.

to crush; queesa (Swedish), to shake; cwysan (Saxon), to crush, to squeeze. Quaver to shake ; from wagian (Saxon), to move, to wag; hence quiver. Queen the wife of a king ; quens (Gothic), kwinna (Icelandic), cwen (Saxon), a wife. Queer odd, strange ; quer (German), opposite, cross ; thweor (Saxon) ; hence thwart. Quench acwencan (Saxon), to put out. Quick living, swift; cuik (Teutonic), quick (German), cwic (Saxon). Quill a feather ; Mel (German), the offset of a bulbous plant, the keel of a ship, a quill ; connected by others with calamus (Latin).
Quash
Quirk
cross.
a subtlety
perhaps from quer (German), opposite,
Quiver
a cover for armour ; couvrir (French), to cover. cwithan (Gothic), cwcuthan (Saxon), to say. ; Quote to cite what another quoth or said ; some derive it from quota, share or part, and others from cite, cito (Latin), to call. Thomson derives it from cote (French), the side, making it a side or marginal note. Race contest in running ; resa (Gothic), a course by land or water. Race, signifying the origin of a family, is given as from radix (Latin), a root. Rack an instrument of torture ; racka (Swedish), to reach or extend ; reichen (German), to reach ; recken (German),
Quoth
said
to extend
hence also
stretch ; streeken
(German).
44
;
Racy
rasa (Gothic), to be carried with strong, pungent ras (Icelandic), precipitancy in words, &c. great force connected with these rush, rash, &c. Others connect it with radix (Latin), the root, denoting tasting of the root or
; ;
soil.
Rad, or red a termination signifying counsel thus, ethelred, a noble counsellor raada (Gothic), rada (Icelandic), rathen (German), to give counsel connected with these, the word
; ; ;
means to read, to guess, to give read or expound a dream ; hence also ; hence, riddle, what requires discernment to read. Radish rodise (Icelandic), rattika (Swedish), rettig (German), r asdic (Saxon). Rafter raeftree (Gothic), a roof-tree ; rcefter (Saxon). Ragged torn ; recken (German), to extend. Rail to scold ; ralla (Swedish), rcega (Icelandic), rilgen
to read ; rceden (Saxon),
counsel
to
(German), wregan (Saxon), to accuse. Raiment from to array ; which is derived from ra (Gothic),
order ; rada (Icelandic), to put in order hence, (German), a row ; rue (French), a row of houses, a From the same root, range, rank. street. Rain what runs or flows rcegn (Saxon), regen (German).
line,
;
reihe
Rake
raka (Gothic), rawan (Saxon), rechen (German), to
Ram
scrape, to live dissolutely. to bring together, to re-ally. Ramble perhaps from to roam, to wander. to drive with force like a ram; ram (Gothic), strong. Rampant overgrowing restraint ; rempend (Saxon) ; connected by some with ramper (French), repo (Latin), to In heraldry, animals creeping up or rearing are said creep. to be rampant. To romp, is connected with these words.
Rally
Random
Rank
want of direction, hazard (French), a running down.
randun (Saxon), randon
strong, fruitful ; rank (German and Danish), ranc (Saxon), slender, high grown, tall. Ransack to plunder ; from ran (Gothic), plunder, and soekia (Gothic), to seek. Ransom a price paid for liberty ; according to some, a variation of redemption ; according to others, from ran (Gothic), plunder, and sona (Gothic), to appease. Rant bombast, senseless vociferation ; perhaps from ran (Icelandic), a song ; in the same way, cant, from cano In Scotland, a ranting fellow is a merry, (Latin), to sing. roaring fellow, and a rant, is a merry song. Rap a quick smart blow; rapp (German and Gothic), quick ; rapper (French), to strike.
4o
Rasp
to rub off; raspeln (German), rasper (French), raspare Some connect these with rado (Latin), to scrape. (Italian). Rat to desert one's party ; from the belief that rats leave a
is not sea-worthy ; ratte (German), rat (French) ; connected with rodo (Latin), to gnaw. Rate to chide ; rethe (Saxon), savage, austere ; wred (Swedish), reider (Icelandic), angry ; connected with these, wrath. Rather sooner ; comparative of rath (Saxon), soon ; rod
vessel that
Raw
(Gothic), direct, prompt ; hence, ready. not cooked, crude; ra (Gothic), hreaw (Saxon), roh and rank (German), rough. Reach to stretch ; rcecan (Saxon), reichen (German). Reach to vomit ; hrceca (Icelandic), hrecrn (Saxon) ; hence, wreck, and wrack, what is vomited forth by the sea. Ream a parcel of paper ; supposed to be from ream (Saxon), riernen (German), reirn (Icelandic), a thong or strap. Reap to cut down corn when it is ripe ; ripe is connected with to rip, to separate, to tear, as fruits are torn up when
ripe ; hence, ripple.
Reave to rob hrifsna (Icelandic), reafian (Saxon), rauben (German), ravir (French); hence, bereave and reft ; hence,
;
to rob, to rove,
and
ruffian.
Rebuke
derived by some from re and bouche ; (French), the mouth ; reboitcher, to stop the mouth. Others derive it from repugno (Latin), to resist. Reck to care for or regard ; rcekia (Gothic), recan (Saxon) ; gerulien (German), to condescend. Reckon to count, to consider ; recan (Saxon), rechnen (German) ; derived by some from reege (old Saxon), a series or chain, from the ancient mode of calculating with small balls attached to a string. Red rudher (Sanscrit), raudr (Icelandic), rhudd (Welsh),
to
reprimand
roth (German), rutilus (Latin), rearf(Saxon), rouge( French), roda (Greek). Rob Roy, Rob the red. Reed a small cane ; raus (Gothic), rieth (German), hreod (Saxon) ; hence, a rush, and rash (Scotch). Reek (old English), vapour; reik (Gothic), ranch (German), rec (Saxon) ; hence, reek (Scotch), smoke, and rook (Scotch),
mist.
Reel
to stagger
connected with
roll.
;
Regale to entertain in a regal or kingly way from galan (Saxon), to enchant. Rehearse to relate aloud ; to hear one saying.
Release
Relish.
or perhaps
to set free ; erlaesa (Gothic), to set loose. taste; lecher (French), to lick; relecher, to lick again.
46
to lie on, to depend on. to tear ; raena (Icelandic), to snatch, to spoil ; hence, perhaps, renard, a fox ; trennen (German), to divide. Rest repose ; roi (Gothic), rest (Saxon), rant (German) ; hence, restiff, unwilling to move ; resto (Latin), to stand against, to resist. Reverie dreaming ; from to rave ; rabies (Latin), madness. Reward from re, back, and worth ; to give back the worth. Rhyme measure or consonance of verse ; fromriman (Saxon), to number ; rythmus (Latin), ruthmas (Greek).
Rely
Rend
Rib
derived by some from reif, a hoop, from its bending shape ; rif( Icelandic), ref (Swedish), rippe (German). Riband, or ribbon perhaps connected with band; originally something to bind with. rikr (Icelandic), powerful ; reich (German), ryk Rich (Dutch), riche (French), ric (Saxon). The termination ric, denotes dominion or power ; bishop-nc, the dominion of a bishop ; ala-n'c, all-powerful. Connected with this word, rex (Latin), roi (French), re (Italian), rey (Spanish), a king ; and raj (Sanscrit), government. Rick a heap ; hreika (Gothic), to heap up ; hrauk (Icelandic), hreac (Saxon), a heap ; hence, ridge, and rig
(Scotch).
Rid to free ; rida (Gothic), radda (Swedish), retten (German), hreddan (Saxon). Ride reida (Gothic), ridan (Saxon), reiten (German). The Germans formerly used this word with the same extended meaning as the English, who do not confine it to the act of travelling on horseback ; thus, " To ride in a coach." Rheda (Latin), a chariot. Riding a division of a county according to some, from riht (Saxon), right or justice, and thing (Saxon), a convocation of the people. " In some counties there is an intermediate division between the hundreds and the shire. When a county is divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called trithings ; by an easy corruption, they are denominated ridings." BLACKSTONE'S COMMENTARIES.
;
plentiful; perhaps connected with to rive; or connected with reif ( German), ripe, mature. Rifle ; to rob ; from to reave. Rifle a gun with a grooved barrel ; derived by Thomson from ratfla (Swedish), to groove.
Rife
Right
justice, law; rett (Gothic), recht (Ger.), reht (Saxon), (French) ; in many languages signifying straight. Rim a border ; round (Icelandic), rand (German), a border; hence, rind, a husk ; perhaps connected with these, round.
droit
47
Ring a circle ; hring (Saxon), ring (German). Rinse to wash, to cleanse ; hrein (Gothic), rein (Ger.), clean. Riot noisy debauchery ; rauta (Icelandic), to roar like a wild
beast, to rage. from to ride ; a place ridden on. Roam to wander, to go at room; raumen (German), to remove, to clear away, to make room for ; hence, also, roum
Road
Roan-tree
(Scotch), to make way for. the mountain ash ; from runa (Gothic), incantation, as it was often made use of in magical arts. Robe a long vest ; connected with hraf (Saxon), a roof or covering ; hence, rauba (barbarous Latin), robe (French). Rock a mass of stone ; roch (Arrnoric), roclie (French), ritpcn ruks (Greek), from resso (Greek), to break; hruse (Latin), rush or fall. (Saxon), perhaps from reosnn (Saxon), to
To reck
to shake ; riicken (German), to move. Rochet a surplice, or loose upper garment rock (German and Swedish), a coat ; derived by some from ranch (German), rough, signifying originally a rough coat ; hence, rtty, and perhaps frock (English). Rod a pole rudda (Gothic), ruthe (German), rabdon (Greek),
;
;
rudis (Latin). Roist, or roust to swagger ; from roust (Icelandic), voice. Rood the cross ; rod (Gothic and Saxon), from roda (Iceused with an image landic), an image ; crosses being once
Roos t
Root
of Christ upon them. a place for hens ; derived by some from to rent ; by others connected with roste (Gothic), the highest part of a
building. the part from
which a plant springs ; rot (Gothic), u-yrt (Saxon), ridza (Greek), radix (Latin). Rope a thick cord ; rep (Gothic), rap (Saxon), reif (German) ; connected with these, to reef, to bind together.
Round
circular
border, extremity. run, designating, in

;
rand (Swedish, Danish, and German), a Bosworth connects this word with to its primitive sense, the quick motion of
a body round its axis. Rouse to stir up connected with rise and raise. Rout a clamorous multitude rauta (Icelandic), Rout a defeat ; from ruptus (Latin), broken.
;
to rage.
Row
to impel with oars

;
rowan (Saxon)
roar (Icelandic), rudern (German), ; hence, rudder.

;
Rub to make a friction reiben (German). Ruddy connected with red. Rue to repent reuen (German), hreowan (Saxon)
;
connected with hreow (Saxon), raw, cruel
; perhaps denoting the
48
;
repentance which follows acts of cruelty

pity.
hence, ruth,
Raffle
to
make
Rumour
rough.
;
Rummer a large glass rum Rim to flow; renna (Gothic

;
noise, report (German), to praise.
hream (Saxon), sound
ruhmrn
(Saxon), large, roomy.

;
and Swedish), rennan (Saxon), rinnen (German), ruo (Latin) from this, rain, and runnet, juice which makes milk run together. Rye rocken (German), rug (Danish), rige (Saxon) from
;
rih (Saxon), hairy, rough.
Sack
Saddle
(German Swedish), sach (Welsh), sac (French), sacco (Italian), sakkos (Greek), sacc (Saxon).
sadel
to sit.
sack
and
from
Sail
(Swedish), sattel (German),
selle
(French)
Saffron a yellow flower ; zufran (Arabic), yellow. a canvass .sheet; segel (German, Swedish, and Saxon); perhaps connected with sal (Saxon), a rope. Sake cause, account sache (German), sacu (Saxon) ; origi;
nally signifying, like ding (German), thing, wrangling. Some connect it with to seek ; thus, for his sake, means for
what he would seek or desire. Sallow the willow-tree ; seal (Saxon), connected by some with sal (Saxon), black salix (Latin), the willow. Saloon a hall sal (Icelandic), saal (German), sal (Saxon) from saljan (Moeso-Gothic), to entertain ; Upsal, a town in Sweden ; the high court. Salt connected, in various languages, with sea.
; ; ;
Same
saman (Gothic), samne (Saxon), like, together gesammt (German) hence also some, a number together, and to sum ; somnian (Saxon), sammeln (German), to
;
;
gather together ; simul (Latin), together. stone reduced to small particles ; sand (German, Swedish, Saxon) ; syndrian (Saxon), to divide or sunder ; sinder (Scotch). Sap juice ; saft (German), seep (Saxon). Satan from satan (Hebrew), the adversary, the accuser. Saw an instrument for separating ; sag (Swedish), slige (Ger-
Sand
man), saga (Saxon), sierra (Spanish) ; from sega (Gothic), to cut ; seco (Latin), to cut. Say to speak, to tell, to teach ; saga (Gothic), sagcn (German), secgan (Saxon) hence, saw, a wise saying. a balance from shell, shells being used for measuring. Scamper to fly off, to decamp schampen (Teutonic), to slip aside whence, says Dr Jamieson, escamper (French), to escape ; others have it from ex campo (Latin).
;
Scale
;
49
skemta (Icelandic), to divide ; others Scanty bare, scarce from scindo (Latin), to cut. Scar a rock skaer (Icelandic), a rock from skera, to cut scyran (Saxon), to divide hence, share, shire, shore, score, scar (a cut), shear, shred, a share the word sheer, complete, may be allied with these, as decided is with census (Latin),
; ; ; ; ;
cut.
Scare to take fright ; skiar (Icelandic), afraid ; applied to the horse when it is shy ; shy and skittish from the same root. a prickly fish ; perhaps from scethan (Saxon), Scate, or skate schaden (German), to hurt ; hence, scathe, hurt, damage. an iron to slide with ; sked (Swedish), skoeite Scate, or skate (Dutch) ; from skiuta (Gothic) ; hence, also, to shoot (English), and schiessen (German), which, as well as sceotan
(Saxon), signifies to discharge; hence, to pay one's shot. Scold to blame ; connected with scyld (Saxon), schuld (Ger-
man), guilt, fault. Scoop to hollow; scopa (Gothic), a vessel ; sc/jo/f (Frankic), a hollow vessel ; skaptein (Greek), to excavate ; scapha (Latin), a skiff; skep (Scotch), a case for a bee-hive. Scorch to dry up ; connected with searian (Saxon), to dry hence, sear, and sere. Scour to cleanse; skura (Gothic), scheuern (German), scheur (German), a shed or barn. Scowl to look askant or sullen ; skocla (Gothic), schielen (German). Scrag thin, meagre skraela (Icelandic), to dry up with heat
;
;
hence, sArae-fish (Scotch), fish dried in the sun. Scramble to climb up by the hands ; from hram (Gothic), a hand. Scrap small pieces, scrapings ; from to scrape ; which may be connected with scrob (Saxon), a shrub or scrog ; schrapen (German), to scrape ; hence, scrub, a mean fellow ; a scrip, a bag for holding scraps. Scratch to tear with the nails ; connected with scrape ,
(German); schreiben (German), to write; hence, scrawl and scribble, to write badly ; scribo (Latin), to write. Screech and scream to cry out in* affright ; skria (Gothic) ; hence, schrecken (German), to terrify. Shreck-horn, the peak of terror. Screen to protect ; serin (Saxon), schrein (German), a box or shrine; from skia (Gothic), to protect. Screen has also been derived from secerno (Latin), to keep apart. Screw an instrument for piercing ; schraube (German), ecrou
Scuffle
Icratzen
(French). confused
fighting
connected with
shove ;
slriufa
f)0
(Gothic), schuppen
scoff.
(German), to shove
hence perhaps
Scull, or
of the same origin with shell ; hirnschale skull (German), the hrain-shell. Some have derived shell, a cup, from skull, as our forefathers made cups of the skulls of But these words, with the following, are all their enemies.
traceable to skia (Gothic), to protect or cover
sconce, shell,
shoe, scuttle.
shield,
scale, scalp,
shieling,
shelter,
shaw, shade, screen,
shrine, shirt, skin, sky, skirmish (to fight
under cover), sham,
Scum
schaum (German), froth, that which rises to the top schiuma (Italian), ecume (French) from skia (Gothic), to cover ; hence, skim, to touch the top lightly. Scurf a scab ; hreof ( Saxon), rough hence, scurvy. Scuttle to make holes in a ship ; to make it open like a
; ; ;
basket or scuttle. Sea the ocean ; sae (Gothic and Saxon), see (German), zee (Dutch) ; from ae (Gothic), water. Aa or ae, according to aei (Greek), etymologists, denotes continuance, extent from its combination of vowels, expresses always, or eternity ; and, on the same principle, ae (Saxon), a law, a custom which has been long continued. Seam a joining ; saum (German), connected with to sew. Seat a chair, residence ; set (Gothic), suet (Saxon), sitz (German) ; connected with this, to set, to place, setzen
;
(German)
See
sehen
sitte
(German), means custom, morals.

;
to perceive
by the eye
;
sia
(Gothic), seon (Saxon),
Seed
(German) derived from eye ; hence, a seer, a prophet. what is sown; soed (Gothic), seed C Saxon), saat (Ger;
man). Seek to look for ; secan (Saxon), suchen (German) from auge (German), the eye.
Seethe
to boil;
derived
seyda (Icelandic), seothan (Saxon), sieden
(German). Seldom rarely
(German)
when.
sealdn (Gothic), seldan (Saxon), selten ; according to some, from seld (Saxon), rare, and
;
Send to dispatch senda (Gothic), sendan (Saxon), sind (old German), a way. skulk Seneschal one who has the charge of a household schalk (German), a rogue, (Gothic), a minister or servant and senis (Latin), old. Such names as rogue and servant, come to be applied indifferently by a common pleasantry. A marshall, or mareskalk, from mere (Teutonic), a horse, and skalk, signifying one who has the superintendence of the
; ;
horse.
51
;
Shabby
scafen (Saxon), to shave To scuff (Scotch), to touch lightly, is connected by Jamieson with to shove ; it seems naturally connected with scafen. chains for prisoners sceacul (Saxon), schakel Shackle (Dutch), a link of a chain, what sh akes ; the shackle-bone (Scotch), signifies the wrist-bone, by which prisoners were This is a humiliating word, and must have arisen chained. from the frequency of tyrannical imprisonment in Scotland
bare, shaving close schaben (German), to rub.
;_
;
in early times.
Shaft
a pole or spear, handle or arrow

;
schaft
she'bat
sceaft (Saxon) to extend.
sayitta (Latin),
an arrow ;
;
(German], (Hebrew),
Shag
rough
hair, a
kind of cloth
sceaega (Saxon), skoeg
(Gothic), the beard, also signified power. Shagreen a preparation of shark's skin resembling a file ; sagry (Arabic), chagrain (French) ; hence, to chagreen, or
tilititjreen,
to irritate. agitate,
Shake
to tremble ; skoeka (Gothic), sceacan (Saxon), schutteln (German). Shall sollen (German), sceal (Saxon), signify originally to owe; schuld (German), punishment, debt. Shale a husk ; schdlen (German), to peel. Shamble, or scramble to move awkwardly ; scantbelare (Italian), scambus (Latin), crooked. Shambles stalls where butchers expose their meat ; scamel (Saxon), schiimel (German), a stool or bench. Shame the feeling of disgrace ; from skam (Gothic), to blush ; schum (German), sceamn (Saxon). Shammy, or chamois the skin of the chamois (French), a wild goat gems (German), a wild goat. Shamrock three-leaved grass ; seam rag (Irish). Shape to make, form ; skapa (Gothic and Swedish), scyppan (Saxon), schqfen (German) ; hence, ship, a vessel, and the termination ship (English), scluift (German). Share to part, to divide ; skoera (Gothic), sceran or scyran (Saxon) ; hence, shore, shire, shears, score, ploughshare, scar, to
;
sherd, short.
scharf (German), scearf( Saxon) ; hence, carve. from scheiden (German), to cut or separate ; scceth (Saxon), a sheath. Shaw a shady place. (See Skull.) Sheaf a bundle of corn, what is shoved together ; schaub (High German) ; sceaf (Saxon) ; or it may be a portion,
Sharp
Shatter
from skyfa (Gothic), schyfen (Belgic), Sheen brightness ; schdn (German).
to cut.
52
sceap (Saxon), schaf (German) ; of uncertain origin ; it from skepo (Greek), to cover. Sheer clear, unmixed ; skir (Gothic), scir (Saxon), from sciran (Saxon), to separate ; schier (German), almost.
Sheep
some derive
any thing broad ; skaut (Gothic), sceat (Saxon), a garment; from sceotan (Saxon), to cast forth. Shelf a board to lay things on, a bank in the sea; scelf
Sheet
(Saxon), to separate in laminse; schelffe (Teutonic), a scale; perhaps from slcilia (Icelandic), to separate ; some refer
shallow and shoal to shelf. Shelter from to shield. (See Skull.) Shepherd a sheep-herd.
Sherbet
sugar, acid, and water mixed ; shurbut (Hindostanee) ; hence, shrub. Sheriff the shire-reeve, or steward ; from shire and gerefd (Saxon), a companion, a governor. Shield skiald (Gothic), scyld (Saxon), schild (German). small money Shilling a coin ; from skilia (Gothic), to divide some derive it from shield, from the impression of a shield
; :
Shiver to shake or tremble ; schauer (German), a shivering fit, a shower. Shoal from sceole (Saxon), a multitude, a school; skelea
(Icelandic), to divide, a separate company. connected with shake. Shoot to dart; skjuta (Swed.), sceotan (Sax.), schiessen (Ger.) Shop a place where articles are shaped or made. Short not long; from scyran (Saxon), to cut; curtus (Latin),
upon some
coins.
Shock
Shove
court (French), kurtz (German), short. to push ; skiufa (Gothic), scufan (Sax.), schieben (Ger.) Shough an exclamation used in driving away fowls ; scheuchen (German), to scare ; scheu (German), timid, shy. Shoulder sculder (Saxon), schulter (German) ; skiolldr (Iceto landic), a shield ; supposed to be from skia (Gothic), protect or cover. Shout a sound shot out ; some connect it with tauta (Gothic), theotan (Saxon). Show to exhibit to view ; sceawean (Saxon), schauen (German), to see, to look at ; auge (German), the eye. a clamorous, contentious woman ; supposed to be Shrew from syrwan (Saxon), to ensnare ; the word shrewd is said to have the same origin. Shrive to receive confession ; scrifan (Saxon) ; according to some, from scribo (Latin), to write, as the priests were wont to give a written prescription as to the course of penance ;
others take
it
from skyra (Gothic),
to explain.
Shrink
53
to draw together ; rynku (Gothic), wrinclian (Saxon), runtzeln (German), to wrinkle. Shroud a cover, a winding-sheet; scrydan (Saxon), to clothe ; from skraut (Icelandic), pomp. Shrug to draw up the back ; ryka (Gothic), hric (Saxon), riicken (German), the back or ridge. Shun to avoid ; scunian (Saxon), scheuen (German), eschew
(English). Sick afflicted with disease ; seoc (Saxon), siech (German) ; connected with to sigh. Sicker sure ; siker (Gothic), sicher ( German), sokair (Irish), securus (Latin). Side the part of the body fortified by the ribs, a party ; sida
and Swedish), seite (German), fide (Saxon), sid (Icelandic (Saxon), broad. In the same way, latus (Latin), the side ; from latus (Latin), broad ; plains (Greek), broad. Sieve what sifts; sia (Icelandic), sieb (German), sife (Saxon). Sig used by the Saxons for victory ; thus, sigward, victorious preserver ; seggur (Icelandic), a soldier ; sige (Saxon), sieg
(German), victory.
Sight siene (Saxon), gesicht (German), sight, countenance. Sign token, standard; zeichen (German), segen (Saxon). silke (Swedish), seolc (Saxon), silk (Persian), a thread. Silk Silly poor, miserable ; derived by some from saelig (Saxon), fortunate, simple ; by others from salig (Gothic), poor. Sin an act against the laws of God ; synd (Gothic), siinde (German), syn (Saxon), son* (Latin), guilty ; sinein (Greek), to hurt. Sinew a tendon ; sehne (German), sinu (Saxon), senon
(Scotch).
Singe to scorch from attending scorching ;

;
to sing,
it
on account of the singing noise has also been connected with ignis
(Latin),
fire.
Sink
Sip
to fall
down
sigguan (Gothic), sencan (Saxon), sinken
(German).
to sup by small draughts ; saufen (German), to drink immoderately. This word, in the northern languages, is confined to drinking ; by an extension of meaning, it signifies the evening meal. The word is formed from the sound which accompanies the sucking up of liquors ; hence, soupe% and souper (French), to eat the evening meal. the word of respect in address ; from silior (Gothic), Sir, lord It has also, like lord, which is connected with sig, victory. sire, a father, or term of respect, been connected with senior (Latin), older ; whence, seigneur (French), signor (Italian). Sar (Hebrew), a prince.
54
Sirloin
surlonge (French),
others, a title given to the loin of beef in a fit of good humour.
above the loin ; according to by one of our kings
Sirname, or surname a name in addition to another ; sur (French), super (Latin), upon. a woman born of the same parents; syster (Gothic), Sister schwester (German), swuster (Saxon), noror (Latin). Sketch to draw the outline ; from scitan (Saxon), to cast forth others connect it with schatten (German), a shadow. Skiff a small light boat ; schiff ( German), scapfia (Latin). discernment ; from ska (Gothic), division, a seeing of Skill The same idea tilings asunder ; scylan (Saxon), to divide. of division is observable in the word discernment, from
;
cerno (Latin), to see, and dis, asunder. to take off the scum. Skink to pour out liquor scene (Saxon), a tankard ; schenke (German), a tankard or public-house. In some parts of Scotland, to skink liquor, is not to pour it out merely, but to pour it frequently from one jug into another, that it may be thoroughly mixed. The word skink is now confined to Scotland. Skipper the master of a ship; a shipper; scyp (Saxon), a
Skim
ship.
to allay thirst ; slokna (Gothic) ; from la'ka (Gothic), leccan (Saxon), to wet, to moisten. Slander false invective ; connected by some with to sull;/ or slur ; by others with the word scandal; and by Dr Jamieson
Slake
with kland (Gothic), infamy. Slant to go in a side way ; slenta (Icelandic), to the side. from to slit. Slate a kind of stone in laminae
;
slip, slind,
Slay
slaga (Gothic), to strike ; achlayen (German), slean (Saxon), slaighim (Irish) ; hence, slaughter; also a sledge-hammer. Slean (Saxon), also signifies to cast, to throw ; hence, according to Tooke, sleet.
;
to kill
Slave
one without liberty
from Sclavonia, the inhabitants of

;
which were enslaved by the Venetians.

Sledge a carriage without wheels that which slides. Sleek smooth, shining; schlicht (German), plain, smooth; figuratively denoting cunning, deceitful. Schlich (German), trick ; hence, sleight of hand, and sly. Sleep slaep (Saxon), schlaf (German) ; from slap or slack (Gothic), remiss, loose. Sleeve a cover for the arms ; from slefan (Saxon), to put on, " To to clothe. laugh in one's sleeve" to laugh concealedly, covering the countenance with the sleeve.
Slender
thin
;
55
;
Men (Gothic),
;
klein
(German), small, thin
slinder (Belgic)
man), a serpent ; to cut ; schleissen (German), slitan (Saxon), to slit. Slice Slide to move smoothly ; slith (Saxon), slaet (Gothic),
Slight
connected by others with schlange (Gerschiingen (German), to wreath.
smooth, polished. small ; according to some, from schlecht (German), mean, plain ; figuratively ignoble, of no account ; others,
from
Slink
light, to
make
light of.
to
sneak, to steal out of the
way
slincan (Saxon),
gchleichen
(German),
to creep.
to slide; slaepa (Gothic), to creep; slipan (Saxon), Slip schliipfen (German). slipper, a shoe into which the foot slips, or goes easily ; hence, a slope, a smooth descent. Slot the track of a deer ; derived by Tooke from to slit ,
meaning the print of the hoof; hence, a sleuth-hound (Scotch), a blood-hound, a hound that tracks.
Sloth son
idleness
;
;
to slouch, to
connected with slow. A sloven, a slow perwalk slowly ; a slug, a s/ow-creeping snail ;
Slough
hence, sluggard. a marshy place ; derived by Tooke from slow ; sloe (Celtic), a pit. Slough a cast-off skin ; may be from slean (Saxon), to cast. Sluice a floodgate ; from schliessen (German), to shut ; Claudo (Latin), to shut. sluyse (Dutch), esclv.se (French).
Slumber to sleep lightly slummirian (Saxon), schlummern (German), from schlaf ( German), sleep.
;
Slur Slur
to sully ; from slorig (Teutonic), nasty. to run over quickly, to join notes in music
is
derived
hence, to slidder (Scotch), to speak indistinctly from speaking too rapidly. Slut slodder (Teutonic), filthy ; hence also slattern, and to slotter (Scotch). Tooke connects slut with slow. Sly cunning ; slaeaur (Icelandic), verschlagen (German), from schlagen, to turn ; slith (Saxon), slippery. Smack taste smaec (Saxon), schmacke (German) connected perhaps with smoke.
;
; ;
from sliddern (Teutonic),
to slide over
Small sma (Gothic and Swedish), schmal (German), smael (Saxon) hence, smack, a small vessel smile, a small laugh (from sma and le, Gothic, laughter) smaller, a small quanand smash, to break in small tity ; smoet, a small salmon hence melt, and smelt. pieces Smear to cover with ointment, or fat smor (Swedish), butter schmeer (German), smeer (Dutch), grease ; merg (Gothic), mearg (Saxon). Smell odour ; some derive it from melt ; others connect it
; ;
;
56
with smack; and Skinner from smoel (Dutch), warm, as
smells are increased by heat. to melt ore so as to extract the metal from to melt ; schmeltsen (German), to melt, to make small. Smerk, or smirk to smile affectedly ; derived by some from
Smelt
merry
smikra (Swedish), to
flatter,
and smercian (Saxon),
to smile, may be from smore (Swedish), or schmeer (German), butter. Smirking also signifies brisk ; and smerghless
(Scotch), insipid, languid.
Smith
ginally,
is
literally one who smites, one who works in iron ; orian artist in general ; from smithan (Saxon), schmiden (German), to beat, to strike ; hence perhaps smooth, what
beaten
down
smethe (Saxon), schmeidig (German),
soft,
pliant.
smic (Saxon), schmauch (German). Smother to suffocate smoran (Saxon), schmoren (German), smore (Scotch) ; hence, smoulder, to burn chokingly. Smuggle to import without paying duty ; smugan (Saxon), to creep ; schmiegen (German), to bend ; smuigen (Dutch), to eat secretly smouster (Scotch). Smut a spot, obscenity ; smitta (Saxon), schmutz (German), a spot ; smitta (Gothic), to infect ; hence, smittle (old English), and smit (Scotch), to infect. Snack a part or share ; schneiden (German), to cut, to go snacks, to be partners ; hence also snag, a sharp protube; ;
Smoke
rance.
Snap
to break short, to bite, to catch suddenly ; snippe, or snibbe (Teutonic), schnabel (German), the beak of a bird ; hence, a snipe ; hence, snap (Swedish), a bit, and knapsack
*
(English).
From
sneipa (Icelandic), reproach, comes snub,
tart in speech. Sneak to crawl, to creep slyly; snican (Saxon), hence, snake, and snail ; hence also snug, concealed, safe, comfortable.
Sneer
contempt expressed by drawing up the nose ; snuyte (Teutonic), the nose ; connected with this snort, snore, To snare, to noose, may have the same origin. snout, snarl. Snow sno ( Swedish), snior (Icelandic), schnee ( German), sna w (Saxon), sneachd (Celtic), sneg (Slavonic), nix (Latin). Soak perhaps connected with to suck ; sucan (Saxon), saugen (German), to suck. Soap sape (Saxon), seife (German), sapa (Icelandic), sebon
(Welsh); derived, according to some, from sebum (Latin), tallow soap being composed of tallow and ashes. Soar to mount ; perhaps from swira (Icelandic), to vibrate. Soft mild, not hard ; connected by some with saft (Gothic),
sap.
Soil
,57
to sully ; sula (Gothic), sudeln (German), souiller (French). Soc from sac (Saxon), an action, a cause, judgment, signifies Sac has been distinalso privilege to administer justice. guished as the privilege of administering justice ; soc as the territory in which the privilege was exercised. Son sunu (Sanscrit), sin (Sclavonic), sunus (Gothic), sohn (German), sunn (Saxon) sonr (Icelandic). Song from son (Saxon), a sound. Sooth truth ; soth (Saxon). Forsooth, for truth. Sordid base, filthy commonly supposed to be from sordidus (Latin), mean ; but referred by some to saur (Icelandic), The word sorry, signifying contemptible, has been filthy. derived from saur ; but it may come from sorrow, in the
;
same way as pitiful from pity. Sorrow care, anxiety sauryan (Gothic), sorge (German), sory (Saxon). Sar (Saxon and Icelandic), a wound ; hence, a sore. The adverb sore, it has been remarked, means, in old English, intensely ; but there is little doubt that it has been originally connected with sore, meaning painful. Intensatives in our own day are frequently taken from adjec;
tives denoting pain.
Sorel of a red colour ; saur (French), yellow brown. Sorrel a plant so named from its sourness. Sot a fool, one stupified by drinking ; the first sense is pecu-
France and Scotland ; sot (French), a fool it is also derived from saud (Icelandic), cattle. Soul the immortal part ; saiwala (Gothic), seele (German), saul (Saxon) ; signifying originally life.
liar to
:
Sound entire, whole ; sund (Saxon), gesund (German). Sound a frith, what keeps asunder or separates according From the same to some from synda (Icelandic), to swim.
;'
root, the
swimming-bladder of a
;
fish
is,
in Scotland, aptly
called the sound. Sound to fathom the sea
some connect a sound, or frith, with this word, that which can be sounded. To sound may be connected with synda (Icelandic), to swim, as the depth of certain places would be first ascertained by swimmers, or with the substantive sound, noise, the depth of water being sometimes ascertained by the sound of any body thrown into it. It is also derived from sonder (French), which has been analysed into sub unda (Latin), under the
water.
;
Sour acid sauer (German), sur (Saxon), sur (Celtic). South the direction opposite the north sud (German), sud (French), sutli (Saxon) ; according to Tooke, from seothuti
;
58
(Saxon), to seethe, connected with sinda (Gothic), and (German), to be hot. Sow sugu (Saxon), sau (German), sugga (Swedish). Sow to cast seed into the ground ; saiun (Gothic), siien
sieden
(German), tsawan (Saxon). Span the measure of the hand extended spanne (German), from spanna (Gothic), to draw out ; hence, spin. to wean; from spana Spane (old English and Scotch) (Saxon), the udder ; some connect this word with spoon, one sjooon-led. Spiinen (German), to suckle, to wean. Spangle a locket, any thing sparkling; spange (Saxon and German), from spannan (Saxon), to span or clasp. Spar to shut, to close sperren (German), sparran (Saxon) ; hence, to spar, to keep out an adversary's blows. Sparrow sparwa (Gothic), sperlhig (German), speara (Saxon) supposed by some to be connected with spreka (Gothic), to speak, from its incessant chirping. Spatter to besprinkle from spit ; hence, spat, spatterdashes, and speck also sputter, to speak confusedly. Spa a place where there is a mineral spring ; from Spa in the Netherlands, a place famous for its spring. Speak spreka (Gothic), spekia (Icelandic), sprechen (German), sprecan (Saxon). Spearmint a kind of mint growing in a spear form. Speed to make haste ; sputan (German), spedan (Saxon),
; ; ; ;
speudein (Greek). Spell originally a speech, mystic words or charms ; spial (Icelandic), discourse. Spell, to divide a word, has been derived from spalten, (German), to divide, connected with
splita (Icelandic), to tear; hence, split and splinter. Spell, a turn of work, a word common among sailors, is derived from spelian (Saxon), to supply another's place, to act ;
spieien (German), to act or play.* Spick, and span applied to what is very new ; according to some, applied at first to cloth newly taken from being spanned or extended on the spikes. There are various derivations of this ; but the one here given is the most obvious. Spider according to some, a spinner ; derived by others from spy, and dor (Saxon), a stingless bee, thus signifying the insect that watches the fly others have it spin-atter, from
;
after (Saxon), poison. to shed ; from spillan (Saxon), spillen Spill (German), to destroy, to deprive of ; spoil, to ravage, is from spolio (Latin). Spinster a girl ; literally, one who spins.
spin,
and
* Hence,
bon-spiel, a
term employed
for a
game on the
ice in Scotland.
69
Spoon perhaps from spann (Icelandic), a corn measure; spannan (Saxon), to extend, span, or measure. Sport play, diversion from spott (Icelandic), a make game ; spott (German), mockery, derision. Sprain an extension of the ligaments; from springan (Saxon), to spring, to hud ; springen (German), to leap ; hence, the
;
out; sprout,
spring, the season of springing ; a spring, water springing sprig, .spurt, sprit, and spriet (Dutch), a spear. stripling or springald, from spritan (Saxon), to sprout
;
(by a metathesis). Spruce trim, nice spraeg (Swedish), beautiful. Spurn to drive away with the foot ; spur (Gothic), the foot ; hence, according to some, a spur. From the same root, spuren (Ger.), and spyrian (Sax.), to trace by the footstep. Spy to see speja (Swedish), spoken (Teutonic). Squander schiinden (German), scendan (Saxon), to destroy, ,to shend. Squander has also been made a variation of wander. Squeeze to press cwysan (Saxon), to crush, to quash. Squint to look obliquely ; scyle-eged (Saxon), squint-eyed, or shelly-eyed (Scotch). Ska (Icelandic), signifies oblique or transverse, and has passed into the composition of many words in the northern languages. Squire, and esquire an attendant on a knight, his armourbearer ; from escu (French), scutum (Latin), a shield. The
; ;
title esquire,
by courtesy
gentlemen.
Stab, and stick
formerly limited to certain ranks, is now given to all who are, in the common acceptation,
man),
to pierce ; derived from stiff. Stupfen (Gerto pierce ; connected with stiff, staff, &c. stub, a trunk, what is left after cutting ; hence, perhaps, stubble.
Stag
Stipula (Latin), straw. derived by Tooke from stigan (Saxon), steigen (German), to ascend ; and named from its lofty head. From the same root, stage, an elevated place ; stceger (Saxon), a stair ; Others storey, a set of stairs; and stigel (Saxon), a stile. refer stag to steggr (Icelandic), the male of wild beasts. Stain connected with taint ; teindre (French), tingo (Latin), to tinge or mark ; it has also been connected with stein (Gothic), colour. Stale long kept ; perhaps connected with stellen
(Teutonic),
to place ; connected with this, stall. Others refer these words to sto (Latin), to stand. Stabulum (Latin), a stall or stable. Stale a decoy ; from sta>lan to steal.
(Saxon),
Stamp
with
to impress; estamper sto ( Latin), to stand.
(French); probably connected
fiO
from
to steal ; originally
Stalk
slowly, and,
meant to go stealthily, to walk by a natural extension of meaning, to walk loftily.
Stand
standan (Gothic), stehen (German), standan (Saxon),

stiff, still,
stare (Latin and Italian), staein (Greek). Staple a settled mart ; this, with stay, stead, stern,
many other words, obviously connected with to stand in various languages. stairno (Gothic), stern (German), steorra (Saxon), Star steorn (Gaelic), astrum (Latin), aster (Greek), stareh (PerThis word has been derived by northern scholars sian). from to steer, ships being guided by the stars. The stern, the hinder part, where the vessel is steered. Steoran (Saxon),
to govern, to reprove ; hence, stern, reproving, severe. Stare to look fixedly ; from to stand. Stark stiff, strong ; sterkr (Icelandic), stark (German), stearc (Saxon) ; hence, starch, that which stiffens. Start to move suddenly ; styran (Saxon), to move, to stir-; stb'ren (German), to trouble ; hence, storm and stream. Starve to perish with hunger or cold ; steorfan (Saxon), and
sterben
and
(German),
to die.
Steak a slice of flesh broiled ; derived by some from to stick ; a piece roasted on a point by others from stycke (Swedish),
:
(German), a part or piece. to take by theft ; stela (Icelandic), stehlen (German), Steal stelan (Saxon) ; connected with still ; to take in a still or quiet way. Steam vapour; stoom (Dutch), dampf (German), stem
stiick
(Saxon).
Steel
(Icelandic), stahl stel (Gothic), hard. Stylus (Latin), a sharp-pointed pencil. Steep an ascent ; stepan (Saxon), to raise ; hence, step and
;
iron refined
style
and hardened
;
stal
(German),
(Saxon)
connected with
steeple.
Step-child literally, one deprived of its father or mother ; step-mother, a mother to a stepan (Saxon), to bereave. child bereaved. By others, it is made to be one in the stead or place of another ; and Johnson refers it simply to step, one stepping into the place of another.
; stefn (Saxon), stimme (German), sttfna (Icelandic), a fixed time, an action at law ; what is called by the voice of authority. Steward an overseer ; from stow (Saxon), a place or mansion, and weard (Saxon), a warder or guard. Stint to limit ; ntunta (Icelandic), stent (Scotch), a limited or appointed task ; stound (old English), a small space of time ; hence, also, stunted.
Steven
a loud clamour
voice
(51
Stirrup cord ; literally, a cord to ascend by. Stithy a smith's anvil ; from stith (Saxon), strong. Stone stain (Gothic), sten (Swedish), stein (German), stem
Stool
from stigan (Saxon), to ascend, and rap (Saxon), a
(Saxon). a low seat ; stuhl (German), stol (Gaelic and Saxon). Storm a tempest (Gothic, Swedish, and Saxon), sturm (German), stoirm (Irish) ; styran (Saxon), storen (German), to
stir,
move.
strong; sometimes derived from stautan (Gothic), to hence, stot, a young bull. ; Straight not crooked ; from streccan (Saxon), strecken (Ger-
Stout
strike
man), to stretch thus denoting what is stretched out. Strait, narrow ; from estroit (old French). Strand the margin of the sea rand (German), border, extremity ; hence, the Strand in London, which lies along the Thames. Strath strath (Gaelic), a valley with a river and bounded by
; ;
hills.
Stray
scattered ; connected with straw ; hence, also, stroll, straggle, and strawberry, as this plant is strewed here and there at distances.
and
Streak
a line of col our different from that of the ground ; strica (Saxon), strich (German), a stroke or line ; from streichen (German), to draw ; connected with these stroke and strike. Stream a running water ; straumr (Icelandic), strom (German), yntrym (Welsh). Street street strasse (German), strada (Italian and (Saxon), Spanish), stratum (Latin) ; connected by some with tretten
(German),
*,rong
;
to tread.
straung (Icelandic), severe ; strang (Saxon), strenge connected by some with stringo (Latin), to (German) grasp hard ; hence, strangle, and strain. String, a rope, connected with these.
contention, contest; strith (Saxon), streit (German). to deprive of covering ; streifen (German), to take off the bark ; hence, perhaps, stripe, as a variety of colour is
Strife
Strip
produced by peeling the bark, and stripe, a blow, from the variety of colour produced ; hence, also, a strip, a narrow shred, and strap, a narrow slip of leather. Strut to walk in a stately way ; strotzen
according to some stout-born ; obstinate by nature ; connected by others with stub, a trunk. Stud a stake ; what is steady, Stuff any matter or body stoffe (Teutonic and Dutch), matter ; estqff'e (old French). To stuff, to fill with matter.
:
Stubborn
(German).
62
a trunk
;
Stump
stompen (Danish), to lop.
To stump, to
walk about heavily. Stun to confound; stunian (Saxon), staunen (German), to be astonished derived by Serenius from duna (Icelandic), to thunder. In the same way, attono (Latin), to astonish,
;
from tona (Latin), to thunder. Sturdy

hardy, obstinate; stuer (Teut.), stern.
Stor (Saxon),
great, vast ; hence, store, a large Such so each.
number, an accumulation.
(Latin), succar (Arabian). (Latin), alone, solitary. Sultry hot ; connected with sweltan (Saxon), to die ; swaelta (Gothic), to perish by hunger ; suilizon (old German), to perish by heat ; hence, swelter, to be pained with heat. Summer the warm season; sumar (Gothic), sunter (Saxon), sommer (German), related to sun. Sun sunno (Gothic), sunne (Saxon), sonne (German) ; derived by Wachter from sana (Arabic), to shine.
Sugar
Sullen
mere (French), saccharum derived by Tod from solus
to separate ; sundria (Gothic), syndrian (Saxon), sondrian (German). Sondern (German), but. Cinder, sinder (Saxon), what flies off from iron when beaten on an anvil. Sundry, several. Sure certain ; sicker (German), sicker (Scotch), sur (French), securus (Latin).
Sunder
from sour. one condemned to do the mean duty of sweeping ; swabber (Dutch), a sweeper of the deck. Swaddle to clothe ; connected with swad, an old English word signifying a pea-cod both from swethan (Saxon), to
A swab,
Surly
ill-natured
or swabber
clothe.
Swagger
to bluster
from swegan (Saxon),

;
to sound, to
,
make
a noise. Swain a young man, a pastoral youth
swan (Saxon), a
herdsman.
to devour; schwelgen (German), to carouse, to swill; The bird swallow might schwalg (German), the throat. seem connected with this word, but Serenius derives it from swale (Gothic), a roof, as swallows build in the roofs of houses. Sward sweard (Saxon) schwarte (German), the skin of bacon, the surface of the ground. a multitude ; swearm (Saxon), schwarm (GerSwarm
;
Swallow
man).
Swart, and swarthy dark, black ; swart (Gothic), schwarz (German), sweart (Saxon). Sway to wield, to poise ; swiga (Gothic), to bend ; schwt'ben
63
to move. To swing, is connected with the first. swaig (Gothic), a bending rod. Swear to call a higher power to witness for the truth swerian (Saxon), schwliren (German). Many derivations are given of this word ; some connect it with wahr (Ger-
A switch
(German),
man), true. Sweat swat (Saxon), schweiss (German), sweat, blood

nected with wet.
con-
Sweepstakes
all
stakes, or forfeits, are so called when they are swept or carried off by one. Sweet swet (Saxon), suss (German), soave (Italian), swad
(Sanscrit). to grow bigger Swerve to deviate, to
Swell
swellan (Saxon), schwellen (German). wander; swerven (Belgic), to wander;

;
perhaps from swoerfwa (Gothic), to whirl.
Sweep to carry off rapidly swapan (Saxon), schweifen (German) hence, also, swift. to devour greedily Swig perhaps connected with swill. It might be derived from swigian (Saxon), sweigian (German),
;
to be silent, signifying to devour silently. Swinge to beat ; swincan (Saxon), to labour schwingcn (German), to beat flax ; swine (Saxon, old English, and
;
Scotch), labour.
Swim
Tack
swimman (Saxon), schwimmen (German)
hence,
to
swoon.
to fasten ; attacher (French), to attach, to arrest ; from toucher (French) tango (Latin), to touch; connected with
to take.
;
Tackle the ropes of a ship some have it from taccl (Welsh), an arrow ; tacclan (Welsh), the ornaments of a ship. It might be simply referred to be the tuckings of a ship, what is attached to it. Some connect to tack, to turn a ship, with Tadpole
the tackle of the vessel. a young frog ; from tad (Saxon), a frog, and pole, the head. Tail tugl (Icelandic), ta-gel (Saxon), isagel (German). Tailor one who cuts out and shapes ; tailler (French), to cut ; hence, tallage, a tax, a share of a man's substance ; hence, also, tally t a stick cut so as to correspond with another stick, used in keeping accounts ; hence, to tally, to agree ; to detail,
(French), to relate minutely; to retail, to sell in small lots. Take taka (Icelandic), to take ; tango (Latin), I touch ; connected with these tongs, what touches or takes. Tale from to tell ; z'dhlen (German), tellan (Saxon), to relate,
to
detailler
number.
In this
last sense, tell
(English),
is
frequently
64
used
to
;
hence,
toll,
according to some.
tal
Talk
is
connected with
tell.
Tall
high in station;
(Welsh), taal (Chaldaic), a high
tree.
Tame
zahmen (German), tamian ; connected by Wachter with ssaum (German), (Saxon) toom (Teutonic), a bridle; hence, team (Saxon), what follows in order, offspring ; and team (English), a yoke. To tamper to meddle ; from tempero (Latin). Tan to embrown by the sun; tan (Celtic), fire. Tendan (Saxon), to kindle ; hence, tinder. Tap to strike gently with the tip or top taper, what comes to a top tippet, what is worn high on the tip of the shoul; ; ;
Tollo (Latin), to raise. to reduce to gentleness
ders
Tar probably connected with and pall, a cover.

Target
typpi (Icelandic), the top. tear
a tarpauling, from
tar,
a buckler or shield ; targe (French), targa (Italian), targaid (Gaelic) ; derived by some from tergus (Latin), the hide of a beast. Tariff tarif (Arabic), a detail, a tax. Tarry to stay ; from trceghen (Teutonic), to delay, or tardus (Latin), slow. Tart sour ; teart (Saxon), sharp, severe. Tartan chequered cloth worn by the Highlanders of Scotland ; tiretaine, a mixture of linen and woollen, worn by the peasants of France. Taste perception by the palate ; fasten (German), to touch lightly ; hence, taste, a delicate perception of what is beautiful in nature and art. Tatter to-teran, to tear to pieces. Taunt to reproach ; from teon (Saxon), to accuse. The same word in many of the northern languages, as well as in Saxon, signifies to draw, to tug, to tow ; hence, tau (German), and tow (Scotch), a rope, and the English tow. Tawdry vulgarly showy ; from St Audry, a contraction of St Ethelred; as at St Ethelred's fair all kinds of frippery, as at St Bartholomew's, were sold. Teach to instruct ; togen (Teutonic), seigen (German), tcecan (Saxon), to show, direct ; derived from ataugian (Gothic), which is made up of at, to, and augo (Gothic), the eye.
Tear
tagr (Gothic), thrdne
(German),
tear (Saxon), dear
(Irish), dakrus (Greek). Tear to rend ; tairan (Gothic), teran (Saxon), zehren (German), tara (Swedish), to consume. Tease to unravel wool; from ta>san (Saxon), to pluck, to
gather.
EXEKCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
Tee
a
(55
ice to which the stones are directed in the of curling, also a nodule of earth on which the hulls are placed in the game of golf; from tia (Icelandic), to
mark on the
game
Ten
show.
by Tooke from tina (Saxon), to enclose, as nuby others, from tyna (Icelandic), to number, in allusion to the natural mode of counting on the fingers. On the same principle, the German zehen, and
derived
meration closes with ten
Latin decem, have been traced to taihend, both hands, or the ten fingers ; from ten comes tithe, the tenth part assigned to the church. Termagant tumultuous ; used also as a noun to signify a turbulent woman ; from tir, an Anglo-Saxon prefix denoting
eminence, and maga (Saxon), powerful. , Tester a sixpence ; from teste (French), a head, on account of a head being impressed on it ; testy, headstrong, fretful, is by some traced to teste. Thane a nobleman, literally a servant of the king ; from thenian (Saxon), to serve ; thiena (Icelandic), dienen (German), to serve ; ich dien, I serve, motto of the Prince of Wales, formerly of the King of Bohemia, who fought and fell at the battle of Cressy, where Edward the Black Prince distinguished himself. Thick thic (Saxon), dick (German).
Thief
theof( Saxon), dieb (German). not thick ; thyn (Saxon), diinn (Ger.), tennis (Latin); dehnen (German), tendo (Latin), teino (Greek), to exteiid. Thing whatever is ; ding (German), signifying, in the northern languages, discourse, judgment, controversy, council ; star-thing, the Norwegian parliament ; it has the same meaning in old Scotch ; derived from thun (Gothic), to make. Thing, a council, is connected by some with tinga (Gothic),
Thin
to speak, as parliament
is
with parler (French), to speak

;
from
Think
Thirl
tinga, to speak, to have ideas;
some derive tongue
zunge (German).
thankan (Gothic), thencan (Saxon),
denken (German).
to pierce ; thirlian (Saxon), to bore, to drill, to thrill ; hence, thorn, and thrall, a slave, bondage. The last word has been derived from thirl, as our Saxon forefathers bored the ears of their slaves with a nail at the church door. Nostril from nose and thirl, the bore of the nose. Thrash to beat corn, to drub ; threskia (Icelandic), dreschen (German), therscan (Saxon) ; connected by some with to tread, in allusion to the oldest mode of thrashing. Thread literally, what is thrown or twisted ; thrawan (Saxon), In this last signifies not merely to throw, but to twist.
(;({
sense,
it is
retained in the Scotch
word
tltraw ; draht (Ger-
man), thread, from drehen,

Thrive
to prosper
;
to twist. supposed to be from throa (Icelandic), to

throte (Saxon), strozza (Italian),
increase. Throat drossel
(German),
strupe (Swedish).
Throe
agony
throwran (Saxon), trauren (German), to be

;
driven, to suffer pain.
Throng
1
a crowd
from thringan (Saxon), dringen (German),

;
to press.
Thumb
Thunder
daumen (German), thuma (Saxon)
turn (Swedish),
an inch.
dynr (Icelandic), donner (German), duner (Saxon) ; connected with din. Tide time, season, the alternate ebb and flow of the sea tid (Danish and Swedish), zeit (German), time ; tidy, orderly, from tide ; but tidy, meaning trig, has been derived from
;
tidig (Gothic), beautiful.
Tie
Tile
to bind
; ;
tigan
Saxon )
hence,
tight.
a brick
Timber
tigul (Icelandic), ziegel (German), tigel (Saxon). wood for building; zimmern (German), timbriun
(Saxon), to build.
Time
measure of duration timi (Icelandic), tim (Gaelic), tempus (Latin), temps (French), tempo (Italian). Tin tin (Icelandic), zinn (German), ystcen (Welsh), etain
;
(French). Ting, tingle, and tinkle words imitative of a particular sound ; hence, a tinker, from the noise which he makes when working.
Tire to grow weary ; teorian (Saxon), zehren (German), to waste ; tiira (Swedish), to consume ; hence, tare, a weed in
corn.
Toe
Toil
ta (Swedish), zuhe
(German),
ta
(Saxon).
a
tool,
from
tilian
(Saxon), to labour,
to till;
an instru-
ment of labour.
Tooth
Toss
(Gothic}, (Latin), dent (French).
to
flexible,
tunthus
zahn (German),
;
toth
(Saxon), dens
throw with the hand
tasse
;
Tough
not easily injured
(Suevo-Gothic), the hand. teon (Saxon), to pull, to
tow ; zahe (German), from sicken, to pull. literally, a place fenced in, a fortified place ; from tynan (Saxon), to enclose; tinin (Teutonic), tuin (Dutch), a hedge, a garden ; zuun (German), a hedge. A tun, an enclosure for fluids. Toy a plaything, literally something dressed or adorned ; from tnoijen (Belgic), to adorn.
Town
67
mark left by anything passing; treccice (Italian); Trace connected with trechein (Greek), to run, or trahere (Latin),
to
draw trekken
;
(Belgic), tragen (German), to
draw ; hence,
c. train, to draw, to educate, Trail to draw along the ground ; trailler (French) ; perhaps from trahere (Latin), treylen (Belgic), to draw ; trachle (Scotch), to trail, to overwork.
Trample
to tread
tinder foot
trampa (Gothic), trampen
(Belgic). Trap to ensnare, to trepan ; treppan (Saxon), ertappen (German), attrapper (French), to catch. Trash refuse ; supposed to be from to trash, to cut, and signifying originally the loppings of trees. Treachery breach of faith ; derived from tricher (French), triegen (German), to deceive ; hence, also, trick. Treachery is also traced to trado (Latin), to betray. Tree traam (Teutonic), trin (Gothic). Trench to cut ; trancher (French), a trench, a cut. in a trice ; from thrice ; before one can count Trice
three.
Trickle to fall in drops ; connected with tregill (Icelandic), a channel, tears forming a channel in the cheek ; connected
also
with
to
Trim
it signifies also to ; ; suit one's self to opposite parties. Trip a flock ; hence, troop ; trepas (Saxon), trup (German), troupe (French), troupeau (French), a flock ; turba (Latin),
trilla (Swedish), to roll. put in order trymian (Saxon)
a crowd
Troll
turbe (Greek), confusion.

trallen
from
(Dutch), to
roll.
Trot
a frequentative of to tread ; hence, also, trudge. Truth from treowian (Saxon), trauan (Gothic), to confide trauen (German), to marry, to confide ; hence, trust and tryst (Scotch), an appointed place of meeting, a place where parties trust to meet ; hence, also, truce, a reliance on a temporary suspension of hostilities. from tribulan (Saxon), tribulieren (German), to Trouble bruise, to vex ; connected with tribula (Latin), a flail turbo (Latin), to disturb. Trout truht (Saxon), truite (French), truta (Latin).
;
:
Truck
to exchange, to traffic ; troquer (French). This word has been connected with trochao (Greek), to wheel, signifying to bandy about ; from the same Greek root, a truckle, or truckle-bed, one that runs on wheels ; and to truckle, to gu under, to be subservient to, has been derived from truckle, as this kind of bed, it is said, is under another bed. Trump a winning card ; connected by some with triumph ,
(}ft
but trumph (Swedish) has the same meaning, and is connected with trumpha, to play at cards, to deceive ; hence, tromper (French), trompen (Teutonic), trump (English), to
deceive.
Trundle to roll ; trendel (Saxon), a sphere. The river Trent, from its circuitous course, has been connected with this word. Try trier (French), has been connected with tur (Hebrew),
to stretch, to
show the power. The word

;
truth
press.
nected with try. Tuck to gather up
may
be con-
Tumble
(Saxon), tomler (French), to fall. Turf torf (Swedish and German), tourbe (French) ; from torfa( Gothic), to dig. Turn turna (Icelandic), tyrnan (Saxon), tourner (French),
tornare (Latin).
tummeln
tucken (German), to (German), tumbian
Tweak
to pinch ; twiccian (Saxon), zwichen (German), to pinch with pincers. Twelve from twalif (Mceso-Gothic), compounded oftwa, two, and laib, the residue or lave (Scotch), denoting the two fingers more than the ten. Twenty from twain and tig (Gothic), ten, two tens.
Twig
two,
Twilight
twig (Saxon), zweig (German). from tweo (Saxon), doubt, which
is
connected with
; hence, also, to twine, to twist, to twin (Scotch), to separate. Twinkle to sparkle ; twinclean (Saxon), blinken (German),
and light. Twin from two
Twit
to shine. to sneer, to reproach ; idweit (Gothic), reproach ; wife (Saxon), affliction, torture, a fine. Udder uder (Saxon), enter (German), uber (Latin), outhar
(Greek).
Umber
from oga (Saxon and Icelandic), to fear. from Umbria, in Italy, whence the earth which produced a dark colouring matter was brought. Upbraid to reproach upgebradan (Saxon). The derivation of this word is obscure probably connected with brcedan
Ugly
horrible
dark
(Saxon), to make broad, to spread, to roast. Us uns (Gothic and German). Usher to introduce ; huis (French), a door. Usquebaugh an Irish word, signifying the water of Whisky is a corruption of this word.
life.
to bolster, to fill up ; from avampies (Spanish), the upper leather of a shoe. Vampire vampur (German), a blood-sucker.
Vamp
KXKHCISKS ON ETYMOLOGY.
fiO
Van
to
tlic front of an army ; avant (French), before ; hence, vaunt, to set one's self before others; vunter (French), to
boast.
Vain empty ; wahn (German), empty vanus (Latin). derived by Van, or fan -fann (Saxon), wanne (German) some from vannus (Latin), a fan, which has been traced to ventus, the wind ; hence, the vane of a church, what moves
; ;
with the wind. Vales money given to servants ; from avail, profit ; or from veiller (French), to watch. Veal from veau (French), a calf; vitellus (Latin); hence, vellum, the skin of a calf dressed for writing on. Veer to turn about ; wirren (German), huera (Gothic), to
whirl.
View
voir (French), to see ; video (Latin). ; a quarrelsome person ; from vixen, a she-fox. Wad anything crammed or stuffed in ; wad (Swedish), sailcloth ; fad (Icelandic), coarse cloth ; hence, weeds. Wade to walk through water; vada (Icelandic), watten (German), wadan (Saxon), vadum (Latin), a ford; vado
sight
Vixen
(Latin), I go.
Wag
to move lightly ; wagian (Saxon), bewegen (German) ; connected with this, weg (German), a way ; wagen (German), a waggon or wain ; wage (German), *a wave ; and wage (German), a balance or weight. Wag a cheat, an impostor ; wcegan (Saxon), to deceive. Wail lamentation ; wail (Gothic). Wake aufwachen (German), wcecan (Saxon). Walk from wealcan (Saxon), to roll, revolve ; wliltzen (German), to roll ; hence, the welkin, the sky which rolls
round us. Wallet a bag

bag.
from weattian (Saxon),
to travel, a traveller's
Wallow
Wallop
well.
to boil
walwian (Saxon), to roll. from weallan (Saxon), to spring up ;
hence,
wall (German and Swedish), wealle (Saxon), vallum (Latin), balla (Gaelic), a rampart. Walnut from walh (Saxon), a stranger, and nut, signifying a foreign nut.
Wall
Wan
pale
from wann (Saxon),

this,
;
deficient,
a want of colour
want ; wahn (German), empty and wanian (Saxon). This last, with weinen (German), and whine (English), may be connected. Wander wandra (Gothic), wandern (German), wandrian
deficiency,
1
connected with
wana (Saxon),
(Saxon), vadere (Latin
).
70
unrestrained, free ; from want and teon (Saxon), to draw, to train, one untrained. Wapentake a hundred, the division of a county ; so named from weapon and take ; or, according to some, from tekan, to touch, as the members touched each other's weapons in token of fidelity ; or, according to others, from tcecan (Saxon), to teach, as the use of arms was taught on these occasions. War wcer (Saxon), wer (German) ; connected by some with wara (Gothic), weren (Saxon), to defend. Warden a keeper ; weard (Saxon), a guard ; ward, as a termination, denotes direction, literally, looking to ; connected with this, warn, wyrnan (Saxon). Warrant, connected with
Wanton
wardian (Saxon), to defend. (German), wearm (Saxon). Wash waschen (German), wacsan (Saxon). Wasp wespe (German), waps (Saxon), vespa (Latin and
Warm warm
Ita-
lian), guespe
Wassail
(French). a liquor, revelry
from wees hal (Saxon), be whole,

westan (Saxon), wilsten
your health.
Waste
to diminish,
to desolate;
(German), vastare (Latin).
Water
Wax
Weak
to
wate (Gothic), wasser (German), hudor (Greek). grow ; vaxa (Icelandic), wachsen (German), weaxan
(Saxon). weich (German), wac (Saxon) ; derived by some from wika (Gothic), wican (Saxon), to yield. Weal happiness, prosperity ; wohl (German), wela (Saxon),
Wean
signifying also well,

;
to withdraw from any habit ; wenan (Saxon), entwohnen (German), wanja (Swedish), to accustom afwanja, to wean. Weapon waffe (German), woepen (Saxon) perhaps from veifa (Icelandic), wippen (Teutonic), to shake. Weather the temperature of the air; weder (Saxon), wetter (German). Athar (Gaelic), aither (Greek), the air. Weave weben (German), we/an (Saxon), vefa (Icelandic), huphao (Greek). Ween to think, to imagine ; wenan (Saxon), wahnen (German), to mean, imagine. Weep to lament wepan (Saxon) ; from wop (Saxon), a cry
; ;
hence, whoop. Weird skilled hi witchcraft from wyrd (Saxon), fate, which is derived from word; literally, what is spoken or decreed by God. In the same way, fatum (Lathi), from fari, to
;
;
or bewailing
speak.
Welcome
from well and come.
7]
one mass into another ; perhaps from well-inn (Saxon), to boil, to be hot, heat being the agent employed in the process. A well, a spring, from the same word wellian. Wend to go, to turn ; wendan (Saxon), wenden (German), to Went, the past tense of go, is the real past of to change. wend. Whale hwcul (Saxon), wallfisch (Gei-man), wald (Saxon), To wield, connected witli these. yewalt (German), power. Wharf a harbour or quay ; hiooorf( Saxon), hwarf( Swedish), huerfa (Gothic), to throw out ; in the same way jettve (French), from fetter ( French ), jacto (Latin), to throw. Wheat hwcete (Saxon), weitzen (German), wait (Gothic) ; connected with white on account of its colour ; hwit (Saxon), weiss (German), hwit (Swedish), white. Whelm to cover by throwing something over another ; hilma
to beat
Weld
(Icelandic), to cover. to sharpen ; hwettan (Saxon), wetzen (German), hwcet (Saxon), sharp ; hence, whittle (old English), a knife. Whey the watery part of milk ; whaeg (Saxon). The word whig has been derived by some from whteg, a kind of milk
Whet
which the Covenanters in Scotland, who were opposed to the court party, were forced to drink during their wanderings. While time weile (German), hwil (Saxon). Whim caprice hwima (Swedish), to turn the head. Whine to lament waniun (Saxon), weinen (German), hwina
; ; ;
(Swedish). Whirl to revolve rapidly ; whirla (Icelandic), a word derived from the sound attending rapid motion. Whisk to move quickly, to brush ; wischen (German), to wipe ; hence, also, whisker. to murmur; whrisprian (Saxon), wispern Whisper (Ger-
man). Whist a game at cards, so called from hist or whist ; interjections demanding silence, as silence and attention are
necessary in this game.
Whistle
'hwisle (Saxon), fistula (Latin). a thing, a point, -A wight; wuht (Saxon), wicht (German), a child. Whitlow a white swelling ; from white, and low (Saxon), a flame. Wic a dwelling, station, village, or bay ; much used as a termination in names of places. Wicked bad ; according to some from wiccian (Saxon), to bewitch. Wife a woman that has a husband ; in Saxon and Scotch, also a woman ; wif ( Saxon), weib (German). This word has
Whit
72
been traced to weave, weaving being at one time the occupation of females ; in the same way, a spinster, a young woone who spins. man, literally Wig a covering of false hair for the head. This word has heen often cited as an instance of the freaks of etymology, being derived from the Latin word pilus, the hair of the head ; pelo (Spanish), thence peluccn ; perruke (French), peruik (Dutch), perwick (English), and latterly periwig,
Wight
Wild Wile
Will
contracted into wig. a person, a being

signifies
wiht (Saxon) as an adjective, it ; powerful, and is derived from wigan ( Saxon), to fight. not tame ; wild (German, Swedish, and Saxon).
;
craft
wills
wile (Saxon), villa (Icelandic), error.

dill
(German), wella (Saxon), wilgo (Swedish),
(Gaelic), wolia (Slavonic), volo (Latin), vouloir (French), boulomai (Greek), to will. Willow welig (Saxon) ; it has been traced by some to *a/ (Saxon), black ; salix (Latin), a willow. Wimple to draw down as a hood or veil, to move in a mean-
Win Wind
dering
way
(Scotch)
;
wimpelen (Teutonic), to cover, to

;
fold.
winnen (German), winnan (Saxon). a movement of the air wind (German, Saxon, Dutch, and Swedish), waien (Gothic), wehen (German), to blow ventus (Latin), the wind ; to winnow, to separate by means
to gain
;
of the wind.
Wind
to turn round, to twist; winden (German), windan (Saxon), vinda (Icelandic) ; hence, windlestraw, straw which can be twisted into ligatures. Window has been connected with wind, a wind-door ; Serenius gives windauge (Icelandic), the eye of the house. It is remarkable that the Saxon word eag-dura, an eye door or window, has the same allusion to eye. Fenestra (Latin), has been derived from phaino (Greek), to show ; fenster
(German).
Wine
vinum
wein (Gothic and German), win (Saxon and Swedish), (Latin), oinos (Greek), win (Persian), iin (Hebrew),
to press.
from ine (Hebrew),
Wing Wink
winge (Gothic), gehwing (Saxon). to shut the eye ; winken (German), windan (Saxon). Winsome pleasant, merry ; from wyn (Saxon), wonne (Ger-
man), pleasure. Winter wintrus (Gothic), winter (German, Dutch, Swedish, and Saxon), the windy or stormy season ; in Saxon and
Scotch,
it signifies
also a year.
Wise
knowing; weise (German), wis (Saxon).

way, manner,
guise.
Wise
also
signifies
EXEKCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
Wiseacre
one wise in his a wise sayer.
to desire
;
73
own
conceit
weissager (German),
;
Wish
wiscan (Saxon), wiinschen (German)
per-
haps from wonne (German), pleasure. Wit mind, understanding ; witan (Saxon), wisscn (German), A witness, one who makes known ; witan to wot, to know.
(Saxon), signifies also to blame ; hence, wite (old English and Scotch), blame. Witch from wiccian (Saxon), to use incantation ; wice (Saxon), the mountain ash or rowan-tree, so named from its
magical use. a tie; withan (Gothic) to join; weide (German), withig (Saxon), a willow-tree. Withers, the joining of the shoulder-bones at the bottom of the neck and inane. Withhold from hold and with (Saxon), wider (German), Withstand, to stand against. against. Woad a plant used in dyeing ; wad (Saxon), waid (German). Wold a forest, wild, or weald; weald (Saxon), wald (GerWold and wald in composition signify powerful ; man). from wealdan, to rule, to wield: thus, Ethelwald, a noble
Withe
ruler.
Wolf
Woman Won to
Wonder
wulf (Saxon), wolf (German), vulpes (Latin). wifman (Saxon) literally, a wife-man. dwell, to live (old English and Scotch), wohnen (German), wunian (Saxon) ; hence, wont, to remain, to con;
tinue, to be accustomed.
admiration; wunder (German), wundor (Saxon); perhaps connected with wander. Wood wud (old English and Scotch), wuth (German), wcede (Dutch), rage, fury. Wool the fleece of sheep ; wolle (German), wutt (Saxon), ull (Swedish and Icelandic). Word a single part of speech ; waurd (Gothic), wort (German), ord (Swedish and Icelandic), wartha (Sanscrit). Work labour ; werlc (German), weorc (Saxon) ; in some of the northern dialects, it signifies pain. A wright, one who works. World the earth ; woruld (Saxon), wereld (Dutch), welt (German), has been traced to wer (Icelandic), a man, and
Worm waurm
old, signifying natural age.
(Gothic), wyrm (Saxon), wurm (German), vermis (Latin). Worry to tear; wurgen (old Saxon), to suffocate; worg (German), an obstruction in the throat. Worse wairs (Gothic), verri (Icelandic), wyrse (Saxon); perhaps connected with wear. In the same way, dvteriw (Latin), worse, from tero, to rub, to wear.
74
honour, a title of honour ; literally, worth, and ship, a termination denoting dignity. Worsted woollen yarn from Worsted, a town in Norfolk famous for the woollen manufacture. Wort an herb, a plant ; wyrt (Saxon), wurze (German),
Worship
spices.
Worth
nity
price, value ; weorth (Saxon), wilrde (German), digweorthan (Saxon), werden (German), wairthan (Gothic), to he, to become. Wound a hurt, a bodily injury; wunde (German), wund
;
(Saxon).
to contend perversely ; connected perhaps with wrceng (Swedish), perverse. to twist ; writhan (Saxon), to twist ; hence, writhe. Wrench to wrest ; from wringan (Saxon), ringen (German), to wring ; hence, wrong, what is out of the right path, what is crooked.
Wrangle wrong Wreathe
Wrath
anger
;
anger;
reidi (Icelandic), ira (Latin), eris
(Greek),
see rate.
;
Wreak
r'dchen (German), wrilcan (Gothic), wreto avenge can (Saxon) hence, according to some, wretch but wrenc (Saxon), exiled, wretched, seems connected with wracian
; ;
Wrest
hence, wreck. by force; wrcestan (Saxon); from wraest (Saxon), powerful. Wrist and wrestle connected with
(Saxon), to reject
to twist, to take
these.
Wriggle
to
;
move with
short twists
wrigan (Saxon),
to
move
hence, wry.
Write rita (Icelandic), writan (Saxon). Yard what is guarded or girded. Yare prepared gearwian (Saxon), to prepare ; hence, yarn, gearn (Saxon) garn (German), yarn, also a grin or snare,
; ;
snares being
made
of thread.
be
Yawn
Yclept
to gape ; beclyped,
ganian (Saxon), chaino (Greek). from clypian (Saxon), to call, and
changed
adjunct of the imperfects. Year;-jer (Gothic), jahr (German), gear (Saxon) ; hence, yore, a long time. Yearn from geornian (Saxon), to desire ; georn (Saxon), gern (German), desirous, eager. Yell to howl; gyllan (Saxon), giillen (German), to sound ; gowl (Scotch), ululo (Latin). Yellow geolu (Saxon), gelb (German), traced by some to gloa (Scandinavian), to shine ; hence, gold (English, Saxon, and German), which is of a yellow colour ; hence, also, the yolk or yellow part of an egg.
into y, the
common
7.5
Yes the common word of assent; gese (Saxon), ja (Dutch and German). Yeoman a man of small estate in land connected by some with gemeene (Saxon), common ; one who in common with
;
Yew
others has a portion of land. foam ; yst (Saxon), a tempest. Yesterday gyrstan da>g, gestern (German), yestreen (Scotch).
Yest
eibe (German). from gildan (Saxon), to pay. Yoke a bond geoc (Saxon), joch (German), jugum (Latin). Young not old; geong (Saxon), Jung (German), ung (Swe-
iw (Saxon),
;
Yield
dish).
LATIN DERIVATION.
PREFIXES FROM THE LATIN.
A, ab, abs from, out of; a-bate, ab-solve, abs-tract. Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, to ad-dition, ac-quisition,
af-fable, ag-gregate, al-ligation, an-notation, ar-rangement, as-sociate, at-tain.
ap-proximate,
Ante
Bis
Cits
before twice.
ante-cedent.
on this side ; Cis-alpine. Circum about circum-locution.

;
Contra
against ; contradict. Cum (con, co, and col, in composition) with, together ; contemporary, co-here, col-lect. De from, out of the way de-duct, de-formity. Dis, and dif, di asunder ; dis-pel, di-gest, dif-ference. E, ex, ef out of, proceeding from ; e-ject, ef-fulgent. Extra beyond ; extravagant. In and im into before verbs, and not before adjectives ; in-ject,
;
im-prison, in-nocent, im-possible. Inter between ; inter-pose. Intro, within (intro in composition)
intro-duce.
ob-struct,
Juxta
Ob, oc,
to, towards, &c. oc-currence, obs-tinacy. Per, pel through ; per-spire, pel-lucid. Post after; post-pone. Put* (French), then.
nigh to juxtaposition. op, &c. against, opposite

;
70
Pros
(pre in composition) before ; pre-face, pre-juclge. for, forth ; pro-mote, pro-mulgate, pro-stration, tuberance.
Pro
pro-
Re back, again ; re-sist. Retro backwards ; arriere (French), behind. Se aside, apart ; se-duce. Semi half ; semi-circle. Sub, sue, suf, sup, sus under ; sub-mit, suc-cumb, suf-fer, sup-pose, sus-pend. Super, supra upon, above ; super-scription, sur-charge. Trans, sometimes in composition tra and tran beyond ; transUltra
port, tra-verse, tran-spire. beyond ; ultra-liberal.
Some
or
still
they help to form. Thus b in ob, sub, becomes c, /, g, p, s. D in ad, becomes c, f, g, I, n, h, z, s, t. in in, signifying into, becomes /, n, r. R in her, becomes /. in ex, becomes f, and
prepositions often lose their last letter in composition, oftener change it into the first letter of the words which
N X
often contains
*,
in itself.
AFFIXES FROM THE LATIN.

ine, ar, ary, ory, ic may be explained by prefixing of or belonging to ; thus, Christian, belonging to Christ ; angelic, belonging to an angel, &c. Ant and ent may be explained by ing. Ate, ous, or ecus imply having or bringing ; thus, courageous,
An,
Ive
having courage, advantageous, bringing advantage. signifies what the verb expresses ; thus, offensive, what
offends.
ible
Able and
signify capable of; discernible, capable of being
discerned.
Er, ar, or, ary, eer, an, fyc. express the person who performs the action contained in the noun ; thus, saviour, one who
saves.
Ade,
ide, ate, ute, ite, ee,
on, to
whom
denote persons and things acted $c. action has been committed ; thus, favourite,
presentee, &c. Ment, sion, age, ation, tion, ion express act, state, condition. Fy, from_/zo I become ; thus, clarify, to make clear.
77
EXERCISES ON LATIN DERIVATION.

LESSON
I.
Among the conspirators 1 were several aspirants1 to the throne. The patriot2 is inspired 1 with the love of country, and for its
good is ready to expire. After a copious3 perspiration, 1 he respired 1 freely. The inspired 1 writers were filled with the spirit 1 of God. None had the spirit 1 to look after the sprite. 1 The moon reflects4 the light of the sun. That man is prone5 to reflection,4 and loves solitude. 6 His patrician 2 spirit would not stoop to genuflexions.8 4 You cast reflections4 on my character, and give me no room
1
to vindicate? myself.
His course 11 was marked with rapine 9 and cruelty. 10 His joy amounted to rapture. 9 The curricle 11 was driven with the utmost rapidity. 9 9 12 Surreptitious copies of this book are in circulation. The fame 13 of the good will endure 14 through eternity. The name of the traitor will be infamous 13 through all ages. In my discourse, 11 I shall recur, 11 in a cursory 11 way, to the
predatory
16
incursions 11 of these savages. 15

8
; a, con, ex, per, in, re, trans. breath. Spiritus, 2 j Patria, one's native country. a father ; pater (Gr.) ( Pater, 3 Copia, plenty. 4 Flecto, I bend ; past part./e^MS,
Spiro, I
breathe
Genu, gonu (Greek), the knee,

Rapio,
tus.
I
snatch, past part, rap-
10
n
12
raw. < Crudelis, cruel. cr ( Cruor, gore. Curro, I run con, ex,
;
( Cru< Crudus,
in, oc, re.

I
bent
1 5
de, in, re.
Pleko (Gr.),
Circus, a circle.
twine.
<>
13
Fama, fame
phemi (Greek),
Pronus, looking down, inclined

to.
Solus, alone.
I
14
(
7
-(
Vindex, a defender.
Vindico,
15
;
speak. Durus, hard. Sylva, a wood.
avenge
dike
l6
(Greek), justice.
Prceda, plunder, from pario, I procure, I bring forth.
Conspirators from breathing or whispering together. Aspiring breathing or panting after. Reflection accusation in a side or reflected way. Patricians descendants of the Roman senators or fathers. Pattern patron (French), that which directs: Charge from carrum, a car, what is given in charge literally, what is given to be carried. Savage literally, an inhabitant of the woods. A rapier a kind of sword, so named from its being used in thrusting quickly.
78
LESSON
The ambient The ambition
1
II.
air is filled
1
with life. of Alexander was insatiable 2 ;
many perished
world
;
in the circuit 1 of his conquests. He has made his exit 1 from this transitory 1 1 early initiated in the school of misfortune.
-
he was
There is a great laxity 3 of morals* evinced6 in these populous 5 provinces. 6 It is the province'' of superiors? to direct, of inferiors" to obey. The victor6 of the Alps had convinced6 the world that he was invincible ; 6 he fell at last, however, the victim 6 of his own ambition. 1 The corpse was interred 11 with military 12 honours in the 9 15 presence of the corps. Some have supposed that there is a subterranean 11 passage between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean. 11
corporation ceded its most important rights. funeral procession 10 moved through the principal 14 15 a novel 16 and streets, and presented imposing sight. To this recess 10 no access 10 was allowed. 10 has not succeeded 10 so well as His successor yet ; but in 10 process of time he may. Our pious 1 ? ancestors 10 were mainly accessory 10 in procuring those rights which we now securely " enjoy. While they were in security, 18 danger threatened them. The curate 18 was very curious 18 to know the particulars.
1
The The
10
Eo,
go
co, ex, circum, &c. I go round, &c. Satis,
itum, gone am, ; ambio,

;
10
Cedo, I give place, I go
past
Initium, beginning. enough assez (Fr.) hence, assets.

;
J1
part, cessus, gone ; ac, con, ex, inter, pre, pro, re, se, sue. Terra, the earth.
12
;
13
14
3
4
Satietas, satiety. Laxus, loose.
Miles, a soldier, Funis, a rope. a torch made of rope. | Funale, Princeps. the chief, from pri(
Mas, moris, a manner.

Populus, the people.
Vinco, I overcome ; past part. victus ; con, e, pro.
J5
mus,
first.
5 6
Prcesens, from prce, before,

ens, being ; hence, to sent, to give in person.
sent,
and
pre-
Ab-
1
8
Super, above ; hyper (Greek). Infra, below. Corpus, a body.
a being from.
;
16
J7
Novus, new
Pius, holy. Cura, care
;
neos (Greek).
se.
18
a going about figuratively, a desire of honour and preferment. The use of this word arises from the practice of those for offices going about to insure the suffrages of the electors. suing A province literally, a conquered country.
Ambitio
literally,
MXtiRClSES
ON ETYMOLOGY.
79
Funeral so called from the rope or torch which was borne at the procession before burial. Victim so called, because slain in honour of victory ; or from vincio, I bind, the victim being bound. Security is here used in its primary sense, freedom from care. To convince to conquer in argument. Mediterranean from medius, middle, and terra, the earth ; the ancients supposing that sea to be in the middle of the earth. A terrier from terra, the earth, as it goes under ground in search of game. Morose from mos, moris, a manner or way signifies froward ; adhering to one's own way.
LESSON
IIL
is
a very hospitable 1 man, and every one who visits2 him met with cordiality.3 I shall ever record3 his kindness. Let him be treated according 3 to his deserts. It is evident 2 that these plans could emanate 4 only from a
is
He
visionary.
2
is
The ant
winter.
a provident2 animal, 5 and lays in provision 2 for
Providence2 will order all things for the best. The vision 2 vanished6 from his sight. Ignorance? often clothes itself in the garb of learning, and
becomes ridiculous8 and disgusting. 9 Man is the only risible8 animal 5 in the creation. 10 The doctrine 11 of attraction 12 is the key to the science 13 of
astronomy. His conscience 13 whispers to him that there is a prescient 13 and omniscient 13 Being. He pointed out with great animation5 the pusillanimous 195 and invidious2 conduct of the party. Detraction 12 cannot disturb 16 his equanimity, ! ? 5 or extract 12 from him one word of repining.
14 15
The child is very tractable. Before this discovery, men's notions 18 were very contracted. 12 To a mind like yours, distracted 12 with so many cares, the fol12 12 lowing abstract of a very attracting story may be welcome. His brother is a road contractor. 12 He is notorious18 for the quaintness of his notions, 18 and in the present matter I recognise 18 the same spirit. In that portrait 12 I can trace 12 no trait 12 of my friend.
12
1
Hospes, a guest.
Video, I see ; visus, seen ; eido (Greek) ad, de, e, in, pro, super ; voir (French).
;
3 Cor, cordis,
the heart
occur,
se.
(Fr.)
4
Visito, I visit.
5
,,
Mano, (Animu, life; animus, the soul or mind, from anemos J

j
hence, courage ; i flow ; e.

;
Învideo, I envy.
(Greek), wind.
1 enliven.
[Animo,
80
Vanus, vain. Evanesco, I vanish,
nothing.
ex,
I dis,
ab.
treat,
;
Hence,
also,
go into
tracto,
7 8 9
10
Gnarus, skilful, from nosco, 1 know.

Ignarus, ignorant. Rideo, I laugh at ; de.
Gusto, I taste ; dis. Creo, I create ; re. I teach
trama, a web mel, a net.

13
(
trade ; and whence tram-
Scio, I
con, pre. ; Scientia, knowledge.

star.
know
14
15
16
Astrum, a
Gout (Fr.)
;
Womos
(
deiknuo
17
(Greek), a law. Turba, a crowd. Turbo, I disturb ; per,
dis.
(Greek), I show. Doctrina, doctrine. iDoceo, l2 Traho, I draw ; tractus, drawn ; tirer (French) hence, retire,
;
JEquus, equal.
(
Nosco. I know; notus, known ;

ac, cog.
18
1
(
Nota, a mark.
little,
attire
at, de,
con, pro, sub,
19
Pusillus,
small.
up in prospect of want. Purvey pourvoir (French), to provide. Animus, soul, from anemos (Greek), wind. is found in spiritus, from spiro, I breathe, and in
store laid
soul,
Provision
similar derivation
psuche (Greek), the
from psucho,
I breathe.
LESSON
tion. 3
IV.
His prejudices1 are to be attributed2 to his narrow educa-
so
his conduct3
The duke,3 who has conducted 3 the army in its retreat with much success, was, when a boy at school, dux3 of his class ;
A contribution2
That malady5
tals are filled
then was equally remarkable.
was
raised in behalf of the convalescents. 4
is
very prevalent4 in the army, and the hospi-
with invalids. 4
At
tion. 2
that tribunal, 2 he
is
must look
for the sentence of retribu-
There
A little
him
a profusion6 of all kinds of fruit7 this season. infusion6 of the spirit of forbearance would render a better member of society.8
6
is easily fusible. distributed 2 the money among his associates, 8 who are the refuse 6 of society.8 The generous9 man regards what will be conducive 3 to the 10 " 3 good of all, not what will be conducive to his own benefit. It is the general9 belief that the progeny!' has degenerated 9 much in bodily vigour. 12
That metal
He
This
is
The general9 ingenuously 9 owned

Genius9
region.
is
the genuine9 prodiiction3 of the country.

his faults.
the gift of nature
13 it is
not indigenous9 to any
He
arrived at his native 13
town on
his natal 13 dnv.
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOOY.
1
Judico, I judge, from jus, juris, right, and dico, I say or tell ; pre-judico, I judge before-
( Genus, <;en<?m,akind or race. < Gigno, I beget ; genitus, be(
hand.
2
10
11
Bene,
got. well.
Duco,
Tribuo, I give ; at, con, re, dis. I lead ; dux, a leader ;

e, pro, con, re, ad, se, ab, in. Valeo, I am strong, I prevail.
*
5 6
Mains, wicked malum, an evil. Fundo, I pour out ; fusus, poured re, pro, con, dif.
;
Fructus, fruit ; fruor, I enjoy. Socius, a companion.
Facia, I do, make, or act ; factus, done ; hence, a fact. ( Vigeo, I am strong. 12 Vigor, strength, from vis, "j ( strength. f Natura, nature. j3 J Nascor, I am born ; natus, born ; nan>e(Fr.), natural, j unaffected. (
Genius
ducat
that which is born with us. a coin issued by a duke.
LESSON
1
V.
3
and religious. They ask liberty, The lectures3 are delivered nightly.
1 1
civil2
That libertine indulges* in the grossest 5 vices.6 That subject has its professors7 in various colleges.3
The meeting has appointed intelligent3 delegates.3 Be diligent in collecting 3 information, and see that you be able to recollect3 when you are asked to detail it. The ornaments9 were select 3 and elegant.3 The invalid was ordered a leguminous3 diet.
1'
That villain 10 is the suborner9 of crime, he circumvents 12 and takes advantage - of the weak. That story is not credible, 11 and though it has seduced the 11 11 12 credulous, it is not creditable to the invention of any one. The Covenanters 12 were prevented 12 from calling that convention. 12 In collecting the revenue, 12 our convenience 12 is not studied. The deaf man is apt to make an absurd 13 answer.
1
1
Liber, free set free
livrer (French), to hence, to deliver.
6
7
Vitium, vice, from vito, I shun. Fateor, I confess ; con, pro.

Diliyo, I
Civis, a citizen.
8 9
10
11
am
fond
of,
from
vilis,
lego.
'Lego, I read, I choose, I gather ; col, e, se.
Orno,
Villa,
deck, I prepare.
;
a farm-house
low.
;
Legumen,
liffo,
what is gathered by the hand colgrain,

;
Credo, I believe, I trust dis, re, mis.

Venio, I come pre, super.
;
ac,
e,
4
5
bind I together ; hence, cuellir (Fr.), and the English coil and cull. Indulgeo, 1 indulge. Crassus, thick.
12
ad, circum,
Surdus, deaf. Absurdus, harsh to the ear.

dissonant.
82
to Cicero, Religion literally, a reading over and over. According those who frequently perused those things which concerned the worfrom re-legendo. ship of the gods, were called religious, that faculty Intelligence from lego, to choose, and inter, between,
which discerns.
and a consequent atDiligence implies a preference for an object,

tention to
it.
Negligence
from nee and
lego,
not to choose.
Civil also signifies courteous, not rustic, citizen.
having the manners of a

city,
In the same way the word urbane, from urbs, a

lity.
denotes civi-
Villain for which sense.
from villa, formerly a farmer who had a house and lands, he was bound to serve his lord. It is now used in a bad
To suborn
Absurd
sub and orno, to procure privately. what a deaf man would answer. covenant a coming together, a meeting, a bargain.
literally,
relief.
Recreant an M postate, from re and credens, drawing back Miscreant from mis and credens, not believing.
LESSON
1
VI.
His library contains a thousand volumes,3 many of them 5 6 rare 4 and valuable manuscripts. 5 In this reign,9 the reins2 of government were ill managed. After the revolution,3 the adherents9 of the regaP system
2
were persecuted 10 with acrimony. 11

I hesitate 8 not to
9 12 They were directed" to erect another edifice. I was much edified with his discourse. The consequence 10 of sin is misery. 13 He imagines himself a man of consequence, and executes 10 his task with much pomposity. His argument 14 was very involved,3 and though well ma7 5 his audience. 15 naged, was beyond the cap'acity of He has been sequestrated 10 a second 10 time.
say
that the'y are incoherent.8
The
senses of children are busily occupied? in the percep-
tion 7 of objects. 7 7 I never anticipated 7 that he could be susceptible of deceit. The jailor conceives" that the captive7 displays incipient7
signs of madness.
The manufactures5
of the continent. 2
of Britain are generally superior to those
Your position is manifestly5 1C untenable.2 2 The tenants'2 retain' their leases on a very slight tenure. That little manual5 is adapted to juvenile 17 capacities.7 The tenets2 of that creed are revolting.3
1
"
83
abs, at, con, de, inter, ob, per, re. 2 J hold back. I j Retineo,
;
Liber, a book, or f Teneo, I hold
bark of a
tree.
Rex,
Retinaculum, a rein.
regis, a king. Rego, I rule ; rectus, ruled, or straight ; hence, the right path is called the path of rectitude.
Volvo, I roll ; de, in, re, con. 4 Jtarus, thin, uncommon ; hence,
rarity, fineness, and rarity, uncommonness. Manus, a hand mener (Fr.),
;
Dirigo, I direct ; erigo, I erect ; dirizzare (Italian) ;
'>
hence, dress. Regula, a rule. êanum, a kingdom.

10
to lead.
6
Scribo,
'
con, de, in, pre, pro, sub, super, trans. Capio, I take ; cap t us, taken
;
write
Sequor, I follow ; pro, per, con ; hence, suivre (French), and

to sue, suit,
and
suite,
j!
tion)
(cep and ceive in composi; ante, con, de, per,
12
re, sus. Cupio, 1 desire.
13
14
Acer, keen ; aigre (Fr.), sour. bitter. { Acerbus, JEdes, a house ; cedifico, I make a house, I build. Miser, wretched.
(
Incipio, I
begin ; echapper (French), to escape, from
Arguo,
ex and capio.
8
I argue, from argot (Greek), clear, signifying to
make
15
;
clear.
I
Hcereo, I stick
ad, in, co.
haesus, stuck
16
Audio, Fendo,
hear
I fall in,
ouir (French). strike against
manifest, what can be laid hold of by the hand.

17
Juvenis, a youth.
Volume
Edified
so called from the practice of the ancients writing on rolls. Instruction has a similar derivation, literally, built up.
being from struo, I pile up. Liber, a book, or the inward bark of a tree, on which the ancients used to write before the invention of paper. liook, on the same principle, is derived from beech ; and a code, a book, from caudex, the stem or body of a tree. Maintain maintenir (French), from manu tenere (Latin), touphold. Realm from royaume (French), regnum (Latin), a kingdom. Manage menager (French), from manu agere, to do or act with the hand. Mantle a cloth for the hands. Amenable from mener (French), to lead ; liable to be led to justice. Hence, also, to demean one's self, to lead or conduct one's self. Alert all'erta (Italian), ad erectam (Latin), to be on a raised place, a place favourable for seeing or watching. Manifest has been derived from meno phaos (Gr.), to remain clear.
Recover recouvrer (French), from recupero, or recipio, I get again. Rescue from rescouvrir (old French), to recover. Obedience from ob and audio, I give ear to. Vinegar from vinum, wine, and acer, sour. Allegro from alacer, brisk. Sequester one whose decision parties bound themselves to follow, and in whose hands the property in dispute was placed before matters were determined.
84
LESSON
VII.
These portents1 were viewed with intense 1 interest by the 1 multitude, and tended to diffuse general terror. 4 He is distended 1 with pride, and ostentation 5 is his sole6 aim. He is the ostensible 1 author of that scurrilous? paper.8 Do not stretch the canvass9 of the tent to its utmost extent. 1
1
He
intends 1 to canvass9 for the representation of the burgh.
That mendicant, 10 when I refused an alms, 11 beheld

a look of ferocious 12 malignity. The public 13 mind is agitated 14
me with
by
That
profligate
15
son
inflicts 15
afflicted 15
15 rumours. 16 conflicting misery daily on his already
mother.
1?
The equilibrium
1
of his
mind
is
He deliberated ? long before he made that adjustment. He was convicted of a flagrant 18 crime, and condemned
expiate his offence
destroyed.
to
The aliment 11
Tendo,
19 by an ignominious
death.
is
nutritious. 20
;
teino (Gr.) ; por, at, con, dis, pre, in, ex. Tento, I try, I tempt. Ostendo, from ob, and tendo,
I
2 3
I stretcli
7 Scurra,
8
a scoffer.
9
10
Papyrus, paper. Cannabis, hemp. Mendicus, a beggar.

(
(
show.
n
12
Multus, many. Inter esse, to be among, to be connected with. To de-ter, Terreo, I frighten. to frighten from. Os, oris, the mouth, the coun'
Alo, I nourish. Almus, bountiful.

fierce
;
Ferox,
beast.
fera,
wild
13
14 15
teiiance.
Oscillum, a
little
little mouth, a image of the human countenance swung upon
Publicus, public, from populus, the people. Agito, I shake. Fligo, I dash ; con, pro ; phlibo (Greek), I crush,
16
17
Rumor, a rumour,
balance ; libella, a balance ; hence, level, Flagro, I burn. Nomen, a name. Nutrio, I nourish.
Libra, a
little
ropes
to
(
hence, to
oscillate,
18 19
move.
Ostium, a door.
Solus, alone.
20
Intense
stretched out, on the rack.
To canvass the act of sifting voices before voting, from canvass, cloth made of hemp, as this cloth was used for sifting. Burgh from berg, a Teutonic word signifying a hill, as anciently
towns were built upon hills. The papyrus is an Egyptian plant, the stem of which
is
composed
of several leaves or films, which, after certain preparation, were fit for writing on. To deliberate to weigh in the mind, to ponder over, to balance. Profligate, according to some, signifies one who dashes forward without consideration.
85
LESSON
VIII.
2 I shall retaliate 1 in revenge, and legal redress shall be most rigorously 3 exacted. 4 Your opinion5 and mine on these subjects6 exactly 4 tally. 1 In this exigency 4 he condescended? to perform the most
my
8 6 6 abject offices, and framed the most disgusting projects. The venom 9 was deeply injected, 6 and caused virulent10 pain. The columns11 of that paper are filled with projects6 and 6 6 12 conjectures, which the mind rejects with contempt. The monitor 13 explained the adjective,6 the interjection,6 and the case objective. 6 Presume not God to scan.7 These monuments 13 are enormously 14 large. The admonitions 13 of the good are spurned 15 by the foolish. The ministry 16 have much talent J 7 and integrity, 18 and administer 16 the affairs of the nation very creditably. are not all criminal. 19 I beg that you will divest20 your21 self of prej udice, summon 13 more witnesses, and reinvestigate
We
this affair.
There
He
last
1
20 is not a vestige 21 of it in the vestry. has invested 20 all his money in the funds.
His deviations23 were formerly trivial, 23 and previous'23 to his 23 23 going astray, he was not impervious to shame.
15
2 3 4
Rigeo, I am stiff. Exigo, I demand. 5 Opinor, I think. ( Jacio, I throw

6
I
corresponding to qualis, such as, like. Lex, legis, a law.

Tails,
Sperno, I despise, according to some, from speiro (Greek), I

scatter.
16
Minister,^. servant,from minor,

less.
17
; jactus, ab, ad, con, e, de, in, pro, sub, ob, inter. (^Jaculor, I dart. 7 Scando, I climb ; de, a. 8 Officium, duty, from facio, I do.
Talentum, a weight of money, a talent.

Integer, entire, sound, whole, from in, not, and tango, I touch.
thrown
18
J9 20
21
Crimen, a crime.
f (
9
10
11
Venenum, poison.
Virus, moisture, noxious juice. Columna, a pillar. Temno, I despise, from temno
Fi?*ft's,agarment; esths(Qtr.) Vestio, I clothe ; de, in. Vestigium, a trace or track. 22 Tres, three.
( Via, 23 J
12
(Greek),
13
14
cut
Moneo, 1 warn ; Norma, a rule enormous, out

;
con. ad.
Trivial,
a way. from trivium, a place where three roads meet ;

denotes what or trifling.
is
hence,
of shape.
common
The subject of a discourse is literally what is thrown under, or is the basis or foundation of it. Talent. This word has come to denote great natural endowment, from its being so employed iu one of our Saviour's parables.
86
so large that the shape is lost. Travestie from vestio and trans, beyond, disguised. Vestry the place where the sacerdotal garments are kept the body that meets there. Astray straviare (Italian), from extra and via.
Enormous
also
Voyage
mam
agere.
LESSON
1
IX.
The chief1 was decapitated in the capital 1 for a capital 1 crime. The castle is situated3 on a precipitous rock, is well fortified,4 and commanded 5 by an old captain ; the garrison never anti1
cipate that they
must capitulate. 1 While the one was weaving a chaplet, 1 the other was draw1 ing a Capuchin convent.
explained capillary attraction. deist? wants the consolations8 which animate the Christian on the verge 9 of death and immortality. 10 His last adieus?
He
The
are sad. Parallel 11 lines can never converge. 9 hirth is no disparagement 11 to me : poor though I am, 13 12 you cannot deprive me of the privileges of a Briton. The peer 11 and myself are a pair 11 on a par 11 here ; I must 11 he tried by the judgment of peers. The genius of the tutor 14 is intuitive. 14 Reverence 15 to the Deity? is the homage of a rational 15 mind. He avers 15 that this was the very 15 man. Really, 15 I could
My
my
almost doubt his veracity. 15 The highest boon 16 which he desired, was to be an assistant in contributing to the amelioration 1 ? of mankind. It is in his option 18 to ratify 15 the proceedings.
Caput, the head kephalt (Gr.), chef (Fr.) ; hence, chape.au (Fr.), a hat or cap. Achever (Fr.), to bring to a head. 8 Capillus, the hair, from caput, and pilus, a hair. 3 Situs, a situation.
1
;
n
12
Par, equal.
Privo, 1 deprive. Privatus, private. f Tueor, I look at. \ Tutus, safe. Reor, I think, from res, a
thing.
13
14
4 5 7
Fortis, strong.
Ratus, thought, confirmed.

Verus, true, from valde rear, or vereor, I am strongly impressed. Verecundus, bashful.
16
]?
Mando, I bid. 6 Planus, plain. Deus, God ; theos (Greek), dieu (French), adieu, I commit you to God.
Solor, I comfort.
Bonus, good.
Melior, better. Optimus, the best, from opto, I choose, I adopt.
9
10
Vergo, I touch ; con, di. Mors, death, from meii 6 (Gr.),

I divide.
18
To
capitulate
to di-aw
87
up
in heads, to yield
on certain grounds.
Capuchin an order of monks, so called from the capuchin, or hood, which they wore. Rear, I think, from res, a thing. According to Tooke, a similar connexion subsists between the English words think and thing. Rate from ratus, thought, what is thought to be the value.
Mando, in manum
dare, to give into one's hands.
LESSON
X.
Adulation 1 is the language 2 of the servile. He is the hest linguist 2 in that seminary 3, and gives ample4 5 6 promise of future excellence. You must have a permit5 hefore you can transmit5 the 5 of the spirits ; the omission of this would attract the notice
supervisor.
You
cannot be admitted 5 into the society without presenting
certificates? of character.
In former days, heavenly emissaries5 visited our terrestrial ahode for the confirmation8 of God's people. There is a monster9 in that caravan worthy of admiration. 10 I demonstrated 9 his duty to him, and urged 11 remonstrances 9
against his practices.
This country is endowed 12 with lunatic 13 asylums, hospitals, and penitentiaries. 14
He
lence,
Commerce 16
19
revised the penal 15 code. 1 is an inevitable ?

intelligence,
means of increasing 18 the opua country.
and
liberality, of
The land being exhausted 20 of native soldiers, the emperor was forced to recruit 18 his army with mercenary 16 troops.
j
J Adulor, I
(
flatter,
from
I4
Penitere, to repent.
Adoleo, I burn incense. 2 Lingua, a tongue or language. 3 Semen, seed ; dis.

4
15
Poena,
(
punishment
poine
(Greek).
Merx, mercis, merchant

goods.
Amplus,
large.
16 <
(
5 6
7
Mitto, I send ; missus, sent ; ad, con, re, trans, pro, e, per, o.
^
18
Mercor, I buy. Vito, I shun.
Futurus, to be.
Certus, certain.
8
9
10
11
Firmus, strong. Monstro, I show. Mirus, wonderful.

Urgeo, I press on. ( Induo, I put on.
]9
from. ( Evito, I shun by going Cresco, I grow ; recroitre (Fr.), to recruit ; accroitre (Fr.), to grow, to accrue.
( Opes, riches, wealth,
power,
I
J
j
from epo (Greek),
work
12
J Exuo,
"j
put
off.
2
hence, also, opus, a work. Inopia, want.

;
13
Exuviae, clothes put off, the slough of a snake. Luna, the moon ; selini (Gr.)
Haurio, I draw, &c. drawn.

Impero,
I
haustia,
21
command.
88
It is
to warn, because the ancients looked on unnatural productions as warnings from heaven. Admiration, although used by some writers to denote simple wonder, is now generally employed to designate wonder mixed with reverence or love. Example, and sample, have been derived by some from ex amplo, as taken out of a large quantity.
common to talk of the incense Some derive monster from moneo,
of flattery.
LESSON XL
The
pilgrim,
;
after a day's exploring, 2 implored 2 a morsel 3
of bread
but
it
was denied him.
of his crimes has not yet science of that remorseless 3 villain.
The magnitude 4
awoke the con-
His main4 object was 4 magne.
to explain the institutions of Charle-
The majority 5 of these have obtained the maximum 6 The major5 abounds in maxims. 6
latter
10
salary .7
9 10 Equestrians and pedestrians were mingled together ; the were frequently in great peril, 11 and both were much
impeded
He
in their progress.
hit
on an expedient 10 to extricate 12 himself from that
trying situation. The fleet has

pedition
10
now completed 13
13
its
9 equipments, and the ex,
That
He
plete
will set out with all expedition. 10 vessel 14 has a complement 13 of a thousand
men.
is too 13 with
accomplished
expletives.
13
a scholar to employ sentences re-
13 of labour, and will be provided implements 13 immediately employed. 15 laws received the sanction 16 Several salutary of the assem18 ? bly, and many pernicious ones were rescinded. His salutation15 was hurried.
He
has
now
Peregrinus, from per, through,
pecker, to
make
haste,
and
and
2 3
f
(
offer,
field,
foreign,
empecher (French), to stop,
strange. Ploro, I wail ; im, de. Imploro, I ask with wailing.

I bite.
U
12
I3
to impeach. Periculum, danger. Tricae, trifles, an impediment.
Mordeo,
Pleo,
I fill
im, ex,
com
pleo
great; megas (Greek). 6 Major, greater.

6
8
Magnus,
(Greek).
Vas, vasis, f Salus, safety. I salute, I wish safety. ( Saluto, 16 Sanctus, holy ; from sancio, I decree. !7 Neds, death. 18 Scindo, I cut ; seisms, cut.
)5
I4
a vessel.
Maximus,
Sal, salt.
greatest.
7 Sola, a hall.
9
10
Equus,
a horse, from ocho (Greek), I carry. Pes, pedis, a foot ; im, ex ; de-
To explore
to search for with tears, with great earnestness.
89
According to Johnson, salary comes from sal, salt, which was a part of the pay of Roman soldiers ; but according to Baillie, from the rents of a sola, or house. Salad herbs dressed with salt. Trices, according to some, from a Greek word signifying hair. Birds used to be caught by hairs, and from this practice comes the
word intrigue. To equip probably
at first denoted to accoutre a horse. It
is
easy
to account for its extended application. Even yet, however, the equipage of a vessel sounds harsh in a classic ear. Equip has been also
derived from ship. Pivot pivot (French), pie volta (Italian), pes volutus, literally the foot rolled or revolving. Vessel a ship ; from vas, what holds. There is a similar derivation in
many
languages.
LESSON
the session.2
XII.
That student 1 has been very assiduous2 in his studies during
The meeting was dissolved3 by the president2 in the midst of great uproar. He is insolvent, 3 and his residence 2 and other possessions2 are to be sold for the behoof of creditors. 2 4 opponent is a very sedate person, and not easily dis-
My
composed. His goods were seized 2 after the siege. 2 I have been sedulously 2 employed in finding out a solution 3
to this difficulty. The proposal4 to give the residue2 of the fund as a subsidy 2 to the dissidents 2 was superseded. 2 choice. I am resolved 3 to be absolute 3 in No persuasion 5 could induce him to change his resolution. 3
my
His urbanity 6 and suavity 7 of disposition4 have procured him
many friends. He assuaged7

The
his natural severity.

4
4 it, let us make a supposition. of the witnesses were contradictory, and 4 fully exposed the wickedness of the plot. The country will have no repose4 till it is rescued9 from these
For the purpose 4 of explaining

depositions
heavy impositions.
Your proposal4
4
to discuss9 the proposition4 just
now
is
pre-
posterous. I shall expose 4 these impositions.4 The letters were carried by post, 4 in a post4 -chaise, by command of the provost. 4 The concussion9 of the house during each percussion9 was like that caused by an earthquake. 9
90
EXERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY:
strenuous10
The exertions of that person in behalf of the 2 11 by the insidious efforts of a people have been frustrated party.
Studeo, I study. C Sedeo, I sit; as, in,pos (able), super, dis, re, sub. 2 -I Insidice, snares, a lying-inwait.
{,
&
Suadeo, I advise
vised
;
suasus, ad-
dis, per.
Urbs, a city. 7 Suavis, sweet. 8 severe
Subsidium, aid, support.

;
3
4
Solvo, I loose, I pay

re.
ab, dis,
from sebo Severus, ; (Greek), I venerate. 9 shake ; quassus, 1 Quatio,

shaken (cussus, when compounded); con, dis, per riscossa (Italian), a shaking off.
;
Pono,
ap,
I place
com,
positus, placed ; de, dis, ex, inter,

;
im, op, post, pro, re, sup, euper, trans.
10
Strenuus, active, Frustra, in vain.

signifies to
The same word

debts, which To resolve
may
in Latin which means to loose, be regarded as ties. to loose from doubt, to determine.
pay
lying back, rest. supposition position laid down ; there is a similar derivation from the Greek in the word hypothesis hiipo, under, and tithemi, I put. A Quaker, or Shaker so called because the members of that community were formerly in the habit of shaking when under the influence of the spirit. a sitting down before a place. siege Provost prevot (French), from prcepositus, placed over, the chief magistrate of a burgh in Scotland. Possession according to some, from posse, to be able, and sedere,
Repose
to sit.
LESSON
XIII.
1 apprised that he was a pri-
He was
soner. 1
surprised
1
when he was
The apprentice was apprehended on a very serious charge, and transported. 3 I comprehend 1 your meaning, but in my apprehension 1 your words will not have the same import3 to the vulgar.
1
3 transported at the intelligence. no opportunity 4 of supporting these important 3 measures. It is reported 3 that the exports3 and imports3 of that port3 are reduced. His port3 is commanding, and declares6 his dignified5 stais
He
I shall have
tion.?
He was
look at
His importunity 4
is
quite annoying.
full of indignancy, 5
5
;
him
some quarter.9
and would not deign 5 even to condign punishment yet awaits the wretch from
in a square9 field.
The quadrupeds9 were placed
There
is
91
is
a stagnation? in business, and unless instant? relief
given,
many families will be in destitute? circumstances.? That man is destined? for something great at some season.? Those who are at a distance? must send substitutes.?
I shall give you an instance8 of his superstition.? Man is a fallible 10 creature, subject to a thousand errors11 and misapprehensions, 1 yet confident12 in his own sagacity 13
and
foresight.
14 principal article is linen. could have believed that that diffident12
The
Who
man,
in
whose
honesty
we had
so
much confidence, 12 should prove perfidious! 12

'
14 Bishops' sleeves are made of lawn. The horse was very restive? during the rest? of the journey. Sto, I stand ; statum, to stand, Prehendo, I take ; ap, com, re ; chandano (Greek). con, dis, circum, in, ex, sub, Prendre (Fr.), pris, taken. re; histemi (Greek).
Apprendre (Fr.), I learn. Serius, serious ; from Serus, slow or late. f Porto, I carry; com, in, re, sub, trans. 3 J a gate. "j Porta, ( Portus, a harbour.
fit.
Insto, I press.
Ex to,
8
stand out.
Resto, I remain.
9
10
I1
Stagnum, a pool; etang (Fr.) Tnstar, like, Quatuor, four.

Fallo, I deceive; sphallo (Gr.) JErro, 1 wander.
(
ImportunuSf
able. iOpporlunus,
5
unfit,
unseasonI2
<
(
Dignus, worthy.
Clarus, clear.
13 14
Fido, I trust; peithomai (Gr.) Fides, faith ; con, dif, per ; piatis (Greek).
Sagus, wise.
Linum, flax ; linon (Greek). requiring time or deliberation. It has been derived from tine risu, without laughter. To destine literally, to place apart, to set aside. Thus we say of one, that he is destined or set aside for a particular purpose. With regard to the word instance, which signifies an example, Crabbe remarks, that it derives its origin from its signifying what stands or serves for a resting point. This appears to me an obscure
Serious
some
from
: it may be more naturally accounted for by referring to daily forms of expression ; thus, we say of a thing that is like or similar, that it comes near it, or comes up to it : hence, instance,
illustration
insto, is that which bears or stands on the subject. from superstes remaining, surviving. According Superstition to Cicero, those who made frequent sacrifices that their children might remain or be spared, were called superstitious. The word was afterwards used in a wider sense. Substantive the essence or foundation of anything ; from sto, I stand, and sub, under ; what stands under and supports. Cost consto, couter (French), to stand together, to cost. It is common in Scotland to say, " What does such an article stand you J" " What does it cost
meaning, Apprentice
from apprendre,
to learn.
92
LESSON XIV.
God can be contemplated 1
objects, as well as in the orbs. 5
in the disposition of the minutest2

3
grand
movements of the
celestial 4
That boy looked very grave 6 when the doctrine of gravity 6 was explained to him.
This circumstance aggravates6 the offence. The old structure? is in a very dilapidated 8 state, and if not 9 speedily supported, it will soon be prostrate with the ground. Be instrumental? in giving him instruction.? By this arrangement, the construction? of the sentence is
destroyed.?
These strata9 are of various thickness. The mutineers 10 were mute 21 with consternation.9 These gentlemen have come to a mutual 10 agreement. God is omnipotent, 11 12 omnipresent, 11 and omniscient, 11 13 10 immutable, and infinite. In that map, the confines13 of the new states were defined 13
by the
12
plenipotentiaries.
Merit 14 will finally 13 emerge 15 from obscurity. 16 The sheep is a gregarious1 ? animal. This error18 is egregious, 1 ? and is an index19 of his rare stu20
pidity.
He was immersed 15 in presence of the congregation.1 ? He took umbrage 22 at the disappearance of his umbrella. 22
13
14 15
2 3
Templum, a church. f Minus, less. I lessen. ( Minuo,

koilos
Finis, an end
con, de, in.

;
Grandis, great. Ccelum, heaven, from (Greek), concave. 5 Orbis, a circle or world.
4 6 7
Mereo, I deserve, I earn de. I mersus, Mergo, plunge ; plunged e, im, sub. Mergus, a cormorant, so named
;
16
1?
Gravis, heavy ; hence, grief. 18 Struo, I pile up ; de, con, in, 19 super. 2 8 Lapis, a stone ; laas (Greek). 21 9 Mutus, silent Slerno, Ilayflat;s^raiMS,laidflat.
from its dipping into the sea. Obscurus, dark. Grex, gregis, a flock ; e, con. Erro, I wander. Index, a discoverer. Stupeo, I am stupid or amazed.
mutter ; mutio, I or grumble. Z7im6ra,asbade. Imber (Latin), ombros (Greek), a shower.
10
11
Muto,
Omnis,
change.
all.
12
Potens, powerful.
Contemplate according to some commentators, is from templum, a church, because such a place is favourable to serious thought. Dumesnil derives it from templum, a quarter of the heavens which, in auguries, was marked out with the lituus (augur's staff").
Umbrage
shade, offence.
93
LESSON XV.
He many
2 4 uniformly condemned that naval uniform? though declared that it was elegant and unique. 1
1
His insinuations5 were hesitatingly received. His entrance 6 was deemed an intrusion,? and he was expelled. 8 He obtruded? his remarks on these abstruse? points. That boy's lip protrudes? with anger. It is incumbent 9 on us to revere that aged incumbent? The expense of litigation10 was an incubus9 on the movements of both parties. Under a repulsive8 exterior, 11 there often lurks a heart replete with kindness. The arguments on his behalf were repelled,8 and so they were compelled 8 to expel8 him. His pulse8 is extremely healthy. The style 12 of the oriental 13 languages appears to us turgid 14 and inflated. 15 All attempts to discover the origin 13 of this practice have
13 proved abortive.
13 16 aborigines of the country were extirpated. Emulation 1 ? often excites18 to noble and splendid 19 deeds the mind which, but for this, would have lain dormant.20
The
Unus, one; unio, an onion, a

pearl.
2
12
Damnum,
loss.
3 4
Dam.no, I condemn. Navis, a ship ; no (Latin), neo (Greek), I swim. Sinus, the bosom, a winding, a
bay.
Intro, I enter.
Stylus, a pillar, or sharp-pointed iron pencil. f Orior, I arise. Oriens, rising, eastern ; oro 13 < (Greek), I rouse, I raise ;
I
hence, oros (Gr.), a moun|^
tain.
penetrate, intro, and penilus, wholly. 7 I thrust away ob, in, ab. Trudo, 8 Pello, I drive away ; pulsus,
;
To
14
ls
1(>
driven
dis,
ap, im, in, ex,
com,
17
re.
Belos (Greek), a
;
weapon, a dart. Cuba, I lie ; coucher (French) hence, couch.

Lis,
( < (
litis, strife.
Turgeo, I swell. Flatus, a blast of wind ; Jlo, I breathe. Slirps, the trunk of a tree. Emulus, a rival, from amilla (Greek), a contest. f do, I stir up, or I call ; kid
18
J
J
Cito, I cite
(Greek), I move. or summon.
10
Exter, outward.
Exterior, outer.
19 2
( Concio, an assembly. Splendeo, I shine.
II
Dormio,
I sleep.
Extremus, outermost.
a deviation from the very beginning. the instrument with which the ancients wrote on waxen tables; now used figuratively to denote the manner of writing in general.
Abortion
Stylus
Danger
damnum
agere.
94
LESSON XVI.
The
His
infant
1
could not express2

1
its
anguish.
and good humour4 were very captivating, and soon dispelled all my prejudice and anger. 3
affability
1 5 perfections of Divinity are ineffably grand. I allow, that on these data6 your inference 9 is legitimate.? Upon what conditions6 will you become editor6 of this miss Your time must be wholly dedicated 6 to the task. cellany I The meeting on the subject of the ferry was deferred9 again, whence I infer9 that they will confer9 no more on the subject. If you want information 10 about that affair, I beg to refer9 you to James, in preference 9 to his brother ; if he has not time,
The
he will refer9 you to some capable person. He was translated 9 by the prelate 9 to another charge. With all deference,9 1 differ9 with regard to your translation. 9 His efforts9 relating9 to this business have been dilatory. 9 His delay 9 is insufferable. 9
Collate9 every particular. Legal? measures must be adopted to dispel these combinations. 11
f Fari, to speak. \ Infandus, unutterable. 2 Premo, I press ; ex, im, con, de. ( Ango, I choke, I vex. 3 Angina, a disease of the
!
7 8 9
Lex, legis, a law ; loi (French). Misceo, I mix ; mixtus, mixed. Fero, I carry, I bear, I suffer ;
latus, carried
;
con, de, in,
-j
throat.
pre, re, trans, di, dif, e, sub or suf. Phero (Gr.) ; hence,
4 5
Humor, moisture.
Divus, a god. '
pherne, dowerv, what a wo-
man
brings.
;
Do, I give ; datus, given ; donum, a gift ; diiron (Gr.) Condo, I build. Abdo, I hide.
Perdo, I destroy.
Infant.
10
A1
Forma, shape
Bini, two.
morphe (Gr.)
Another derivation of
this
word
is
given in the Saxon
list.
signifying the state of the mind, probably from the influence which the distribution of the humours of the body exerts over
Humour
the soul. CRABBE. Condition the thing built or framed.
To
collate
and
to confer, also signify to bestow.
informo, I shape ; informatio, a sketch or first drawing of a thing. It is used only in a figurative sense a notion traced on the mind antecedently to its instruction. DUMESNIL. This description of the word accords with one sense in which it is accepted ; thus, we talk of one giving information that led to a discovery. Pardon pardonner (French), par, privative, and donner, not to give or to forgive. Date literally, when a letter is given, from under our hands.
Information
95
LESSON
XVII.
He is a robust 1 man, of firm nerve 2 and invincible fortitude. 18 His evidence is corroborated. 1 The term 3 of man's life is often abbreviated4 by his unlimited 5 love of pleasure. 6 Deliberate well before you come to a determination.3
The determination3 of the convention, expressed in so determined 3 terms, 3 has put an end to all anxiety. 3 3 They were determined to exterminate that predatory nation. 8 Through the medium of the press the public mind has
become enlightened.
9 stages are of essential importance. Christ is the mediator8 betwixt God and man. He is the sole and immediate 9 cause 10 pf the failure. He was accused 10 justly, and no excuse 10 could be given. The occult 11 sciences are now disreputable. That city is desecrated ; 13 the consecrated13 temples have been
The intermediate 8
profaned.
14
There is a fanatical 14 spirit abroad. His supercilious 15 air was formidable 16 to many. His preliminary 1 ? remarks were apposite. While a prisoner in the fort, 18 he was comforted 18 and amused 18 19 this instrument was indeed by practising the piano-forte ;
his forte. 18
1
2
3
Robur, oak. Nervus, a sinew ; neuron (Gr.) Terminus, a boundary, from terma (Greek), an end.
Brevis, short ; brnckus (Gr.) Limes, a boundary.
12
Quantus, as
much
as.
13
14
Sacer, sacred.
Fanum, a temple, from fari,

speak,
to
5
fi
!!
'
Placeo, I please. Pirata, a pirate, from peira (Greek), an endeavour. Medius, middle ; medulla, marrow. 10 Esse, to be. Causa, a cause. Occulo, 1 hide.
15
1(> ]7
(
(
place where the priests spoke the oracles of the gods. Cilium, the eyelash. Supcrcilium, the eyebrow.
Formido, fear. Limen, a threshold.

Fortis, strong. Planus, plain,
(Italian).
18
19
smooth
piano
To determine to put an end to doubt. Terms in language so called because they have a
cific
limited or spe-
meaning. Convenient
literally,
coming together
;
suitable, answerable.
The medium the middle or means. So the middle path is the mean path. Panni (French), amid from per and medium. A fanatic literally, one who frequents temples. Supercilious has come to denote haughtiness, from the eyebrow
being the feature that is most employed in expressing it. Piano-forte so named from its union of soft and strong sounds.
9(J
LESSON
XVIII.
2 1 spoke of the mobility of fluids. of the mob 1 are fluctuating, 2 their applause 3 4 1 evanescent, and their actions of no permanent moment. He would not stay a moment1 longer in the manse. 4
He
The opinions
That doctrine is now exploded. 3 5 2 Every fluid is not a liquid.
He is unable He was very

laid for
to liquidate 5 his debts.6 dexterous? in evading8 the snares
which were
him.
After having pervaded8 one country, he

another.
made
haste to invade8
The reading of the proclamation9 was followed by loud acclamations.9 He declaimed 9 with much heat on these claims. 9
and not
I conjured 10 him to relinquish his desperate 12 undertaking, to lacerate 13 his father's feelings ; he persevered, howexhortations. 14 ever, notwithstanding The mind of the voluptuary 15 is full of imbecility 16 and
my
lassitude.
12
1?
The presence
sperity
of so many volunteers15 contributed to the proof the town.
Moveo, I moved.
move
motus,
1()
1J
Mobilis, moveable.
12
Momentum, motion,
force, a
2
weight,
13
minute or moment
Juro, I swear. Linquo, I leave. J Spes, hope. I hope. ( Spero, Lacer, torn; lakis (Greek), a
rent.
of time. Fluo, I flow ; fiuctus, a wave.
14
3
4
5 6
Plaudo,
clap
my
;
hands.
15
Maneo,
I stay
meno (Greek).
Liqueo, I melt. Debeo, I owe, from de, and habeo, I have. Dexter, the right hand. baino (Greek). J Vado, I go Vadum, a ford. I
;
Hortor, I exliort. ( Volo, I will ; boulomai (Gr.) J Vultus, the countenance, as the expression of the will.
j
( Voliiptas, pleasure. ( Baculus, a staff.

16
< Imbecillis,
(
weak,
requiring
help.
l?
Lassus, weary.
Clamo, I cry out.
The moh, the mobility so To liquidate to clear off.

rise to this
called because they are easily

is
moved.
Dexterity the facility with which the right hand word.
used gives
97
LESSON XIX.
That
a
lustre 1 depends2 gracefully
from the
;
ceiling.
You may depend 2 on my punctuality 4 I will not keep you moment in suspense. 2 He made some pungent4 remarks on that illustrious person.
1
The thrust of the poniard 4 gave the most poignant4 The perpendicular2 elevation5 is a hundred feet.
His propensity 2
to this vice
is
pain.
incurable.
has written an essay on the pendulum, 2 and subjoined an 2 appendix. These stones were raised by the lever.5 He hung his head in pensive6 dejection, and would not hear
of
relief. 5
He
The nation should perform a lustration. 1 The dispensary 6 has been kept up at a great expense.6
His discretion? was great
storm, and withdrew.
;
he discerned? the impending
1'
His mental8 acquirements amply compensate6 for his con9 temptible figure. You should have used more discrimination? in mentioning8 secrets 7 concerning? that affair. Many pensions6 and sinecures10 are abolished, 11 and a radical 13 reformation from many abuses 14 is contemplated.
1
Lustra, I purify.
Figura, shape, from Jingo,
Pendeo,
hang.
10
;
3
4
Pungo,
Levo,
Ceelo, I carve. I point

I raise
;
poigner (Fr.)
relever (Fr.), to
fashion, I feign. Sine, without, from sino, I let alone. Oleo, I smell.
f Oleo,
raise up.
pupil.
6
Eleve (French), a
I
Pendo,
weigh,
esteem, I
olus, a vegea pot in which herbs are cooked ; hence,

I
grow
table
olla,
pay. 1 (&rno, I see, I decree, from krino (Greek), I sift, I judge. Mens, mentis, the mind.
|
oglio.
13
Adoleo, I grow up. {Adolescens, a youth. Radix, a i-oot ; arracher (Fr.),
-<
Demens, mad.
Mentio, a bringing to mind.
14
from
eradico.
;
Utor, I use
usus, used.
lustration or purification of the city of Rome was made every fifth year ; hence, a period of five years was called a lustrum. sometimes used in Scotland for civility. Discretion, prudence
ing,
Concerning literally, looking to on the same principle, regardfrom the French regarder, to look at, and respecting, from specie, I see, have the same import. Abolish according to Crabbe, from ab and oleo, signifies a thorough rooting out, not even the smell left. Others derive it from ad, aud oleo, to grow, that is, to keep from growing.
;
98
Pensum a small portion of wool weighed out to female slaves to be dressed or spun a task ; hence, regard or care. Stipend from pendo, and slips, a small coin. pent-house from pendeo, I hang, a house with a hanging or sloping roof.
LESSON XX.
His proximity 1 to the river2 subjects him to inundation. 3 2 4 Although rivals, they are on terms of intimacy. I have received no, intimation4 of his visit. The derivation2 or these words is uncertain. His language is redundant,3 and abounds3 in figures. He contemned the menaces5 of that tumultuous6 and sedition s? body.
The tumour6
Extreme
is
reduced, and the person
is
now
less
queru-
lous 8 and contumacious.6
was administered to him. 10 11 Emigration can afford but a temporary relief. He and his contemporaries 11 temporised 11 for office. 11 8 Temper your wrath, though you have cause of quarrel. These arbitrary 12 and cruel dictates13 are indicative 13 of a savage mind. This verdict 13 called forth the maledictions13 of the king, 13 13 who, after a fruitless edict, soon after abdicated the throne.
unction9
He
preached
13
a valedictory 13 discourse.
15 14 Although tardy in his motions, and taciturn , he has a 16 good deal of acuteness. The legislature has abrogated ? that pernicious law ; it was
1
1? derogatory to the intelligence of the age. He arrogantly 1 ? interrogated 1 ? me about matters beyond his
prerogative.
1
1?
3
4
Proximus, next or nearest. Rivus, a river. Unda, a wave ; oidao (Gi'eek),

I swell.
1J
Tempus, temporis, time, from temnd (Greek), I cut, a division of time.

( Arbiter, a judge.
Intus, within. f Minor, I threaten.
12
-c
Arbitrium, one's pleasure or
6
7
Minax, threatening. J TumeOy I swell. a swelling. \ Tumor, Seditio, from seorsum, and itio, a going.
\
choice. f Dico, I say ; ab, ad, contra, e, pre, in, from deiknun ]3 J
(
j
(Greek), I show.
Dicto, I dictate.
apart,
14
(
15
lf>
Queror, I complain ; querelle (French), a quarrel. Unguo, I anoint ; unctus, anointed.
Tardus, slow ; bradus (Greek). Taceo, I am silent. Acus, a needle ; akis (Greek),
1?
a sharp point. Rogo, I ask, from orgao (Gr.),

I desire impatiently.
10
Miaro,
depart.
Rival.
99
from
All derivators
seem
to agree that rival is derived
Some imagine rivus, but the allusion to the river is variously given. that it arises from the contests of those who feed their flocks near
the same stream about the possession of the water ; and others suppose that it springs from the disputes of those whose properties were intersected by frequently changing and uncertain streams. To arrive to come to the river. It has also been derived from ad, and ripa, the bank of a river. To intimate to acquaint one with. Abrogate literally, to ask from ; arising from the practice at Rome that no law was made or unmade before the consent of the people was obtained. Arbiter from ad, and bito, I go, one to go to for a decision.
Preach
precher (French), prcedicare (Latin).
LESSON XXI.
In becoming his consort, 1 she pledged herself to undergo with
fortune. 2 3 prostrated himself at the feet of his implacable foe, who relented4 not when he saw him in this abject situation. He is of a placid3 disposition, and lenient4 to those who have
him good and had
He
injured him.
That man is callous5 and unconcerned in the midst of providential dispensations of mercy. 6 The pastoral? life has been described8 by the poets as replete with quiet9 and innocence. 10 The traitor was proscribed, 8 and his goods were confiscated. 11 Let no one be circumscribed8 in subscribing8 for inscribing8
that superscription. 8 I am quite 9 of your opinion, that, to obtain quiet 9 of mind, we must quit9 these designs, and make requital 9 for these
wrongs.
Her
sive. 16
face 12
is
is
oval,
13
her nose 14 aquiline, 15 her brow expan1?
There
ments.
something absolutely puerile
in his local 18 attach-
He is a miserly, sordid, 19 squalid 20 wretch, and has no pleasure but the solitary and degrading21 one of counting over his
gold.
The
society
The The
21 21 progress of education is rapid in the lower grades of no retrogression21 is visible. ; 21 could not discover the ingredients21 of the graduate
composition.
caresses 22 of his children cured
93
him
of his temporary
insanity.
100
Sors, sortis,
a
lot,
from
Jioros
10
(Gr.), an end, a boundary. Sortior, I divide or settle by

lots
;
f Noceo, I hurt. J Noxa, hurt, brawl

j
noia
hence, sortir (Fr.),

sentence,
to
ressortir, to
to
issue
out,
and
go have
15
recourse, to resort to, to appeal. 2 Fors, fortis, luck, chance. 3 Placo, I appease.
12
hence, annoy, and ennui (French), ( Fiscus, a money bag, the public treasury, the exchequer, Fades, the face, from facio, I make, signifying the form or
(Italian)
;
make.
13
14 15
JLenis, smooth.
(
gentle,
from leios (Gr.),
Lenio, I soften, I allay. the hard skin in the feet or hands.

Calleo, I
16
am
I
hard, I
am cun-
17 18
Son (Greek). Nasus, the nose, Aquila, an eagle. Pando, 1 stretch out, from phaino (Greek), I show, f Puer, a boy.
;
Ovum, an egg
(Callus, ning.
fi
Misereor, pity, wretched. a shepherd. Pastor, | < Pasco, 1 feed ; pastus, fed, from pad (Greek). (
from miser,
19
20
a girl, ( Puella, Locus, a place ; lieu (French). Sordidus, mean. Squalidus, filthy. ( Gradus, a step, from
<
;
21
Scribo, I write. 9 Quies, rest ; quitter (French), to forsake.
Gradior, I go gressus, gone ; ag, con, di, in, pro, retro. 22 C'arus, dear, from ktr (Greek), the heart.
(
23
Sanus, sound
saos (Greek).
At Rome, the names of those whose lives were to proscribe. be taken, were posted up at the corners of the streets. Lieutenant from locus, a place, and teneo, I hold, one holding the
place of another, a deputy. Fors, luck, fortune from fero, I bring, that which fate brings about.
To
LESSON
XXII.
to congratulate themselves
Few on
upon
;
retrospection find
much
but
in prospect 1 all anticipate 3
more good and more
felicity.
these receptacles 2 of iniquity. He bought these goods on speculation. 1 I perceive 2 that that man is much respected 1 in his circle.
Her manner is too specious, 1 and excites suspicion. 1 From the prospectus1 of the work much is expected. 1 The sad spectacle 1 is a specimen1 of what occurs daily
in
could be capable2 of such deception. 2 His capacity 2 is great, but his negligence is greater. He is conspicuous 1 for originality of conception2 and perspi1 cuity of style.
The boy can mark the difference betwixt genus and species. With the exception 2 of the eldest brother, none of the family
1
01
precepts of Christianity have civilised Europe, eman2 cipated the captive negro, and ameliorated the condition of all who have accepted 2 its blessings. There was much asperity 3 in his aspect. He must have been 4 5 3 very much exasperated when he proposed a duel. The veterans6 reposed themselves on the verdant? turf, and, 13 12 11 9 10 8 protected from the fervid solar ray by the dense foliage of the oak, narrated, 14 with the garrulity 15 of age and the 1? 16 jocundity of soldiers, the tales of other days.
The
( Specio, I see
x
spectus, seen.
8 9
10
J1
J Exspecto, I look for. a watch-tower. j Specula, ( Species, a sort or kind.

Capio,
I
captus, taken ; ante, de, ex, per. 3 Asper, rough, from a, not, and upeiro (Greek), I sow, literally, ground not fit for sow-
take
Tectum, a covering. Ferveo, 1 am warm, Sol, the sun. Radius, a ray, the spoke of a wheel.
12
13
14 15
Densus, thick. Folium, a leaf. Narro, I tell.

Garrio, I prattle.
ing, rough.
4
16
Jocundus, merry, from jocus, a

jest.
Duo, two.
Bellum, war.
Vetus, veteris, old.
Ver, the spring.
J?
8
?
Solidus, a piece of
shilling,
an entire
money.
despise, to look down on ; to respect, to look back to, to behold In attentively ; a man is respected who is worthy of being looked to. the same way, the word regard comes from the French regarder, to
To
look
at.
from duo, two, and bellum, war, a war betwixt two. Species from specio, I behold, signifies literally the form or appearance, and, in an extended sense, that which comes under a particular form. Respite respit (French), either from respicio, I look back, or
Duel
more probably from

Soldier
from
respiratio, a breathing again. solde (French), pay, one who is paid for fighting.
LESSON
XXIII.
On
examination,
the candidate 2
to
whom you recommended

with youth.
was found the best adapted3
perform the important func-
tions4 of that office. Candour2 too frequently disappears
conclusion5 of the sermon6 was very impressive, and its 8 application to the audience singularly? felicitous. His conclusions5 were not warranted by his premises. That recluse 5 has precluded5 the charms of society. The armies are encamped9 on the precincts10 of the two kingdoms. Stimulated 11 by national animosity, 12 and inflamed13
The
102
of
by the memory
mutual wrongs, they ardently 14 wait for the

15 16
1
9 opening of the campaign.
The insurgents, amid procrastination and turbulence, ? neglected their opportunities. At the resurrection, 15 the swelling surge 15 shall yield up its dead. That itinerant18 merchant has a license. 19 Illicit 19 distillation 20 has been the cause of much depravity and crime.
Good principles have been early instilled 20 into his mind, 9 and hopes are entertained that he will prove the champion of
his injured country.
Instigated
1
11
by bad
11 advice, he stigmatised his best friend.
Examen, the beam

lance.
(
of a ba-
Candidus, white, from

12
< Candere, to be white, to glow with heat. (

Aptus,
tie.
Stimulus, a spur, from stigo (Latin), stidzo (Greek), I puncture ; stigma, a mark. Odl, I hate ; odusso (Greek), I
am
angry.
;
fit;
hapto (Greek), I
;
13
Flamma, a flame
I burn.
phlego (Gr.),
Fungor, I perform performed.
functus,
;
14
15
1G
Claudo, I shut ; clausus, shut kleid (Greek), I shut. 6 Sermo, a discourse, a speech. 7 Singulus, single.
8 9
10
Felix, happy. Campus, a plain.
18
Ardeo, I burn. Suryo, I rise, from sub and rego. Cras, to-morrow. Turba, a crowd ; turbe (Gr.) { < Turbo, a whirlwind. ( Turbo, I disturb. iter, itineris, a journey, from
eo, I go.
Cingo, I gird about girt about.
cinctus,
19 20
Licet,
it is
lawful,
gtillo, I
drop.
Examination literally, a holding of the balance, a balancing in the mind. candidate so called, because among the Romans those who were suitors for an office were clothed in white.
Candour
To
instill
Sermo
Sluice
whiteness, fairness, openness. to let fall drop by drop. from era (Greek), I speak, I connect. a floodgate ; ecluse (Fr.), from exclusus (Latin), shut out.
LESSON XXIV.
distorted 1 the facts of the case, and intimidated 2 the witnesses so much, that the evidence appeared contradictory. Most excruciating3 tortures1 could not elicit4 a confession. That glass retort 1 is broken. In order to procure those expensive delicacies,4 the emperor5
He
had recourse to extortion. 1
lOo
6
were charmed? with the nightingale's amorous descant.? descanted? on each head at great length. There is a great deal of cant? in the world. His accent? is provincial. The crusades3 were expeditions to the Holy Land, for the 9 8 purpose of protecting the holy sepulchre from the violation of infidels.
We
He
He
is extremely irascible, His visage is rubicund. 11
10
but his rage soon evaporates.
Rust corrodes
12
iron.
His features are convulsed 13 with rage. Several things have been recently 14 divulged,15 which will erase 16 the stigma which was fixed on his character. The Rosicrucian3 J ? school of philosophers is no more.
1
Torqueo, I twist, I turn ; tortus, twisted ; trochos (Greek), a wheel. Timor, fear ; deima (Greek).
n
12
3
*
Crux, crucis, a cross.

Lacio, I allure.
13
Ruber, red. Rubigo, rust. Rodo, I gnaw rostrum, the beak of a bird, also the beak of a ship.
(
(
;
Velio,
pull
vulsus, pulled
Impero,
command, from
I set in order.
in,
14
vellus, wool.
and paro,
6 7 8
Amo,
love.
;
]5
Cano, I sing
Sepelio,
I
;
carmen, a song.
;
bury
sepes,
is
sepultus,
16
buried
9 Vis, force
a hedge or
!?
Recens, new. f Vulgus, the rabble. \ Vulyo, I spread abroad. Rado, I scrape ; rasus, scraped rastrum, a harrow,
Ros, dew
drosos (Greek), ; rheo, I flow.
enclosure.
;
from
(Greek").
anger.
Irascor,
I
am
angry
eris
(Greek), {Ira,
wrath.
Accent with the ancients, as the derivation denotes, was an inflexion of the voice on certain syllables, in such proportions as probably contributed to make their speech musical ; with us, it means a
stress of the voice
"
on a certain syllable." SHERIDAN. from ros, dew, and crux, a cross, the figure of the cross exhibiting the three letters of which lux (or Ivx), light, is composed ; thus signifying one of these philosophers who, by the assistRosicrucian
ance of dew, seek for light, or the philosopher's stone. Tort (French), wrong, from torqueo, I twist. In many languages, a similar derivation holds ; thus, wrong has been derived from wring,
to twist.
Cano,
mouth,
its
Rostrum
the pulpit in the Forum at Rome was so named, from being adorned with the leaks of the ships taken from the Antiates.
I sing, I gape.
derived by some from cluiino (Greek), I open the
104
LESSON XXV.
Amusement 1 may be made the vehicle2 of instruction. The speeches of Demosthenes are noted for their vehemence ;* many of them are full of bitter invectives2 against Philip of
Macedon. He wrote a Philippic on my character. That stain is indelible.3 The drink contained some deleterious3 ingredients. His probity 4 is indubitable. 5 4 4 4 Probably he cares not for his approbation or reprobation. Centuries6 have elapsed? since that event, yet the remembrance of it has not been obliterated.8 We are exempt9 from the curse of the law by the interposition of redeeming9 love.
The order is peremptory.9 The poems of Ossian are said to have been handed down to 10 11 posterity by oral tradition. The traitor11 has been incarcerated 12 he is still impenitent,
;
13 and, since being taken into custody, comports himself with the most audacious14 effrontery. The munificence 15 of the king has extended itself to every useful institution ; 16 the arts and sciences especially have received splendid 1 ? donations. 18 That community 15 has received great immunities. 15 His opprobrium 19 is deserved.
song. J Veho, I carry ; ocheo (Gr.) Vexo, I toss up and down. \ 3 Deleo, I blot out ; deled (Gr.), I hurt.
2
Musa, a
hence, eximius, beautiful, select ; hence, also, exemplum, what is taken out, a sample.
10
11
Posterns, that cometh after. Trado, I deliver, from trans,
4 5
6
7
Probus, honest. Probo, I approve. Dubius, from duo, two, and via, a way, doubtful. Centum, a hundred.
f (
and
12
do, I give.
13
14
Career, a prison. Gustos, a keeper. Audeo, I dare.
15 16 17
18
Afunus, a
gift.
Labor, I slide
Obliviscor,
I
lapsus, slidden.
;
forget
oblitus,
Statuo, I appoint. Splendeo, I shine.
forgotten.
9
Donum, a
gift.
Emo,
buy, I take
;
bought
emptus, eximo, I take out ;

;
19
Probrum, disgrace, from prohibio, what is prohibited.

song.
To amuse
Peremptory
I
literally, to
pass
from per,
into, I
away the time with a take away wholly.
Veterinarius (contracted from veheterinarius), derived from veho, carry, signifies pertaining to beasts of burden. veterinary suryeon one who cures horses or beasts of burden.
Reproach
reprocher (French), reprobare (Latin).
106
LESSON XXVI.
Man is made of the dust of the earth, and should therefore be humble. 1 His humanity 1 was laudable. 2 His posthumous 1 works will leave a large reversion3 to his
relations.
His mind is already mature ; the extent and versatility of his talents are unparalleled. He is irreversibly 3 prone to converse 3 about that controversy. 3
This perversion3 of the sense genuine reading.
is
universally
esteemed5 the
Such
war.
political tergiversation
6 3
The valour
Their
of the British
was conspicuous
has been seldom shown. in the Peninsular?
activities are insulated.7
The oratory 8 of ancient times must have been more than that of modern days. The Peruvian adores8 the sun.
effective
He is inexorable8 to the intreaties of his friends, and he will not submit to the discipline9 of the school. In their own dominions 10 they are indomitable. 10 The decorations11 were superb. 12 He is acquainted with the history of insects13 and reptiles. 14 He dissected 13 that sectarian 13 spirit. The flesh of seals is esculent. 15 f Disco, I learn ; daio (Gr.) the ground chamai 9 \ Discipulus, a scholar. (Greek), on the ground. I Domus, a house, from demo Homo, a man.
;
Humilis, {Humus,
2
low.
10
-j
(Greek),
I build.
;
Laus, laudis, praise. 3 Verio, I turn ; trepo (Greek).

4
ll
subdue damao (Gr.) Decus, decoris, grace, from dei

(
Domo,
Maturus,
ripe.
*-
*>
Aestimo, I prize, I esteem, from as, brass or money, and perhaps timao (Gr.), I honour. Tergum, the back.
13
14
fit, originally (Greek), from deo (Greek), I bind. from super. Superbus, proud, Seco, I cut ; xeo (Greek). Repo, I creep ; herpd (Greek).
(
it
is
Insula, an island. the mouth. 8 J Os, oris, \ Oro, I beg.
)5
Edo,
I eat.
Esca, food.
Laus, praise, has been connected with laos (Greek), the people, thus signifying popular applause. Adore from ad and os, in allusion to the practice of the ancients, when addressing the gods, raising the hand to the mouth. An insect so called because it appears as if cut into two parts. Homage from homo, a man, and ago, I do, a ceremony by which one acknowledged himself the man or servant of another.
106
LESSON XXVII.
The annual and diurnal2 motions
1
of the earth were ex-
plained.
These perennial1 joys will be found only in the annals1 of the millennium.3 1 The distance is a million3 of miles.3
The solemnities4 1 were duly performed. The judge stared at the insolence4 of the criminal. The utensils which he vended5 were for culinary 6 purposes.
rupted?
me very abruptly. Isaac ate of his son's venison. 8 His offence is venial,9 and it will never operate against him. 9 Age claims our veneration. The Jews are a vagabond 10 race, dispersed11 through all the nations of the earth. His plans are quite extravagant. 10 He is notorious 12 for the peculiarity of his notions ; 12 and in this present proposal, I recognise 12 the same spirit. The raven 13 is a carnivorous14 15 animal. The exculpatory 16 proof was so favourable, that the culprit 16
7
1? got a mitigated punishment.
5 Venality and corruption are inherent in his mind. I was giving a description of the eruption,? when he inter-
f
I
Annus, a year, a
circle; en-
8 9
nos (Gr.), solemnis, yearly, from soleo and annus. j \ Annulus, a ring. a day. Diurnus, daily; jour (Fr.), a iDies, giorno (Ital.), a day. day; 3 Mille, a thousand. * Soleo, I am wont.
Venor, I hunt. Venia, leave ; from venio, come ; leave to come.

I
10
J1
12
wander ; from ve, Vagor, much, and agor, I am driven. Spargo, I scatter, sparsus. Nosco, I know; notus, known. | < Nota, a mark; ginosko (Gr.),
(
know.
Vendo,
I sell.
13 14
;
Venum, a
food.
sale.
Culina, a kitchen
kolon (Gr.),
15
Ravis, hoarseness. Caro, carnis, flesh; kreas (Gr.) Voro, I devour.
16
Culpa, a fault
theft.
klope (Greek),
Rumpo,
ken
;
break ; ruplus, brorupes, a rock.

I
17
Mitis, mild.
a thousand paces. Solemnity from soleo and annus, denotes literally the yearly return of the Roman ceremonies of worship. Veneratio from oro, I beg, and venia, leave or pardon ; according to some, it originally signified the adoration paid to Venus. Insolence literally, something unusual, an uncommon impertinence. In accordance with this, we say to a person who is insolent towards us, " This is conduct which I am not accustomed to." mile
]07
is
A bankrupt literally, one who breaks the bank. Bank from abacus (Latin), banco (Italian), a table or bench.
Carnival
flesh,
derived
caro,
the feast before Lent, literally, a farewell to flesh
and
valere, to bid farewell.
LESSON XXVIII.
The earth is saturated 1 with must proceed rapidly.
His language
is
rain
1
j
if
heat ensue, vegetation2
satirical. 1 3
The
The The
coroner's4 inquest 5 brought in a verdict of culpable
homicide.6
5 inquisition is a horrid? tribunal. 96 6 parricide has been guilty of suicide. This is decidedly 6 a most exquisite6 performance. 5 It is requisite 5 that you retire to some sequestered spot. The incision6 was promptly made, and the abscess6, which
was of great
I state
it
size 6 , reduced.
;
precisely were arbitrary.
6 I
6 6 say that these decisions of the excise
He
could not proceed without the prompter.10 12 in these is an apiary 11 and aviary grounds. 13 I augur 12 well of that youth ; his spirit seems imbued with
There
a love of letters. Neither exaggerate 14 nor extenuate,15 but adhere to facts. I observe 16 he is devoted 1 ? to the service 16 of his master. He alleviated 18 the disquietude of his mind by the exercises of devotion. 1 ?
,
f
|
Satur,
full,
from
12
Sat, enough.
Vegeo, I
am
lively.
13
\ Vegeto, I enliven. 3 Ira, anger. 4 Corona, a ring or crown. 5 Quaro, I ask. I cut or kill. 6 J Caedo,
( Caesus, cut.
7
Apis, a bee, from apo, I bind, as bees hang in clusters. A vis, a bird. i Buo, I stuff or fill.
<
(
Imbuo, I moisten, I soak,
14
imbrue. Agger, a heap, from gero, I

carry, and ad, to. Tennis, thin, from
stretch.
15
tendo,
Horreo, I shiver for fear. Pater, a father.

Sui, of one's self.
16
J?
9
!0
Promptus, ready, from promo (pro and emu), I take out.

Satirical
J Serous, a servant. \ Servo, I keep ; eruo (Greek). Votum, a vow or wish.

Levis, light.
18
anger, abounding in anger. derived by some from satura (full) (lanx, a platter of fruits ; thus signifying understood), a platter full of various sorts a miscellaneous composition. Coroner. One who acts for the crown ; but according to others,
from
sat,
enough, and
ira,
Tills
word
is
108
it is
derived from krqf (Icelandic), a corpse, and cunner (Saxon), an
inspector.
Exquisite
who foretells events by the flying or singing of birds. Auspices, literally, omens drawn from observing birds ; avis, a bird, and specio, I see. To decide to cut off or cut short. Size what is cut to a certain proportion.
Augur
from
sought out, selected, excellent. avis, a bird, is literally one
LESSON XXIX.
Grateful1 to heaven is the incense2 of a broken heart. I was much incensed2 at this atrocious3 proceeding.
Seditious pamphlets were
distributed
1
gratis
among the
populace. The incendiary 2 was seized with a lighted candle 2 in his hand. Many disputes4 have been current among the proprietors ;5 but they now see the propriety 5 of referring them to arbiters. It is computed4 that each corps contains a thousand men. He is the sheriff-depute4 of the county, and has the reputation 4 of being an excellent judge. The righteousness of Christ is imputed4 to us. There is a refractory 6 spirit abroad, and unless conciliatory measures are resorted to, a sanguinary' rebellion will be the
consequence. He is sanguine? in his expectations of his cousin' s? progress. 6 Infringe not the rights of your neighbours. 6 Beauty is a fragile thing. The limb was so much fractured6 that amputation4 was
necessary.
He must number are
the suffrages6 of the electors ;6 the greater inclined 8 to support him. I decline 8 humouring his inclinations. 8
solicit
agreeable ; gre (Fr.), accord ; hence, agreeable.

Gratis, !Gratus, freely,
2
Proprius, one's own.

( Franco,
I
break
fractus,
for nothing.
J
~\
broken.
Sujfrago,the joint of a beast's
leg.
;
Cando,
burn.
literally,
black.
Atrox, cruel,
raw,
trogo
{Ater,
not, (Greek), I eat. 4 I think, I prune. Puto,

a,
from
and
Sanguis, blood consanguineus, of the same blood ; cousin
(French).
8
Clino, I
bend
klino (Greek).
Suffragatio.
The giving
expression from more easy to his rider.
one's voice at an election ; a figurative the camel that bends his knees to make the ascent
Puto to think, to examine, to prune. " When we prune, we examine what branches are to be retained, and what rejected." VALPV.
109
LESSON XXX.
The
situation
He
is
1 very centrical and convenient. 3 2 1 eccentric, jocular, and facetious, and, on the whole,
is
an entertaining person, though often occupied with things

quite nugatory. I assume 5 that there that case. It is presumption 5 in
4
is
a presumption5 of consumption 5 in
to live so sumptuously.6
him
He
is
fastidious? in his taste.

8 legion to be decimated.
The emperor caused the
That flower emits a delightful fragrance.9 He is much attenuated and enfeebled by
disease
he went
out yesterday, and felt exhilarated 10 by the gentle zephyrs. 11 Her apparel was fragrant9 with perfumes. 12 The incarnation, miracles, crucifixion, interment, and resurrection of our Saviour, we should ponder 13 on with admiration and gratitude. The Magna Charta14 is the safeguard of our rights.
15 Egotism makes knowledge ridiculous. 1? 16 Industry makes the sterile field fertile. He had a truculent 18 and savage look.
The maged
1
vessel was driven into that estuary, 19 and so that they were obliged to careen 20 it.
12
;
much
da-
( Centrum, the middle, from < Kentron (Gr.), a point, the

( point of a circle. Jocus, a joke. Facetus, witty.
Fumus, smoke thuma( Greek), a perfume thumos, thyme.

;
13
3
4 5
14
Nugce,
trifles.
;
6
7
Sumo, I take sumptus, taken, from sub, and emo. Sumptus, expense,
Fastus, pride. Decem, ten ; deka (Greek). J Fragro, I smell sweetly. \ Fragrum, a strawberry. hilaros (Gr.) Hilaris, cheerful Zephyrus, the west wind, from zoe (Greek), life, and phero,
;
Pondus, weight ; poids (Fr.), from pendo, I weigh. chartes (Gr.), Charta, paper from charasso (Greek), I mark.
;
15 16
Ego,
I.
Sterilis,
17
18
barren. J Fertilis, fertile, from I carry. ( Fero,
9
10
11
Trux, trucis, cruel. JEstus, the tide. 20 Carina, the keel of a vessel, from keiro (Greek), I cut.
19
I bring.
Eccentric
Decimation
To ponder
literally, to
deviating from the centre. the punishment of every tenth man. to weigh in the mind.
Avoirdupoise (French)
from habere,
to have,
and pondus, weight
have weight.
110
LESSON XXXI.
An
2 1 ape is the uncouth similitude of a man. His similes2 are far-fetched and conceited. 2 2 They assembled, in order to make one simultaneous
effort.
has a great many signatures. Many competitors3 have appeared, but the first who started 3 is deemed the most competent for the charge. His appetite 3 for novels4 and romance reading is insatiable ; he is perpetually 3 engaged in that profitless task. The testimony 5 of the witnesses, though involuntarily given, 6 fully identified the prisoner as the robber. I detest5 all interference in such matters. The contest5 at present is not for foreign? dominion,8 but for our existence ; for the freedom of ourselves and families, the memory of our progenitors, and the blessings of our posterity. The protest5 was signed by the respectable part of the people. The texture 9 of the cloth was exquisitely fine. For the elucidation 10 of the text9 peruse the context.9 The substance was so viscous 11 that the pestle 12 was raised with difficulty from the mortar. 13
petition
1
The
Uncus, crooked.
f
Domimis, a master, from domo.

I subdue. Texo, 1 weave.
Similis, like.
9 I
3
4
5
"
Simul, together. I Peto, I ask, I push, ( Impetus, force. Novus, new. f Tettis, a witness.
go
to.
10
H
12
Lux,
lucis, light.
Viscum, the mistletoe (a glutinous shrub), bird-lime.

Pistillum, a pestle, from pinso, I beat, I bray.
\ Testor, I witness. Idem, the same. Foris, out of doors.
13
Mortarium,
a mortar, from meiro (Greek), I divide.

I witness, to witin
To assemble to make like, to bring together. To detest from de, from or against, and tester,
ness against.
Text-hand so named, as clergymen wrote their texts hand than the sermon.
a larger
LESSON XXXII.
child regarded its primer 1 with an exulting eye. He is well versed in the principles 1 or rudiments 2 of the 1 language, and is principally indebted for this to his eruditepreceptor. The man of principle 1 can alone be capable of virtuous' 1 friendship. His primitive 1 look and address are the effect of his protracted exile. 4
The
This
is
HI
vigilantly
an object of primary
attended
to. ruminate 6
importance, and should be
is
on the days of innocence. inebriated' daily ; and his wife, who a sample of sobriety 8 and industry, struggles to maintain the
guilty
The
That wretched man
is
family.
is sanctioned by heaven. 9 11 10 nuptial festivities were obstreperous, and led to deplorable excesses. are infested 10 with these beggars. Punishment was summarily 12 conferred. The life of the believer is consummated 12 in an eternity of glory.
Connubial 9 love
The
We
She
1
is
a virago. 3
first.
Primus,
Nubo,
ried,
marry
Rudis, rude. a man. 3 J Vir, \ Virtus, manliness, virtue. 4 Exilium, banishment ; exelao (Greek), I banish. 5 Vigil, watchful ; vigilia, watching ; hence, reveil (French), alarm, to rouse the soldiers hence, revel, carousing through the night. the cud. Rumen,
;
from nubo,
women
a veil
i
nuptus, marI cover, as covered the head with

;
when presented to their

;
husband
10
nubes, a cloud.
Festus, festival, joyful. ( Jnfestus, malicious, hostile. Strepo, I make a noise, from strepho (Greek), I turn, in allusion to the noise of a
*>
door when turning; stropheu* (Greek), a hinge.

(
12
-c
Ebrius, drunken.
Sobrius, sober.
Summus, the highest. Summa, a sum, the amount

of the whole.
the rude outlines. To ruminate literally, to bring back the food from the throat ; to chew the cud, to meditate. talk of chewing the cud of reflection. Dies festi were holy days among the Romans ; festus denotes joyful and festival, as sports and feasting were part of their worship. A virago from vir, a man, and ago, to do or act, is a woman who acts the man. Virtus bravery, from vir, a man, as andreia (Greek), bravery, is derived from aner, a man. Exile, according to some, from ex solo, meaning from the soil.
first outlines,
Rudiments
the
We
LESSON XXXIII.
His spirit is salient, 1 assailants. 1
1
1
and
1
it
will not be repressed
by
his
He exulted in the result of the contest, and avenging the insults which he had sustained. The boys sallied 1 out from school to see the salmon taken,
1
2 gloried in
112
is
I maintain that it lusion 3 in this affair.
an illusion 3 to say that there is no colI shall elude 3 the snare, however, and
you may provide
for yourselves. I have shall not again even allude 3 to the suhject.
warned you, and I

they were
interlude 3 was worthy of the prelude ; 3 4 equally absurd and ludicrous. 3
The
His lineage 5 is far from plebeian ;6 he is connected with the most distinguished families in the country. He has delineated5 the manners of tliat people with
great
fidelity.
8 contiguity? of branches forms a delightful arbour. Before coining to a conclusion, look at the contingent? cir-
The
cumstances. Do not come in contact? with that person

tagious.? His taste?
his disease
is
con-
hammer. The longitude 10 and latitude11 of the The aliment 12 is nutritious. 13

j
is a little tinged? with affectation. arable 8 land, under the present brumal 14 influence, will be freed from vermin. 15 Malleable9 metals are those which can be elongated 10 by the
The
place were ascertained.
f Salio, I leap
hallomai (Gr.)
Saltus, a leaping. Glorior, I boast.
Arbor, a tree, connected by some with arvum, a field ; aro, I plough ; aratrum, a
plough. Malleus, a hammer. Longus, long. Latus, broad.
Alo, I nourish. Nutria, I nourish. JJruma, winter, from brevissima, shortest, the shortest day.
Ludo,
3 <
4
I mock, I play, luo (Greek), I loose.
from
9
( Lusus, mocked. Surdus, deaf. Linea, a line.
w
J1
12
Plebs,
the
common
;
people
13
;
plethos (Gr.), from pleos,

|
full.
1*
-c
touch tactus, tadzo (Greek). ; Tingo, I tinge or mark.
Tango, I touched
15
Vermis, a worm.
to insult, to leap on ; the result, lite; a leaping back, what springs from another thing ; to consult, literally, a leaping together. An allusion strictly, a playful notice, a slight notice. Absurd literally, harsh to the ear, dissonant, disagreeable. Salmon from salio, I leap. It is pleasing to trace a similarity of formation in different languages ; and we are amused to find that derivators trace lax (Scotch), lacks (German), and leax (Saxon), to lacken (old German), to leap. Distance from east to west was called longitude, as the ancients knew a greater extent of the earth from east to west than 1'ruiu north
To
exult, to leap with joy
rally,
to south.
LESSON XXXIV.
2 pallid, and her lip tremulous with fear. His coolness, promptitude, and intrepidity 2 were admirable. This is an appalling calamity,3 and calculated4 to produce u
Her cheek was
lasting sensation. His calculations4 were extremely accurate. I dissent 5 entirely from the sentiments5 which they
have with one consent5 assented 5 to. 5 5 I have a presentiment that his resentment will be dreadful. These sentiments5 met with a response 6 in every bosom. I am not responsible 6 for the actions of my relations ; indeed, their sentiments5 and mine never corresponded. 6
forgot his marriage obligations. 6 very desponding state. His spine? is injured, his leg fractured, and his arm dislocated. There is a toll-bar on the bridge for the purpose of levying 8 pontage money. The court-martial 9 was composed of the colonel, major, cap10 tains, and adjutant. He has left school for college, and is likely to obtain one of the bursaries. 11 Violent disputes took place in the conclave 12 regarding the
Her spouse6
He
is
in a
election of the
1
Roman
Pontiff.
11
Pallor, whiteness, from pali
~i
(Greek), flour. I tremble. 2 J Tremo, Trepidus, trembling. ( 3 Calamus, a reed kalamos (Gr.) 4 Calculus, a small stone.
;
9
ll)
Spina, a thorn. Pons, pontis, a bridge, from pendo, I hang. Mars, martis, the god of war.
Juvo,
Sentio,
feel
sensus,
felt.
n Duma,
12
I assist jutus, assisted ; adjutare, aider (Fr.), to aid.

;
6 J
(
Spondeo, I answer. Sponsor, one who promises.
a pui-se. Clams, a key.
connected by some with pallo (Greek), I shake ; hence, palumbes, a wood-pigeon. Calamity literally, a storm that destroys the reeds or stalks of
Pallor, whiteness
corn.
To calculate, to reckon, from calculus, a small stone, as they were used by the Romans as counters. Despond. The pupil will observe that sometimes the Latin affixes have not the prepositional power despondeo, in Latin, signifies to promise sometimes, too, the affix is merely an intensative word, as
; ;
in efficacy.
from clavis, a key, a secret assembly. pontifex, from ports, a bridge, and/acto, I make, literally, a bridge-maker, from the erection or consecration of the first bridge across the Tiber by the chief priest.
Conclave
Pontiff
LESSON XXXV.
I almost lost patience 1 in making the child understand the difference betwixt cardinals 2 and ordinals. 3 The British have a great deal of passive 1 courage. I compassionate 1 the case of that patient. 1
He is a finished elocutionist ;4 his enunciation6 is distinct, his inflections6 graceful, his gesture? easy and expressive, and all his powers in perfect subjugation 8 to the rules of his art. The suggestion? to digest? the matter is worthy of consideration.9
We are cousins german.7

He
is
very loquacious,
and
his language
is
full of
4
circum-
locution. 4
10 4 was hailed with obloquy. ventriloquist claims. I announced5 that I had renounced 5 The hermit's chamber 11 was a cave. 12 He must frequently desiderate 18 a comrade. 11 This is a concave12 mirror. The legacy was read, and the favourite found disinherited. 13 The laxity of the priories14 was connived 15 at.
The
my
The German
1
is
grave, the
Frenchman
9
10
*l
volatile. 16
These objections are frivolous. 1 ?

Patior, I suffer ; passus, suffered ; pascho (Greek). 2 Cardo, a hinge. 3 Ordo, order, from orthos (Gr.),
4
Sidus, sideris, a star, Venter, the belly.
Camera, a chamber
(Greek). Cavus, hollow
kamara
12
Loquor,
straight. I
speak
locutus,
spoken ; logos (Greek), a word. 5 Nuncio, I tell. 6 Fleclo, I bend flexus, bent.
;
; cavea, a hollow place ; hence, cage from the diminutive caveola ; gaiole (old French), a gaol, or jail.
;
13
14 15
Hceres, hceredis, Prior, former.
an
heir.
Gero, I carry
ried.
gestus, car-
Nivere, to wink.
Volo, I fly.
7
\
(
16
]?
Germen, a branch. * Juffum, a yoke, from jungo, I

join.
Frio, I crumble. 18 Desidero, I miss the absence

of,
7 desire.
Cardinal chief ; cardinal virtues are those on which the others are hinged, or depend. Cardinals in the church of Rome are so the church depends on them. styled, as the government of To suggest from gero, and sub, to bring under, to hint, to insinuate, Consideration according to some, is from consido, I sit down ; acand signifies a cording to others, it comes from sidus, sideris, a star, beholding the stars.
Frivolous, crumbled, reduced to nothing. Voler (French), to steal ; literally, to fly away with.
115
LESSON XXXVI.
1 is consiSigns of putrefaction have begun, and the malady dered desperate by the medical2 men. 3 It was determined to effect a junction with the main army.
At
That
this juncture 3 assistance unexpectedly came. 3 4 pi'odigal contemns his father's injunctions.
The flux5 and

and moon. That man
reflux5 of the sea are regulated
by the sun
He
5 5 is affluent , and able to procure superfluities. reluctant6 to exert his influence. 5 His arguments are futile?, and easily confuted.?
is
filled with little commodities. 9 the modes9 of life among the Picts. depicted She is the most modish 9 of modern9 ladies. The halcyon 11 days of youth are fled, and the blandishments 12 of pleasure soothe no more. He displays ebullitions 13 of genius. He is a Dives, 14 yet not so happy as yonder Lazar. Let us be cautious 15 in our investigation into crime, even
The
reticule 8
was
He
10
when
palpable. excoriation 16 was frightful, and, notwithstanding all the 1? nostrums of the old women, a cicatrix 18 remains.
it is
16
The
Putris, rotten. Medeor, I heal ; mtdomai (Gr.), I take care, I command ;
Halcyo, the
name
of a bird,
from
12
als,
the sea, and kud
3 4
medos (Greek), care. Jungo, I join junctus, joined. Prodigus, from pro, and ago,
;
(Greek), I beget. Blandior, I flatter.

Ebullio, I boil. Dives, rich.
13
14
j5
lavish.
5
Fluo, I flow. 6 Luclor, I struggle. * ( Futio, I pour out, I blab. I blame, I disprove. ( Futo, 8 Rete, a net, from eretuo (Gr.), I keep in, I hinder. ( Modus, a manner, a meamedomai sure, a limit p J (Gr.), I rule or command.
;
jg
Caveo, I take care of. Cautus, wary. ( Palpo, I strike. Palpilo, I throb. Corium, the skin. 1 Cortex, the bark of a
f (
I
ti'ee, I
from corium, and

(^
;
teyo,
17
18
"j
10
only, just now. Pingo, I paint ; pictus, painted.
Modo,
cover hence, cork. Nostrum, our own. Cicatrix, a scar, a scar from a burn kauteriadzo (Greek), I burn with a hot iron.
;
Medicus, according to some, from Media, because that country abounds with salutiferous plants. Halcyo, a bird, of which it is said that it breeds in the sea, and that there is always a calm during the incubation. JOHNSON. Lazar from Lazarus, in Scripture. A nostrum literally, a cure of our own, what is not known to others.
LESSON XXXVII.
They
insist 1
on persisting 1 to
resist 1
the proposal of an
1
armistice. 1
He is nonplussed 2 3 at the statement of his own inconsistency.

The consistency 1 of the substance is that If you assist 1 us, we shall be irresistible.
of water.
1
and his sincerity 15 is questioned. The asterisk 4 refers you to the bottom of the page. His narration was vivid, 5 and his arguments were cogent. 5 5 5 Conviviality is defined as living in festivity alone ; but the term may be employed to denote a life spent in conversation and innocent pleasures. The quality 6 of these goods is much superior ; but consider
look,
He has a very sinister4
the alteration? in price. There is no use in further altercation,? our only alternative" is to submit.
is benignant in his providence. In this imminent 9 danger he invoked 10 the protection 11 of heaven. That tower is the most prominent9 object on the eminence. 9 The besiegers, by every species of insult, endeavoured to 10 provoke them from their intrenchments. His vocation 10 was burdensome 12 and laborious. His doom is irrevocably 10 sealed. He is too vacillating 13 to be profound. 14
1
God
Sisto, I stop, I stand.
2
'*
.Vow, not.
"
10
;
Mineo,
Benignus, bountiful. I hang ready to

Voco, I call.
fall.
Plus, more.
(
Astrum, a star
astron (Gr.)
food,
n
12
\ Sinister, the left. 5 Vivo, I live ; viclus,
Tectum, a covering, from tego, I cover ; hence, toga, a gown. Burdo, a mule.
Vacillo, I move to and fro. Fundus, a field, a foundation. Cera, wax.
victuals.
(;
13
14 15
Qualis, such as.
A Iter,
another.
from sisto, I stop, a cessation or stopping of arms. Sinister, compounded, according to Ains worth, of sine, without, and Sinistra auspicia, according to Adams, were lucky aster, a star.
armistice
An
omens among the Latins, but unlucky among the Greeks because in taking omens among the Romans, the augur stood with his face
;
directed to the south, and consequently the east or lucky quarter of but the contrary of this was the the heavens was on his left hand case among the Greeks. Sinister, left, has also been derived from sino, I leave, I allow. (See left in the Saxon derivation.) A vocation a business, a calling. Sincere from sine, without, and cera, wax, pure, unmixed hence, also, cerements, waxen cloth in which dead bodies are wrapped.
; ;
LESSON XXXVIII.
The vicissitudes of this world afford just cause for humility. The atonement of Christ was vicarious. The vicar 1 of that charge dined yesterday with the vice 1
1 1
lieutenant. The accident2 is truly deplorahle. The glories of this world are deciduous. 2
dental. 2
His remarks on the occidental2 nations were merely3
inci-
casualties 2 we are not responsihle. beatitude 4 of the blessed is enviable. That gas is extremely combustible. 5 The bust5 is in a state of decay. 2 Springs are supplied by capillary tubes.6
For these
The
The
disease
is
cutaneous,? and
is
is
more disagreeable than
dangerous.
That man's
disagreeably censorious. In the vicinity 10 of his father's mansion he wandered an outcast and alien. 11 The gloomy hope of the infidel lies in annihilation. 12 He is invulnerable 13 in argument. Toleration 14 is in accordance with the Christian religion.
is vicis, a change or stead. Vicarius, in the room of. 2 Cado, I fall ; echeoir (French) ;
1
He
figure
colossal. 8
9
J Vix,
(
Colossus, an size of life.

cree.
image beyond the

judge, I de-
Censeo, I count, I
hence, escheat, into the crown.

3
4
what
falls
10
Merus, mere, pure, from meiro

(Greek), I divide. Beo, I bless beatus, blessed. f Uro, I burn ; ustus, burnt. J Bustum, the place where dead bodies were burnt and j buried. Tuba, a trumpet. Cutis, the skin; skutos (Greek), a hide.
;
( Vicinus, neighbouring, from -c Vicus, a village, being of the

(
same
1J
u
13 14
A Hits,
and
village.
another.
Nihil, nothing,
from ne,
not,
speck of a bean, or a thing of no value. Vulnus, eris, a wound.

Tollo,
hi/urn, the black
<>
"i
I bear ; talao (Greek), hence, tolas (Gr.), wretched,
and
tlcsis (Gr.),
patience.
to take notice of the morals of the people. Talent a weight of money ; from talao (Greek), I bear, in allusion to the weight borne by the balance.
what happens, or, as we express it in our own language, what falls out, what comes by chance. Censor a Roman officer, whose duty it was, among other things,
accident
An
Bust according to some, the figure which surmounted the urn containing the ashes of the dead.
Inure
literally, I
burn
into.
118
LESSON XXXIX.
1 parties are pliable, and they will be easily reconciled. I state explicitly 1 that his apparent simplicity 1 in that reply 1 1 is nothing but duplicity. I am not implicated 1 in that crime, though I have been blamed as an accomplice. 1 The supplest 1 joints are not those which are most engaged in supplication 1 to heaven. He puts implicit 1 faith in the compliments1 of that supple 1
The
impostor.
The water was rendered pellucid by filtration. 2 The army defiled 2 through the pass. The blasts of winter have denuded3 the sylvan4
retreat,
and
the forests have congealed 5 the flowing streams. My wine is diluted6 with water, but yours is polluted6 with
some deleterious ingredient. That monster would require a deluge 6 to perform his ablution. 6 He may be a plagiarist,? but his discourse was luminous, 8 and conveyed extensive information on alluvial6 formation. There was an illumination 8 after that splendid victory. His emaciated 9 countenance, livid 10 lip, and sunken eye, are
precursors of instant dissolution. These are the hallucinations 11 of genius.
6
What plummet 12 13
can fathom the depth of eternity ? These coeval events will be eternally 14 remembered. He has been in the torrid 15 and frigid'16 zones. ? The Gaelic language abounds in guttural 18 and nasal 19 sounds.
1
;
Plico, I fold
pleko (Greek),
n
12 13
Hallux,
cis,
the great toe.

eternity
;
plier (French), to bend.

2 3
4 5
fi
Filum, a thread or film. Nudus, naked, from ne, and induo, I put on. Sylva, a wood.
Gelu, frost.
f
Plumbum, lead. JEvum, an age,

(Greek).
aion
14
15
Luo,
wash away,
I pay.
16
!7
7 8 9
10
\ Lues, pestilence. Playium, man-stealing.
J SEtas, age. ( JEternus, eternal. Torreo, I am warm, I parch ; terso (Greek). Frigeo, I am cold rhigeo (Gr.)
;
Lumen,
light.
18
Zona, a girdle, from (Greek), I gird.

Guttur, the throat.
zonnuo
Macies, leanness.
Lividus, blue, from liveo, I blue, I envy.
am
19
Nasus, the nose.
Simplex
from
To
filtrate
sine, and plico, literally, without folds. originally, to purify, by drawing off liquor
by depend-
ing threads ; h'omfilum, a thread, and traho, I draw. Plagiarius one who steals from other men's writings. Hallucinor I trip, 1 mistake. Tot (French) soon ; from torreo, I am warm ; heat and rapidity being naturally associated.
119
LESSON XL.
Our
fate
1
is
A series of
fatal 1 occurrences
involved in mysterious obscurity. has taken place in that short
lapse of time. That infatuated 2 man rushed on destruction. The decoction3 was peculiarly 4 effective. He was incarcerated for peculation. 4 He is engaged in literary5 pursuits, and is literally5 absorbed 8 in them. 6 During the voyage he was afflicted with nausea ; his look
was cadaverous.7
His mellifluous9 tongue and winning manner soon procured admirers. There have been great abuses in that colony ; 10 the governor, 11 12 however, is completely exonerated. The clown 10 took the lotion 13 for the potion. 14
That gentleman is an oculist, 15 aurist, 16 and dentist. 1 ? That large 18 family 19 is half famished. 20 The parricide concealed the lethal 21 weapon below his tunic.22 The unicorn 23 is a fictitious animal, to be found only in
armorial24 ensigns.
Every constellation
with this small
1
23 is visible in
glass,
you may perceive the
the argent26 sky to-night, and, satellites 2 ? of Jove.
Inoculation 15 has given place to vaccination. 28 Fatum, fate (from fatum, par- 13 Lavo, I wash ; lotus, washed,
ticiple of fari, to
cree),
'
means what
speak or deis decreed.

;
14
Faluus, foolish. Coquo, I boil, or bake

boiled
;
15
cactus,
16
J7
Poto, I drink ; potio, prepared drink, poison. Oculus, the eye ; inoculo, I insert the eye of a bud into
cuire (Fr.), to bake. ( Peculum, money, private * property. -J I embezzle or steal. ( Peculor, ( Litera, a letter. 5 < Litera;, a letter, epistle, learn/
another stock.
Auris, the eai\ Dens, a tooth ; odous (Greek).
(
Largus, large.
Largior,
bribe.
I
18
<
(
give largely,
1!)
ing.
20
21
sea - sickness ; from navis, a ship. 7 Cadaver, a carcass. 8 Sorbeo, I suck in. 9 Mel, honey ; meli (Greek). 10 Colo, I cultivate ; cultus, cultivated ; colonus, a tiller ; incola, an inhabitant.
6
Nausea,
Familia, a family. Fames, hunger. Lelhum, death ; lithe (Gr.), forgetfulness;
from lelho, I lie hid.
22
23 24 25
Tunica, a coat. Cornu, a horn.
Arma, arms.
Stella,
a star.
silver.
26
Argentum,
Vacca,
11
12
Guberno, I govern. Onus, oneris, a burden.
27 Satelles, a lifeguard. 28 a cow.
120
Peculum
property, comes from pecus, cattle, as of old flocks conFrom the same word comes pecunia, property, also signifying money, as ancient coins had sheep impressed on them. A constellation from con, together, and stella, a star, a cluster of
stituted wealth.
stars.
what
A satellite an attendant. Biscuit from bis, twice, is twice baked.

from cado,
and cuire (French),
to bake, literally,
Poison perhaps from potto. Dandelion dent de lion, lion's tooth.
Cadaver
the
I fall, literally,
a fallen body.
Carcass, in
same way, has been traced
to caro, flesh,
and
casa, fallen.
LESSON
XLI.
;
The auction 1 was but thinly attended in the forenoon in the afternoon the numbers were considerably augmented. The auxiliaries are not under proper authority. 1 He is the author of a work on the doctrine of necessity. 2 There is no connexion2 betwixt the work and what he has
1 1
annexed 2 to it. That madman has his lucid3

16
intervals,
when he
is
very
peaceable. He elucidated 3 the subject clearly, and his lucubrations-''
claim deep attention. 5 Pugilism is in great repute in England ; it is a practice re5 pugnant to good feeling and humanity. He impugned 5 every statement which was brought forward. He has explored the recondite6 treasures? of nature. That scoundrel 6 has absconded 6 with the company's capital. The air in that vicinity is very humid, 8 owing to the exhalation 9 of the contiguous fen ; the situation is inimical 10 to health. His merit cannot be appreciated 11 by these ignorant people. His heart is ossified. 12 The gentle declivity 13 is favourable for irrigation. 14 There is no stimulus15 in that seminary, no panting9 after honour. That uxorious 1 ? man loads his wife with condiments.6
Augeo, I sell, I increase aukso (Greek).
!
I
5 6
Auctus, increased.
Pugnns, a fist pugmi (Gr.) Pnyno, I fight. Condo, I hide, I lay up things
f
;
Audio, an
auction.
increasing,
an
2
3
[Auxilium, assistance. I bind nexus, bound. Lux, lucis, light ; leiikos (Gr.),
Necto,
;
white.
4
Intervallum, an interval.
together, I build ; condio, 1 season, I mix ingredients for seasoning. 7 Thesaurus, a treasure, from tithcmi (Greek), I put, and aurion, to-morrow, a laying up for to-morrow.
8
'>
1LM
Hnmidus, moist.
Halo,
I
13 14
Clivus, a slope.
breathe.
1(1
-L-lwicws,
a friend; ami (Fr.),
15 16
from
11
a/no, I love.
12
Prelium, a pi-ice. Os, ossis, bone.
Riga, I water. Stimulus, a spur. Pax, pads, peace, to appease, to set at peace.
tfaor,
J7
wife.
is
Autumn
and
autumnus, from augtumnus, which

It is derived
from augeo,
increase, the season of plenty. Necessity that which binds us.
by some from
ne,
cedo, to yield, not to be departed from.
the ramparts of a camp. originally, the space between To pant panteler (French), anhelo, from halo, I breathe. A scoundrel sconderruolla (Italian), one who hides himself when the muster-roll is called.
Intervallum
LESSON
1
XLIT.
I deprecate the use of these horrid imprecations. 1 are in a most precarious 1 situation. The collision 2 of these immense 3 hodies is alarming. By the elision2 of this letter the word is rendered of dubious
We
origin.
His natural anilities are good, hut hy a course of debauchery he has reduced himself to debility.4 5 I hail this event as an auspicious omen. This conduct in a man of his station is abominable. 5 The strenuous6 exertions of that benevolent person in favour of the community, were frustrated? by the insidious8 efforts of
a few malcontents. 9 I aver that I never shared in the profits of that nefarious
negotiation.
10
a renegade. 10 That plant is extremely prolific. 12 I design 13 to resign 13 my office, assign 13 my property to my 13 brother, and consign the past into oblivion. He designed 13 tlie boundaries of the kingdom. Our vacation 14 is limited this season. 16 15 During the flagellation his limbs were flaccid, and his
is 17 appearance was altogether very lachrymose.
1
He
Precor, I pray.
( Lcedo, I
4 5 6 7 ^
;
Debilis, weak.
< Collisio,
( Elisio,
hurt Icesus, hurt. a clashing together.
| -J
a dashing out. Afensura, a measure, from Metior, I measure ; mensus,
Omen, a presage. Strenuus, active. Frustra, in vain.

Insidce,
sit
;
from
in,
and
sedeo,
measured.
snares, a lying-in-wait. 9 Fas, right ; nefas, wicked.
1?2
10
14
1s
n
'
Nego, I deny ; nier (French). J Otium, ease. business. ( Negotium,

Proles, offspring. Siffnum, a mark.
1C
J
13
Vacuus, empty. Flagellum, a whip, fromjlagro, I burn. Flacceo, I flag or droop. Lacryma, a tear.
Deprecate
de,
compounded with a verb, sometimes heightens the
amare, to love, deamare, to love exceedingly ; sometimes reverses the signification, as honestare, to grace, dehonestare,
signification, as
Precarious A thing to be prayed for, what depends on the will of another, uncertain. Abominate to deprecate as ominous.
to disgrace.
LESSON
The
1
12
XLIII.
intelligence astonishes me. His remarks are trite and destitute of originality. broken and contrite 2 heart are pleasing to the Lord. Tribulation 2 in the end will not be detrimental 2 to him. These Pagans3 never heard the tidings of salvation. He is impudent, 4 and molests5 his friends daily. The heavy ordnance was brought to play against the mole, 5 which was defended by a few cannon,6 and in a short time it
was demolished. 5
His pretensions? to that office were a pretence? to call off the attention? of the public from his traitorous designs. His attentions? all tend? to extend? his connexions.
Evidence is accumulating daily, which completely exposes his prevarication 9 and fabrications. 10 The cattle are satiated with pasture. 11 This treason will only accelerate 12 their extirpation. 13 14 spark was sufficient to ignite these sere leaves. The senior 15 brother is a member of the senate. 15
This serene 14 night

;
is
favourable for a serenade. 14

6 ? 8
I thunder tonos, a sound or tone, from teino,

I stretch.
Canna, a reed,
Tendo,
I
stretch.
Cumulus, a heap.
Varus, crooked. ( Faber, a workman. worl < Fabricatio, a tale or inven-c
(
Tonitru, {Tono,
( Tero, I
2
thunder.
;
rub
tritus,
rubbed
3
4
teiro (Gr.), triticum, wheat. J 1 Tribula, a flail. \ Detrimentum, damage. Pagus, a village or district. Pudens, bashful.
'
10
tion.
I
]1
Pasco,
feed
pastus, fed.
12
Celer, swift.
13 14
Ignis, fire.
Moles, a mass, toil. Molestus, troublesome; moles (Greek), toil. Mo/ior, I attempt something
difficult.
15
Serenus, fair and dry, xeros (Greek), dry. Senex, an old man.
from
Astonished
123
literally, thunderstruck. Pagans those of the Heathen or Gentile religion, so called, because that after cities were converted to Christianity, superstition still remained in the villages, as the publishers of Christianity mostly resorted to cities.
Molior
I destroy
something great.
probably from canna, a reed, because cannons are hollovr. To prevaricate literally, to make crooked. Senatus a senate, as being composed of old men. Tret from tritus, rubbed, an allowance made for waste. Peasant paysant (French), paganus (Latin), a villager.
Cannon
LESSON XLIV.
of
when he spoke emolument. 1 1 The immolation of more victims was demanded. They have leagued 3 for the expulsion of those foreigners, 4 who may be said to have perforated 4 the country. They were obliged3 to remove the ligature.3 I cannot depart5 from this subject without reverting to the 5 5 particulars of that impartial judgment.
tliis
The
2 miller 1 swore that he talked classically
Preserve the just proportions5 of the whole. They were more obstreperous than formidable.6 There is a discrepancy? of sentiment on that subject. His limb is so much mutilated,8 that amputation9 is
necessary.
I dissent 10 entirely
thought
with one consent 10 assented 10 to. He devoted that time to secular 11
from the sentiments 10 which they have

affairs.
The
leaves of that plant are serrated. 12 5 a mil), meal ; mule Pars, a part. 6 Formido, fear. (Greek).
1 sacrifice.
Emolumentum,multure,ga.m.
Immolo, {Mola, 2
3
7 Crepo, I creak, crackle. 8 maimed. 9

10
Classis, Liffo, I
fleet,
;
a rank, or class.
Mutilus, Puto, I prune.

Sentio, I feel.
bind
Her (French),
hence,
4
(
liable.
n
12
J Foris, a door.
Foris, out of doors.
Seculum, an age, from sequw,

follow.
Serra, I
saw.
signifies to sprinkle the victim's head, before it was slaughtered, with barley flour and salt, which was called mola. proportion from pars, a part, and pro, according to, signifies a part according to. To perforate to make a door through. To interpret to be the medium of explanation between two par-
To immolate,
ties,
from inter and pars.

belonging to this world, not ecclesiastical.
Secular
L>4
LESSON XLV.
Maternal 1 affection is the strongest human tie. You cannot be a member of that university before you have
matriculated. 1 Matter 1 of itself is inert 2 and incapable of motion. It is of material 1 importance that you prepare 3 your defence, 3 compare your statements, and separate 3 and dispose them in
order.
The limbs
of several
were severed.3
2 acquainted with all the arts and sciences. There is a large defalcation4 in the accounts of the clerk. 5 The clergyman 5 of that parish, by his faithful admonitions and immaculate7 life, has done much to check the progress of
is
He
immorality. He has entered into the arena8 of controversy. The minor9 shall soon attain his majority. My salary is neither the minimum 10 nor the maximum. In the vicinity of his paternal mansion he wandered au outcast
and
is
alien. 11
He
j
both impious and obscene. 12

5
( (
(
.,
Mater, a mother ; meter (Gr.) Materia, matter.
Clericus,
lot,
from kleros (Gr.), inheritance.
J Ars, art ; aro (Gr.), I fit. dull. (" Iners, inert, slothful,
Parochus, one who furnishes, from parecho (Greek), 1 lurnish.
Paro, I prepare or form ; purer (Fr.), to adorn, to keep off; hence, to parry a stroke. Participle paratus,
prepared or ready
hence, pret (Fr.), ready. Sever, sevrer (French), from

separo.
A
\
9
1( '
Macula, a spot, Arena, sand, from area, I am dry area, a court, originally a place where corn was dried, Minor, less ; meion (Greek). Minimus, least.
;
11
Falx,
cis,
a hook or pruningis
12
Alienus, belonging to another. Obscenus, filthy.
kiiife.
A
it is
university
named alma mater ;
hence, perhaps, admission to
called matriculation.
" The Clericus. clergy were so called, because they were reckoned the inheritance of the Lord." NUGENT'S Port-Royal Primitives. The ring in which the gladiators of old fought was named the arena, because it was covered with sand. A harangue, a public speech, what is spoken in an arena but with more probability, tins word is derived from hringan (Saxon), to sound. Parson from parocfiianus ; some connect it with person, signify ing the person, or principal person.
;
125
LESSON XLVI.
2 promulgated the miracles of our Saviour, and inculcated and benevolence. peace That abstemious3 man shrinks to behold the libations4 which
He
giddy intemperance pours. 5 They had an escort to defend them from the marauders of
the desert. 6 He has intimated his intention to assert? his right to insert? that paragraph. The dissertation 6 evinced much industry. He embraced9 his sister at parting, and gave her these
bracelets. 9
His hair
is
crisped.
10
The The
aisle. 8
faults
which he committed clandestinely, 11 he now

12
avows with
effrontery.
dulcet 13 tones of that instrument vibrate 14 through the
This
nobleman
and orphans. left a desolate widow 1? lay supine in contemplation. His obliquity 18 of vision mars the beauty of his countenance.
He
has
may be called an Augustan* age, and that distinguished may be named its Msecenas.t 15
16
He
Promulgo,
( \
and vulyo,
2
I publish, I make
from pro,
10
1J
l2
'
Crispus, curled.
common.
Calx, the heel. Inculco, I drive in. 3 Temetum, wine.

Libo, I pour out ; leibo (Gr.) Cohors, a band of soldiers. 6 Sero, I sow. I join, I knit. j J Sero, an order. ( Series,
5
8
'>
Clam, without the knowledge of. Frons, frontis, the forehead,
13 14 ls
from phrontis (Gr.), thought. Dulcis, sweet. Vibro, I shake. Viduus, left alone ; viduo, 1
deprive.
16
*7
A la, a
wing.
;
18
Orbus, deprived. Supinus, lying on the back. Liquus, across, asquint.
Brachium, an arm
bras (Fr.)
The Pretorian cohort

person. Dissero
a body of
men
chosen to guard the Praetor's
from sero, I sow, and dis, asunder, to arrange, to argue. Industry, according to some, from instruo, I build up. * The reign of Augustus, who encouraged learned men, was famous
a nobleman in
for learning.
f Maecenas
Rome who
patronised learned men.
126
LESSON XLVII.
has approached the age of virility. 1 There is no virtue 1 in that alleged cure. Her dowery 2 more than herself is the object of his pursuit. That cloak is well sewed. 3 After a tedious4 voyage, we beheld with rapture the white rocks of Albion.5 Perseverance may ultimately 6 compensate for his want of
genius. His blandness? and amenity 8 of disposition cellent 9 companion. 10
He
made him an ex-
When
He
The The
I look at the
concomitant
11
circumstances, I
am
not
so sanguine about the issue. lives in a state of celibacy. 12

bill is respectably indorsed. 13 15 state 14 serpent lay ia a torpid
till
roused
by the
ani-
mating heat. These peccadillos16 will be overlooked. The fruition ? of heaven is beyond man's feeble conception. That river permeates 18 countries as yet unexplored.
1
The ways of God are inscrutable. 19 The confederates20 constituted ten deputies a quorum.21 The adjacent 22 country is favourable for rural 23 sports.
j
f Vir,
(
a man.
12
Calebs, unmarried.
strength ; pi. vires. 2 Dos, dotis, a portion or dowery,

Vis,
13
14
Dorsum, a back.
from do, I give. 3 Suo, I sew.

4
Tcedet,
it
wearieth.
;
Aldus, white 6 Ultimus, the

^
alphas (Greek).
last.
Amenus,
9
10
11
Blcnidus, gentle. pleasant. Cello, I beat, I strike, I excel.

eo, I
Panis, bread. Comes, a companion, from

go,
Serpo, I creep. Torpeo, I am benumbed. Pecco, I sin. J7 Fruor, I enjoy. 18 Meo, I pass ameuo (Greek). I seek diligently. 19 f Scrutor, ( Scruta, trash, trumpery. 20 Fcedus, a league, perhaps from fido, I trust ; peithomai (Gr.) 21 Quorum, of whom.
15
16
;
22
Jaceo, I
lie
down.
and cum, with.
23
Rus,
ruris, the country.
Suo, I sew, from sus, a sow. Formerly the bristles of hogs were used for sewing instead of needles, as they are used in our days by shoemakers. Britain is called Albion, from its white rocks. A companion literally, one who eats bread with us. A peccadillo a small sin.
12?
LESSON
1
XLVIII.
Aurora the meanwhile left the ocean.3 This academy* was estahlished in a fit of caprice.4 The vital spark not heing extinct, through friction5 and
other restoratives the
2 in
man
Gum is
soon regained his senses.
exuded 6 from
trees.
His obesity? is the cause of his complaint. 8 His faculties are obtuse, 9 and he deems every lesson tedious. I expostulated 10 with him on the injustice of his proceedings.
He
mind.
loaded
13
me
Indigent
though he
with every vituperative 11 appellation. 12 14 of a contented is, he has the luxury
The clangour15 of arms is succeeded by stillness and repose. The lugubrious 16 face of the one was strongly contrasted
with the cheerful countenance of the other.
All these
mundane
1?
18 pleasures are inane.
At the
last horticultural 19 exhibition,
he gained the preI want, from and echo (Greek),
mium 20 for the 1 A urum, gold.

2
best ranunculus. 21
f Effeo, I need,
;
Hora, an hour hora (Greek). 3 Oceanus, the ocean. 4 Caper, a goat.

5
13
J
j
a, not, I have.
( Egestas, want.
j^
15
(
(
Frico, I rub. 6 Sudo, I sweat.

7
Luxo, I put out of joint. Luxuria, riot, luxury.
Obesus,
fat.
9
10
11
Plango, I beat, I bewail. Obtusus, blunt, from tundo, I

beat. Postulo, I
16
*7
demand.
M Inanis,
19
Clangor, noise. f Lugeo, I mourn. ( Lucius, grief. Mundus, the world.

void, vain.
Vitupero, I disparage, from vitium, fault, and paro, I
procure
fault.
12
or
find,
find
2
21
Appello, I apply to, from pello.
Hortus, a garden ; herkos (Gr.), an enclosure ; eirgo (Gr.), I shut in. Praemium, a reward. Rana, a frog, a swelling under
the tongue.
Aurora literally, the golden hours, morning. Caprice probably from caper, a goat. Mundus, the world, from mundus, clean, neat, on account of the order displayed in the world. In the same way, /cosmos (Greek), the world, ornament, and mandalas (Sanscrit). so named from its growing in marshy Ranunculus, crowfoot places, which are frequented by frogs. * Academy from Academia, a public place at Athens planted with The followers of Plato trees, given to the city by one Academus. studied in this place, and were hence called Academics.
I
128
LESSON XLTX.
The heat
is
suffocating.
That youth is dissipating2 his patrimony. The girl was tantalised* with the offer of the collar. 3 That somnambulist,4 5 in order to cure himself of this dan6 gerous habit, had recourse to a soporiferous drug. He is ruined7 by intoxication.8
A garland 9 environed 9 his head.

The
bird
9
ration,
was struck, and came down in many a circumgyand gouts 10 of blood fell from her beautiful plumage'. 11 Were there any aquatic 12 animals in the ark 2 13
He
14 occasionally displays scintillations of talent.
The pavement15 was ample and convenient. The friars1 ? have been curtailed 18 of their allowance.
In that school the reverberation 19 of the ferula20 quently heard.
j
is
too fre-
2 3
J Faux,faucis, the throat. \ Suffbco, I choke. Sipo, I sprinkle, I scatter.
H Pluma,
12
a feather.
Aqua, water.
Area,
13
chest
arcanum,
Collum, the neck, from

hill.
collis,
a
I* 15
secret.
Scintilla, a spark. Pavio, I beat or ram
Somnus,
5 6
A mbulo,
sleep.
I
down.
walk.
16
!7
Pavco,
I fear, I
dread.
Sopor, sleep. Ruo, I rush, I fall down. Toxicum, poison. 9 Gyrus, a circle ; guros (Greek). 10 Gutta, a drop.
7
8
18 19
20
; frere (Fr.) Curtus, short. a scourge or lash. Verier, Ferio, I strike.
Frater, a brother
from humours
* Tantalise from Tantalus, who, according to ancient fable, on account of some enormous crime, was punished with eternal thirst,
Gout, a disease, from gutta, a drop, as in the joints.
it
was supposed
to arise
being set up to the chin in water, which fled from him when he stooped to drink it.
LESSON
The The
avaricious 1 fellow seized
it
L.
with avidity.1
2 3 initiatory measures were coercive. Their ammunition4 and spoils5 were destroyed in the confla-
gration.
19
6 caloric, and adverted to the doctrine of latent? heat. His exuberance 8 of good nature completely extinguished 9 all
He
enumerated the properties of

10
hostility.
129
chafe 6
That curve
My blood was congealed my hands. 13

1
11
in
my veins,
12
and I was forced to
They took
in the street has a pleasing effect. 14 15 refuge in the fissures of the mountain.
edifice,
lurid 18 glare of the conflagration 19 lighted
These fossils 16 are remarkably curious. The lambent ? flames now enveloped the
and the
up the surrounding
country. His indolence 20 frustrates his ambition.

The}'-
made
From
a mutual compact. 21 that spire 22 we had a prospect of the whole expanse 23
of the vale.
I covet, from ad (Gr.) pant. Avarus, covetous.
I
H
12
13
14
Gelu, frost. Vena, a vein. Curvus, crooked.
Avidus, {Aveo,
2
greedy. Initium, beginning,
Fissum, a
cleave.
cleft,
from findo,
;
from
in,
15
and
3
eo, I go.
I I fortify
Mons, a
Fodio,
mountain
hill.
bounos
drive away. Munio, ; mcenia, walls ; adminiculum, a prop. 5 Spolio, I ravage. 6 Color, heat ; calefacere, echauffer (French), to make warm. 7 Lateo, I lie hid ; letho (Greek). 8 Uber, an udder. 9 Stinguo, I put out light.
Arceo,
(Greek), a
16 17 18 19 I dig.
Lambo,
I lick.
Lttridus, ghastly.
Flagro, I burn. Doleo, I grieve. 21 Pactio, a bargain. 22 Spira, a spire. 23 Pando, I spread.
20
10
Hostis,
an enemy.
literally,
Indolence
freedom from grief or anxiety.
LESSON
The pages 1 which
gation of error.
1
LI.
lie
has compiled are devoted to the propa1
That
He
village is very compact. carried letters patent. 2

3
The experiment was very expertly performed, though at the peril 3 of the experimenter.3 The farrier4 received a contusion 5 on the head from a horse. Sudorifics6 and the tepid? bath were recommended to the
3
patient.
1 had not the temerity 8 to address the populace while they were in that ferment. 9 10 he made a In ascending the scale, false note. He stood with his pupil 11 on the poop 12 of the vessel. 13 14 He said he was a tonsor as well as barber. 15
130
is
and his appearance altogether is florid, complexion feminine. 1 ? In that district18 they are strict18 in enforcing the restriction 18 laws. He made a few strictures 18 on the composition.
f Panffo, I drivo in or compose pactus, driven. ~\ Fagina, a page, or leaf.
;
His
16
tl
( Pupus, a young boy ; pupa, a young girl. J 1 Pupilla, a little girl, the
(
\ Compago, a joining. Pateo, I am open ; petao (Gr.),

I
pupil of the eye.

ship.
12
Puppis, the stern of a ship, a

Vas, vasis, a vessel.
expand.
13
14
3
4
f
(
Perior, I try ; peirao (Gr.) Periculum, danger.

;
Tondeo, I clip
cut.
temno (Gr.), I
5
*>
Ferrum, iron. f Tundo, I pound pounded. I

Sudor, sweat. Tepeo, I am warm.
f
tusus,
15 16
!7
Barba, a beard. Flos,Jloris, a flower. Femina, a woman.

Stringo, I grasp hard, I draw,
I brush.
7 3
Temero, Temere,
veo, I
I violate.
raslily.
Strictus, close
Fermentum, leaven, from fer-
am
Slrictura,
bound. a spark (by com-
hot.
pression).
10
Scala, a ladder.
To propagate from propago, a slip set in the ground to raise young vines from. Pane and pannel are connected with pagina, a page, their shape being similar. To empanel a jury, to enter their names on the
sheriff's
panel or roll. Pupil of the eye from pupilla, as the figures seen in
it
are small.
LESSON
The
veil 1
is
LTI.
was thrown
off,
and the whole conspiracy was

behaviour which excites susis
revealed. 1
There
picion.
an incongruity2
is
in his
3
That mark
named a
caret,
and denotes that something
wanting. The pedant said tint he was fear of being madified.'
immured
in the house with
Long
before his m; image, 6 he was troubled with morbid'
sensibility.
The whole assembly was

terioratory
10
mollified 8 into tears. I objurgate 9 the use of such means ; they must have a deeffect
on good principle.
131
affection soon
first bond of union ; but mutual us more closely. In the midst of the danger, they attempted to propitiate 11 their gods by the immolation of human victims. In his own opinion he is the most sapient 13 of men. His discourse is foolish and insipid. 13 The iris 14 of your eye is very dark.
Our propinquity 11 was the 12

cemented
a veil or J Velum, 1 Velo, 1 cover.

a crane j Grus,
(
;
sail.
8 9
10
; geranos (Gr.) Congruere, to agree. 3 Careo, I want chereuo (Gr.) 4 Murus, a wall, from meiro
Mollis, soft. Jurgo, I quarrel. Deterior, worse, rub.
from
tero,
H
12
Prope, nigh. Camentum, mortar.

Sapio, I
relish
(Greek), I divide.
5 6
7
13
am wise,
;
taste
sapor,
Madidus, wet.
Mas, the male.

Morbus,
disease.
14
hence, savour. Iris, the rainbow.
literally, to flock together as cranes do. Pedigree, derived by Thierry, in his " History of the Normans," from pes, a foot, and grits, a crane, on account of the resemblance of genealogical trees to the feet of the crane. To propitiate the gods, to ask them to be near to us, to be favourable. Apres (French), after ; from ad, and proximus, next. Camentum from casdo, I cut, small stones cut off, and used for filling up or binding.
Congruere
is
descent
LESSON
I shall stipulate
1
LI1I.
for his personal safety.
This production is a farrago. 2 I could not help taking a furtive3 glance of that fascinating4
person.
She gazed with rapture on the cerulean5 arch of heaven. In every spike? of corn and pile8 of grass Almighty power
I could not expiscate 9 the facts of the case. Children first pronounce the labial 10 letters.
is
visible.
The most rigid parsimony fications 12 of office. The shows of the

that age.
11
is
to be observed in all the rami-
gladiators
13
of
Rome
prove the ferocity of
The amendment 14 was put and

16
negatived.
These pleasures are vapid 15 and unsatisfactory.

he expectorates 1 ' blood daily. This disease is pulmonary ; I detest the nocturnal 18 debauches 19 of these bacchanalians. 10
132
clearing;
22
These hungry mariners20 could not refrain 23

larder.2i
the
The case was desperate, and they opened the jugular In his delirium, 24 he leaped from the parapet. ?
1
vein.
\
2
| -<
Stipula, a straw. Stipulor, I bargain.
12 13
14 16
Ramus, a branch.
Gladius, a sword.
j
(
Far, corn.
Farrago, a mixture of grains. Farina, meal or flour.

;
Menda, a fault. Emendo, I amend.

thrift.
Vappa, palled wine, a spend-
3
4
Furlum, theft. \ Fur, a thief phor (Greek).

\
16
Fascino, I bewitch ; baskaino (Greek). Caruleus, sky blue, from ccelum,
Pulmo, the lungs (Gr.), from pneo,

Pectus, the breast.
pneumon
I
breathe.
17
18
19
Nox,
noctis, night.
6
7
8 9
10
11
heaven. Arcus, a bow. Spica, an ear of corn. Pilus, a hair. Piscis, a fish.
20
2l
22
Labrum, the
Parcus,
little.
lip.
23
thrifty,
from parvus,
24
Bacchus, the god of wine. Mare, the sea. Lardum, bacon. Jugulum, the throat, from jungo, I join. Frenum, a bridle. ira, the ridge thrown up by the plough.
The first stipulations were he who was stipulating held in his hand a straw to represent the ground he claimed or wanted to mortgage. " Stipulari signifies to stipulate, to make a bargain by asking or DUMESNIL. offering." Delirium from lira, literally, going out of the line. Parapet from pectus (Latin), petto (Italian), a wall breast high.
expiscate literally, to fish out. Stipulor from stipula, straw or stubble.

;
To
made by shepherds
LESSON
LIV.
He
accosted 1
me
in the coterie, 1
cravat. 2 That affected scholar despises the good old Saxon ; he calls his fingers his digits ; 3 when he laughs, he cachinnates j4 when
and admired the pattern of
my
he
5 when he 6 hisses, he sibilates sneezes, he sternutates when he is wound up in thought, he is conglomerated ;7 and when his ideas are not clear, he is obfuscated. 8 They co-operated 9 spontaneously 10 and their coalition 11 has
; ;
;
been the nucleus12 of a widely-spread confederacy. Merit is often excluded by the influence of nepotism. 13
Canine 14 and feline 15 creatures become

tication.
less rabid 16
by domes-
The Jew corrugated

In
now
his brow at the sight of pork. 18 this old schedule, 19 scutage'20 money and other payments in desuetude 21 were mentioned.
1
EXERCISES OX ETYMOLOGY.
133
The nutation22 of the earth, nebulous23 formation, &C., 24 K should be deferred to a later period. In pulling off the bark, a glutinous26 matter adhered to the
finders.
1
Costa, a rib, a side ; cote (Fr.) Cervix, the hinder part of the neck.
17
Rugce, wrinkles
I draw.
rhuo (Greek),
18 19
3
*
Digitus, a finger.
Cachinno, I laugh (Greek).

Sibulo,
I
kachadzo
20
Porcus, a hog, pig. Scheda, a scroll ; schede (Gr.) Scutum, a shield, a buckler, from skutos (Greek), a hide.
Consuesco,
'
5 6 8
hiss
I
Sternuo,
sidzo (Greek). ; sneeze.
21
am wont
;
coutume
(French), custom.
7 Glonuis, glomeris,
a clue.
Fuscus, brown, blackish. 9 Opus, operis, work. l Sponte, of one's own accord, from spondeo, I answer.
Coaleo, I grow together, from con, and ah, I nourish. r 12 WcT, a nut ; nucleus, the kernel of a nut.
11
Nno, I nod neuo (Greek). Annuo, to assent.

nod, I waver. Numen, a nod, the will of the deity, a deity. f Nebula, a cloud, mist ; neph-
Nuto,
23
13
14 15
Nepos, a grandson, a nephew. Canis, a dog kuon (Greek). Felts, a cat , from phtlos (Gr.),
;
24
25
2g
ele (Greek). Nebulo, an impostor, one that seeks darkness. ( Et, and. Cteterus, other ; heleros (Gr.)
J
"j
(
|
deceitful. 6 Rabies, madness
Gluten, glue. Glutus, compact.
rabula, a ; brawler, a wrangler ; hence,

rabble.
To
a
accost, to
come up
to the side.
costa, also
sit side
by
side.
From
come
coterie, a party where they cutlets ; cotelettes (French),
rib of veal.
Esquire from scutiger, a shield-bearer, an attendant on a knight. Escutcheon the shield on which coats of arms are represented. Nepotism fondness for grandchildren, partiality to relatives in
the bestowing of office. To rave rever (French), from rabies, madness. from ravio, I am hoarse with crying.
Some
derive
it
LESSON LV.
1 grenadiers took possession of the granary, which was built of granite ; ! whence they discharged their grenades. 1 After having pommelled 2 the gardener, the robber bore off the pomegranate2 on the pommel 2 of his saddle.
The
The garner-ring was, after a long search, discovered. A great number of fungi3 were found in the glebe. 4 The lecturer explained how the moon appeared cusped, 5
semicircular, gibbous,
6
and
full.
134
islands.
Magellan discovered the Ladrone?
8 8 carped at the manner of carving the fowl. The chancellor9 decreed that these deeds should be cancelled. 9 I demur 10 to the introduction of so much collateral 11 matter. The appearance of the ape in a long pelisse 12 and queue, 13 as 14 the raisins 15 and it munched apples, was very laughable. The ramparts16 ] 7 were feebly defended by a culverin, 18 the 19 contained 20 arsenal only a few muskets and a small quantity of gunpowder. 25 The plans of that astucious21 Plantagenet22 ^ were foiled by an unforeseen concatenation24 of events.
1
He
Granum, a grain of corn, a seed

or kernel.
the cork tree, the bark of the cork tx-ee.

13
3
4
Pormim, an apple. Pomarium, an orchard. Fungus, a mushroom ; sphongos (Greek), a sponge. Gleba, a clod.
f
Cauda, a tail, sometimes derived from cado, I fall.
14
Mando,
chew
manger
(Fr.),
to eat.
15 16
5 6
Cuspis, the point of a weapon. Gibtms, bent outwards ; kttphos
(Greek), curved. Latro, a robber. Carpo, I pull, pluck, or cut up,

I
J7
18
19
Racemus, a cluster of grapes. Ripa, the bank of a river, from rhips (Greek), an osier. Paries, a wall. Coluber, a snake. Arx, arcis, a lofty place, a citadel
;
find fault
fruit.
with
karpos
20
akros (Greek), highest.
(Greek),
9
10
Cancelli, cross-bars
enclosing
21
any place. Mora, delay

or delay
;
Musca, a fly ; muia (Greek), from mudzo (Greek), I murmur.

Astus, craft, cunning. Planta, a plant,
Genista, broom. Catena, a chain. Pulvis, pulveris, dust.
demoror, I stop
to
demeurer (Fr.),
a
side.
22
stay, to dwell.
11
23
24
Lotus,
Pellis,
lateris,
12
a skin
phellos (Greek),
2S
Pomegranate a fruit so called from the grains or seeds with which it abounds. Grenade, a hollow ball filled with gunpowder, which flies in pieces when the gunpowder explodes. This instrument was at first thrown by the tallest soldiers of a regiment, who were hence called grenadiers,
or apple.
To pommel to beat with the fist clenched, in the shape of a ball Pomatum, an ointment so named from its being shaped
from its being perfumed with apples. Glebe church land. Chancellor from the enclosed place in which he sat. To cancel
like balls or apples, or, perhaps,
literally, to
draw
lines thi'ough.
a long cannon shaped like a snake. Plantagenet a family so named from a sprig of broom in their
Culverin
insignia. j4stus, craft, from astu (Greek), a city, the inhabitants of cities not being so simple as those of the country.
136
LESSON
The
raged
3
LVI.
actor,
l
in his personification2 of that great person, 2 outv
good taste. 4 5 6 Nothing could palliate the devastation and massacre which
tarnished? the conquest.
That pampered 8 youth was thought by

1 paragon of propriety.
his
mother
to be a
That person is quaint9 and subtle. 10 That lady remains too long at her toilet. 11 The water gurgled 12 from the fountain. 13 The fugitive 14 was employed as a scout15 by the enemy.
When
does that refulgent 16 star culminate 1 ? to-night
18 19 punctual at matins and vespers. His style has been made more chaste 20 by the castigation20 of the critics. The bird rested its pinions21 on the pinnacle21 of the temple.
1
He was
3
4 5
Ago, I do, perform, act. Persona, a mask. Ultra, beyond outre (French). Pallium, a cloak.
;
13
14 15
Vasta, I lay waste.
Fans, fontis, a fountain, from fundo, I pour out. Fugio, 1 fly ; pheugo (Greek). Ausculto, I listen, from colo auribus, I attend with my
ears ; ecouter (French). Fulgeo, I shine ; fulmen, light"ingf
6
7
A facto,
Teter,
I sacrifice, I
hideous,
destroy. foul ; ternir

(Italian),
16
(French), tetrino
to tarnish.
8
Culmen, the roof of a house,

the summit of anything.
Pampinus, a vine leaf ; pampre (French). 9 Como, I comb, trim ; par.

comptus. f Dolus, craft ; dolos (Greek). Subdotus, crafty. \ Tela, a web ; toile (Fr.), linen
cloth.
1 ? -<
!8
19
JQ
11
Culmus, a stalk of corn. Matutinus, belonging to the morning. Vesper, the evening star ; hes(
peros (Greek).
20
( Castus, chaste, pure.

Castiffo, I chastise,
from
cas-
te
Gurges, a whirlpool, from gyrus, a circle.
( 21
tus
and ago.
.Pz7iraa,afeather,wing,pinnacle.
sound, and per, through, as the sound of actors' voices in the Roman theatres came through the apertures of the masks which they wore. The word persona first signified a mask representing the human face ; it was afterwards extended to signify the character represented, and afterwards any individual or person. It is a remarkable coincidence that the Saxon word sweg, signifying a sound, also denotes a person.
I
Persona, a mask, from sono,
To outrage
outrager (French), ultra agere (Latin).
Massacre has been also derived from mazza (Italian), a club, and from massa (Latin), a lump or mass, signifying a wide and indiscriminate slaughter. Paragon from par, equal, and ago.
136
also derived from panis, bread. Subtle derived sometimes from sub-tela, under the web, in allusion to the finer threads, which in a well-woven web are almost invibut the first Subtle and subtile are frequently confounded sible. seems applicable to craft, the second to fineness and nicety. the cloth which covered the dressing-table. Toilet originally
Pamper has been
LESSON
This step
stultifies 1
LVII.
all
whole
affair farcical. 2
our proceedings, and renders the
The doctor has ordered him to abstain from butcher-meat. The coruscation 4 of the lamps5 round the altar6 was dazzling. The breast-plate was thus inscribed "pro arisl et facts. 9 " The glands9 of his neck were swollen and were lubricated 10 with camphor and oil.
11 and other musical instruments, were sounded the sepulture. 12 during He gave vent 13 to his feelings on the reading of the overture. 14 He dined at noon 15 after enjoying his siesta. 16 That man is a glutton 1 ? and a wine-bibber. 18 These intrenchments19 have been made at great expense ; we must retrench 19 in other matters.
Cornets,
(
(
Stultus, a fool.
9
10
]1
Glans, an acorn
Stolidus, dull. 2 Farcior, I stuff or

3
4
from
ballo, I
balanos (Gr.), ; throw.
cram. Bucca, the cheek, the mouth. Corusco, I brandish, I glitter. Lampas, a lamp, from lampo (Greek), I shine.
i \
Lubricus, slippery. Cornu, a horn ; keras (Greek).

Sepelio, I bury.
12
13 14
15 16
Ventus, the wind. Aperio, I open.

nine. Sex, six.
G
7
Altus, high.
Novem,
A Itar,
an
altar.
Ara, an
f (
altar, I raise.
from aeiro
(Gr.),
J7
18
]9
Focus, a hearth, from Foveo, I cherish.
Glutio, I swallow ; gludzo (Gr.) Bibo, I drink ; pio (Greek). ( Truncus, the trunk of a tree.
(
Trunco, I maim,
I cut.
Stultus has been derived from stulos (Greek), a pillar ; thus, we say as stupid as a post. A farce from farcimenlum, a sausage, as being made up of mixed
ingredients.
Butcher from louche (French), the mouth bucca (Latin). Altar from altus, high, and ara, as sacrifices to the greater gods were made on high places. Focus, a hearth, or the point where rays converge and produce
;
great heat.
Noon
Siesta
literally,
literally,
the ninth hour of the day, three o'clock. a sleep at the sixth hour.
137
GREEK DERIVATION.
THE GREEK ALPHABET.
A a
138
Omega, in the following pages, is distinguished from omikron a long mark (o), and eta, from epsilon, by the acute accent In aspirated words the h is inserted ; and a departure (<?). from the Greek orthography has been occasionally adopted to preserve the true sound of the word ; thus, aggelo, 1 bring
by
tidings,
is
written angelo.
brevis (Latin), taken from brachus, short. Abyss buthos, a bottom, and a, privative. Acanaceous belonging to thistly plants ; aJcantha, a thorn
Abridge
akadso, I sharpen. Ace els, one.
Acephalous
head.
without a head
a,
privative,
and kephale, the
Ache
pain ; achos, grief. Achronical the rising of a star when the sun sets, or the setting of a star when the sun rises ; akros, high, and nuks, night. Acme from akme, a point ; the summit of any thing, the crisis of a disease. Acoustics instruments which assist hearing ; akouo, I hear. Acrostic a poem where the first letters of the lines make up a name ; akros, high, and stichos, a verse. Acropolis the citadel of Athens ; akros, high, and polls, a city. Acute sharp ; aM, a point. Adamant a stone of great hardness ; damau, I break, and a,
privative.
a place in the Pagan temples where none but priests from duo, I go under, and a, privative. ; JEgis the shield of the goddess Minerva ; so called from aix, a goat, being covered with the skin of a goat. Aeronaut one who sails through the air ; from aer, the air, and nautes, a sailor. Aerostation the art of remaining in the air ; aer, the air, and stasis, a standing. Êther from aither, the highest or purest air. -<Etna a burning mountain in Sicily ; aitho, I burn. Agony agSnia, a combat, fear ; agon, a combat. Alabaster a kind of mai'ble ; from a, privative, and lamband, I take hold of, the stone being slippery. Alchymy that part of chemistry which teaches the transmutation of metals, and making the philosopher's stone ; chuu,
Adytum
were admitted
al (Arabic). a chemical vessel for distilling word, and ambiks, a pot or cup. Alphabet from alpha, and beta, the two
I melt,
and
Alembic
from an Arabic
the
first letters in
Greek language.
139
Am
eimi, I
am.
to
Amalgamate
to incorporate metals with quicksilver, hama, together, and gamed, I many.
mix
Amaranth
a flower that lasts long
marainS, I wither,
and
a, privative.
Amazons
order to
masculine women,
who hurnt off their left breasts, in

;
make themselves
move slowly
fitter to
aneu madzou, without a breast
shoot their arrows madzos, a breast.
from
Amble
to
Ambrosial
mortal.
; amblus, slow. ambrosias, immortal ; a, privative,
and
brotos,
a precious stone, which was supposed to prevent drunkenness ; methu, wine ; a, privative. Amnesty an act of oblivion ; mnaomai, I make mention, and
Amethyst
a, privative.
Amphibious
bios, life.
that lives on land and water
amphi, both, and
Amphiscians
a shadow. Amphitheatre
inhabitants of the torrid zone, whose
shadow
at
different times of the year falls
both ways
;
amphi, and skia,

amphi, both, and
a building of a circular form
theatron, a theatre. Anachronism an error
in the computation of tune ; ana, through, and chronos, time. Anagram the transposition of the letters of a name so as to form a new word ; from ana, and gramma, a letter. Analogy resemblance ; ana, with, and logos, a word, discourse,
or reason. Analysis a separation of a body into parts, a reducing to first elements ; ana, thi-ough, and lud, I loose. Anarchy misrule, confusion ; arche, government, and a, privative.
Anathema
an offering or gift set apart for holy purposes, a curse, a person put apart as being under a curse ; anatithemi,
I lay up.
Anatomy
the art of dissecting the bodies of animals
from
ana, through, and temno, I cut. Anchor anhura, from ankulos, crooked. Anchoret one who leads a solitary life ; chorea, I retire. Anecdote something yet unpublished, a biographical incident ; ekdotos, published, and a, privative ; ek, and didomi, I give. Anemone a flower, so called from anemos, wind, because it opens itself to the wind. Angel a heavenly messenger ; angels, I bring tidings. Anodyne a remedy for any great pain ; odune, pain, and a,
privative.
140
irregular
;
Anomalous
humalos, equal, and a, privative.
without a name, without signature ; from a, privative, and onoma, a name. Antagonist an opponent ; anti, against, and agon, a contest. Antarctic from anti, opposite to, and arktos, the bear, opposite
Anonymous
to the constellation of the bear, relating to the south pole. Antarthritic from anti, against, and arthritis, a disease in the joints, applied to medicines which cure the gout. Antelope resembling a deer ; elaphos, a stag. Anthelmintics from anti, against, and helmins, helminthos, a
worm.
Anthem a hymn performed in two parts by the opposite members of a choir anti, against, and humnos, a hymn.
;
a treatise on flowers, a collection of poems ; anthos, a flower, and logos, speech. Anthomania, an extravagant fondness for flowers ; anthos, a flower, and mania, madness. Anthropophagi cannibals ; anthrdpos, a man, and phayu, I eat. Antidote a counter poison ; anti, and didomi, I give.
Anthology
Antipathy Antipodes
dislike
from
anti, against,
and pathos,
feeling.
those on the opposite side of the earth ; anti, in opposition to, and pous, podos, the foot. Antithesis a figure of speech, by which contraries are opposed to contraries ; anti, and tithemi, I put. Apathy want of feeling ; a, privative, and pathos, feeling. Aphorism a maxim, a sentence comprehending concisely all the properties of a thing ; aphoridzo, I distinguish, I determine ; from horos, a boundary. Apocalypse revelation ; kaluptd, I cover, and apo, from. Apocope a figure in grammar by which the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off ; thus, thro' for through ; from
apo, from, and kopto, I cut. Apocryphal hidden, laid aside apo, and krupto, I hide. Those books were called apocryphal whose origin and authors were unknown to the fathers or those that were kept secretly, being read only in private, and not publicly in the church. Apogee a point in the heavens in which the sun or a planet is at the greatest distance from the earth ; from apo, from, and ge, the earth. Apologue an allegory, a fable ; from apo, from, and logos, a
; ;
word.
Apology
an excuse ; from apo, from, and lego, I speak ; signifying to do away by speaking. In common language, we apologise when we are in fault, but the original meaning of tfie word is not an excuse, but a defence ; and in this sense " An it is used by Llandaff in his title, Apology for the Bible."
141
Apophthegm
I strike.
a sentence expressed briefly and forcibly ; apophthengomai, I speak sententiously. Apoplexy a sudden stunning of the body and mind ; plesso,
Apostate a renouncer of his religion ; apo, and histemi, I stand. Apostle a messenger ; stellu, I send. Apostrophe a figure by which the speaker breaks off abruptly, and directs his discourse to some other person ; from apo,
from, and strephu, I turn.
Apothecary
apo,
and
tithemi, I put.
Apotheosis deification ; apo, and theos, God. Arch prefixed to words, imports eminence ; from arche, sovereignty, beginning. Archaiology a discourse on antiquity ; from archaios, ancient (arche, beginning), and logos, discourse ; hence, also, archives,
records.
Architect
Arctic
a master builder
arche, chief,
and
tektdn, a builder
teucho, I build.
northern, lying near the n^rth polar star, which is in the constellation of the Bear ; arktos, a bear. Aristocracy the government of the nobles ; aristos, best, and
kratos, strength.
Arithmetic arithmos, number. Aromatic sweet smelling ; aroma, a perfume. Artery a sanguiferous vessel ; from aer, the air, and tered, I keep, as the ancients believed that the arteries contained air. Arthritis any distemper affecting the joints, gout ; arthron, a joint ; from ard, I fit ; hence, articulus (Latin), a joint. Asbestos the name of a stone found in Arcadia, of which cloth was made that would not burn ; sbennuo, I destroy by burning, and a, privative. Ascetic belonging to religious exercises ; asketes, one that uses exercises, a wrestler, a religious person, one that makes
Asthma
a particular profession of virtue ; asked, I exercise. difficulty in breathing ; asthma, from ao, I breathe. Astrology the science which treats of the supposed influence of the stars ; astron, a star, and logos. Astronomy the science which teaches the knowledge of the heavenly bodies ; astron, a star, and nomo.i, a law. Asylum a place of refuge ; sule, a prey, and a, privative. Asyndeton a figure in grammar when the conjunction copulative is omitted ; from a, privative, syn, together, and deo,
I tie.
Atheist
one
who
disbelieves the existence of
God
theos,
God,
and
a, privative.
Athletic
belonging to wrestling, strong
athlos,
a contest.
142
;
Atom
from temno, I cut, and a, privative as not to be capable of division.
a part so minute
Austere rough or harsh ; uuo, I dry. Autocrat one who governs by himself; autos, himself, and
Autograph
kratos, strength. one's hand-writing I write.
autos,
he himself, and graphs,
Automaton
a self-moving machine mad, I wish.
from autos, himself, and
Axiom
were not of their own country. Barometer baros, weight ; metron, a measure. Base bathus, deep. Bias inclination, tendency ; referred by some to bia, strength. and poled, I sell. biblos, a book Bibliopole a bookseller
; ;
a received maxim ; aksiomai, I think worthy ; aksios, worthy. Baptise bapto, I wash. Barbarous rude ; barbaros, applied by the Greeks to all who
Bigamy
digamos, twice married

bios, life
dis,
twice
gameo, I marry.
;
; anagraphu, I write. Biography Bishop episcopos, an inspector ; skopos, an inspector I see.
skopeO,
Blaspheme blapto, I hurt ; and phemi, I say. a mark of deformity Blemish variously derived trace it to blema, a wound, which is derived from
;
some
I
ballr>,
throw, I strike. Bombasin a silken stuff; from bombyx, a wasp, a silk- worm. Bombyx is derived from bombos, a humming noise. The term bombast, signifying rant, or big words without meaning, has been connected with bombos by some ; others refer it to bombast, a stuff of loose texture, used to swell the garments, thus expressing show without solidity. Botany the science of plants ; botane, an herb ; from 600, I
feed.
Bracelets
brachion, the arm.
short-handwriting; from brachus, short, and grapho, I write. Bronchial relating to the throat ; from bronchos, the throat. Brontology a discourse on thunder ; from bronte, thunder,
Brachygraphy
and
logos,
a word, discourse.
Bucolicks
Bulbous
Bullet
pastoral songs ; bous, bolbos, an onion.
an ox
boukalos, a herdsman.
balld, I
Cachexy
habit.
throw. a bad habit of body
from kakos, bad, and
hcxis, a
Cacoethes
an
evil habit
kakos, bad, and ethos, a custom.
Calligraphy
143
beautiful writing ; from kalos, beautiful, and graphd, I write. Calyx the cup of a flower ; kalux, from kalupto, I cover. Cannon kanna, a reed. Canon kanon, rule or discipline. Canopy literally, a curtain to keep off gnats ; konops, a gnat. Cardialgia heart-burn ; from kardia, the heart, and algos,
pain.
Catachresis
the abuse of a figure of speech
katachresis,
from kata, against, and chraomai, I use. Catacombs subterraneous places for burying the dead ; kata, below ; and tumbos, a tomb. Catalogue a list of things one after the other ; from kata, down, and logos, a word. Cataract arasso, I break, I cleave and kata, down. Catarrh rheO, I flow ; kata, down. the fatal conclusion of an action ; strephd, I Catastrophe
abuse
;
;
turn.
kata, back ; and echos, a sound. Category a distinct arrangement ; from kata, according and agoreuo, I speak. Cathedral edra, a seat, a mansion. from holos, all. Catholic universal
Catechise
to,
Caustic
kaio, I burn.
Cemetery a place where the dead are deposited ; koimet&rion, from koimao, I sleep. Cenotaphium an empty tomb set up in honour of the dead ,
kenos, empty, and taphe, a sepulchre. Cephalic kephale, the head. Chair a seat ; kathedra, from edra, a seat.
Chalcography
description.
engraving in brass
chalkos, brass,
and graphe,
Chameleon an animal which changes colour ; chamaileon, from chamai, on the ground, and leo, a lion literally, a low
;
or dwarf lion.
Chamomile
an odoriferous plant ; chamaimelon, from chamai, and melon, an apple. Chaos chaino, I open, I gape ; hence, also, chasm. Character a mark, a letter, the qualities which distinguish one man from another ; character, from charasso, I imprint.
Charity charts, grace, love. Chersonese a piece of land almost surrounded by the sea ; chersos, the ground, and nesos, an island. Chiliad chilioi, a thousand. Chiliarch a commander of a thousand men ; from chilioi, a thousand, and arche, sovereignty.
j
144
Chimera
lion,
a monster feigned by the poets to have the head of a the belly of a goat, and the tail of a serpent ; a Strange fancy ; a vain imagination ; chimaira, a goat. Chimney the passage through which the smoke ascends, the fireplace ; Jcaminos, from kaio, I burn. Chiromancy foretelling by looking at the hand ; cheir, the hand, and mantis, a prophet. Chiro-plast an instrument which trains the hand for the pianoforte ; from cheir, the hand, and plasso, I form. Chlorine a kind of gas so named from its colour ; chloros,
green ; chloa, grass. Choler the humour which, by its superabundance, is supposed to produce irascibility ; chole, bile. Chord the string of an instrument ; chorde. Chorus a company of singers or dancers ; choros, from chairs?
I rejoice. Choreuo, I dance. Christ christos, anointed. Chromatic relating to colour
; chroma, may perhaps not only signify a colour, colour by which it melts into another, If this interpretation be call nuance.
colour.
" Chroma
but that shade of a or what the French admitted, it will be
highly applicable to semitones, which being the smallest interval allowed in the diatonic scale, will most easily run into one another." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chronic a term applied to diseases which continue a long time ; chronos, time. Chronometer an instrument for measuring time ; from chronos, time, and metron, a measure.
Chrysalis
the first apparent change of the maggot of any of the species species of insects ; from chrusos, gold, as several appear as if clothed in gold. Chrysolite a precious stone ; chrusos, gold, and lithos, a stone.
Chyle
chulos, juice.
Cle'poydra a kind of clock which told the hours by water ; from hudor, water, and kleptu, I conceal, the water being concealed. Climacteric a certain number of years, at the end of which some great change is supposed to befall the health or fortune. The numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, multiplied by 7, are said by some to give these remarkable years, 63 being the grand climacteric ; others make these periods to be at the expiration of every seventh year. Kllmakter, from klimaaa, a
ladder.
Climate
Climax
Clinic
situation ; Mma, the bending of the heavens. climaks, a ladder. bed-ridden ; Mine, a bed.
145
a religious retirement ; claustrum (Latin) ; kleio I Cloister shut. Coffin kophinos, a basket. Coin a corner, a wedge, a die; cuneus (Latin), a wedge ; gdma (Greek), a corner.
Collops a small slice of meat ; derived by some from kolobos, a little mouthful ; this word has also been derived from a northern source, klopfen (Teutonic), to beat, as collops are made tender by beating. Colon a point ; from kolon, a member. Comedy literally, the song of the village. Poets used to go from village to village singing their comedies. Jfome, a village, or street ; and aeido, I sing. Comet a star with a tail ; home, hair. Cone a solid body, of which the base is a circle, and which ends in a point ; the fruit of the fir-tree ; konos. Coryphaeus the principal of those who made up the chorus in the ancient tragedy, the leader of a party from koruphe, the summit. Cosmetic a preparation for improving beauty ; kosmos, the
:
Cosmogony
world, order, ornament. an account of the creation of the world ; from kosmos, the world, and gennao, I produce. Cosmography a description of the world ; kosmos, the world, and graphe, a description. Cosmopolite a citizen of the world ; from kosmos, the world, and politics, a citizen (polis, a city). Cranplogy the science by which the dispositions and abilities are ascertained by the size and form of the skull ; from kranion, the skull, and logos, discourse. Crime a transgression of the law ; krima, condemnation. Crisis judgment, the decision of an affair, the point at which there is a change to better or worse ; krinij, I judge. Criterion a mark by which anything is judged of; krina, I
judge.
Critic
Crocodile
krind, I judge. so called because
it
is
afraid of saffron
krokos,
saffron,
and deUos,
fearful.
;
Cnist
Crypt
Crystal
a coat or shell from kruos, cold. a vault under a church for interment
ice
;
krupto, I hide.
krustallos, contract.
from kruos,
die.
cold,
and smtelld,
Cube
from kubos, a square, a
Cycle kuklos, a circle. Cyclops giants who assisted Vulcan in the forging of thunderbolts ; kukldps, from kuklos, a circle, and ops, the eye, as
146
in the
they had only one eye, which was

forehead.
middle of the
Cylindrical
round
in length
kulio, I roll.
a musical instrument; kumbos, hollow; hence, cymba (Latin), a boat. Cynanthropy a species of madness, in which men have the qualities of dogs ; kuon, a dog, and anthropos, a man. Cynic having the qualities of a dog ; snarling ; kudn, a dog. The Cynics were a school of philosophers who affected to speak the truth bluntly. Dactylology a discovering by signs made with the fingers ;
Cymbal
dactule, a finger,
and
logos, speech.
Daemon -daimun, a spirit. Deacon diakonoa, a servant koneo, Decalogue the ten commandments
;
I
;
make
haste, I serve. deka, ten, and logos, a
word.
Demagogue
ago, I lead.
a leader of the people ; demos, the people, and Democracy the government of the people ;
;
demos, and kratos, strength. Demonolatry the worship of the devil and latreuo, I serve.
from daimdn, a
spirit,
Despotic
which the law is repeated ; deuteros, the second, and nomos, a law. Devil diabolos, a slanderer. Diadem properly, a linen wreath, which kings anciently wore instead of a crown ; deo, I tie ; dema, a tie. Diaeresis the disjunction of vowels, as in aerial ; from dia, through, and aireo, I take. Diagonal reaching from one angle to another ; from dia, through, and gdnia, a corner. a delineation of geometrical figures; from dia, Diagram
Deuteronomy
arbitrary ; despot es, a lord. the fifth book of Moses, in
through, and gramma, a
letter.
Dialect a particular form of speaking ; dialegomai, I discourse. Dialectics the art of reasoning ; from dialegomai, I discourse. Diameter a line which passes through the middle of a figure ; dia, through, and metron, measure. Diamond a precious and hard stone adamos, adamant ; from damaO, I tame, I break, and a, privative. Diapason an octave ; a chord including all the eight notes ;
;
dia,
through, and pax,
all.
Diaphragm
The membrane which connects the
chest with
the lower part of the body ; from dia, through, and phragma, a fence. Diatonic the ordinary sort of music which proceeds by tones
or degrees
;
14"
a tone, which
comes from
Diatribe Didactic
teach.
from dia, through, teino, I stretch.
and
tonos,
a tedious disputation ; from din, and tribd, I wear. instruction, giving moral precepts ; from didasko, I
Dilemma
sitions,
an argument equally conclusive by contrary suppoa vexatious alternative ; from dis, twice, and lemma,
a thing received, an argument ; from lamband, I take. Diocese jurisdiction ; oikos, a house, possession. Diphthong dis, twice ; phthengomai, I sound. Diploma from diploma, a double vessel ; that of which there is a duplicate ; letters patent of a prince ; diploos, double. Disk from diskos, a dish, a quoit. Distich a couple of verses making a complete sense dis, twice, and stichos, a verse ; steichd, I walk in order. a decree ; from dokeo, I think, I Dogmatic positive ; dogma, judge. Doxology a short hymn in divine service ; doxos, glory, and logos, a word. Dropsy a collection of water in the body ; hydropesis ; hudor, water. Druids the priests of the Gauls, who lived in the woods ; drus, an oak ; hence, also, Dryads, female deities who lived in the woods. Dynasty government, a race of rulers ; dunamis, strength,
;
dunamai, I am able. Dyspepsia bad digestion ; from dus, ill, and peptG, I concoct. Dyspnoea difficulty in breathing ; from dus, ill, and pneo, I
breathe.
Ecclesiastic
Echo
ekklesia, cchos, a sound.
an assembly
from
kaleo, I call.
Eccentric
Eclectic
ex, out of ; kentron, a point, a centre. one of those ancient philosophers who attached themselves to no particular sect, but took from any what seemed good ; from eks, out of, and lego, I choose.
Eclipse
Eclogue
a failing or defect ; leipo, I quit. literally, a choice piece ; ekloye, an eclogue ; from lego, I say, I gather. Economy the ordering of a house, thriftiness ; oikos, a house, and nomos, a law.
Elastic
elauno, I repel. Electricity from elektron, amber, as amber, when rubbed, attracts bodies ; elektron may be connected with elektor, the
sun, on account of
its
brightness.
Elector, has
it
from
a, privative,
;
their beds
lektron, a couch, as hence, also, ulektor, a cock.
and
rouses
been derived men from
148
;
Eleemosynary belonging to alms eleos, mercy. Elegy a funeral song elegos, from deed, I pity. Emblem a representation by some device or picture ; emblema, an ornament added to any work ; ballo, I throw. Embryo from bruo, I grow, and en, in. Emphasis a stress of the voice on a certain word, express
;
I show. ; emphaino, & physician by practice alone ; peirao, I try. Emporium a place of merchandise ; emporion from peiro, I pass through. Empyrean the highest heaven where the pure element of fire
signification
Empiric
is supposed to exist ; pur, fire. Enchiridion a book which can be conveniently held in the hand, a manual ; en, in, and cheir, the hand. Encyclopaedia a work which comprehends the whole circle of the sciences ; en, in ; kuklos, a circle ; and paideia, education. Energy inward power ; from ergon, a work, and en, in. Enigma a riddle, an obscure question ; ainigma, from ainos,
heavy. Enthusiast
one
who
fancies himself divinely inspired

;
Theos,
insect
;
God, and
en, in.
Entomology
the knowledge of insects
entomos, an
temno, I cut. p]phemeral beginning and ending in a day ; hemera, a day. Epidemical universal ; epi, upon, and demos, the people.
Epigram
originally, an inscription ; it now signifies a short uniting brilliancy and wit ; from epi, upon, and gramma, a letter. Epigraph a title ; epi, upon, and grapho, I write.
poem
Epilepsy
seize, I
falling sickness
epilepsia,
from
epi,
and lambano,
and
lay hold of. Epilogue a speech at the end of a play ;

discourse.
epi, after,
logos,
Epiphany
literally,
an appearance of light
hence
it is
em-
ployed to signify the feast celebrated in memory of the manifestation of Christ, by the star which led the wise men to the manger ; epi, and phaino, I shine. Episcopacy church government by bishops ; from episkopos, an inspector ; skopeo, I see. Epistle a letter ; stello, I send. Epitaph an inscription on a tomb epi, and thapto, I bury. Epithalamium a nuptial song thalamos, a marriage bed. Epithet a word expressing the quality of another word to
; ;
which it is joined epi, and tithemi, I put. Epitome an abridgment temno, I cut. Epoch some remarkable event from which nations date their
; ;
;
149
because the meacomputations of time from epecho, I stop, sures of time are thereby stopped and determined.
Erotic Ethics
relating to love
;
eros, love.
;
moral philosophy
ethos,
a custom.
;
Etymology
the origin of a word
etumos, true, and logos, a
word. Eucharist literally, the act of giving thanks, the sacrament of the Lord's supper ; eu, well, and charis, grace. Eulogy praise ; from eu, well, and logos, a word. Euphony an agreeable sound ; eu, well, and phone, a voice. Euthanasia an easy death ; eu, well, and thanatos, death ; thnesko, I die. Evangelist one who brings good tidings ; eu, well, and angeld,
a going or departing out ; the second book of Moses, it describes the going out of the Israelites from Egypt ; eks, out of, and hodos, a way. Exorcist one who conjures out devils ; orkos, an oath, and eks, out of. Exotics plants brought from a foreign country ; exotikos, from exu, out of doors, abroad. Experience ; from peira, an endeavour. Extasy, or Ecstasy rapture ; exstasis, from eks, out of, and histemi, I stand ; a being out of one's self. Fancy imagination ; phantasia, a vision ; from phaind. I
I bring tidings.
Exodus
so called because
shine
hence, also, fantastic, and phantom.
Felon
mind ; phren, the mind. the milky way ; gala, milk. Gamut the scale of musical notes ; from the Greek letter, gamma, and ut, the name of a musical note. Guy, of Arezzo, distinguished the first note of his scale by the Greek
Frenzy Galaxy
letter.
phelos, a cheat, an impostor. phrenitis, a distemper of the
Gargle
pipe.
gargaridsd, I tickle the throat
gargareon, the throat-
Gastric
belonging to the stomach
gaster, the belly.
Genealogy a description of the lineage of a family ; geinomai, I am born ; and logos, a speech or description. Genesis the book which treats of the creation of the world ;
Geography
gennao, I produce. a description of the earth ; ge, the earth ; graphe, a description. Geometry literally, the art of measuring the earth ; ge, the earth, and metron, measure. Georgics books which treat of husbandry ; ge, the earth, and ergon, a work.
150
Giant
gigas,
a
man
unnaturally large,
from
ge, the earth,
and gad,
literally, a son of I born.
the earth
am
Glossary
Gnomon
know.
a dictionary ; glossa, the tongue. the index of a sun-dial ; gnomon, from ginosko, I the art of speaking and writing ; graphs, I write. well delineated ; grapho, hence, also, to grave, to
Grammar
Graphical
engrave.
Gripe to seize ; probably from gripos, a fisherman's net ; or from grupos, crooked or bent ; grups, a griffin, a bird which has a crooked beak. Gymnastics, athletic exercises ; from gumnos, naked ; as those
practised them stripped off their clothes, that they might have freedom of motion. Halo a circle round the sun or moon ; halds, a barn, the circumference of a shield or of the eye. Harmony an agreeable union of sounds ; harrnodso, I agree ;
who
hard, I
fit.
Harpey a ravenous bird ; harpadsd, I snatch. Hebdomadal, weekly ; hebdoma, seven. Hecatomb a sacrifice of a hundred oxen ; from
kekaton, a
hundred, and bous, an ox. Hectic habitual ; applied to that fever which is slow and continual ; from hexis, a habit. Heliacal belonging to tlie sun ; hclios, the sun. Hemisphere half of a globe ; hemisus, half, and sphaira, a
sphere.
Hemorrhage
rheo, I flow.
a flowing of blood
from haima, blood, and

;
Heptagon
corner.
a figure of seven angles
hepta, seven,
and gonia, a
Heptarchy
Heresy
the government of seven kings
hepta, seven,
and
;
arche, sovereignty.
hairesis,
an opinion contrary to the tenets of the true religion a rooted opinion, or obstinate attachment to it
solitary person ; eremos, a desert. differing in opinion ; heteros, another,
;
haired, I lay hold of.
Hermit a Heterodox
and doxd,
an opinion
Hexameter
Hierarchy
reignty.
doked, I think. a verse of six feet
hex, six,
;
and metron, a measure.

holy,
arche,
church government
hieros,
sove-
Hieroglyphics
priests
;
emblematical characters used by the Egyptian

a race-course
hieros, holy,
Hippodrome
a course.
and glupho, I carve. and dromos, ; from hippos, a horse,
Hippopotamus, the river horse
a river.
;
151
hippos, a horse,
and potumos,
History histOr, knowing, learned. Holocaust a burnt sacrifice, a sacrifice the whole of which was consumed by fire ; from holos, all, and kaiu, I burn. Homily a spiritual discourse ; homilia, a multitude. Homogeneal of the same nature ; homos, like, and geinomai. Horizon a circle which bounds our hemisphere ; horos, a
H orography
boundary.
the art of dialling ; from hora, an hour, and grapho, I write. Hyades a constellation so named as they rise and set during the rainy seasons ; hud, I rain.
a water-snake ; from hudor, water. Hydraulics the science of conveying water through pipes ; from hudor, water, and aulos, a pipe. Hydrogen one of the principles of water ; from hudor, water and gennaO, I produce. Hydrometer an instrument for measuring the profundity, gravity, &c., of water ; from hudor, water, and metron, a measure. Hydrophobia a disease which causes a dread of water ; hudor,
Hydra
water, and phobeo, I fear. Hydrostatics the science of weighing fluids, OF of weighing bodies in fluids ; from hudor, water, and statike, the science of weighing. Hyena a savage animal ; huaina, from hus, a swine, the back being bristly like that of a swine. Hygeian relating to health ; hugieia, health. Hygrometer an instrument to measure the degrees of moisture ; from hugros, wet, and metron, a measure.
Hymn
humno, I sing. Hyperbole a figure in rhetoric by which anything is magnified or diminished beyond the exact truth ; huper, above, and ballo, I throw. Hypochondriacal relating to the regions about the liver and
spleen, which, when diseased, cause depression of spirit ; hupo, under, and chondros, a cartilage. Hypocrisy dissimulation ; hupo, under, and krind, I discern hupo krinomai, I feign. Hypothesis a supposition ; hupo, under ; tithemi, I put. Hysteron-Proteron a rhetorical figure, when that is last said
;
which was first done husteron, last, and proteron, first. Ichneumon a small animal that breaks the eggs of the croco;
dile
ichneumon, from ichneuo,
I trace, as it traces the steps
of the crocodile.
152
Ichor
a thin watery humour, the hlood of the gods ; ichor. a description of fishes ; ichthus, a fish, and logos,
Ichthyology
a discourse.
Iconoclast a breaker of images ; eikon, an image, and Mad, I hreak. Idea the representation of a thing conceived in the mind ; eido, I see. Idiom any phrase peculiar to a language ; idios, proper,
private, peculiar ; hence, also, idiot. Idiosyncrasy a peculiar disposition of body not common to another ; from idios, peculiar, sun, together, and krasis,
mixture, temperature.
KeraO, I
mix
alceruios,
unmixed,
pure, sincere. Idol an image of a deity ; eidolon, from eido, I see. Implicate plecto (Latin), I entangle ; pleko. (See page 89.) Intrigue contrivance, plot ; thriks, a hair. Iota the least possible quantity of anything ; iota, the name of a letter in the Greek alphabet. Ironical in the way of derision ; eiron, a dissembler. Ivory ebur (Latin), from elephas, an elephant, ivory. Kaleidoscope an optical instrument which exhibits an infinite variety of beautiful figures ; kalos, beautiful ; eidos, a form ; and skopeo, I see. Know -ginosko, I know ; noos, the mind. Laconic brief ; lakonicos ; in the way of the Lacedaemonians.
Laity
the common people, as distinguished from the clergy ; the people. probably of leukos, white, as of old League three miles white stones were placed at the end of every league. Leprosy a loathsome disease which covers the body with
laos,
;
white scales
from
lepis,
scale.
;
Lethargy
swift
;
a morbid drowsiness
lethe, forgetfulness,
and
argos,
lethargos, one who quickly forgets. Lewd lutos, dissolute ; luu, I loose. Lexicographer a writer of dictionaries ; from lexlkon, a dictionary, and grapho, I write.
Litany--a form of supplicatory prayer

littomai, I implore.
litaneia,
prayer
Lithography
I write.
engravings on stone
;
lithos,
a stone, and grapho,

laos,
Liturgy
Logic
a public ministry
leitourgia,
from
the people,
and ergon, work.
Logomachy
a fight.
the art of reasoning ; logos, a discourse. contention in words ; logos, a word, and mache,
EXERCISES ON ETY.MOLOGV.
Lycanthropy
153
qualities of beasts thropos, a man.
a kind of madness in which men have the ; lukos, a wolf (lupus, Latin), and an-
an animal remarkable for sharp sight ; liigx, connected, perhaps, with luke, light. Machine an instrument or engine ; from mechane, artifice. Macrology tedious talk ; makros, long, and logos, discourse. Magic enchantment ; from magos, a sage. Magnet the loadstone ; magnes, from Magnesia, in Lydia, where the stone is said to have been discovered. Mail a bag to carry letters ; from mallos, a fleece. Malachite a stone resembling in colour the leaf of the mallow ; malache, mallows ; from malasso, I soften. Manes the ghosts of the dead ; manes (Latin), derived by
Lynx
some from manos (Greek), thin. Mania madness ; mania, from mene, the moon. Marble marmaird, I glitter. Martyr martur, a witness.
manthano, I learn. a famous marble sepulchre, built by Queen Artemesia, in honour of her husband Mausolus, King of Caria ; a monument. Mechanic mechane, art, a machine. Medal metallon, metal. Meditate melitao, I think ; from melei, to take care. Megrim a disorder affecting the half of the head ; hemikrania, from hemisus, half, and kranion, the skull. Melancholy black bile, sadness ; melas, black, and chole, bile. Melo-drama a dramatic exhibition intermixed with songs ; from melos, a song, and drama, a drama. Drama is derived
Mathematics
Mausoleum
I do. melos, a verse or melody, and aeidu, I sing. Metabasis a figure in rhetoric by which the orator passes from one thing to another ; meta, beyond, and baino, I go. Metal a firm, heavy, and hard substance, capable of being melted ; metallon, from meta, beyond, and allon, another, in allusion to the one being dug up after the other ; hence,
from drau,
Melody
also, metallao, I search.
Mettle, spirit, courage,
is
a corrup-
and secondary meaning of metal. Metallurgy the art of working metals ; from metallon, a metal, and ergon, a work. Metamorphosis a change of form ; meta, beyond, and morphe,
tion
a shape.
Metaphor
a figure by which a word is turned aside from its meaning to express something resembling it ; meta, beyond, and phero, I carry.
original
154
Metaphysics that part of philosophy which treats of immaterial being ; meta, beyond, and phusis, nature. Metaplasm a figure in rhetoric, wherein words or letters are
transposed contrary to their natural order ; meta, beyond, and plasso, I form. Metathasis a transposition of words ; meta, beyond, and tithemi, I put. Metempsychosis a transmigration of the soul from one body to another ; meta, and psuche, the soul, life. Meteor a vapour drawn up into the air ; meta, and aeirfi, I
lift
up.
Method
Metonymy
Metre
and
methodos, from hodos, a way. a rhetorical figure by which one word is put for another ; thus, grey hairs for old age ; meta, beyond, and
onoma, a name. metron, a measure.

polis,
Metropolis
the principal city of a a city.

arise
kingdom
meter, a mother,
;
Miasma
atoms which
from putrid bodies

;
miaino,
corrupt.
Microscope an instrument which magnifies and skopeo, I see.
mikros, small,
Mimic
an imitator
Misanthrope
thropos, a
; mimos (Greek). a hater of mankind ; miseo, I hate, and an-
man.
the art of improving the
;
Mnemonics
remember.
memory
mnaomai, I
Monarch
ment.
a single governor
monos, alone, and arche, govern-
monk from monos, alone. cypher, a character compounded of several letters ; monos, one, and gramma, a letter. Monopolist one who engrosses a trade ; monos, and poled, I sell. a word of one syllable ; monos, one, and Monosyllable sullabe, which is compounded of syl, together, and lambano,
Monastery, and
Monigram
I take.
Monotone
tone.
uniformity of sound
monos, one, and tonos, a
a short-sighted person ; mud, I close, and ops, the eye. ten thousand, a very great number ; murias, ten thousand ; murios, infinite. Myrrh a gum ; murrha ; muron, ointment. a woman hater ; misos, hatred, and gune, a Mysogynist
Myope
Myriad
woman.
Mystery
a thing concealed
;
musterion, from mued, I initiate,
I consecrate.
55
Mythology the history of fabulous and logos, a discourse.

Narcotics
deities
muthos, a fable,
Naumachy
medicines, causing drowsiness ; narke, numbness. a sea-fight ; naus, a ship, and mache, a fight. Necromancy divination by calling up the dead ; nekros, dead, and mantis, a soothsayer. Nectar the drink of the gods ; nektar. Neology invention of new words ; neos, new, and logos, a
word.
Neophyte Nepenthe
ne, not,
a convert ; neos, new, and phud, I am born. a potion which made persons forget their pains
and penthos, pain.

a description of the nerves
;
Neurology
neuron, a nerve, and
logos, discourse.
Nymph
a goddess of the woods, meadows, or waters ; numphe, a nymph, a spouse ; numpheud, I give in marriage. Obelisk a high piece of solid marble cut in the form of a pyramid oboliskos, from obelos, a spit, which is from belos, a dart. Ocean the sea ; okus, swift, and nao, I flow. Ochlocracy the government of the mob ; ochlos, a crowd, and
kratos, strength.
Ochre
Ode a song Odour odso,

Oecumenical
a yellowish earth ; Gchros, pale. aeido, I sing. ;

I smell.
general
;
oikoumene, the habitable earth (ge t

;
earth, understood)
; Oesophagus from some similitude in the structure of the throat to wicker.
from oikos, a house, and mend, I stay. the gullet from oisos, wicker, and phago, I eat
elaia, the olive tree. Oligarchy the government of a few ; oligos, a few, and arche, government. Onalogy a foolish way of talking ; onos, an ass, and logos,
Oil
discourse.
Ophthalmia
a disease of the eye ; ophthalmos, the eye. the juice of poppies ; opus, juice. Optics the laws of vision ; optomai, I see. Orchestra a place where the chorus dances, or where musicians sit ; orcheomai, I dance.
Opium
Ore metal in its fossil state orussd, I dig. Organ organon, an instrument, so called by way of pre-emi;
nence, as being preferable to all other instruments. In the same way Bible, from biblos, a book. Orgies feasts in honour of Bacchus ; from orge, wrath, violence, because of the fury or wrath that those who celebrated
them were
in.
156
;
Ornithology a description of birds a discourse.
ornis, a bird,
and
logos,
Orthodoxy true belief; orthos, right, and doxa, opinion. Orthoepy the art of pronouncing words properly ; ortluls, right, and epos, a word. Orthography the true way of spelling or writing ; orthos,
right, and graphs, I write. Osteology a description of bones ; Ostracism a sort of banishment which the note of acquittal or upon a shell ; ostrakon, the shell
vessel.
osteon, a bone,
and
logos.
among
the Athenians, in
condemnation was marked of a fish or egg, an earthen
Ouranography a description of the heavens ; ouranos, the heaven, and graphs, I write. Oxygen that principle in the air which supports respirationand combustion by combining with bodies it makes them
acid
;
Pachydermata
oxus, sharp, sour, and gennao, I produce. thick-skinned animals ; pachus,
thick,
and
derma, the skin. infant baptism ; puis, paidox, a child, and Psedo-baptism baptidzo, I wash. Paleography the art of explaining ancient writings palaios, ancient, and graphe, writing, &c. Palindrome a word or sentence which is the same read backward or forward ; thus, madam; palin, again, and dromos, a course. Palinode a recantation palin, anew, and ode, a song. Palladium a safeguard ; originally, a statue of Pallas, on the preservation of which the safety of the city of Troy was
; ;
Palm
supposed to depend. from palame, the palm of the hand, also the palm-tree, because the leaves, when expanded, are like a man's hand. Crowns of it were given to victors ; hence, the palm of victory.
Palsy
lytic.
paralusis, para,
and
luo, I solve
hence, also, paraakeomai, I cure. ; pan, all ; de-
Panacea Pandects
a universal medicine
pan,
all
all
books which treat on
subjects
chomai, I receive. the temple of the fallen angels ; pan, all, and daimon, a demon. Pander one who is serviceable in ministering to low and wicked desires ; from Pandarus, a person who so employed himself during the siege of Troy. Panegyric a speech delivered before an assembly, a public eulogium ; pan, all, and agora, an assembly.
Pandemonium
Panic
;
157
of Panikos
Pan according to others, from the stratagem of a general named Pan, who, with a few men, ordered such shouts to be made where the rocks and country favoured the sound, as
to affright their enemies.
derived, according to some, from the god
Panoply complete armour pan, all hoplon, armour. Panorama pan, all, and horau, I see. Pantheon a temple of all the gods pan, all ; Theos, God.
; ; ;
Pantomime
expressed by action alone ; pan, all, and mirnos, a mimic. Parable literally, that which is set out, in place of something which it resembles para, and hallo, I throw. Paraclete a term applied to the Holy Ghost ; parakletos, an advocate, a defender ; parakaleu, I ask, I entreat ; from
;
para, and kaleo, I call. Paradigm example, model ; para, by the side of, and deiama, what is shown. Paradise the garden of Eden, a happy place parademtx, a
;
garden.
an assertion seemingly wrong ; para, beyond ; doxa, an opinion. Paragoge a figure by which a letter or syllable is added to the end of a word, without adding anything to the sense of it ;
paragu, I lengthen.
Paradox
Paragraph an annotation, a distinct part of a discourse ; para, and graphs. Parallel extended in the same direction ; para, by the side of, and allos, another. Parapegm a brazen table fixed to a pillar, on which laws were engraved ; parapegma, from para, and pegma, a peg, which is derived from pi-gnuo, I fix. Paraphernalia the goods which a wife brings her husband besides her dower para, beyond, and pherne, dowery. an explanation in many words ; para, and Paraphrase
;
phradso, I say. Parasite one who flatters the great for the sake of a dinner ; sitos, corn. Parenthesis a clause put in the middle of a sentence ; para,
en, in,
and
tithemi, I put.
Parish from paroikia; signifying a near habitation ; oikos, a house ; according to some, from porecho, I furnish, as the parochos is one who furnishes what is necessary, as a pastor ought to do to those under his care. Parody a kind of writing by which the words of an author are taken, and, by a slight change, adapted to some new purpose ; para, like, and ode, a song.
158
paroxusmos, a fit, periodical exacerbation of from para, and oxus, sharp.
dis-
Paroxysm
ease
;
Pathos
feeling ; pascho, I suffer ; hence, also, pathology. Patriarch a chief father ; pater, a father, and archc, power. Pedant a teacher of boys, a stiff scholar ; pais, paidos, a boy. Pedagogue the same ; pais, a boy, and ago, I lead. Pelican pelekan, a bird with a large broad bill ; pelekus, a
hatchet.
Pentagon
a corner.
a figure having five angles
pente, five,
and gonia,
Pentameter
verse consisting of five feet ; pente, five, and metron, measure. Pentateuch the five books of Moses ; pente, five, and teucho, I make, I fabricate ; teuchos, a vessel, a book ; toichos, a
wall.
Pentecost
Whitsuntide
the fiftieth day after Easter
pente-
kostos, fiftieth.
Pericardium a membrane surrounding the heart ; peri, about, and kardia, the heart. Pericarpium a medicine applied to the wrist to cure an ague, &c., a term in botany ; peri, about, and karpos, the wrist,
fruit.
Period
a revolution, a round ; peri, about, and hodos, a way. those who dwell in the same latitude, but on opposite meridians ; peri, about, and oikos, a house. Peripatetics the disciples of Aristotle, who used to dispute walking ; peri, about, and pateo, I tread, I walk. Periphrase circumlocution ; peri, about, and phradso, I say. Petals those fine-coloured leaves that compose the flowers of plants ; petalon, a leaf ; petao, I open, I expand. Petrify to turn into stone ; petros, a rock. Pharmacy the art of preparing medicines ; pharmakon, a
Perioeci
drug.
Phenomenon
Phenix
a strange appearance ; phaind, I appear. a bird of the colour of palm ; phoiniks, the palm tree. Philadelphia brotherly love ; phileo, I love, and adelphw, a brother. Philanthropy love towards man ; phileo, I love, and anthrdpos,
a man.
Philologer
a lover of languages
phileo, I love,
and
logos,
word.
Philosophy
Philter
love of wisdom, knowledge grounded
upon reason
phile5, I love,
and
sophia,
wisdom.
;
a charm to cause love phileo, I love. Phlebotomy opening a vein with a lancet ; phleps, a
temno, I cut.
vein,
and
159
one of the humours of the body ; phlcgo, I burn. causing inflammation ; phlegd, I burn. the morning star, also a chemical substance Phosphorus which, when exposed to the air, takes fire ; phos, light, and
Phlegm
Phlogistic
pherd, I carry.
Photometer an instrument which measures light and metron, a measure. Phrase a manner of speaking phradso, I speak.
;
phss, light,
Phrenology literally, a system of mind ; craniology ; phren, the mind, and logos, discourse. Phthisis a consumption ; phtlieG, I dry, I corrupt. Phylactery a bandage on which was inscribed some memorable sentiment ; phulassO, I keep, I observe. the science of nature, generally limited in its meaning to signify the medical art ; phunis, nature ; phuo, I beget. Physiognomy the art of discovering the temper and abilities
Physic
from the countenance ; phusis, nature, and gnomon, an index ginOsko, I know ; hence, phiz, the countenance, a ridiculous contraction of physiognomy. Phytology the doctrine of plants ; phuton, a plant, and logon. Phuo, I beget.
;
Pirate
Plague
Planet
Plastic
a sea-robber ; peirad, I endeavour. a contagious disorder ; plege, a stroke ; plessO, I strike. a wandering star ; plunao, I wander. having the power to form ; plasso, I form, I plaster
over.
Platane, or Plane tree so called from platus, broad, because it stretches out its leaves very wide. Pleonasm a figure of speech by which more words are used than are necessary ; pleonadzo, I abound. Plethora a superabundance of humours ; pltHhu, I fill ; pleos,
full.
a disease in the side ; pleura, the side. the doctrine of the air ; pneuma, breath, wind ;. pned, I breathe. Pocket from pokos, sheep's skin, of which pockets were frequently made ; peiko, I comb, I pluck. Poet one who makes or invents ; poietes, from poied, I make. Pole the extremity of the axis on which the earth turns ;
Pleurisy
Pneumatics
polos, from poleo, I turn. Polemical belonging to controversy ; polemos, war. Police the government of a city ; politeia, from polls, a city hence, also, policy, polite, and politics. Polus, many, may be the root.
;
Polyanthus
a plant bearing
many
flowers
polus,
many, and
anthos, a flower.
160
Polychrest anything useful for many purposes ; polus, many, and chraGmai, I use. Polyglot that is of many languages ; polus, many, and glotta, a tongue. Polypus an animal with many feet, anything in general with many roots or feet polus, many, and pous, a foot.
;
Polyspermous
sperma, seed.
plants having
many
seeds
polus,
many, and
a figure of rhetoric by which the copulative is ; polus, many, sun, together, and deij, I hind. Pomp from pompe, mission, preparation, solemnity ; from pempu, I send. Pope poppas, father. Pore a small hole ; poros, a passage ; from peiro, I pierce
Polysyndeton
often repeated
through.
Porphyry
Pot
Practice
a reddish stone
poter, or poterion, a drinking-cup hence, potion.
porphura, purple. I drink ; pino And pod,

;
practike, praxis, action
prattu, I do.
affairs
;
Pragmatic over busy in other men's pragma, a thing, affair 5 pratto, I do.
pragmatikK ;
To
prattle, or prate phradso, I speak. literally, an old person ; a certain sect are so called from their admission of elders ; presbus, old. Priest from presbus, old.
Presbyter
a piece of glass bounded with two equal and parallel triangular ends, and three plain and well-polished sides, which meet in three parallel lines, running from the three angles of one end to the three angles of the other ; pridzo, I cut with a saw. Problem a question proposed ; pro, before, and hallo, I throw ; proballo, I propose. Prognostic a sign of something to come ; pro, before ; ginosko, I know.
Prism
Program
writing.
a preface, a prospectus;
pro,
before,
gramma,
legfj,
Prolegomena
I say.
introductory observations ; pro, before, and
Prolepsis
pated
pro, before,
Prologue
speech.
a form of rhetoric in which objections are anticiand lambans, I take. an address before a play ; pro, before, and logos, a
Proper properon, from prepo, I am neat, decent, or proper. Prophet pro, before, and phenii, I say. proseProselyte one come over to the side of another lutos, from pros, to, and erchomai, I come.
;
Prosody
161
that part of grammar which treats of the sound and accent of words, and of the laws of verse ; prosodia, from pros, with, and aeidd, I sing. Prosopopoeia a figure by which things are made persons ; prosupopoiia, from prosdpon, the face, a person, and poieO, I make. Prosopon, is derived from pros, about, and ops, the eye ; what is round the eye. Protocol the original copy of any writing ; protos, first, and kolle, glue ; originally signifying the title-page of a book, as
it
was
first
glued on.
; protos, first, and tupos, a mark. Psalm a hymn ; psallo, I touch, I strike, I play on the harp. Pseudo prefixed to words, signifies false pseudo, I deceive. Psychology treatise on the soul ; psuche, the soul, and logos,
Prototype
the original of a copy
discourse.
Ptisan
a medical drink of which barley
is
an ingredient;
ptisane, barley.
a dwarf ; literally, one who measures from the fist elbow ; from pugme, the fist. Pyramid derived from pur, fire, as a flame tapers to a point. Pyrotechny the art of managing fire ; pur, fire, and techne,
Pygmy
to the
art.
Pythoness
of Apollo, he slew.
a witch, one
who was
so
who foretells from Pythius, a name named from the serpent Python which
;
Rabble arabos, noise, tumult. Raiment clothing ard, I fit.

;
Remedy
Rhapsody
a song. Rhetoric
say.
a cure
mi-do, I heal.
originally, a
signifies a
heap or assemblage of verses ; it now confused mass of ideas ; rhaptd, I stitch, and ode,
;
the art of speaking
rheter, a speaker
rheo,
Rheumatism a distemper supposed to proceed from acrid humours ; rheuma, a course, or fluxion rheo, I flow. Rhinoceros an Indian animal armed with a horn on his nose
;
;
rhin, the nose,
Rhododendron
a tree.
and keras, a horn. a dwarf rose bay ; rodon, a
rose,
and dendron,
Rumour
Salt
flesh off.
a report spread
among the people
rheo, I flow.
probably from salos, the sea ; or from als, the sea, salt. Sarcasm bitter satire ; sarks, the flesh ; sarkadsd, I pick the
Sarcophagus
eat.
a sort of stone-coffin
sarks, flesh,
and phago, 1
162
Scandal
I
a stumbling-block, that which gives offence ; slcadao, lame. Scene from skene, a tent ; properly, a place shadowed by branches of trees. In ancient times, plays were acted under the branches of trees, from which cause it is used to express the scene of a stage. Sceptre the ensign of royalty borne in the hand ; literally,
am
something to lean on ; skepto, I lean on. one who doubts ; skeptomai, I look about, I consider. Scheme a plan ; schema, a form, appearance. Schism a division ; schidso, I cleave, I cut. School from schole, ease, because those who attended to learning were comparatively free from bodily exertion. Scirrhus an indurated gland ; skirros, from a/tiros, a fragSceptic
ment of marble, mortar.

Scoff
from
sciipto, I cavil.
from skopos ; skeptomai, I see. ; Septical having power to produce putrefaction ; sepo, I putrefy. Sibyls prophetesses among the Pagans inspired by Jupiter ; Sios, or Theos, God, and boule, counsel. Silver derived by some from stilbo, I shine ; by others from alphas, white. Skeleton the bones of the body without the flesh and muscles ; skellu, I dry up. Solecism some impropriety contrary to the rules of grammar. This word arises from the Soli, a people of Attica, who, settling at Soles, a city of Cilicia, lost the purity of their
Scope
end, aim
mother tongue.
corporeal ; suma, the body. a subtle arguer ; sophos, wise. Spasm cramp spaa, I draw. Spleen the milt ; supposed to be the seat of anger, melancholy, &c. ; anger, the vapours, splen. Stalactites staladzo, I drop. spar in the shape of an icicle
Somatic
Sophist
Stenography
I write. Stentorian
short handwriting
stenos,
narrow, and graphn,
from Stentor, the name of a Greek herald who had an extraordinarily loud voice. Sterile steira, barren ; from stereo, I deprive. Stereography a science showing how to measure solid bodies stereos, solid, and grapho, description. Stethoscope a tube for distinguishing diseases of the chest by sounds ; stethos, the breast, and skopeO, I see. To stigmatise to brand with infamy ; stigma, a mark, stidzd,
;
oint.
1G3
the Stoics in Athens were the followers of Zeno ; they Stoical so obtained their name in consequence of his teaching in a common porch ; stoa, a porch. They professed indifference to
pain or pleasure ; hence, stoicism denotes a want of feeling. a long garment ; stole, from stello, I adorn. Stork a bird so called because of the great care it takes of its dam when grown old ; storge, natural affection. To Strangle to stifle ; strangos, crooked.
Stole
Stratagem cunning in war ; stratos, an army, and ago, I lead. Surgeon, or Chirurgeon one who cures by manual operation ; cheir, the hand, and ergon, work. Sycophant a tale-bearer, a flatterer ; among the Athenians, those were called sycophants who gave information of the exportation of figs contrary to law ; suke, a fig, and phuinu, I show. Syllable an assemblage of letters forming a complete sound sun or sul, together, and lambano, I take. Symbol a compendium, a comprehensive form, a type ballo, I throw, and sun, together. Symmetry proportion ; sun, together, and metron, measure. Sympathy fellow-feeling sun, together, and pathos, feeling. Symphony harmony of sound ; sun, together, and phone, a
; ; ;
voice.
Symposium
a feast, a drinking together

the sign of a disease
;
sun, together, and
pino, I drink.
Symptom
literally,
what happens
together with ; sumptoma, from sumpiptumi, I happen together ; pipto, I fall. Synagogue a religious assembly among the Jews ; sunagd, I call together ; ago, I lead. Syncope a fainting fit, contraction of a word by cutting off a a part in the middle ; sun, together, and kopto, I cut. Syndic one who has the charge of the affairs of a community ;
sundikos, from dike, justice. Synecdoche a figure by which a part is taken for the whole, or the whole for a part ; sun, together, eks, out, and didOmi,
I give.
an ecclesiastical assembly ; sun, together, and hodoft, a way. Synonymous of the same name or signification sun, together, and onoma, a name. Synopsis a general view of all the parts ; ops, the eye, and
Synod
sun, together ; optaomai, I see. Synthesis the act of joining, opposed to analysis ; sun, together, and tithemi, I put. Syphon a pipe for conveying liquors ; siphon, a tube or pipe.
164
a sea monster that attracted people by her singing, one that attracts for evil purposes ; seira, a chain : others derive it from syer (Hebrew), a song. Syringe a pipe through which liquor is squirted ; suringks,
Syren
from System
surisso, I hiss. an ordei-ly collection histemi, I stand.
from sunistemi, I put together
Tactics the art of ranging men in the field of battle ; tasso, or tatto, I put in order. Taper a torch ; derived, according to some, from taphos, a funeral, because torches were used at funerals. Tautology repeating the same thing ; tautos, the same, and
logos, speech.
Technical
Telegraph
tance
belonging to an art ; techne, art. an instrument that conveys intelligence to a dis-
signals ; tele, far, and graphs, I write. an optical instrument for observing objects at a distance ; tele, distant, and skope, an observation. Teti-arch a governor of four provinces ; tetras, four, and
by
Telescope
arche, dominion.
Theatre
I see.
a house for plays and other exhibitions

subject, discourse
theaomai,
Theme
Theodolite
tithemi, I put, or lay down. ; a mathematical instrument for taking heights and distances ; thead, I see, and dolichos, long.
Theology divinity ; Theos, God, and logos, discourse. Theory the contemplation or study of an art without
speculation
;
practice,
theaomai, I see. Thermometer an instrument for showing the degrees of heat and cold ; therme, warmth, and metron, measure. Thesis a subject to dispute upon, an essay ; tithemi, I put. Throne the seat of a king ; thrao, I sit. Title an inscription, a name of honour ; titlos, according to some, from tio, I honour. Tome a separate part, or distinct volume ; temnd, I cut, I part. Tongue phthongos, a sound. Toparch the principal man in a place ; topos, a place, and
;
theoros, a gazer, a spectator
arche, sovereignty. belonging to a particular place ; topos, a place. Topic common places or heads of discourse ; topos, a place.
Topical
Tragedy a dramatic composition having a mournful end ; so named, from tragos, a goat, and ode, a song, because the actors in Greece usually had a goat given them for a reward. Tribe a distinct body of the people as divided by family or fortune derived by some from tritos, third ; whence tribus
;
<
Latin).
165
Trigonometry the art of measuring triangles ; trigdnos, a triangle, and nietron, measure. Tripod a three-footed stool ; treis, three, and pous, a foot. Trochilicks the science of rotatory motion ; trochos, a wheel. Trope a figure of speech, so called as words used figuratively are turned from their original meaning ; trepo, I turn. Trophy a token of victory set up where the enemy turned their backs ; tropaion, from trepo, I turn. Tropic the line at which the sun appears to turn back ; .trepu,
I turn.
Tup
Type
ram
tupto, I strike.
Tympanum
I strike.
the
drum
of the ear
tumpanon, a drum
tuptd,
the figure of a thing ; t upos, a mark ; tupto, I strike. a despot ; turannos, a king ; one possessed of unlimited power. Ulcer from elkos, a boil. Utopia a feigned well-governed country, described by Sir Thomas More ; ideal ; eu, well, and topos, a place. Zany a merry Andrew ; sanos, a fool. Zeal an earnest passion for anything ; zelos, emulation, from dzeo, I burn. Zephyr the west wind ; from zo, life, and phero, I carry. Zodiac the track of the sun through the twelve signs ; from sdon, an animal, on account of the figures of animals in the
Tyrant
track.
Zone
a girdle ; zont, a belt. Zoology a treatise concerning living creatures mal, and logos, discourse.
zdon, an ani-
Zoophyte
certain vegetables or substances which partake of the nature both of vegetables and animals ; zdon, an animal and phuton, a plant.
NAMES OF PERSONS FROM THE GREEK AND LATIN.

Agatha agathos (Greek), good. Agnes agnos (Greek), chaste, holy. Albinus, and Alphceus albus (Latin), white, alphas (Greek). Alcimos alkimos (Greek), strong alke, strength.
;
Aletheia
aletheia
Alexander
(Greek), truth; alethes, true. a helper of men; alexso (Greek), I help, a*nd
andros, a man. andreios (Greek), manly ; aner, a man. Antipater anti patron (Greek), for a father. Aristobulus aristos, best, and boul6 (Greek), counsel.
Andrew
166
Aristotle
aristos, best,
and
telos
(Greek), an end.
a, privative.
Athanasius
Basil Blaesus
thanatos (Greek), death, and basileus (Greek), a king.
blaisos (Greek), bow-legged ; llcesus (Latin), stammering. Brutus brutus (Latin), dull, senseless; from barutes (Greek),
Caligula
heaviness. a Roman emperor so
named from the
caliga, or boot,
which he wore.
Calvin
Cassius
calvus (Latin), bald. cassus (Latin), void, vain.
Catharine kathara (Greek), pure. Celsus celnus (Latin), high. Chloe chloa (Greek), a green plant.
Christopher
christopheros (Greek), Christ's carrier
I bear.
;
christos,
literally, a golden mouth ; chrusos, gold, and stoma (Greek), a mouth. Cincinnatus kikennos (Greek), cincinnus (Latin), a curled
and phero, Chrysostom
lock of hair. Cicero cicer (Latin), a vetch. Claudius claudus (Latin), lame.
Clytus klutos (Greek), inclytus (Latin), renowned, much heard of; from Mud (Greek), I hear. Columbus either from kolumbao (Greek), I swim ; or from columbus (Latin), a dove. Cornelius cornu (Latin), a horn.
Crispinus crispus (Latin), curled, crisp. Crito krites (Greek), a gauge. Curtius curtus (Latin), short. Demosthenes demos, the people; and
strength.
sthenos
(Greek),
Epicurus
Erasmus
Eumenes
mind.
epikouros (Greek), a helper. amiable ; from erao (Greek), I love. eumenes (Greek), a friend, affectionate; menos, the
eu, well, and phemi (Greek), I say. -fubrico (Latin), I forge, I frame.
Euphemia
Fabricius
Faustus Flaccus
lucky ; phaustos (Greek), bright. a surname given to a family from their loose ears ; faccus (Latin), hanging down. Flavius flavus (Latin), yellow. George georgos (Greek), a husbandman ; ge, the earth, and ergon, work. Glaucus glaukos (Greek), glaucus (Latin), azure, sea-green. Gregory a watcher; gragorcu (Greek), I watch.
-fauslus (Latin),
167
eirein, to
Homer
homeros (Greek), a hostage
homou
bind
together.
Juvenal juvenis (Latin), yoxing. Lentulus lentus (Latin), calm, slow. Lepidus lepidus (Latin), smart, witty.
Livius
lividus (Latin), black.
Lycippus from leuhos (Greek), white, and hippos, a horse ; one having white horses. Lycurgus one that keeps off wolves ; lukos (Greek), lupus (Latin), a wolf, and eirgein (Greek), to guard. Macro macer (Latin), lean makros (Greek), long.
;
Margaret margarites (Greek), a pearl. Melancthon melas (Greek), black, and chthon, earth. Nicodemus a conqueror of the people ; nikao, I conquer, and demos (Greek), the people. Nicholas a conqueror of the people ; nikao, I conquer, and laos (Greek), the people. Opiinius opimus (Latin), fat, fruitful, rich. one that shakes the spear. This Pallas from pallo, I shake is a striking analogy of our illustrious name, Shakcpcare. Paul paulus (Latin), pauros (Greek), small. Peleus pelos (Greek), black. Penelope penos (Greek), a web, and leipo (Greek), I leave. Penelope's web a task which is never finished. Peter from petros (Greek), a rock. Philip a lover of horses phileo, I love, and hippos (Greek),
; ;
a horse.
Philemon from philema (Greek), a kiss. Phyllis from phullon (Greek), a leaf. Plato plains (Greek), broad. Pontius pons (Latin), a bridge. Psyche psuche (Greek), the soul. Ptolemy from polemos, or ptolemos (Greek), war.
Pyrrhus, and Burrus
red.
from purros (Greek), burrus (Latin),
Ruffinus, and Rutilus from rufus and rutilus (Latin), red. Scaurus scaurus (Latin), having projecting ankles. Scipio scipio (Latin), a staff; from skepto (Greek), I lean on. Seneca senex (Latin), old. Siccius siccus (Latin), dry. Stephen Stephanos (Greek), a crown. strabos (Greek), one that squints; from strephd Strabo (Greek), I turn, Strato stratos (Greek), an army. Tacitus taceo (Latin), I am silent. Telemachus tele, distant, and mache (Greek), a fight.
168
Theocritus
Theos,
God, and krino (Greek), I judge
the
judgment of God.
Theodore
Theophilus
I love.
Theos, God, and doron (Gr.), a gift ; the gift of God. a lover of God ; Theos, God, and phileu (Greek),
Thomas
thaumaosios (Greek), admirable ; thaumadzo, I admire, I esteem. Timothy an honourer of God ; timao, I honour, and Theos
(Greek), God.
Tubero
tuber (Latin), a swelling, an excrescence. Valerius valeo (Latin), I am strong. Varus varus (Latin), crooked. Virgilius virgo (Latin), a switch, a staff. Xeno acenos (Greek), a guest.
LATIN AND GREEK DERIVATION.

NAMES OF MONTHS AND DAYS.
January according was deified after
to some, from Janus, a king of Italy, who his death, and was supposed to preside over the beginning of all business ; according to others, from janua (Latin), a gate, as this month may be considered the entrance to the other months. February Februare, to expiate ; febris (Latin), a fever. This
month was so named because the people of Rome were then purified, by an expiatory sacrifice, from the sins of the whole
year.
March
the month of the god Mars. April from aperio (Latin), I open ; because then spring may be said to open the earth. May from Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom sacrifices
were offered
in this
month.
;
June either from juniores (Latin), the younger, because young people had an assembly in that month for recreation
or from Junius Brutus,
who
drove out the Tarquins in that
month. July so named in honour of Julius Caesar ; before his time it was named Quintilis (the fifth month). August in honour of Augustus Caesar ; who, having conquered Egypt, and put an end to the civil war, entered on
that
month
into his second consulship.
1G9
September from septem (Latin), seven, as it is the seventh month from March, which was formerly reckoned the first month of the year ; the year of our Lord beginning on the 25th of March. October octo (Latin), eight the eighth month from March. November novem (Latin), nine the ninth month from March. December decent (Latin), ten; the tenth month from March.
; ;
the day of the sun. the day of the moon. Tuesday from Tuisco, a northern divinity. Wednesday from Woden, the Mars of the Germans. Thursday from Thor, a Saxon deity. Friday from Frega, the Venus of the Saxons. Saturday from Seater, the Saturn of the Saxons.
Sunday
Monday
CONSTELLATIONS IN THE ZODIAC.

Aries, the
Ram.
Taurus, the Bull. Gemini, the Twins. Cancer, the Crab. Leo, the Lion.
Virgo, the Virgin.
Libra, the Balance. Scorpio, the Scorpion.

Sagittarius,
the Archer. the Goat. the Water-bearer. Aquarius, Pisces, the Fishes.
Capricorn-us,
QUOTATIONS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN.

from the beginning. envy apart. Ab urbe condita, from the building
Ab
initio,
Altsit invidia, all
Alternis horis, every other hour.
mensa
board.
et
thoro,
from bed and

a friend of
of the city.
Amicus humani
the
generis,
Ac
etiam, and also. cruce solus, salvation cross.
human
race.
from the
Amicus curieB, a friend of the court. Amor patrice, the love of our
country.
Anglice, in English. Anguis latet in herba,
Ad
Ad captandum vulgus,
vulgar.
absurdum, showing the absurdity of a contrary opinion. to catch the
A d infinitum, to infinity. of stealing. Ad libitum, at pleasure. Ad quod damnum, to what damage. Anno domini, Lord. Ad referendum, to be further considered.
a snake lurks in the grass. Animo furandi, with the intention

in the year of our
Ad valorem, according to the value. A fortiori, with stronger reason.

Alias, otherwise.
Alibi, elsewhere. Alma mater, a benign mother
;
A. M. Ante Meridiem, before noon. A posteriori, from the latter ; from

behind.
priori,
from the former
from
;
before.
Aquafortis, literally, strong water

nitric acid.
university.
170
Credula res amor
lous.
cst,
Arcanum, a secret. Arcana imperil, state secrets. A rdentia verba, glowing words. A rgumentum ad hominem, an argument which has a personal application.
love is creduit
Cut bono, to what good will
tend.
Cui maJo, to what
evil.
A wlentes fortuna juvat,

sists
Currents calamo, literally, with a running pen ; with great expedition.
fortune as-
the daring.
Audi alteram partem, hear the other

party. A udita guerela, the complaint being heard.
Gustos rotulorum, the keeper of the

rolls.
Data, things granted. Data fata secutus, following his declared fate. Deceptio visas, a visual illusion.
Aurea mediocritas, the golden mean. Auri sacra fames, the accursed
thirst of gold. Aut Ccesar, aut nullus,
De facto, from
he
will
be
the
Csesar or nobody. vinculo matrimonii, from chain of marriage. Bonafute, in good faith.
the fact, in reality. Dejure, from the law. De mortuis nil nisi bonum, of the dead let nothing be said but
what
is
favourable.
Brutum
ftilmen, a harmless thunder-bolt. Cacoethes carpendi, a rage for collecting.
Deojuvante, with God's assistance. Deofavente, with God's favour. Deo non fortuna, from God not fortune.
Deo
voknte,
God
willing.
Cacoethes loquendi, a rage for speaking.
Cacoethes scribendi,
ing.
an itch
for writ-
Desunt c&tera, the rest is wanting. Diipenates, household gods. Divide et impera, divide and govern. Dominus providebit, the Lord will
provide. Ducit amor patrice, the love of my country leads me. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,
it is
Cadii questio, the question falls or drops. Capias, a law term, you may take. Cede Deo, yield to God or Providence. Cerium pete finem, aim at a sure end.
Ceeteris
Dum
Dum
pleasing and honourable to die for one's country. spiro, spero, whilst I breathe
vivimus vivamus, whilst
I hope.
paribus, the rest alike, or other things
being being
we
live let
us
live.
equal.
Duos
is
Commune bonum, a common good. Communia proprie dicere, to express

Communibus
ordinary things with propriety. annis, one year with another. Compos mentis, a man of a sound and composed mind. Concordia discors, a jarring concord. Contra bonos mores, against good manners.
capit,
qui sequitur lepores neutrum he who follows two hares sure to catch neither.
placito,
Durante bene
pleasure.
during good
Durante
vita,
during
life.
Durum
telum necessitas, necessity
is
Cor unum, via una, one heart, one way.

Cras credemus,
Jtodie nihil,
to-mor-
row we
will believe,
but nothing
to-day. Credenda, things to be believed.
a hard weapon. Ecce homo, behold the man. Eo instante, at that instant. Eo nomine, by that name. Esto perpetua, be thou perpetual. Esto quod esse videris, be what you seem. Et cetera, and the rest. Et dents et pretium rccti, the ornament and the reward of virtue.
Et
sic
171
de similibus,
and so of the
like.
Fide et amore, by faith and love. Fidus et audax, faithful and intrepid.
Ex cathedra, from the chair. Ex curia, out of court.

Excerpta, extracts from a work.
Finem
respice,
is
Ex
Flagrante
lello, literally,
look to the end. while the

;
concesso,
from what has been

G., for
war
ties.
burning
during
hostili-
granted.
Exempli gratia, E. of example.

Eaeemplo plus
the sake
we
live
quam ratione vivimus, more by example than

out of favour,
Ex
precept.
gratia,
from
bend, not to break. Fortes fortunajuvat, fortune favours the bold. Forti et fideli nil difficile, nothing is difficult to the brave and faithful.
Flecti non frangi, to
courtesy. Ex mero motu, from a
mere motion.
Ex necessitate
the case.
Fortiter et recte, courageously
and
rei,
from necessity of
nothing can
honestly.
Fortiter gvret crucem, he will bravely support the cross.
Ex
nihilo
nihil fiat,
of nothing. Ex officio, by virtue of office. Ex parte, on one side only.
come
Fortitudine etprudentia,
by fortitude
and prudence.
Fortuna sequatur,
let fortune follow. Fortunes ccetera mando, I commit the rest to fortune. Fortunes filius, a son of fortune. Fuit Ilium, literally, Troy was ; used figuratively to express that
Ex
tempore, off
simile,
hand
without de-
lay.
Fac
Fallentis semita vita,
an exact copy. the deceitful
path of life. Fari qua sentiat, to speak what he

thinks.
Fata
the fates oppose it. Favete lingui?, literally, favour our

obslant,
something is now no more. Furor loquendi, an eagerness

speaking.
for
tongue
be attentive.
mentis incendium gloria, the torch of the mind is the flame of glory. Faexpopuli, the dregs of the people.
Felicitas multos Imlxd amicos, pros-
Fax
Furor scribendi, an itch for writing. Gaudet tentamine virtus, virtue rejoices in temptation.
Gratis, for nothing.
perity has many friends. Felix qui nihil debit, happy
Gratis dictum, said for nothing. Grains ira regum semper, the anger of kings is always severe.
is
the
man who owes nothing. Fclo de se, self murder. Ferae natural, of a wild nature.
Fiat, let it
Haudpassibus cequis, not with equal

steps.
et uUque, here and there and everywhere. Hie finis fandi, here there was an end to the discourse. Hinc illce laclirymoe, hence these
Hie
be done.
ccelum, let justice
Fiat
jtistitia, rtiat
be done, though the heavens

should
Fiat Fide
luoc,
fall.
tears.
let
there be light.
et fortitudine,
et fiducia,
by
faith
and
Hoc Hoc
aye, do or mind this. erat in votis, this was in
my
fortitude.
wishes.
Fide
by
faith
and cour-
Hodie
age. Fideli certa merces, the faithful are certain of their reward. Fidelis ad urnum, faithful to death.
i'ideliler, faithfully.
Homo muUarum literarum, a learned

man.
Ilortits siccus,
belongs to me, to-morrow to you.

tibi,
mild, eras
to-day
it
a collection of the leaves of plants in a dried state.
172
est errare, it is
Humanum
Ibid.,
the lot of
humanity to
err.
Ibidem, in the same place. Idoneus homo, a fit man. t. e. id est, that is. Ignis fatuus, wild- fire ; Will-o'-thewisp. Ignoramus, an uninformed blockhead. Impromptu, on the spur of the
the sister of justice. Justus prnpositi tenax, the just man is steady to his purpose.
Justitite soror fides, faith is
Labor ipse voluptas, labour itself is a pleasure. Labor omnia vincit, labour overLapsus
comes everything. linguae, a slip of the tongue. Latet anffuis in herba, there is a
snake in the grass. Laudator temporis acti, a praiser of
past times.
moment.
In caslo quies, there is rest in heaven. In faro conscientioi, before the tribunal of conscience. In hoc signo spes mea, in this sign is my hope. In propria persona, in his own person. Instar omnium, one suffice for all.
Laus Deo, praise be to God. Lex talionis, the law of retalia-
Lex
tion. terra, the law of the land. Libertus et natale solum, liberty
and
example may
my native
remains.
soil.
Domine, speravi, in thee, O Lord, have I put my trust. Interdum stultus bene loquitur, sometimes a fool speaks well.
In
te,
Litera scripta manet,
what
is
written
Locum
tenens, literally,
holding tho
place, a
deputy or substitute.
Inter nos, between ourselves. In terrorem, in terror.
Locus sigiUi, the place of the seal. Ludere cum sacris, literally, to sport with holy things ; to jest profanely.
In transitu, on the passage. In utroque fidelis, faithful in both. In vino veritas, there is truth in wine ; a drunk man speaks the
truth. Invita Minerva, literally,
Magna
CJiarta,
the great charter.
Minerva
unpropitious ; said of a work without genius or taste, as Minerva, is the patroness of arts. Ipse divit, literally, he himself hath
one's sole assertion. Ipso facto, by the fact itself. Ipsojure, by the law itself. Ira brevis furor, anger is a short
it
;
Magnum est vectigal parsimonia, economy is itself a great revenue. Malum in sc, a thing evil in itself. Manu forte, with a brave hand.
Maximus
things.
in minimis, great hi small
Media
said
tutissimus ibis, you will go with most safety in the middle. Memento mori, remember death.
Memorabilia, matters deserving record.
Mens conscia
madness.
Ita lex scripta law.
est,
thus says the

is cast.
Jacta
est
aha, the die
Judex damnatur cum nocens absolvitur, the judge is found guilty
recti, a mind conscious of rectitude. Mens sana in corpore sano, a sound mind in a sound body. Meum et tuum, mine and thine. Minutiae, small parts of a business ;
trifles.
when a
criminal
is
acquitted.
Judicium parium, the judgment oi our peers. Jure humano, by human law. Jure divino, by divine law. Jus civile, the civil law. Jus gentium, the law of nations. Jus aanguinis, the right of blood.
Mirabile dictu, wonderful to tell. Mirabile visu, wonderful to behold. Mittimus, a writ to send one to
prison.
Mors omnibus communis, death
is
common
Multum
in
to
all.
parvo,
much
in
little.
KXKRCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
Ne
cede malis, yield not to misfor-
173
mixes the useful with the agreeable.
tunes.
Nee cupias nee metuas, neither desire

nor
fear.
Omni
all
Necessiias non Jiabet leyem, necessity
has no law. Nee temere nee timide, neither rashly
exceptione major, superior to exception. Onus probandi, the burden of prov-
O bonos
ing.
mores
nor
O good manners
Nem.
fearfully. con., for nemine contradicente,

dissentients,
Nemo me impune
provokes
none opposing. Nem. dis., for nemine none disagreeing.
Operce pretium est, literally, it is the price of labour ; it is worth one's while. Ora et labora, pray and labour.
Ore
tenus,
lacessit,
no one
O O
si sic
me
omnia,
all
from the mouth. that he had so

his affairs.
Ne plus ultra, nothing more beyond. Ne quid nimis, too much of one
thing
is
with impunity.
managed
tempera,
Ne
good
for nothing.
let
sutor ultra crepidam, literally, no shoemaker go beyond his last ; let every one stick to his
how are the times changed, and the manners debased. Oitum cum dignitate, literally, ease
mores,
with dignity
spect.
leisure
with
re-
own
profession.
Par Par
Nisi Dominus frustra, unless the Lord be with us our efforts are
in vain.
nobile fratrum (ironically), a noble pair of associates. pari refero, I return like for
like.
Nolle prosequi, unwilling to proceed.
Non constat, it does not appear. Non obstante, notwithstanding. Non omnia possumus omnes, man
Non
cannot do everything. quo 1 sed quomodo ? we should not inquire by whom, but how
it is
Paripassu, with on equal pace. Pars minima sui literally, the least part of itself; the shadow remains ; the remnant of a subject.
Parvum pan-a decent, become little men.

Passim, everywhere.
Patriis mrtuttfjus, tues.
little
things
done.
Non sibi,
what
by hereditary
vir-
sed patriae, not for himself, but for his country.

quails
Pater
Non sum
eram, I
am
patricc,
the
father of his
not
country.
Peccavi, I have sinned.
I was.
Nosce teipsum,
Noscitur ex
know
thyself.
is
Pendente
lite,
whilst
the
suit
is
sociis,
he
known by
well.
pending.
his companions. Nota bene (N. B.\
mark
Per fas
land.
et nefas,
through right and

through sea and
leave the rest
Nudum
Nunc aut nunquam, now or never. Nunquam non paratus, never unprepared, always ready.
pactum, literally, a naked bargain ; a simple agreement.
wrong.
Per mare et
terras,
Permitte ccetera to the gods.
divis,
Odi profanum
vulgsu, I hate the profane vulgar. Olim meminisse juvabit, the recollection of the past is pleasing.
Per saltum, by a Per se, by itself.

Pinxit, painted
leap.
it.
Omnia
vhtcit
amor, love conquers

miscuit utilc
Poeta nascitur, non ft, a poet ia born, he is not made a poet. Posse comitatiis, the power of the
county.
all things.
Omne
tulit
punctum qui
P. M.,post meridiem, afternoon.

Postulata, things required.
dulci,
he carries every point who
174
Prima facie, on the
Primal
vice,
first
view.
Sine
qua
non,
it
literally,
;
without
the
first
passages.
which
cannot be
an
indis-
Primum
Pro
mobile,
Principiis obsta,
the main spring. oppose mischief in
the beginning.
aris el focis, for
our altars and

the public
pensable condition. Sperne voluptates, despise pleasures. Spes mea in Deo, my hope is in God. Spero meliora, I hope for better
things. Statu quo, in the state in which they formerly were. Sua cuique voluptas, literally, his
our firesides. Pro bono publico,

good.
for
for and against. re nata, for a special business. Pro tempore, for the time,
et con,
Pro Pro
own
pleasure to every one ; every one has a taste for a particular

pleasure. Suaviter in modo,fortiter in re, gentle in manner, but vigorous in action.
Quantum, due proportion.
Quantum
sufficit,
as
much
as
is
sufficient.
Quid mine, what now ; applied to a person who is much occupied in news. Quid pro quo, what for what ; tit
for tat.
Sub ptzna, under a penalty. Sub silentio, in silence. Sic volo, thus I wish.
Sui generis, of its own kind. Succedanewm, a substitute. Summum bonum, the chief good. Suum cuique, his own to every one. Tabula rasa, a smooth tablet a mere blank. the times arc Tempora mutantur, changed. Tempus edax rerum, time is the devourer of all things. Toga virilis, the manly robe. Toto ccelo, by the whole heavens as opposite as the poles. Tua res agitur, your affairs are at
; ;
Quo animo, with what intention. Quo jure, by what right.

Quot homines,
tot sententia,
so
many
men, so many opinions.
Kara
avis in terris,
;
a rare bird in
the earth
a prodigy.
mildly.
Kara fides, good faith. Rede et suaviter, justly and
Res adversce, adversity. Res angusta domi, poverty. Res secunda, prosperity. Requiescat in pace, may he rest in
peace. Respite finem, look to the end.
stake.
Uberrima fides,
Ult.,
full faith.
Res publica, the commonwealth. Scire facias, cause it to be known. Sculpsit, engraved it. Semper idem, always the same. Semper paratus, always ready. Seriatim, in order ; in a series. Servabo fidem, I will keep my
faith.
Ubis upra, where above-mentioned.

Ultimvs, the last.
Vade mecum, go with me ; a constant companion. Vakte acplaudite, farewell and apVe/itti in
plause. speculum, as in a
I
gla.ss.
Veni, vidi, vici,
Sic itur
ad
came, I saw,
astra, literally,
goes to the stars ; road to immortality. Sic passim, so everywhere.
thus one such is the
conquered.
Ventis secundus,
with
prosperous
winds.
Veritas vincit, truth conquers. Versus, against. Vice versa, the reverse. Vide, see.
Viz., videlicet, to wit. Vi et armis, by force
Sic transit gloria mundi, thus passes
the glory of the world.

Sicut ante, as before. Simplex munditiis, simple in neatness.
Sine
die.,
without a day being spe-
Vincil
cified.
and arms. the love of country overcomes. amor

patria>,
my
Vis
Vitas
is
175
inertia,
the
force
of indo-
Vis animi,
the force of
mind
or
lence.
genius.
brews, the span of life
summa
short.
voce,
Viva
by the
living voice,
orally.
Vox et prceterea nihil, a voice and nothing beside. Vox populi, vox Dei, the voice of the people is the law of God.
&c.
PHRASES FROM THE ITALIAN,

Auto da
faith
;
fe.
(Spanish), an act of
Ich Dien (Teutonic

serve. II votto sciolto,
and Saxon),
a sentence of the inqui-
sition.
gli pensieri stratti,
vostra salute, to your health. Che sara sara, what will be will be. Con amore, with love. flora e sempre, it is always tune.
the countenance open, but the
thought
close.
// penseroso, the pensive In petto, held in reserve ;

1
man.
kept back.
L Allegro, the merry man.
FRENCH PHRASES.
Affair de caxtr, a love affair
;
an
CTcst
amoui.
Affair cTJionneur, a business of honour ; a duel. la bonne heure, luckily ; well
un autre chose, that is quite a different thing. Cliacun a son (/out, every one to his taste.
A
A
timed. la mode, according to the

shion.
fa-
Chef d'ceuvre, a master-piece. Ci devant, formerly. Comme ilfaut, as it should be.

Conge, d^tlire, leave to elect.
A A A
Mmproviste, unawares. merveille, to a wonder. Jin, to the end. fond, to the bottom ; thoroughly.
in the main ; truly. aller, at the worst.
Cordon, a line. Coup de main, a sudden or bold

action.
Coup
d'oeil,
a quick glance of the

it
Aufond,
eye.
Aupis
Autre Autre Avoir
Coute qui coute, let
cost
what
it
another affair. chose, another thing. besoin, to want. Bagatelle, a trifle. Beau monde, the gay world.
affair,
may.
Craignez honte, be afraid of shame. D'uccord, agreed. Dans peu de temps, within a little while. De mal en pis, from bad to worse.
Beaux
Bien
men of wit. well spoken. a love letter. Jlittet-doux,

esprits,
dit,
Bon jour, good day. Bon mot, a good saying

of wit.
a piece
Debut, first appearance in public. Depot, a store or magazine. Dernier ressort, the last resource. Detour, a circuitous march.
De
tout
et
mon mon
coeur, droit,
with
all
Bon ton, high fashion. Bon gr&, mal gre, with a good
my
heart.
or ill grace, whether the party will or not. Carte blanclie, literally, a white or
Dieu
God and my
right.
Double entendre, a double meaning.

|
unwritten sheet
terms.
unconditional
|
Douxyeux, sweet eyes; soft glances. Douceur, a sweetner ; a bribe. Droit de gem, the law of nations.
176
Eclat, splendour. Eleve, pupil. En bon point, in
Mal apropos, out
Mauvaise
lionte,
;
of time or place.
literally,
bad
good condition
plump.
Enfoule, in a crowd. Ennui, weariness. En masse, in a body. En passant, by the way
modesty. with simNaivete, ingenuously

;
shame
false
plicity.
Ni fun
;
in passing.
ni Vautre, neither the one nor the other. On dit, it is said ; a loose report.
Enpleinjour, in open day. Entre nous, between ourselves.
Pardonnez moi, pardon me. Permittez moi, permit me.

Petit maitre, literally, a little
Esperance en Dieu, hope in God. Esprit de corps, the zeal which pervades a collective body for then*
interest.
mas-
ter
a beau, a fop.
le
Pour passer
temps, to pass time.
Fdfon
de
parler,
a manner of
speaking. Faire man devoir, to do my duty. Faux pas, literally, a false step a slip ; misconduct. Fete cJtampftre, a rural feast in the
;
Prenez garde, take care. Protege, a person patronised. Qui vive, who goes there ? on the
alert.
Rouge, red
face.
a red paint for the

.
;
Ruse de guerre, a stratagem

of war.
a trick
open
air.
Fille de chambre,
a chambermaid. Fort bien, very well. Fracas, bustle ; a rupture or

quarrel.
Sangfroid, cold blood. Sans doute, without doubt. Sans Dieu rien, nothing without
God.
Gardez
lafoi,
keep
faith.
evil
Hauteur, haughtiness.
Hani soil qui mal y pense, him that evil thinks.
be to
fjors de combat, literally, out of the battle ; disabled. II a tort, he is in the wrong. II a raison, he is in the right. Je ne seals quoi, I do not know what,
t/'ew suis
Savant, a learned man. Sauve qui peut, save himself who can. Sije puis, if I can. Soi disant, self called. Taisez vous, hold your tongue. Tant mieiuc, so much the better. Tant pis, so much the worse.
Tapis, the carpet. Ttte a tete, literally,
ram,
Je suis prtt, I Je vous remerfie, I thank you. Jeu de mots, a play upon words. Jeu d'esprit, a spirited saying
witticism.
am ravished with it. am ready.

;
head to head
j.
a private conversation. Toujours prtt, always ready. Tout le monde, everybody.

Trait, feature. Un bel esprit, a fine spirit
;
a wit.
ISamour propre, self-love. Le bonheur, good fortune.
Un homme
d'esprit,
man
of wit.
Le matheur, bad fortune. Le savoir fairs, ready knowledge

tact.
Le
vrai moyen, the true means.
Unique, singular. Valet de chambre, a footman. Vive Famour, success to love. Vive le roi, long live the king. Vive la bagatelle, success to trifling.
ANALOGY OF LANGUAGES.
The following columns are inserted, not merely as exercises on the process of the derivation of languages, but as affording an easy method of fixing a number of Greek and Latin words
in the
177
memory.
Words which, when
recognised as similar, will readily appear so
separate, can never be when in juxta-
position. It may be proper to observe that many of the analogies, though all of them are given from learned authorities, are
: any little misconception, however, which the student be led into upon a subject so uncertain as that of derivation, will, it is presumed, be more than compensated by that exercise of mind which is necessary in tracing an imaginary
fanciful
ni;iy
likeness.*
GREEK. Abaks, a counter.

Agros, afield. Aer.
Aithe'r.
LATIN.
ENGLISH.
Agriculture. Air. Ether.
Abacus et Bancus. Bank, Box.

Ager. Aer. JEther.
Agao.
Ainos, dreadful. Aiteo.
Gaze. Heinous.
Acies.
Alius.
Sal.
Ake.
Ask. Edge.
Akme.
Allos. Als.
Acme.
Else.
Salt.
H-amalos.
Mollis.
Mollify.
Amao.
Mow.
* Changes in languages, let it be observed, may take place upon single words by a species of caprice among different tribes, introducing sometimes a transposition of letters, sometimes an insertion of letters for the sake of a real or fancied euphony; sometimes a contraction or abbreviation of letters, probably for the sake of despatch and sometimes a reduplication of particular syllables, perhaps from some ideal emphasis attached to them. Of all these occurring in the same language, we have examples familiar to us, both in our own vernacular tongue, and in others with which we are generally conversant. But changes of this kind are particularly observable in the transplantation of a word from one language into another. Thus, /*0-/j in Greek became forma in Latin from the Latin ffranarium, we derive our word garner ; the Celtic ros has become our horse, just as, in common Scotch, the English grots is changed into garse, thirty into thretty, cross into corse. Consonants of the same order, too, are often interchanged p is used instead of 6, d instead of t, g for k. An aspirate is very frequently thrown in, by which p in one language becomes <? or f in another d or t becomes th, and g or c the aspirated gh. In transplanting words, likewise, it is very common for one people to add, and another to take away, the peculiar terminations which characterise different tongues. The Latin regnwn became reign in English, ccelum, del, in French Vltrajectum was made Utrecht ; pondus became the French poids; sermo, on the other hand, became sermon; oratio, oration, and so of others. Keeping these general principles in view, it will be obvious that affinities, and close affinities too, may be found, where none could at first have been suspected. That our term journey is from the Latin diet, might at first seem absurd but by observing that from dies comes diurnus, from that the Italian piorno, the French jour and jaurnte, we are at once led to the source of our journey. Bishop seems little related to episcopus ; but when we find that the word was anciently bifcop, and that p and 6 are consonants of the same organ, the identity becomes evident. Edinburgh Knc.yclopcedia.
; ;
;
178
GREEK.
GREEK.
179
180
GREEK.
GREEK.
181
182
GREEK.
GREEK.
183
184
GREEK.
GREEK.
186
IBfi
LATIN.
GREEK. Tupos, from tupto, /

strike.
ENGLISH.
Typus.
Type.
Tumpanon, from
tupto, / strike. H-ualos, glass.
Tympanum, a
drum.
Super.
Posterior.
Tympany.
Hyaline.
H-uper.
H-usteros.
Sur (French).
Posterior.
Phero.
Fero.
Bear.
Re/w^re.
Pheugo, 7 run away.

Phegos, a beech tree;
Fugio.
from phagd, I eat

its fruit
being eaten
of old.
Phiale'.
Fagus.
Phiala.
Vial.
Phleps.
Vena.
Follis.
Thulaks, a bag. Phukos, paint for the

face.
Vein. Bellows.
Phullon, a leaf. Phor, a thief. Chaos, from chain 6,
Fucus. Folium. Fur.
Foliage. Furtive.
7 gape. Chaos. Chasma, from chaino,
Chaos.
I gape.
Charakter, from charasso,
Chasm.
I imprint, 7
Character.
stamp. Chaladza.
Grando.
on
the
Hail.
Chamai,
ground.
Chandano, 7
Charis.
take.
Humi. Hendo
hendo.
Gratia.
et
pre-
Hand.
Grace.
Cheima, winter, from

cheo, I pour. Chilioi.
Hyems.
Mille.
Chole, Chorde. Choros.
bile.
Chorda. Chorus.
egg.
Chiliad. Choler. Cord. Choir.

Oval.
Oon, an H-6ra.
Ovum.
Ilora.
Hour.
187
LATIN, FRENCH,
AND ENGLISH ANALOGIES.
There are certain laws which regulate the changes which words undergo in passing from one language to another. As many of our English words of Latin extraction have passed to us through the French, and are thus not so easily recognised as those which have heen taken directly from the Latin, a few of those laws, as affecting the French, may be noticed.
VOWELS.
to change than consonants, from their tendency to slide into each other ; consonants depending partly on the application of the teeth, the tongue, and the lips, are more decided and fixed.
Vowels are more subject
generally preserved, but sometimes changes but frequently passes into ei oroi; e short is sometimes softened into ie ; i long is almost always retained, and i short changes into e and oi ; o long passes into o short, and into the diphthong eu ; o short passes
a
is
The vowel
;
into ai
e is generally retained,
into eu, ou, and ui ; u long is generally preserved, but sometimes changes into ui and into u; u short passes frequently into ou, and sometimes into eu, and into oi.
EXAMPLES.
LATIN.
FRENCH.
Paix.
Pnx.
ENGLISH. Peace.
Amare,
Sal.
to love.
Aimer.
Mortel.
Sel.
Amiable.
Mortal.
Salt.
Mortalis.
dear. Mare, the sea. Crudelis.
Cams,
Cher.
Cherish.
Mer.
Cruel. Plein.
Crois.
Mermaid.
Cruel.
Plenis,/M#. Credo, I believe.
Plenty.
Credit.
Soiree,
Debeo, I owe.
Serus,
Brevis. Febris.
late.
Dois.
Soir, evening.
an evening
party.
Lepus, a hare.
Vivere,
Cinis.
to live.
Nitidus.
Brief (old French). Brief. Fievre. Fever. Lievre. Leveret. Vivre. Revive. Cendre. Cinder. Net. Neat.
Vidua.
Veuve.
Widow.
188
LATIN.
LATIN.
189
190
frequently passes into a vowel.
This holds in man^
191
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATION.
Abbot
from abba (Hebrew), father. Accolade a stroke, in the ceremony of knighting, given with the flat part of the sword on the back part of the collum, or
neck.
Adieu (a Dieu\ literally, I commit you to God. Admiral from emir ul bahr (Arabic), commander of the sea. Alarm from al or ad, to, and armes (French) ; signifying,
literally, a
Al coran
from
cry to arms. al (Arabic), the, and Koran, book
the book
or bible of
Mahomet.
Almanac
from al (Arabic), the, and menaios (Greek), what concerns the moons or months. Assassin, this word, says Crabbe, probably comes from the Levant, where a prince of the Arsacides or Assassins, who was called the old man of the mountain, lived in a castle
between Antioch and Damascus, and brought up young men
Azimuth
Bayonet
to lie in wait for passengers. from al samt (Arabic), the direction.

so
named from being
first
made
at Bayonne.
Bethlehem], the name of a religious house in Moorfields, London, converted afterwards into a mad-house. Cabal the secret science of the Hebrew Rabbins ; a junto, a
Bedlam
(i.e.
party.
Cambric cloth made at Cambray. Carte Blanche literally, a white paper a paper signed by a person, and given to another who can make his own terms. Ceremony from ceremonial (Latin), according to some, origi;
Cipher
nally signifies the rites of Ceres. from safira (Arabic), empty. Cordovan leather from Cordova in Spain. Dauphin the eldest son of the King of France. The country of Dauphine was given to one of the French kings, on condition that ever after the eldest son of the king of France should bear that title. But Dauphine, it is said, obtained its name from a prince of that country who was called the Dauphin, on account of having a dolphin painted on his shield, to express the mildness of his reign, the dolphin being an animal friendly to man. The Latin term for dolphin is delphinus, and certain classical works which were edited in the reign of Louis XIV., for the use of the Dauphin, are " in usum Delphini" (for the use of the Dauphin). styled Diaper d' Ypres, literally, from Ypres in Flanders. Ermine the fur of the rat of Armenia.
192
the scale of musical notes.
Gammut
dictine
monk, who reformed the church music about the
Guy
of Arezzo, a Bene-
year 1024, composed a musical scale with these six words Afterwards he placed on the side of ul, re, mi, fa, sol, la. these notes, the following seven letters A, B, C, D,E, F, G. And because he placed the letter G (the Greek gamma) on the note which he had added to his ancient system, the whole scale was therefore denominated as it is to this day. Gantlope, or Gantlet a military punishment, in 'which the criminal, running between the ranks, receives a lash from each man ; from Gant, a town in Flanders, and loop (Belgic), a race, because this punishment was first invented there. Gasconnade a boast ; from the Gascons in France, a people
famed
Gazette
for boasting. from guzetta, a Venetian halfpenny
the original
price of a newspaper. Ginghams cloth made in
Hugonots
Gulncamp in France. French covenanters ; eidgnoten (German), confe-
Mercy
derates. to be at the mercy of one's enemy means, according to Ampe're, to be in the condition of one who offers a price or reward (merces) to his conqiieror.
derived by some from Milan, and by others from Malines, one that deals in ribbons, lace, &c. Mustaches from mustaks (Greek), the upper lip ; that part of the beard growing on the upper lip. Orrery a piece of mechanism representing the movements of the planets ; so called in honour of the Earl of Orrery, a patron of the inventor. Palmer a pilgrim who visited holy places ; so called, from a staff of a palm-tree which they carried as they returned from the Holy war. Pamphlet (par un filet, French, by a thread), a book conThis word is varisisting of a few leaves stitched together. ously derived. Parchment (skins of sheep dressed for writing) pergamena (Latin) ; so called, because invented at Pergamns, in Asia
Milliner
when paper, which was in Egypt only, was prohibited by Ptolemy to be transported into Asia. Pharos a lighthouse, from the famous watch-tower in the isle of Pharos, near Alexandria. Pistol derived from Pistoia, in Tuscany. from purus (Latin), pure or clear, and lieu Purlieus (French), a place ; the outskirts of a forest, a border. Romance romanzo (Italian), probably from Roma, a tale of
Minor, by King Eumenes,
193
wonders, such as was in vogue in the dark ages of European

literature.
Sardonic feigned, as applied to laughter, from Sardinia, as a certain herb growing there is said to cause involuntary
laughter.
Saunter
from sanctas (Latin), holy, and terra (Latin), the earth or land ; applied to those who wandered ahout begging tinder pretence of going to the Holy Land ; or from sans terra (French), without a land or home.
an epithet by which genuine English money is denominated ; from the Easterlings, i. e. Prussians and Pomeranians, who, in old time, were artists in fining gold and silver, and taught it to the Britons.
;
Sterling
To file papers to hang them together by a thread. Tontine a lottery of annuities, with survivorship by Lawrence Tonti, a Neapolitan.
Trepan
to insnare or to decoy (Greek), a crafty beguiler.
;
invented
some derive
it
of trupanon,
EXTRACTS ON LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER
FILIATION
I.
AND MIGRATION OF LANGUAGES.
attain to any complete discovery of the actual origin and progress of the different languages spoken in various parts of the world, yet some interesting facts in regard to the transmission, migration, and filiation of languages, are few remarks on that subject may therewithin our reach. fore with propriety be here introduced. From the most ancient and most authentic of all historical records, the sacred Scriptures, we know the fact, that all mankind were originally descended from a single pair, and that our great progenitor did undoubtedly possess and make use of articulate language. What the particular language was which was then employed, we have no means of ascertaining. are, however, sufficiently warranted to conclude, that this primeval language must have consisted at first of very lew and simple sounds, and that it was gradually extended as the new situations of men in society required new modes of expression.
ALTHOUGH we cannot
We
194
KXEUCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
primitive language, in all probability, continued radically the same, though enlarged by accessions closely related to the parent stock, during the whole antediluvian ages ; and there is little reason to doubt, when we take into view the longevity of the patriarchs, affording opportunities to men of different generations to mingle together, that from Adam down to Noah the language first made use of suffered no essential change. When the tremendous event of the deluge reduced the whole population of the earth to a single family, the primitive language, as received and used by the patriarch Noah, would still be preserved in his family, and form the only language then used among men. In this state, we find that language continued till the confusion of tongues at Babel, before which " the whole period, we are assured by the sacred historian, earth was of one language and of one speech." Whether this primitive language was the same with any of the languages of which we have still any remains, has been a subject of much That the primitive language continued at least till dispute. the dispersion of mankind consequent upon the building of Babel, there seems little reason to doubt. When, by an immediate interposition of divine power, the language of men was confounded, we are not informed to what extent this confusion of tongues prevailed. It is unnecessary to suppose that the former language was completely obliterated, and entire new modes of speech at once introduced. It was quite sufficient if such changes only wr ere effected as to render the speech of different companies or different tribes unintelligible to one another, that their mutual co-operation in the mad
The
attempt in which they had all engaged might be no longer The radical stem of the first language might practicable. therefore remain in all, though new dialects were formed, bearing among themselves a similar relation with what we find in the languages of modern Europe, derived from the same parent stem, whether Gothic, Latin, or Slavonian. In the midst of these changes, it is reasonable to suppose that the
primitive language
in
some one
race.
Now,
itself, unaltered, would still be preserved at least of the tribes or families of the human in none of these was the transmission so likely to
have taken place as among that branch of the descendants of Shem, from which the patriarch Abraham proceeded. Upon
these grounds, therefore,
spoken by Abraham, and by him transmitted to his posterity, was in fact the primitive language, modified, indeed, and extended in the course of time, but still retaining its essential parts far more completely than any other of the languages of men. If these conclusions are well founded, they warrant the
we may
conclude, that the language
195
inference, that, in the ancient Hebrew, there are still to be found the traces of the original speech. Whether this ancient
what
Hebrew more nearly resembled the Chaldean, the Syrian, is now termed the Hebrew, it is unnecessary here
or to
inquire ; these languages, it has never been denied, were originally and radically the same, though, from subsequent modifications, they appear to have assumed somewhat different
aspects.
CHAPTER
II.
DISPERSION OF MANKIND.
The dispersion of mankind was a necessary effect of the multiplication and increase of the families of the human race ; and in this dispersion we shall find the great sources of new and essential changes of language. change of situation most generally infers a change of climate operating on the organs of speech, and still more extensively affecting the productions of the earth, the nature and number of human wants, and the means of supplying them. Most frequently, too, does the change of situation give rise to new occupations and pursuits, and these to the widest and most essential differences in the state of society and the modes of life, of manners, and of thought. In all these changes, it is almost impossible that
new objects fail to undergo many alterations and pursuits require new expressions and new modes of speech and if the dispersed and migrating colonies be so completely separated by barriers difficult to pass, that little or no communication with them can be had, it is easy to see, that where the languages originally brought with these colonies was scanty and incomplete, the change of language might be so great and so rapid, that the languages would soon appear to be totally different, and much attention would be required to
language should
; ;
trace out the original affinity. As these colonies diverged still farther, new differences would arise, till the original stem became often nearly imperceptible. Of the dispersion of mankind after the flood, we have a succinct account in the tenth chapter of Genesis. The three, sons of Noah spread their families in different directions ; from Shem proceeded the Elamites or Persians, the Assyrians, the
Syrians, and Hebrews ; from Ham, the Cushites, Egyptians, Ethiopians, and inhabitants of Africa ; from Japheth, the inhabitants of Northern Asia, and of the greater part of Europe. The original language carried in each of these directions must have suffered numerous changes, so that in time
196
notion of the common origin of the whole. When the first migrating colonies had established themselves in a particular territory as a permanent residence, the language which they carried with them would assume a peculiar and distinctive character ; and if some ages afterwards elapsed before it was again necessary for any new colony to migrate, the particular language of that territory would be so completely formed, and so firmly rooted among all the members of the community, that much of it would necessarily be carried along with any colonies that should afterwards be sent forth, and thus would form the language of any new
it is not wonderful that the traces of mutual analogy should in a great measure disappear ; still, coincidences are occasionally discovered, which give a high degree of probability to the
settled territory. It is a fact perfectly well ascertained, that migrations of whole communities in quest of new settlements were common
in ancient times. Each of these national colonies, then, would bring with them their peculiar speech ; so that it is not in the least wonderful, that in many regions over which successive waves of population passed, a language should in process of time arise, composed of several of the preceding ones, blended and amalgamated, as it were, into one common mass, and constructed with peculiar characters and idioms of its own. Thus, it is probable, were formed the languages of ancient Greece and Italy ; and thus it is evident, also, arose all the languages of modern Europe. Proceeding upon these grounds, we may conceive the original language of the family of Noah spread in various directions ; carried by one set of colonies through Armenia, Persia, and the adjacent territories, into all the regions of the east, as far perhaps as Tartary and China, and forming the groundwork of the Armenian, the ancient Persian, the Sanscrit ; perhaps, too, of the original spoken Chinese, as well as of all the languages related to each of them ; carried by another set into the regions of Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, and the remote parts of Africa, and there giving origin to the old Egyptian, the Coptic, the JEthiopic, and their related tongues ; again carried by a third set to Scythia, or the Russian territory, Asia Minor, Ionia, Greece, Italy, and gradually through the farther parts of Europe, and there constituting the radical groundwork of the old Pelasgic, the Gothic, the Celtic, and all their kindred or derivative dialects. Among those families
whose migrations were least extensive, this primitive tongue, undergoing fewest changes, would retain most of its original form ; and thus it is probable, that in the language of Jaco>
197
and his descendants, of the Phoenicians, the Chaldeans, and the communities connected with them, more of the primitive form and character remained, than among the remoter and more widely scattered tribes that spread through Africa and Europe.
If these theoretical views of the filiation of tongues cannot be fully and directly confirmed by the immediate comparison of tlie different languages as they now are found to exist, this is not in the least to be wondered at, considering the inevitable changes many of them must have undergone in their progress through different countries ; but if we attentively mark the precise manner in which such changes might be expected to operate, and make the necessary allowances on that account, in comparing the apparent groundwork of the languages scattered over the globe, a coincidence will he found far closer
and more striking than could
at first be supposed.
CHAPTER
III.
ANCIENT HEBREW, GREEK, AND LATIN.
Of the ancient langunges of which any "knowledge remains, the Hebrew certainly claims the first place, on account of its undoubted antiquity, its peculiar structure, and the strong claims it seems to have to he considered as either the same with, or at least the immediate descendant of, the primitive tongue. It is a language much admired hy those who understand it, and must ever be of high importance as the original vehicle of the revelation of the divine will to man. In it the cases of nouns are denoted by prepositions prefixed ; the tenses of the verbs are tln-ee the past, present, and future, formed by certain additions to the root, and, properly speaking, it has but one conjugation. It is regularly formed from roots within itself, and these roots are for the most part monosyllabic, consisting generally of three letters sometimes, but rarely, of four. That this language was in fact the same with the Phoenician and other languages spoken through Palestine and the neighbouring countries in the earlier times, as far at least as Syria, Mesopotamia, and Chaldea, seems pretty generally admitted. Of the other early languages, the ancient Persian, the Egyptian, and the Scythian, we know so very little, that it would he hazai'dous to say more than that their relation to the Hebrew admits of little doubt. In spreading to the westward through Asia Minor into Greece, this ancient language, trans:
198
planted by the Phoenicians, became, through the the old Pelasgic, the parent of the Greek.
medium
of
-The Greek languageticular illustration.
is
too well-known to require
any par-
and force, have been the subject of universal panegyric. The Greek language was evidently first brought in a rude state from Phoenicia into Greece and the Grecian islands ; its most ancient dialect,
Its copiousness, elegance,
the TEolic, the parent of the Doric, exhibits probably the earliest form in which it appeared in its new soil. Transplanted into Ionia, it assumed a softer aspect, suited to the disposition of a poetical and musical people. Carried onwards to Attica, it became the language of business and active life in an enterprising, commercial, and at the same time an intelligent and There, accordingly, as we find in the Attic polished nation.
dialect,
it
was subjected
to abbreviations
and contractions
adapted for despatch, but at the same time regulated on the truest principles of elegance and taste. Though the Greek language is justly regarded as forming its words from roots within itself, and has accordingly been distinctly analysed into
radical primitives, yet these very primitives exhibit so full a resemblance to corresponding roots in Hebrew, that the The duration of the identity of origin cannot be doubted. Greek language from Homer down to the times of the Lower Empire, exceeds that of most other languages ; and even yet, although much corrupted, it holds its place in the countries where it once was fixed. From the earlier Greek proceeded the Latin, which is in fact little else than the 2Eplic Greek, with a mixture, probably, of some Etruscan and Sabine, and perhaps some German and Gaulic words gradually received from the neighbouring countries.
its
CHAPTER
IV.
GOTHIC AND CELTIC ORIGINAL LANGUAGES OF BRITAIN, FRENCH, AND ITALIAN.
While the languages we have mentioned were thus formed

in early times, it is probable that the and the Celtic were also laid.
foundation of the Gothic
are to date the
far back, however, we formation of these languages, and in what order they spread through the northern and western countries of Europe, has been a subject of controversy, agitated with a keenness rather disproportioned to the importance of the subBoth of them appear evidently to have been brought, ject. at a remote period, from the regions bordering on the Caspian
first
How
and Euxine
seas,
199
by
colonies passing northward and

It is not
;
westward
in quest of a settlement.
improbable that at first the two languages were not very dissimilar and even yet many resemblances in their structure may be traced. The Gothic spread through the north of Europe, and was evidently the parent of the Dani.sk, the Swedish, the German, and the ancient Saxon. Of one branch of the Gothic tongue, the Homo-Gothic, we have a valuable fragment in the translation of the Gospels by Ulphilas, written so early as the fourth which, although only a fragment, and consequently century containing but a small part of its words and phrases, is still highly curious, from its exhibiting the early state of that language, and enabling us to ascertain the near relation of the
;
Saxon, German, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and AngloSaxon, to the Gothic ; as well as the affinity of all of them to the Phoenician, the original Greek, and even the Parthian and Sanscrit. The Celtic is by no means yet extinct ; dialects of it are spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, in Ireland, in Wales, in that part of France named Bretagne, and in the Spanish province of Biscay. Both, in the modes of inflection, resemble the Greek ; in the roots from which vast multitudes of their words themselves are formed, the most striking similarity can easily be traced. Of the original language of our own country, there is some So far as can be conjectured, difficulty in fixing the origin.
rather appears that the earliest inhabitants spoke the Celtic language, and that, by successive impulses of the tide of population, new races of settlers, spreading in different directions, superinduced certain dialects of the Gothic. Accordingly, we can collect from oiir venerable Saxon historian, Bede, that in his day four languages prevailed in Britain the Irish, the British, or Cumraig, the Pictish or Scandinavian, and the Anglo-Saxon. Of these, it is probable that the relation was not very distant ; and if the ascending line were far enough followed up, they would all be found to terminate in one. The languages of the various other countries of Europe underwent similar revolutions ; but it would be tedious to In the southern trace them through their separate stages. states, the Latin tongue had been universally established, under the dominion of the llomnns. The incursions and establishment of the northern tribes introduced new modes of speech, which, blending more or less with the native tongues, gave rise to the various modern languages of southern Europe. Towards the north-east of Europe, the Slavonic tongue,
it
with
its affiliated dialects,
satiun, Corinthian, linhnatian,
Bohemian, Poliah, Hungarian, Luand the widely extended Run-
200
sian,
have
for
centuries prevailed. The affinity of the different dialects to the Macedonic Greek, is apparent in many of its inflections, but above all in its radical terms, when thoroughly analysed and stripped of the
many
its
Slavonic through
additions and mutations introduced in the channels through which it has passed.
CHAPTER
SANSCRIT, INDIAN,
V.
AND CHINESE LANGUAGES.
to have been carried in various forms to the north and west, its progress eastward gave rise to a different though not less remarkable Of these the most eminent is the Sanscrit, set of languages. a polished and elegant tongue, and fixed in the writings of its classic authors at a period, it is thought, prior to the commencement of the Christian era. Both in the roots of verbs and forms of grammar, the Sanscrit is found to bear so close an affinity both to Greek and to Latin, that those philological writers who have attended to its structure, do not hesitate in considering it as a branch of that primeval tongue which was gradually transplanted into various climates, becoming Sanscrit in India, Pohlovi in Persia, and Greek on the shores of
While the primitive tongue appears thus
the Mediterranean.
The Sanscrit, though it has now in a great nleasure ceased to be a living tongue, is considered in India as the language of science ; and it is pretty certain that it was the immediate
parent of the numerous languages still spoken through that Two-andvast peninsula, as far as the borders of China. thirty at least of those more obscure and inferior languages have been recognised and distinguished by the missionaries at Serampore ; and it is worthy of notice, that while many of those vary considerably in their inflections, the radical parts of their words exhibit a similarity sufficient to ascertain
their
common
origin.
we find a language prevailing totally dissimilar in many respects to those which have already come under notice the language of China, made up in a great measure of monosyllables, and which can hardly be said to have any inflections for distinguishing nouns, verbs, or attriIts distinct words are very few, but these are varied butives. in pronunciation by accent, emphasis, and other marks, to fit each of them for expressing many different ideas a mode of
To
the eastward of India,
speech so inconvenient and embarrassing, that recourse must often be had to the written character for indicating the parti-
201
cular meaning. These written characters constitute, in fact, the substantial part of the language they are extremely numerous, amounting, it is said, to no less than eighty thousand, formed from two hundred and fourteen roots, termed keys or elementary characters, each of which is itself significant, and by additions to which, not to the vocal sounds, all In this language, the varieties of meaning are conveyed. from its peculiar structure, as well as in the languages of
:
remoter tribes and islands, so many changes appear to have taken place, that the traces of the primitive language have almost ceased to be discernible. Edinburgh Encyclo-
many
pedia.
CHAPTER
VI.
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.
Europe, like other parts of the world, appears to have been peopled from Asia. The western regions most probably received their inhabitants by three distinct streams of population, at distant periods, over the Cimmerian Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph. Ancient historians concur with the most probable traditions respecting these three streams. This is corroborated by the fact, that there are three different families of languages ; two of these distinct tongues pervade the western regions of Europe, and the third species prevails on the eastern frontiers. The earliest stream we shall find to carry with it the Gomerian, Cimmerian or Celtic race, that spread itself over a considerable part of Europe, particularly towards the south and west, and from Gaul entered the British Isles. The second distinct emigration from the east, about the seventh century before the Christian era, contained the Scythian, Teutonic or Gothic tribes, from which most of the modern nations of Europe have descended. The third and most recent stream of population that flowed into Europe, conveyed the Slavonian or Sarmatian nations. These coming last, occupied the most eastern parts, as Russia, Poland, Eastern Prussia, Moravia, Bohemia, and their vicinity from these Slavonic tribes a third genus of European languages arose, as the Russian, Polish, Bohemian, Livonian,
:
Lusatian, Moravian, Dalmatian, &c. The three stocks just mentioned were the chief sources of the ancient population of Europe, especially in the northern and western regions. Ionia, Greece, and the southern parts,
202
however, received colonies by sea from the Phoenician Pelasgi, who spread over Europe the literature of the southern parts of
Asia.
Slavonic or Sarmatian tribes, the third source of popuhave never extended so far west as England, nor made are most concerned with the any settlement amongst us. two former streams of population. Though at a very early period Britain was most likely visited by the Phoenician and Carthaginian navigators, from whom the island is said to have received the name of Britain, yet the first inhabitants were probably from Gaul or France, and were a part of the Cimmerian or Celtic tribes.
lation,
The
We
CHAPTER
VII.
JAPHETIC OB INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

UNIFORMITY OF THE CHANGE OP LANGUAGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF WORDS AND IN GRAMMATICAL FORMS.
All the European languages, and some of the Asiatic, are which has been named the family of the Indo-Germanic, or, with greater justice, the family of the Indo-European languages. To this great family belong the
parts of a great family,
Sanscrit and its derivatives, the ancient and modern language of Persia, the Greek, the Latin and its various idioms such as the Italian, the French, and the Spanish, &c. in short, the Germanic, the Slavonic, and even the Celtic. Thus, from the foot of Hecla in Iceland, to the banks of the Ganges, a number of people, unknown to each other for ages some civilised, have others barbarous some obscure, others celebrated
spoken, and
sight,
speak, languages extremely dissimilar at first common origin is incontestable ; for they not only possess in common a certain number of radical sounds, but the grammar of each of them has an intimate analogy with that of all the others. Nay, all these grammars form, in truth, one grammar, the elements of which Schlegel, Rask, and Grimm, have already furnished, and which Bopp has lately published in his Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, &c. I consider this fundamental analogy of the IndoEuropean languages as an established acquisition to science,
still
but whose
and
need not stop to enlarge upon it. important to remark, that in the great majority of the languages of this family, the change from the ancient to the modern tongues is effected in the same way, in virtue of the same tendencies and principles.
I
It
is
203
A language changes Loth in the internal structure of its words, and in the integrity of its grammatical forms. Words, as they grow older, have a tendency to replace strong and hard sounds by weak and soft ones ; the sonorous vowels at first by shut, and afterwards mute vowels. The full sounds contract by small degrees, and vanish. The final letters disappear, and the words are contracted. In consequence, the languages become less melodious ; the words which charmed and filled the ear only present a mnemonic sign, and, as it were, a cipher. Languages, in general, begin with being musical, and end with being algebraical. But this is not all ; the change which alters the nature of the words extends to what is of greater importance the grammatical forms for these are the soul of languages, while words are only the body. In time, these forms are confounded with each other or neglected they are misapplied or lost. Hence arises a mutilated language, like a body deprived of its organs. Before this language recover a new life, it must receive a new organisation. It is then that the action of a regeneThe ancient grammatical rating principle is manifested. synthesis, in virtue of which the language which has died was organised, is destroyed ; the grammatical inflections are lost ; the cases of nouns and the tenses of verbs are no longer What is to be done to get out of sufficiently distinguished. this confusion 2 It is thought expedient to express, by separate words, the relations which the confused or lost grammatical signs expressed ; prepositions supply the terminations which distinguished the cases of the substantives, and auxiliary verbs supply those which denoted the tenses of the verbs. The gender is marked by articles, and the persons by pronouns. Thus, from the Sanscrit arise the Pali and the different Pracrit dialects ; from the Zend, the Persian ; from ancient Greek, the modern Greek ; from the Latin, the French, Italian, Spanish, &c. ; from the ancient German, the modern German ; from the Anglo-Saxon, the English ; from the Frisic, the Dutch ; from the Scandinavian, which is preserved in Iceland, the Danish and the Swedish. This change has its origin in human nature. It is natural
man to alter whatever he touches. Everything wears by repeated use. It is natural, when a word recurs frequently, to diminish that word for convenient speed, and to substitute a simple sign for one that is complicated. Abbreviations are introduced into language as well as into writing, and a short and rapid language succeeds one more developed. To confuse
to
^
shades, and to disregard nice distinctions,
is
always natural to
204
men so long as they are not restrained by the authority of n hody of men who preserve the language,* or by the power of
Thus we see the disorganisation of the languages, which had been checked by the classical epochs, when consecrated writers gave the law, hurried on when these ages have passed, when some cause resists or destroys the influence of these writers. The principal agent in the alteration and decomposition of Use has two instruments time, and the languages, is use. people these exercise on languages a similar influence. In comparing, at any given epoch, the language of writers with that of the vulgar, we find between them differences similar to those which we remark between an older and a later period of the same language. The people incline to contract, to prune the words which they employ ; for the people speak to speak, and not to speak well. The people are in haste and slothful ; if the word gives the idea, it is of no consequence to them to articulate the word with exactV-la for iwila, ness, and not to neglect any elementary part. f-a for ccla, fdis for je dis, are contractions introduced by It is the same use. Billingsgate is a perpetual contraction. with the most part of patois ; the Neapolitan and the Genoese, for example, compared with the Italian. In the vulgar employment of words, the shades which
literary tradition.
:
distinguish cases and persons, must also be, and in reality The people will give the masculine gender are, confused. to a substantive feminine, or vice versa. They will say
faimons
the
finite.
for nous aimons ; they will put the indicative for subjunctive, the perfect -definite for the perfect -inde-
are re-composed, is also It is natural to express, by the addition of prepositions or auxiliaries that what the grammatical is to say, by a sort of circumlocution modifications of substantives and verbs express imperfectly, or not at all. Let us now pursue what I have said of the general progression of languages, of the laws according to which they change and re-compose, in the principal branches of the Indo-Europrinciple
The
by which languages
a principle natural to the
human mind.
pean family. In comparing the Sanscrit with the dialects which are derived from it, there is seen in the latter the prevalence of the impoverishing and pruning of words. The Pali and the Pracrit, the two least deformed of the idioms of the Sanscrit,
* The French
Academy
is
here referred
to.
205
and suppressions, present numerous examples of contractions of long vowels become short, and strong consonants become
weak.
SANSCRIT.
ENGLISH.
PALI.
Sissa.
Shircha.
Head.
Descent.
Silence.
Avataranam. Thoucbnim. Vrichabhah, Lokah. Gadjah.
Bull.
World.
Elephant.
Otaranam. Tounhi. Vasaho. Loo. Goo.
progress of contraction in the modem Persian, compared with its ancient source, the Zend, it will be sufficient to cite some words in which this contraction has been pushed so very far, as almost to conceal the primitive sense of certain compounded expressions.
To show the
Ormousd was in Zend ahuro-mazdao, by which is meant the king very learned. Ahriman was ahgro-mainyus that with intelligence. The Persian is, the wicked being gifted word Khoda, god, comes from quadata, which in Zend signifies created by himself, and answei-s to the Sanscrit Svayamdatta, of which quadata is already a first contraction.
In modern Greek are found very great contractions thus, va pas, for ina upageis. The modern Germanic languages have all, with the exception of the Swedish, replaced with the e shut, the and the o so frequent in the ancient dialects. To ascertain how far the words have become less full, less sonorous, and how much contraction has extended to the modern Germanic languages, it will be sufficient to compare a page of Ulphilas and one of Goethe ; a page of the Edda arid one of Evald ; a page of the Saxon chronicle and one of Hume. I shall content myself here with comparing the old German helidos with helden, and the Anglo-Saxon hlaford with
lord.
The modern Slavonic languages often present the strange appearance of many consonants following each other without the intervention of vowels, which produces words the pronunciation of which seems impossible. These consonants were in the old Slavonic separated by vowels now lost. At this day in Carniola, they say bersda, a bride ; the Slavonic was beraada. Czla (Bohemian), a tear, was written in the Slavonic claza. Among the Celtic idioms, that which has the oldest written monuments of consequence, and presents the most ancient forms, is the Irish. So the Irish words, compared with their
206
analogies,
Welsh
have
in general
more
fulness
the latter are
more contracted and
short.
EXAMPLES.
IRISH.
ENGLISH.
Caemh.
Nochd.
Meadlion. Samhail.
Love.
Night. Middle. Semblable. Habitation.
Adhbadh.
WELSH. Cu. Nos. Mez. Hevel. Azev.
Further, each of the derived idioms is much less rich in grammatical forms than the primitive idioms. The dual number, which existed in nouns in the Sanscrit, has disappeared in the Pali and in the Pracrit. In the first of these two languages, the declensions, so clearly divided in Sanscrit, are confounded ; and the passive is seldom used. The Pali conjugation presents few tenses, and only those which are indispensable. The provincial idioms of the Penjah, of the Mahrattas, &c., which have arrived at a more advanced stage of decomposition, but seldom present any traces of the Sanscrit declension. The Persian has lost the rich declension of the Zend, which had as many cases as the Sanscrit. The pure passive does not exist ; the passive sense being expressed by the verb to be. In modern Greek, the different cases are confounded. There are only four cases for each declension ; the aorist is put for the perfect and the pluperfect. Only three of the descendant languages of the Latin present any vestiges of the forms of the Latin declension. The system of declension in the German dialects is at this day very imperfect ; the old dialects had many declensions and many cases. The dual itself existed in the Moeso-Gothic : it is not found in any of the living
are less rich in grammatical forms than the Welsh, which was cultivated at an earlier period. As for the Slavonic dialects, they are much less varied than the other idioms of the same family. On the one hand, in their present state, they have preserved nearly almost entire the ancient Slavonic declension ; and on the other, the ancient
German dialects. The Breton and Cornish
Slavonic presents still the same employment of auxiliary verbs as the more modern dialects. But it must be recollected, that there has not elapsed the same number of ages between the old monuments of the Slavonic and its modern dialects, as between the eras at which we have compared other languages of the same family. It has been seen, by what has gone before, that the alt-era-
F.XERCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
207
tion and disorganisation of language are shown by effects nearly similar in all the idioms of the Indo-European family. must now show, that in almost all also, the same remedy has been employed for the same evil ; the same expedient has been devised for the same want. Where the cases became too few in number to supply all the demands of the thought where, in consequence of this
We
impoverishment, the same termination might be employed for the different cases to remedy this confusion, different When the prepositions were placed before the substantive. moods, the simple tenses of verbs, gave way, they were replaced by compound moods and tenses, which were formed
by means of different verbs as to be, to have, to will, to do, which were named auxiliaries. The Bengalee, an idiom derived from the Sanscrit, makes great use of the auxiliary verbs. It employs them to form
four of its moods the potential, the optative, the inceptive, the frequentative, and many of its tenses. The past tense is formed, as in English, by the verb to do. In the Hindostanee, a dialect more altered than the Bengalee, and more subject to external influence, the verbs to be and to dwell are used as auxiliaries ; the passive is formed by a redoubling of the verb to be. The verb to go is employed as an auxiliary of the passive verbs. The modern Greek, which has lost the perfect and the pluperfect, forms the last by means of the verb to have, and The the future by means of the verb to will, as in English. particle va is placed before the subjunctive, in the same way as the particle que. in French. The Germanic languages have in the same way replaced with prepositions the terminations of the different lost cases. All employ the auxiliary verbs, to owe, to become, or to will, for the future. But this employment of auxiliaries ascends to a very remote epoch to the oldest remains of the Germanic tongues. It exists even in the Gothic of Ulphilas in the fourth century. It is the same with the modern Slavonic dialects. In the old Slavonic language is already found the compound preterite with iesmi, I am, and two other tenses, formed with the aid of auxiliary verbs. The result of these last facts is, that we have not the Germanic and Slavonic tongues in that degree of perfection in which we possess the ancient idioms of India, of Persia, of
Greece, and Latium.
An
analogous and more completely
synthetical state than their present actual one, has, without doubt, existed in the Germanic and Slavonic languages ; but
208
it is
anterior to the oldest records
which we have of these
languages.
The
Irish, the oldest of the Celtic languages, presents also
grammatical forms which are wanting in the other dialects. It has vestiges of declension, and especially the dative plural, in aibh, analogous to the Sanscrit abhyas, and the Latin abus. The Breton and Cornish dialects, which are farther removed from the primitive form than the Welsh, have the
I do. The Welsh expresses the passive directly by particular terminations. The Breton has not these, and makes use of the
auxiliary
verb
the languages descended from the Latin. an intermediate situation it has the passive forms of the Welsh, and employs the verb to be like the Breton. Ampere.
to
be,
like
is
The Cornish
in
CHAPTER
VIII.
ON THE ORIGINALITY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE.

It
is
difficult to ascertain
the originality of the Saxon lan-
guage ; because, however rude the people who used it may have appeared to us, it is a fact, that their language comes to us in a very cultivated shape. Its cultivation is not only proved by its copiousness by its numerous synonymes by the declension of its nouns
the conjugation of its verbs its abbreviated verbs, or conjunctions, adverbs, and prepositions, and its epithets or adjectives ; but also by its immense number of compound words applying to every shade of meaning.
By
it is
the Anglo-Saxon appearing to us in a state so advanced,

difficult to ascertain its originality.
very
It is difficult,
when we
words corresponding with those of other languages, to distinguish those which it originally had, like the terms of other tongues, and those which it has imported. The conjugation of its substantive verb, however, proves that it is by no means in its state of original purity for, instead of this being one verb, with inflections of itself throughout its tenses, it is composed of the fragments of no fewer than five substantive verbs, the primitive terms of which appear in other languages. The fragments of these five words are huddled together in the Anglo-Saxon, and thus make up
find
;
usual conjugations. perceive this curious fact, it will be useful to recollect the same verb in the Greek and Latin.
its
To
KXKRCISES ON ETYMOLOGY.
209
In the Greek, the verb u/u is regularly deflected through almost all its tenses and persons. In the Latin it is otherwise. begin these with sum, and pass directly to the inflections of another word more like the Greek upt ; but the inflections of sum are frequently intermixed. Thus,
We
Sum,
es,
sumus.
estis.
est,
sunt.
one glance two verbs deflecting ; the one into sum, sumus, sunt ; the other into es, est, estis. In the imperfect and future tenses eram and ero, we see one of the verbs continuing but in the perfect, fui, a new deflecting verb suddenly appears to us
see at
;
:
Here we
In
fuit, another of its tenses,

as,
fui,
fuisti,
fuimus, fuistis, fuerunt. we have the curious exhibition of

to
two of the former verbs being joined together

inflection
;
make
new
fuero,
fueris,
fuerit,
&;c.
combination of fui and ero; which, indeed, " / shall have been." its meaning implies, The Anglo-Saxon substantive verb is also composed out of several verbs. can trace no fewer than five in its different
is
This
literally a
We
inflections.
am,
com,
wees,
cart,
I was,
ware,
ys, wees,
synd, wa>ron,
synd, wrrron,
synd. wn-ron.
am, sometimes have com, am, om, beo, ar, sy ; for thou art, we have occasionally eart, arth, bist, es, sy; for he is, we have And for the plural, we have synd, syndon, gynt, ys, bith, sy. sien, beoth, and bithon. In these inflections we may distinctly see five verbs, whose conjugations are intermixed are of one family, and resemble Eom, es, ys,
:
beoth. beo, byst, bytli, beoth, beoth, infinitive is beon, or wesan, to be. These are the common inflections of the above tenses ; but we sometimes find the following variations : For I we
The
Ar,
fy>
arth,
sy,
and am,
sy,
are,
the Greek npi. proceed from another parent, and are not unlike the Latin eram.
are from another, and recall to our minds the Latin sum and sunt. seem referrible to another branch,
synd,
W(BS, ware, wees, wteron,
Beon,
bist,
bith,
beoth,
of which the infinitive, wesan, was retained in the Anglo-Saxon. belong to a distinct family, whose
infinitive, beon,
was kept
in use.
210
But
and and
it is curious to consider the source of the last verb, ben, beon, which the Flemings and Germans retain in ik ben, ich bin, I am. The verb beo seems to have been derived from the Cimme-
rian or Celtic language, which was the earliest that appeared in Europe ; because the Welsh, which has retained most of this tongue, has the infinitive, bod, and some of its inflections. The perfect tense is, bum, buost, bu, buam, buac, buant. The Anglo-Saxon article is also compounded of two words ; as
Nominative,
Se,
seo,
that.
this. Thees, Genitive, thaere, tham. Dative, Tham, theere, that. Accusative, Thone, tha, Se and that are obviously distinct words. When we consider these facts, and the many Anglo-Saxon nouns which can he traced into other languages, it cannot be affirmed that the Anglo-Saxon exhibits to us an original language. It is an ancient language, and has preserved much of the primitive form ; but a large portion of it seems to have been made up from other ancient languages. Turner's His-
tory of the Anglo-Saxons.
CHAPTER
IX. "
ETYMOLOGY OF THE VERB
TO BE."
The verb to be, in most languages, is defective ; either not being furnished with all the moods and tenses of other verbs, as in the Greek iifti ; or, in order to include them, comprising various discordant elements, as in the Latin sum, the different parts of which have been shown by Mr Turner to proceed from several different radical words. The English neuter verb is likewise composed of several distinct elements ; as be, am, are, was, &c. ; and the question " What is their is, etymological origin and primitive meaning I" Does the neuter verb, in all the forms it assumes in different
languages, inherently signify to be ? Does it natively contain the modern philosophical abstract idea of being or existence in itself, and separately from the subject that is said to be, or to exist ! Or is that abstract idea a refined and improved addition to its primitive meaning, produced by our association of
ideas
\
result of a patient investigation of the subject is in favour of the latter supposition, and leads to the belief, that
The
the different roots of the neuter verh
live,
211
to be originally signify to to grow, to dwell, to stand, &c., but not to be in the modern metaphysical sense of that term. The first step in the inquiry was to write the verb itself in parallel columns, in as many languages as lay within reach, the more easily to
discover their resemblance or dissimilarity, and especially their common radicals ; for the slightest inspection was sufficient to observe that they had to a great extent a kindred origin it was intended more fully to examine these radicals afterwards. But whilst that list of verbs was completing, some circumstances were noticed, tending to illustrate the main object of
:
inquiry.
The first glimpse of light on the primitive meaning of any part of the neuter verb was caught from the Italian past participle stato, been, which is evidently derived from the Latin status, stood, the past participle of the verb sto, I stand. This word stato, stood, occurs in that part of the verb where we say That circumstance led been, and answers the same purpose. to the notice of one similar in the imperative of the Latin sum,
lam, which
estote,
is
sis, es, esto ;
sit,
esto,
&c.
where
esto, este,
are evidently derived from the Latin preposition <?, out, from, and sto, I stand. So that the Latin imperative is either be thou, or stand thou ; let him be, or let him stand, according to the pleasure of the speaker. The next remark was, that the Spanish verb estar, Latin stare, to stand, may be used in all its moods and tenses indifSo that a Spaniard may ferently with the verb ser, to be. say either I am, or I stand ; I was, or I stood ; being convicted, or standing convicted ; having been there, or having stood there, &c.
These few obvious instances, in which being and standing are used as controvertible terms (though it must not be hence imagined that they are synonymous), suggested the idea, that some parts of what is used as the substantive verb in different languages, did not originally and necessarily convey the refined idea of simple abstract being, but of some more sensible attribute, as standing, living, growing, &c. The clue appeared to be now obtained ; the only point was to follow, with caution and perseverance, the track it disclosed through the whole labyrinth ; or, at least, through so much of it as might assist in explaining the English neuter verb. Other circumstances soon presented themselves, tending to illustrate and confirm the preceding hypothesis. The Latin indicative preter-perfect/M?', I have been, is from the verb /MO, 1 am; which, though now become obsolete, was
212
once
in good and general use, and evidently derived from the Greek verb phuo, I grow thus the Latin fui means, I grew, the potential imperfect for em, I might be, or I have grown is also from phuo, and signifies I might grow, or become
:
hence also the
grow, to become, used in a future sense ; and the participle futurus with the same meaning. Thus another portion of the neuter verb signifies, I grow, and to grow. Phuo is also the most probable source of fio, fieri, which, though generally considered as having a passive signification, originally means to grow, to become. The Anglo-Saxon beo was another fragment which came under consideration the more early, as offering the immediate derivation of our identical verb to be. The accidental pronunciation of the word Geography (biography, the history of the
infinitive fore, to
of a person) gave the first intimation of its probable meanthe consequent reference to the Greek bios, life, and bioG, I live, confirmed the conjecture. It has been further illustrated since by the Gaelic beo, alive, beothail, lively; and " Ni fuigham bus, ach mairfam beo" (I shall not die, but live), &c. Psalm cxviii. 17. The Gaelic verb bi, to be, is plainly of similar origin and signification. Ic beo is therefore 1 live, and beon,
life
ing
to live.
The Franco-Theotisc bim, pirn, which at first seem to invalidate this derivation, on a nearer inspection added its own suffrage in its favour ; for what is bim but a derivative from bioo, when turned into a verb in mi, ver biomi ? which is easily
analysed into
bios, life,
moi, bismai, life to
me
and moi, to me, compounded into

;
bios-
that
is,
by
association of ideas,
and
adapted to a verbal signification, I live. The Hebrew Hajah, fuit, he was, suggested a similar explication by its near resemblance to CHajah, vixit, he lived. The illustration of beo opened the way to the explanation of the Dutch zijn, to be, and the Spanish soy, I am, with
numerous kindred. The Greek sen, to live, pronounced zeen, zao and mod, I live, from zde, life, evidently presented either the root itself, or a synonyme of eqxial value. The German seyn, to be, we are ; the Franco-Theotisc siin, sin, to be, we are ; the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon sindon, we are probably the Gothic sigum and sigan, the g being softened into y ; the Spanish siendo, sido, ser, being, been, to be ; the Italian sii, or sia tu, be thou ; the French suis, sois, serai, I am, I should be, I shall be ; the Latin esse, to be, from the participle edzen, es, 4, in the Doric dialect, with many others, evidently derive their existence from the same common source,
their
and originally signify, I live, to live, &c. The Greek zai) regularly changes into a verb
in
mi
; as zoe.
life,
213
moi, to me, make guemoi, life to me, I live ; which, being contracted for greater facility of pronunciation, may become either xumi or zemi ; the latter is its present actual form, and points at once to the Latin sim and essem, I may be, I should be ; Avhilst in form of zdmi, it as readily directs to sum, sumus, I am, we are, in the same language which were anciently written soni, somos. The Spanish somos, the French sommes, and the Italian siarno, we are, with their immediate dependents, hence date
their
in its native signification, means I live, and consequently the same original idea essentially pervades its compounds and derivatives. The English word am was at once admitted to descend either in a direct line from the Greek eimi, I am, or from a kindred stock. The analysis of eimi was then necessary to develope the aei, always, ever, though now primitive meaning of both only used as an adverb, must once have had a substantive meaning, which was most probably time, life, or something equivalent and on this supposition the whole becomes intelAei, time, life moi, to me, make, when combined, ligible. aeintoi, time to me, life to me ; which, adapted to a verbal and, by subsequent orthographical signification, means I live changes, was written and spelled eimi, I live ; that is, in improved philosophical language, I am. The English word is, comes from eis, thou art, the second person singular of eimi, which is compounded in a simihu* manner aei, time, life, soi, to thee, from aeisoi, time to thee,
; :
commencement. Thus the Latin sum,
livest
that is, with a verbalised signification, thou ; which, written with the uniform orthographical abbreviation, becomes eis, the parent of our word is, the Latin es, est, &c., and signifies thou livest, he lives ; that is, in modern usage, thou is, he is. Nouns, or nouns and verbs, constitute the primitive elements of language. Those members of the substantive verb which have been mentioned, appearing to spring more immediately from verbs in some other language, suggested the inquiry, whether some portions, which did not present a very obvious verbal origin, might not be more readily traced to nouns of perhaps similar meaning to the fore-mentioned verbal
life
to
;
thee
radicals.
The French
participles ete, been, etant, being, indicate their
connexion with the Latin a>tas (from the Greek etos, a year), age, time, life, and naturally take the verbalised meaning, lived, living. Etois, I was, and etre, to be, are evidently scions
of the same stock.
'214
investigation as yet has been conducted no farther.
The
No
satisfactory, at least decisive, conclusion having hitherto been attained as to the etymology of the words was, are, and were,
the most that can be proposed

jecture.
is
a more or
less
probable con-
Was. May this word be supposed to come, by a different pronunciation, from the Gaelic verb fas, to grow I F, v, and w, are letters of the same organ, and often interchange ; thusâ*, lias, and was, are exactly the same word in the mouths of different persons or nations. May not was be more easily derived from the Gothic wuasgan, to grow, the past tense of which is * This wohs, wos, and was, have all the same wohs, he grew sound. Hence, also, the Saxon wisan, or wesan, to be, by ;i
simple orthographical variation. Are. Icelandic and Danish er : and Were Icelandic and Danish var vere ; German war, &c. Do these words indicate any relationship to the German were, and the Anglo-Saxon wer, a man, adapted to a verbal sense ? Or to the Greek ear, the spring, whence the Latin noun ver, and verb vireo, to spring, to grow like the grass I If the latter conjecture be preferable, then are and were take the signification of to grow, in
their verbalised meaning.
IVebb.
CHAPTER
X.
ETYMOLOGY OP PRONOUNS.
Pronouns must be considered merely in the light of substisubstitutes not essentially necessary to tutes for other words the use of speech and verbal communication of knowledge, though a very great and important convenience when once invented. It does not from hence follow that they are of late
;
origin ; their first rude elements began, probably, almost as soon as language itself, though greatly modified and extended by
subsequent usage. Pronouns are the luxury as well as the convenience of language, and contribute much to its polish and perfection ; yet, owing to that corruption and contraction to which words of the most frequent use are for ever exposed, their analytical development is attended with great difficulty. This difficulty is increased in the Anglo-Saxon by this circumstance that the be disprimitive elements of some of its pronouns are not to covered either in it or in its kindred dialects, but must be sought for in tongues of remote resemblance and distant origin ; so that an acquaintance with the articles, pronouns, and nu-
215
is
merals of most of the leading languages of Europe and Asia, Pronouns are necessary to their complete elucidation. derived from nouns and verbs, or adjectives and numerals ; many are also formed by different combinations of these parts
of speech.
The first correct notion of the etymology of pronouns was obtained from Mr Horn Tooke's assertion, " that the pronouns are either nouns or verbs." Whether that great philologist included the numerals in either of these classes, is not certain ; if he did not, his a little enlargement, proposition requires namely, that the roots of the pronouns are either nouns, verbs, or numerals. The numerals appear to be originally pronouns ; they cannot well be considered as nouns, not being names of things ; or as adjectives, since they do not convey any idea of the quality or property of the tilings to which they refer, but simply of their number. In counting apples, we do not say one apple, two apples, three apples, &c., but one, two, three, four ; and by the words one, two, three, four, we represent the nouns or apples without naming them. Here we use the numeral pronomen. Are not the numerals, before or in preference to the noun. But in then, in their primitive form and use, pronouns J whatever way this question be answered, it will make no material difference in the present inquiry, since, at all events, they contribute their quota to the part of speech under discussion.
It is not
pretended that the following

that
if
list
of elements conthis class,
tains the exact identical roots of the
words of
but
they be not the primitive elements, they are nearly related to them, so nearly, as to contain their essential meaning. Many English pronouns, springing from the same parent stock, afterwards branch off, and distinguish themselves from each other in three different ways 1st, By a simple orthographical variation, by which they
merely
this,
appear in different cases, or in different parts of speech ; as, thou, thy, thee ; this, thus; then, than, &c. 2dly, By adopting, though often with great corruption, the regular adjective terminations of the Saxon and English languages, -en, -ed, -t, and -ig, or -y ; as, thy, thy-en, or
thine.
3dly, By combining with other elementary words, words which in most instances are pronouns in other languages, though only pronominal terminations in our own ; as he, her ; that is, he-er, a German personal pronoun. A few words, which will not rank in either of these modes of formation, are placed
216
by themselves,
their ramifications into different parts of which will he easily understood. The orthographical variations will explain themselves ; the
-y,
Saxon adjective terminations are, -en, -ed, -or, which signifies add; that is, add the noun
-t,
to
and -ig, or which the
said adjective belongs;
as thine, thy-en ; that is, thy; add (perhaps) head, &c. The most important of the pronominal terminations are the Greek numerals, ei.v, mia, en, one, which appear to form something like the cases of the English pronouns. The German Hi is the plural of the Saxon he, heo, hyt. er man, it, or that. Lie is originally a noun meaning body ; as an adjective, it is the root of our word like, and termination ly. Se is the Saxon
and means said. most probable that the pronoun of what we call the third person was employed first ; but in the present inquiry they will be taken in their usual order. First Person. The numeral one appears to be the actual
article, se, seo, that,
It
is
root of the
ancient and
modern languages from one common source. The Greek and Latin ego is probably a compound word, the o being the masculine of the Greek article , TO. It exists in a simple form in the German ich, and the Saxon ic, and is
,
pronoun
/,
of the
first
person, adopted into several
probably derived from an ancient numeral.
The most ancient dialect in which it is to be met with is the Hebrew, where it is the numeral ech, one, (Ezek. xviii. 10) and from which it may be traced into several other kindred
;
tongues.
As a pronoun, the word

first.
ech, eg-o, ich, ic, or
i,
means one or
in
The word
echad
;
is,
indeed, generally
employed
Hebrew
to signify one
but any person examining the structure of
that venerable language, will at once perceive that echad is verbalised from ech, the more simple and therefore more primitive form. Thus ech, the numeral one, becomes the verb echad univit, he one-ed, or united; and being again taken back to its numeral signification with this verbal ending, it
nearly supplanted its parent ech. Second Person. As the first person has been formed from the first of the numerals, the second may be easily conceived to have been the next number, or two ; and accordingly, in a c., disgreat many languages, the numeral 2, duo, du, tu, covers such orthographical similarity with the pronoun thou, (Anglo-Saxon du}, as to leave but little doubt of their original
identity.
Third Person.
The
third person
is
by
far of
most common
occurrence, and is formed thus :
is
217
it
of verbal derivation.
,
In Anglo-Saxon,
Simple Verb.
Ancient Preterite.
He,
heo, called, said.
.,
Preterite Adjectived,
o)
.
past Partidple
it,
Haetan, to call, to name.
Hyt,
(i.e. hte-ed, hce-et, haet,
hit},
said, or
mentioned.
These three words of the third person, he, heo, hyt, have exthat is, named, mentioned, said ; actly the same signification or, as we more commonly and accurately say, aforesaid, before;
mentioned, before-named: a preceding substantive, distinctly of a pronoun. The implied, being essential to the existence Italian word ditto may be employed in the same manner ; as,
" The
man
is
merry,
lie
laughs, he sings ;" or,
" The
man
is
merry,
ditto laughs, ditto sings."
He,
heo, hyt,
have the same
signification
with ditto
that
is,
Dido, from the Latin word
He, heo, hyt, were originally without number or gender ; but for convenience and greater precision, they were modified and for the genders, he, he, in the plural into hi and hig, they was applied to masculine nouns, heo, she, to feminine, and Webb. hyt, it, to neuter ones.
;
Dictus, said.
WORDS HAVING TWO OPPOSITE MEANINGS.

LUCUS A NON LUCENDO.
The common account of the etymology of the word " Lucus,"

one of those etymological paradoxes in which old dictionand scholiasts delighted ; but it is singular that so whimsical an idea should still retain its place at the present day more especially as the same principle which accounts rationally for the derivation of this word, is of use to explain other phenomena of language equally singular. Without entering into any abstract reasoning on the subject, it may be sufficient to adduce some examples involving the same apparent inconsistency betwixt their meaning and etymology, as lucus, and in which the operation of the prinThe English ciple we have mentioned may be illustrated. word cleave is of this kind ; it has, in truth, two opposite " to cleave meanings, both in common use in the language ; means to split blocks of wood into separate pieces ; wood," " cleave to that which is good," means, adhere to that which stick to it. In the one case, the word means to sepais good rate, in the other to adhere ; meanings in themselves diameis
aries
trically opposite.
The
rationale of the
phenomenon appears
218
to be this
:
In splitting blocks of wood, or any other thing be cleft, when the parts have been somewhat separated, but yet adhere, there is a complex appearance presented there is both adhesion and (incipient) separation. The word, therefore, which describes this state of things must include both these circumstances ; the appearance is double, the meaning of the term which describes it must also be double. Hence the word comes to be applied sometimes in one part of its double capacity, sometimes in the other ; it may be restricted either to its signification of splitting and separation, or to that of adhesion still existing. Precisely such is the practical use of the word, as was seen in the ex" to cleave wood" " cleave to that amples adduced above, which is good." It would be needless for etymologists to take their usual resource, and say that the word in these two different meanings is from different roots. There is not the shadow of foundation for such a conjecture, or any other way of accounting for the contrariety of meaning than that now
which
may
stated.
There are many other natural phenomena which present a union of contradictory appearances, similar to that indicated by the word cleave. The evening, for instance, when darkness and light are, as it were, mingled together, exhibits a combination of both, and can hardly with propriety be designated
as belonging to either
:
Tempusque
svlrilxit
Quod
tu nee tenebras, necpossis dtcere liuxm,
In these circumstances, the imagination is left at liberty to apply either designation, according to its mood at the time ; a person who expected night-fall, would say the evening was yet light ; while another person who wished for longer light,
might at the same moment say that it was already too dark. The morning presents a similar complexity of appearance. and this inconIt is light, but light mingled with darkness sistency is exhibited very broadly in a phrase of Burns
;
Ere twice the shades of dawn have
fled.
Here morning is designated as dark as shades. Yet the very word dawn (from day} implies the presence of light. A similar instance occurs in Êschylus
Prometheus Vinctus.
It appears, therefore, that the presence both of darkness and light must be included in any term which describes the
dawn
or the evening, because these
two appearances must
219
Such a term, unite, in order to produce the phenomenon. therefore, including two meanings, may be employed ad libitum to convey either of them. In this way, " twilight" may at
times signify almost total darkness a twilight meaning ; and a long twilight. In this at other times pretty clear light manner a kind of ambiguity has arisen with regard to most of the words which signify light ; for as they were all liable to be used to denote the first approach of light, the dawn, they became also susceptible of the other meaning involved in that appearance. Thus, gleam is etymologically the same as gloom, and in that form has a totally opposite meaning from its first. In a third form, it is glimmer. The word murky has the same double signification. "Hell is murky;" "a mirky (lightsome) countenance ;" the latter expression is perhaps Scottish, but the word is the same in both cases. The word blind is another instance. In German (blende), it means shining, and is retained in that sense by ourselves in the term blende-coal. Yet our ordinary use of the word is completely different. These observations must have paved the way for understanding the etymology of lucus ; the word is certainly from lucendo ; but, like those we have mentioned, it has come to include two it denotes a certain portion of light amongst' appearances much darkness ; the latter circumstance being elliptical ; and it ought to be translated, not a dark grove, but a twilight grore a glimmering grove. It is, in fact, our mode of translating (he term which has given it the appearance of difficulty ;
when stripped of this, its elucidation becomes quite simple. A number of other words might be adduced, each having
at anto to
two meanings diametrically opposite to each other. The Greek word a%tt signifies at one time to please;
other
meant "
.satiety.
weary,
cause ennui.
is observed to degenerate into Indeed, our use of the latter word involves the same principle ; as does also the word luscious, which at one time means agreeably sweet ; at another, when the quality is in The Latin has a set of adjectives excess, unpleasantly so. religiosus, &c., all of which are formed in this way. The word xvluivu, means to praise; xu$aga, from the same
significations,
to satisfy," as satisfaction
seems originally to have and to have involved a contrariety of

It
translated
means to reproach. The root is xvSos, which is generally honour (decus), but seems originally to have meant only fama, speech, which of course may be either good or bad ; and its derivatives have thus branched off in two opporoot,
site directions.
The terms expressing height and depth in different languages, involve these two opposite meanings in one word. The Latin
220
altus,
means
either high or deep; and the Italians apply the
In the Persian from the lowest abyss to the highest heaven. This seeming inconsistency seems to arise from the appeai-ance in both cases being really the same, the only difference being the point from which it is viewed. A precipice is high to the top, when seen from below ; deep to the bottom, when seen from above.* There are many other instances of a similar nature, particular explications of which would be tedious but the following, from several languages, may be subjoined, to be analysed
alto either to a high rock or a deep lake. language it is the same ; ua sumuk ta samak,
word
by
the reader at his leisure.

(Arabic), husband, adversary.
Khusum
Mukbool (Arabic), adversary, acceptable. Tab (Arabic), endurance, patience rage, fury. Khufee (Persian), concealed, splendid.
(Arabic), virtue ; its derivative, ihtiyal, means fraud. (Arabic), sick, convalescent, well. See Êsch. Choeph. <p^ttrns, a deceiver, a robber ; a lover. 999. wyosj niger ; albus ; perhaps meaning originally the colour of frost, and so either that of ice or of snow.
Heil
Kusul
to applaud, approve ; to refuse, dissent. Learn, in English, means to be taught; in the Scottish, The Greek word ftav4aa, in its either to teach or be taught. second aorist, includes both these meanings ; whence the following line in Callimachus is always held to be ambiguous :
'fiS*
ip,tt:6iv
;
amu,
TO,
Jtûra. $<fj,tiXiK
<t>oipx>s lysigltv.
?ra<r*w?,
antiquus
recens.
(JSsch. Chceph. 1053).
npti, honos, laus ; pcena. atin%ourigu, to rage, to restrain.

S/aXXairs-a;, differo,
discrepo
;
;
reconcilio.
trunîti, facio, efficio

tgeaiv,
pauper, seu mops sum.

fturffaotsa,
cedo, retrocedo. to take wages. agvupai, J to take, to receive, seek after. Sacer, sacred, accursed.
impetu feror
Bpioftai, 1 to refuse
In the Hindoostanee language, the word kul means either to-morrow or yesterday ; and pur son means the day after tomorrow, or the day before yesterday. There are a number of etymologies which may be accounted
for
on
The
this principle: split means to divide; splice to join. original idea seems to be merely (as in the case of cleave)
is
* This explanation A qdrewB.
adopted from the Lectures of Dr John Hunter of St
the.
221
may
appearance of two objects placed together, which of course be viewed as separated or conjoined according to circumstances. Reasoning of the same kind (together with the known connexion of the Gothic and Latin languages) would lead to the conclusion, that the words findo and bind are connected
etymologically. In the English language, the progress of words towards these double and inconsistent meanings, may be illustrated
The two adjectives, human and humane, instances. though radically the same word, have, in their practical use, two completely different significations the former generally implying a liability to the frailties of humanity, the latter a susceptibility of all its kindnesses^nd amiable feelings. Again, the word strange, stranger, includes in itself two meanings the most opposite that can be conceived. In the one, it denotes an exile wandering among a people not his own, helpless and in the other (when the same person is pitiable supposed to be invested with power), it means one who sympathises not with those around him, who is a stranger to their dispositions, their customs, their wishes an unfeeling stranger. It is on the same principle, or one nearly similar, that the Latin word
by two
signifies either the host or his guest; the stranger resides with us, or the stranger with we reside ; the same double meaning is retained in the Spanish derivative, Mole-son. huespcd.
"hospes"
who
whom
APPENDIX.
ETYMOLOGY OP NAMES OF PLACES.
CELTIC.
Aber
Aer
(British) towns at the
confluence of waters, a port Aberdeen, Aberjstwith mouth of the Dee, the Ystwith.
; ; ;
(British) violence, tumult Arre'm Cornwall, Aar in Switzerland. Air (British) bright Aire in York, Ayr in Scotland. Aird (Gaelic) a height, a projection Ardmoie, Dysart, the height of
;
God
(Dia).
Alwen
white ; Allen in Dorset, Alan in Corn(British), alain (Gaelic) wall, Allan in Perthshire, Loch Allen in Ireland, Aln in Northumberland.
Arran (British)
a high place ; Arran, the names of islands in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Auch (acladh, Gaelic) afield ; Aufllirim, Ireland ; AvcJtinleck, Scotland. An, ea, ey (British, &c., Saxon) signify water ; Loch Awe in Argyle ; A a river in Brabant, Eye river in Berwick.
Aven
a river, a (British, Cornish, &c.) rivers in Britain and Ireland.
stream
the
name
of
many
222
Aweddur
(British) running water ; Adder river in Scotland, Ireland, and England. Bal (baile, Gaelic) a village or town ; a prefix to many towns ; Baitymore, a large village. Bala (British) the issue of a river from a lake ; Bala in Wales, and
Bollock in Dumbarton. Ban (Gaelic) white hence the rivers Bann, Banna, Bannock. Bran (British) what rises over bran (Gaelic), a mountain stream Bran in Brecknock, Braan in Perthshire.
;
;
Beg
little,;
Ben, pen hill, promontory, &c. Pennigent in York, the windy mountain ; ywynt (Welsh), wind ; or perhaps from gwent (British), the open country, /fc/zmore in Scotland, the great mountain ; fenryn, from pen, and rliyn, a point. Blair (liar, Gaelic) a plain clear of woods ; Axdblair, Perthshire, the height in the plain. Caer, cahir, keir (British, Cornish, &c.) a mound, a wall, a fortress ; Cardiff, the fortress on the Taff. Cam (British) white, clear ; hence the rivers Ken, Kennet, &c. Cairn (earn, Gaelic) a heap of stones, a monument ; Cair/igorm, the blue mountain. Some hills may have been named Cairn from the
Ballyte^, a little village. a (British^, Ueann (Gaelic)
Cam
heaps of stones frequently piled on their summits, or from their resemblance to a cairn. crooked, bending Camlin, the bending water ; (Brit, and Gaelic) Camliimkumietii, from cam, and uisye, water, where the Forth bends. a retreat, a burying-place, a cell; Cil, kil (British, Gaelic, &c.) ./ftfconquhar, Fife, the chapel at the head (ceann) of the fresh water
;
lake
(iuc/uiir).
;
Clyd (British), clud (Irish) warm, sheltered Clwyd in Wales. Cof a hollow trunk, a cavity, a creek.
;
Clyde in Scotland,
Coire and cuire, (Gaelic) a hollow, a ravine ; Curry, a parish hi Cornwall Currie, a parish in Scotland. Craig, carrick, crag ( British, Irish, &c.) a rock, a rocky height ; Craiydu in Denbigh, the black craig ; Craigdou in Ayr. Dobham or dovan (Irish) boisterous the name of several rapid rivers. Dol a Hat field ; /A>/gelly, Merioneth ; Dollar, Perthshire. Drum (Gaelic) a ridge ; the drwns, the name of many highly situated farms in Scotland. Dur, or Dour water ; the Dour at Aberdour in Scotland, the Adur in England, the A dour in France, the Dov.ro in Spain. Dun a hill, a fort, a town ; (dinas, British), Istmmore, a large hill JJunkeld, the hill of hazel-trees ; Itunedin, the hill of Edin or Edwin,
;
Edinburgh. Du, dhu black (dubh, Gaelic) ; Duglas or Z>cwglas, the name of a river in Lancashire and in Lanark ; the dark-blue stream from du and ylus, blue ; DubYm, the dark pool (linn), a pool. Dwyn (British), douin (Irish) deep ; the Doon in Aberdeen and Ayr, the Don in York, &c. Eddain a gliding stream ; Eden in Cumberland, Kent, and Fife. &&fechan, Dumfries, Egles, eccles a church ; Ecclenton, Lancashire ; the church of Fechan. Ennis inis, in Ireland ; inch, inish, in Scotland an island ; /eScolm, hi the Frith of Forth, the island of St Columbo Enniskillen, the church town ou the island.
;
Fin, fion
223
Garry
Glas
white Finn, a river in Donegal, and in Argyle. rough hence the rivers Garry, Garonne, Yarrow, &c.
;
blue, pale, gray
Heuch, uch, uchel from uachter and

shire.
Glasgow, G7osbrook, &c. a height, the top uacliter (Gaelic) the top of the height the Ochil ard,
; ; ;
A ?$terarder,
hills in
Perth-
Inver (Gaelic) the mouth of a river, a town at the mouth of a river ; Inverness, at the mouth of the Ness. Ken, kin, ceann (Gaelic), cin (Irish) a head or end ; Kenmorc, the
Kent in England. great head Kyle (Irish) a frith or strait Kyles of Bute, Calais. Lagan, logan (Gaelic) a hollow, giving name also to rivers flowing through hollow ground. Lis an enclosure, a garden ; Zismore, an island in Argyle, so named from its fertility. Llan a place of meeting, a church Llanduff, the church on the Tatt' Lanaxk. Llevcn smooth Leven river in Cumberland, Dumbarton, and Fife. Llith a flood or inundation Leith in Westmoreland, Leith in Edinburgh, Lid in Cornwall and Roxburgh. Llynn (British) what flows, a lake, a pool Lin (Irish) a pond, a pool Lynn Regis in Norfolk Roslin the promontory (roxs) over the pool hence, also, Lune, Lunan, &c. Mai, myai agitated, troubled hence the May river in Caernarvon
; ;
; ;
;
;
and Perth.
Pwll (British), poll (Gaelic) in Lancashire.
a ditch, a pool
Liverpool,
and Poulton
7?a/-head, near Portsmouth. Kin a promontory, a hill, a point ; liins of Galloway ; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire, terminating in a point ; Penrhyn, Wales. Ross a promontory ; Kinross in Scotland, Moss in Wales. tau what spreads or expands ; hence the Tay in Perth, and the Ta, Tau in Devon, wide-spreading streams ; hence also the Thames, the Tamar, the Tame, and the Teivy. Tain a river hence Tyne, a river in Northumberland, and Tyne, Had; ;
Ram
what projects
dingtonshire.
Uisge (Irish) wysc (British), esk (Gaulish) a current, a stream the rivers Esk in Scotland, the Usk in Wales.
hence
GOTHIC
PRINCIPALLY SAXON.
lad,
Bad a bath (bath, Saxon Baden in Germany, &c.

Botle, battle, buttle Newfiofffc
(boil,
German)
hence, Bath in England,

;
Saxon)
an abode, a dwelling, mansion

;
Bourn, burn, brun, braun, bran Bedford, Schonltrun in Austria
a boundary, a stream
;
name
of
many
(schon, fair, beautiful) villages in Scotland.
Wobtirn in Ztarwside, the

;
a town Edinburgh, Burg, berg, bury (berg, burg, Saxon) Bergen in Norway, Canterbury, the town of Cantium or Kent. Bye, by (buan, Saxon, to inhabit bye, Saxon and Danish, a habita;
German
tion) ; Kirkiy, Lancashire. Caster (castrum, Latin ; ccastre, Saxon) an encampment, a fortified town ; Doncasfcr, the camp on the Don Lancaster, the camp on the o Lime.
;
224
(Saxon), cum (British) a low place enclosed with hills ; Compton, a town in a hollow ; Cumberland, a land of valleys. Dahl (do?, Celtic ; llial, German a dale or valley ; vat, French) Dovcdale, the dale of the river Dove ; Kheintftat, Switzerland ; Dairy,
Comb
Ayrshire, the vale of the king. Dam (demman, Saxon ; damnifn, German, to dam) a bank, dike Amsterdam, the dam on the Amstel. Pole, folk (Saxon) folk, people ; Nor/wit, the North people ; Suffolk, the South people. Holm (Saxon, German, Swedish, &c.) a small island, an island in a river, a meadow by a river ; Lang/wZ;, Dumfries ; Stock/W;,
'
Sweden.
Horn (German) a peak Shreck/wrn, the peak of terror Jungfrauhorn, the peak of the young maiden. Hythe (Saxon) a port or haven HytJie in Kent. Kioping, koping (ceapian, Saxon kaufen, German kaupon, Gothic, to bargain) a market place Copenhagen (kiobmenJ/avn), the haven of merchantmen ; Chepstovr, a market place ; Nykoping, Sweden, new;
;
market. Ness (nese, Saxon Foul/zess, Essex.
nasus, Latin)
;
a headland
the Naze,
Norway
Sex, Saxon Essar, East-Saxons Sussar, South-Saxons. Shaw a wood, a grove ; scuwa (Saxon), a shade ; skia (Gothic), to protect, may be the origin of this as well as of sMel and shields, common terminations. Stoc and stow (Saxon) a place ; Woodstock, a place of woods Padstow, Cornwall. torp, Danish and Swedish Thorpe, torp, dorp, dorf (thorpe, Saxon a crowd ; tu-rba, Latin, a dorf, German, a village ; thyrping, Icelandic, Burnham- Thorpe, Norfolk ; Althorp, Nora village, town crowd)
; ; ; ;
thampton
Wic, wich
Dnsseldorf, Prussia.
; ;
Saxon, a dwelling, a bay, the bend of a river or of the Alnwick in Northumberland, the ivik, Swedish) coast; vig, Danish on the Aln Sandtc/cA, the sand dwelling. dwelling Worth (weorthig, Saxon) a field, a farm, a town ; Tamworih, Stafford, a town on the river Tame.
(wic,
;
The terminations, bridge

ferry, ford,
German) brook, cliff, field or feld, German) house (Iiaus, German) kirk, pit, ley (lea), minster (monastery), moor, mouth (mund, German) ton (town), wall, well, wood, require no pool, stone (stein, German)
(brucke,
;
ham
(Jiome, heim,
explanation.
many Celtic etymologies of names of places by philologists to the Gothic and its dialects Dr Jameson, "seems to be, as Ihre candidly "The truth," observes acknowledges, that some of the most ancient and primitive terms,
It
may be
noticed, that
in Britain, are referred
common
it
to the Gothic and the Celtic dialects, are so nearly allied, that impossible to determine with certainty to which of them they have originally belonged."
is
END OF ETYMOLOGY.
Edinburgh W. and R. Chambers.
:
Printed by
.A A <xx
Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Arts. Issued in Weekly Numbers, at l^d. in Monthly Parts, at "id. and 8Jd and
;
;
in Half-yearly Volumes, cloth, at 4. 6d.
Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. SECOND SERIES. In 20 Vols., price in sheets, or 4, 10s. bound in cloth. Each volume separately, it.
3,
7s.
6d.
Chambers's Encyclopaedia, a Dictionary People in Weekly Numbers, at 1 Jd.

;
of Universal Knowledge for the in Monthly Parts, at Id. ; and in ;
Yearly Volumes, cloth, at
9s.
half-bound, at 12s.
Chambers's Book Of Days, a Miscellany
of Popular Antiquities and Repertory of Old Fireside Ideas. In 2 vols. Koyal 8vo. Issued in Weekly Numbers, at 2d. ; and in Monthly Parts, at 9d. Vol. I. issued, cloth, at'lOs. 6d.
Shakespeare's Works.
CHAMBERS'S Illustrated HOUSEHOLD EDITION.

3s. Gd.
In 10
Volumes, Post 8vo, at
each.
The Gallery of Nature
a Pictorial and Descriptive Tour through Creation. : Illustrated with Wood-cuts and Steel Engravings. New and Revised Edition. By the Rev. T. MILNEK, M.A., F.R.G.S., &c. In One Volume, royal 8vo, cloth lettered, price 18s. ; also half-bound, calf, at 21s.
Pictorial Chronicle of the Revolt in India, and of the Transactions in China in 1856-7, &C. Illustrated with Maps, Plans, and Wood-cuts. Koyal 8vo. In One Volume, cloth, price 14s. ; half-bound, calf, at 16s..
Illustrated with numerous Wood Engravings, Coloured Prints, and Maps. In One handsome Volume, royal 8vo, cloth lettered, price 13s. half-bound, calf, at 15s. Edited by ROBERT CHAMBERS. life and Works Of Robert Burns. Library Edition. Elegantly printed in demy 8vo, with Steel-plate Portrait of Burns and Wood Engravings. In 4 handsome Volumes, cloth, price 20s. Also in Two Volumes, cloth lettered, price 20s.
;
Chambers's History of the Russian War.
Shakspere's Works. CHAMBERS'S Improved Issue of KNIGHT'S CABINET EDITION. With SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES and Wood Engravings. In Twelve Volumes,
The
The
cloth gilt, price 24s. ; or paper covers, price 12s. cloth, price 18s. Pictorial Bible ; being the OLD and NEW TESTAMENTS, according to the Authorised Version with NOTES by Dr KITTO. Illustrated with Steel Engravings, Wood-cuts, and Maps. In 4 Volumes, at 2, 8s. cloth; calf extra, marbled edges, 3, 16s. morocco, or calf extra, gilt edges, 4, 4s. Pictorial History of England, from the Earliest Times down to 1846. A NEW and IMPROVED ISSUK, revised under the care of Messrs CHAMBERS. Illustrated with upwards of 1600 Wood Engravings. In 7 Vols., royal 8vo,
; ; ;
price
4 cloth
half-bound,
calf, at
5.
(XXX (XXXX "

(X
Chronological Index to the

Well adapted
CXXXXX
x
Events in English ^History. Competitive Examinations. Price 2s. Grf. Chambers's Repository of Instructive and Amusing Tracts. In Twelve Volumes, fancy boards, at \s. each in Six Volumes, cloth, at 2s. each ; or in cloth gilt, at 2s. 6d. each. Each Volume is illustrated with Woodcuts, has a neatly engraved Title-page, and is complete in itself.
Principal
for Schools or for
;
Chambers's Pocket Miscellany.
XXX
"XX
'
Illustrated with Frontispieces, in 12 Volumes, cloth, price Is. tid. each; in cloth gilt, at 2s. each; or in 24 Volumes,^ (id. each, paper covers. price
Chambers's Papers
Is. Gd.
Tales
In Twelve Volumes, fancy boards, at for the People. or in cloth, at 3s. each also in 96 Numbers, at l^d. each. for Travellers. Selected from CHAMBERS'S PATERS FOR THE PEOPLE. In Two Volumes, cloth, with Frontispieces, 2s. each ; cloth gilt, 2s. Gd. each.
each
;
;
Chambers's Historical
selected
& Literary Celebrities being Biographical sketches from CHAMBERS'S PAPERS for the PEOPLE. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt,
:
price
cloth,
3s. Gd.
Chambers's Library
for
illustrated
with
Young
People.
FIRST SF.RIES.
1*.
(2 vols. in one) cloth gilt,
Frontispieces, price price 2s. each.
In Twenty Volumes, each ; or in 10 vols.

Issued in occasional
Is.
Chambers's Library for Young People. SECOND

Volumes,
cloth, illustrated
SERIES.
with Frontispieces, price
each.
PLEASE
DO NOT REMOVE
FROM
THIS
CARDS OR
SLIPS
POCKET
UNIVERSITY
OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
PE 1575 G7 1854
Graham, William
Exercises on etymology

Exercises On Etymology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exercises On Etymology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exercises On Etymology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WWXXXXXXXXXXXX; V VV VV V "

CIRCULATING 20.8ERNERSSTT SSTT

LARGE SCHOOL-ROOM MAPS

Sim Rue Les MOJ Con Gra Gra Ety

LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

FAMILY MAPS; A. K. Johnston.

;land, Europe, Asia, lan and Palestine

COM, 4, 4. ; or 5.] United States f the World. Each

Working Drawings and

in a sheet 25 by 20 inches .............. 1 Details of

Machine and Mill

Gearing, 4to, sewed ....................... 1

Introduction to Arithmetic Arithmetic, Advanced Treatise Key to Arithmetic

(XXXXXXXX) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX) XXXXXXXX) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx YYVV

' :"' ;'

Arithmetic & Mathematics.

Science. ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCIENCE ; prepared W. <fc A. K. Johnston. by

With copious English Notes and

Ruddiman's Latin Rudiments Latin Grammar, Elementary , Advanced

Key to Advanced Latin

Matter and Motion, Laws Mechanics

Meteorology. Natural Philosophy,

Latin and English Dictionary Latin-English Part English-Latin Part

to the Scientific Treatises in the

Dr Aue, German Master in

measuring 40 by 27 inches, and

Advanced Phrase-Book, English-German

German and English

mounted on rollers 4 mounted & varnished..5

7 Dictionary 4 German-English Part English-German Part ....4 Synonyms, Dictionary of....l

Minor Educational Course.

Humbler Class of Schools.

Chemistry, by Professor AVilson Geology Zoology Animal Physiology Vegetable Physiology

Introduction to Reading Reading Lessons Arithmetical Primer

Grammatical Primer Outlines of Geography

*** Other Works in preparation.

Row, London, and 339 High

CUAMBER&S EDUCATIONAL COURSE EDITED

WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, LONDON AND EDINBURGH.

access to Latin and

But Etymology should harejhigher aims.

parent of many others,

some time before

1 2 pilgrim implored a morsel3 of bread.

the the the

exhibited in three combinations.

a provident animal, and lays in provision for winter."

video is not only exhibited in

two meanings, but the

will be, that

days," there are Latin.

neglected the Classic Tongues.

when teaching the Latin Derivation

Latin Derivation, should give

after the throne.

inspired with the love of country, and for its

KXKRCISES ON ETYMOLOGY. >

Are but the varied God.

Shoots full perfection through the swelling year.