1 Supply of Power at High Voltage: 1.2 Different HV Service Connections

C - Connection to the HV public distribution network
1 Supply of power at high voltage

C11
Overhead line
All IT-earthed transformers, whether the neutral point is isolated or earthed through a high impedance, are routinely provided with an overvoltage limiting device which will automatically connect the neutral point directly to earth if an overvoltage condition approaches the insulation-withstand level of the LV system. In addition to the possibilities mentioned above, several other ways in which these overvoltages can occur are described in Clause 3.1. This kind of earth-fault is very rare, and when does occur is quickly detected and cleared by the automatic tripping of a circuit breaker in a properly designed and constructed installation. Safety in situations of elevated potentials depends entirely on the provision of properly arranged equipotential areas, the basis of which is generally in the form of a widemeshed grid of interconnected bare copper conductors connected to verticallydriven copper-clad(1) steel rods. The equipotential criterion to be respected is that which is mentioned in Chapter F dealing with protection against electric shock by indirect contact, namely: that the potential between any two exposed metal parts which can be touched simultaneously by any parts the body must never, under any circumstances, exceed 50 V in dry conditions, or 25 V in wet conditions. Special care should be taken at the boundaries of equipotential areas to avoid steep potential gradients on the surface of the ground which give rise to dangerous step potentials. This question is closely related to the safe earthing of boundary fences and is further discussed in Sub-clause 3.1.
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1.2 Different HV service connections

According to the type of high-voltage network, the following supply arrangements are commonly adopted.
Single-line service
The substation is supplied by a single circuit tee-off from a HV distributor (cable or line). In general, the HV service is connected into a panel containing a load-break/isolating switch-fuse combination and earthing switches, as shown in Figure C11 . In some countries a pole-mounted transformer with no HV switchgear or fuses (at the pole) constitutes the substation. This type of HV service is very common in rural areas. Protection and switching devices are remote from the transformer, and generally control a main overhead-line, from which a number of these elementary service lines are tapped.
Fig. C11 : Single-line service
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Ring-main service
Ring-main units (RMU) are normally connected to form a HV ring main(2) or interconnector-distributor(2), such that the RMU busbars carry the full ring-main or interconnector current (see Fig. C12 ). The RMU consists of three compartments, integrated to form a single assembly, viz: c 2 incoming compartments, each containing a load break/isolating switch and a circuit earthing switch c 1 outgoing and general protection compartment, containing a load-break switch and HV fuses, or a combined load-break/fuse switch, or a circuit breaker and isolating switch, together with a circuit-earthing switch in each case. All load-break switches and earthing switches are fully rated for short-circuit currentmaking duty. This arrangement provides the user with a two-source supply, thereby reducing considerably any interruption of service due to system faults or operations by the supply authority, etc. The main application for RMUs is in utility supply HV underground-cable networks in urban areas.
Underground cable ring main
Fig. C12 : Ring-main service
(1) Copper is cathodic to most other metals and therefore resists corrosion. (2) A ring main is a continuous distributor in the form of a closed loop, which originates and terminates on one set of busbars. Each end of the loop is controlled by its own circuit breaker. In order to improve operational flexibility the busbars are often divided into two sections by a normallyclosed bussection circuit breaker, and each end of the ring is connected to a different section. An interconnector is a continuous untapped feeder connecting the busbars of two substations. Each end of the interconnector is usually controlled by a circuit beaker. An interconnector-distributor is an interconnector which supplies one or more distribution substations along its length.
Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005
C12
Parallel feeders service

Where a HV supply connection to two lines or cables originating from the same busbar of a substation is possible, a similar HV switchboard to that of a RMU is commonly used (see Fig. C13 ). The main operational difference between this arrangement and that of a RMU is that the two incoming panels are mutually interlocked, such that one incoming switch only can be closed at a time, i.e. its closure prevents the closure of the other. On the loss of power supply, the closed incoming switch must be opened and the (formerly open) switch can then be closed. The sequence may be carried out manually or automatically. This type of switchboard is used particularly in networks of high-load density and in rapidly-expanding urban areas supplied by HV underground cable systems.
1.3 Some operational aspects of HV distribution networks

Overhead lines
High winds, ice formation, etc., can cause the conductors of overhead lines to touch each other, thereby causing a momentary (i.e. not permanent) short-circuit fault. Insulation failure due to broken ceramic or glass insulators, caused by air-borne debris; careless use of shot-guns, etc., or again, heavily polluted insulator surfaces, can result in a short-circuit to earth. Many of these faults are self-clearing. For example, in dry conditions, broken insulators can very often remain in service undetected, but are likely to flashover to earth (e.g. to a metal supporting structure) during a rainstorm. Moreover, polluted surfaces generally cause a flashover to earth only in damp conditions. The passage of fault current almost invariably takes the form of an electric arc, the intense heat of which dries the current path, and to some extent, re-establishes its insulating properties. In the meantime, protective devices have usually operated to clear the fault, i.e. fuses have blown or a circuit breaker has tripped. Experience has shown that in the large majority of cases, restoration of supply by replacing fuses or by re-closing a circuit breaker will be successful. For this reason it has been possible to considerably improve the continuity of service on HV overhead-line distribution networks by the application of automatic circuit breaker reclosing schemes at the origin of the circuits concerned. These automatic schemes permit a number of reclosing operations if a first attempt fails, with adjustable time delays between successive attempts (to allow deionization of the air at the fault) before a final lock-out of the circuit breaker occurs, after all (generally three) attempts fail. Other improvements in service continuity are achieved by the use of remotelycontrolled section switches and by automatic isolating switches which operate in conjunction with an auto-reclosing circuit breaker. This last scheme is exemplified by the final sequence shown in Figure C14 next page. The principle is as follows: If, after two reclosing attempts, the circuit breaker trips, the fault is assumed to be permanent, and, while the feeder is dead, the Automatic Line Switch opens to isolate a section of the network, before the third (and final) reclosure takes place. There are then two possibilities: c The fault is on the section which is isolated by the Automatic Line Switch, and supply is restored to those consumers connected to the remaining section, or c The fault is on the section upstream of the Automatic Line Switch and the circuit breaker will trip and lock out. The Automatic Line Switch scheme, therefore, provides the possibility of restoration of supplies to some consumers in the event of a permanent fault. While these measures have greatly improved the reliability of supplies from HV overhead line systems, the consumers must, where considered necessary, make their own arrangements to counter the effects of momentary interruptions to supply (between reclosures), for example: c Uninterruptible standby emergency power c Lighting that requires no cooling down before re-striking.
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Paralleled underground cable distributors
Fig. C13 : Parallel feeders service

C13
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1- Cycle 1SR O1 If
O2 15 to 30 s
SR
O3
In Io
fault 0.3 s 0.4 s
Permanent fault
2 - Cycle 2SR a - Fault on main feeder O1 If
O2
15 to 30s
SR1 O3 15 to 30 s
SR2 O4
In Io
fault 0.3 s 0.4 s
0.4 s
Permanent fault 0.45 s
b - Fault on section supplied through Automatic Line Switch O1 O2 SR1 O3 If
In Io
Fault 0.3 s 0.4 s
SR2 15 to 30 s 15 to 30 s Opening of IACT
0.4 s
Fig. C14 : Automatic reclosing cycles of a circuit breaker controlling a radial HV distributor
Underground cable networks

Faults on underground cable networks are sometimes the result of careless workmanship by cable jointers or by cable laying contractors, etc., but are more commonly due to damage from tools such as pick-axes, pneumatic drills and trench excavating machines, and so on, used by other utilities. Insulation failures sometimes occur in cableterminating boxes due to overvoltage, particularly at points in a HV system where an overhead line is connected to an underground cable. The overvoltage in such a case is generally of atmospheric origin, and electromagnetic-wave reflection effects at the joint box (where the natural impedance of the circuit changes abruptly) can result in overstressing of the cablebox insulation to the point of failure. Overvoltage protection devices, such as lightning arresters, are frequently installed at these locations. Faults occurring in cable networks are less frequent than those on overhead (O/H) line systems, but are almost invariably permanent faults, which require more time for localization and repair than those on O/H lines. Where a cable fault occurs on a ring main, supplies can be quickly restored to all consumers when the faulty section of cable has been determined. If, however, the fault occurs on a radial distributor, the delay in locating the fault and carrying out repair work can amount to several hours, and will affect all consumers downstream of the fault position. In any case, if supply continuity is essential on all, or part of, an installation, a standby source must be provided. Standby power equipment is described in Chapter E section 1.4.
Centralized remote control, based on SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems and recent developments in IT (Information Technology) techniques, is becoming more and more common in countries in which the complexity of highly interconnected systems justifies the expenditure.
Remote control of HV networks

Remote control on MV feeders is useful to reduce outage durations in case of cable fault by providing an efficient and fast mean for loop configuration. This is achieved by motor operated switches implemented in some of the substations along the loop associated with relevant remote telecontrol units. Remote controled substation will always be reenergized through telecontroled operation when the other ones could have to wait for further manual operation.

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C - Connection to the HV public distribution network

1 Supply of power at high voltage

1.2 Different HV service connections

Fig. C11 : Single-line service

Underground cable ring main

Fig. C12 : Ring-main service

Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005

C - Connection to the HV public distribution network

1 Supply of power at high voltage

Parallel feeders service

1.3 Some operational aspects of HV distribution networks

Paralleled underground cable distributors

Fig. C13 : Parallel feeders service

Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005

C - Connection to the HV public distribution network

1 Supply of power at high voltage

2 - Cycle 2SR a - Fault on main feeder O1 If

Permanent fault 0.45 s

b - Fault on section supplied through Automatic Line Switch O1 O2 SR1 O3 If

SR2 15 to 30 s 15 to 30 s Opening of IACT

Underground cable networks

Remote control of HV networks

Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2005

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