Fish Ways
Fish Ways
Fish Ways
Willis
Outline
Fish Ladders
Michael Willis Hydraulic Design April 27, 2004
Introduction History Components of a Fish Ladder Types of Fish Ladders Fishy Impact Design Considerations
Introduction
Introduction
Young fish go out to sea live for a couple years, then come back to spawn.
Less
Fishways are used to facilitate the migration of fish past dams, weirs, waterfalls and rapids.
Fish passage around or through an obstruction designed to dissipate the energy in the water in such a manor as to enable fish to ascend without undue stress
History
17th Century First Fish Ladders (Europe)
Studied Studied
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Denil Fishway
History
1937 to 1938 Bonneville Dam and fish facility on the Colombia River First time a large number of adult salmon were studied
Resulting in the an advance in the knowledge of fish behavior And the design of more complex and efficient fishways
History
Bonneville Dam
Bonneville Dam
Bonneville Dam
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Bonneville Dam
Bonneville Dam
Bonneville Dam
History
Fishways
Taste like chicken!!!!
These facilities and numerous others have helped add to the knowledge of fish behavior And the design criteria that is in use today
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Fishways
Ladders
Fish Ladder
Fish Ladder
Artificial upstream fish passage used for heads up to 20 m Consists of three parts:
Must be designed so that the fish is able to find the entrance to the system and swim through without undue effort and unusual risk of injury.
Fishway Entrance
Fishway Entrance
You can lead a fish to water How do you get him to enter the fish ladder?
The most important part of the system Located in the downstream white water parallel to the main flow An additional water supply is provided to attract fish to the entrance
Help it feel more realistic to the fish
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Fishway Entrance
Fishway Entrance
draft tube and spill way can destroy the relatively small attractive flow
to 90%) preferred higher velocity to lower 13 fps to 3 fps (even if they were repelled by the faster flow they would try it again)
Fishway Entrance
Fish Entrance
and powerhouse
Entrance Characteristics
Flow
between 4 to 8 fps (closer to 8 fps) 2 ft wide, 5 ft high and at 3 ft depth Attraction stream 7 ft deep, 10 ft wide and 25 ft long Denil type entrances should be at 2.5 ft depth
Entrance
Fish Ladders
Types:
through orifice
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Weir/Orifice
Weir/Orifice
Weir/Orifice
Weir/Orifice
Weir/Orifice
Benefits
Allows fish to pass at
any depth
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Vertical Slot
Design Criteria HP
Fish Length
WS
Slot Width
Pool Space
0.2 ft3/lb fish 0.2 ft3/lb fish
12 12
12 24
10 16.5
10 16.5
f(Q) f(Q)
Optional Optional
Designs are based on Denils research of baffles as roughness elements to reduce the flow velocity
Tested 25 baffles and selected A modified Denil baffle Slope 1 to 5 Max Length = 30 ft Velocity = 6 fps Flow Rate = 21 fps Water Depth = 3 ft Max Change on depth of 12 (Otherwise flow decreases to much)
Design
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Alaska
Developed
using aluminum
Design
Max Number of Fish Velocity = 3 to 5 fps Flow Rate = 9 cfs Slope = 20 to 35 Degrees
= 750
Resting Pools
To allow fish to rest during their journey up the ladder Controlled
Height Slope Fish Endurance Ladder Every
of Weir/Dam
Type
5 to 8 pools
Resting Pools
Fishway Exit
Main Concern
Fish will be swept down spillway Should
be well within the reservoir away from the spillway structure Avoided stagnant water Exit should have a trash boom
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Fishway Exit
Design Concerns
Function of Fish Size/Pool Geometry/Water Temp. Calculate Energy Requirements for swimming through a port
Ep = W H
Ed = Dd
Design Concerns
Design Concerns
Lower Limit (for 15 seconds) fps 10.8 13.7 10.6 7.7 11.0 Upper Limit (for 6 seconds) fps 22.4 26.5 21.5 16.0 22.0
Drag Force
D=
Cd As V f 2
Cd = Drag Coefficient, 0.06 As = Area of Fish Swimming (ft2) Vf = Velocity of Fish (fps) = Density of Water, 1.94 slugs/ft3
Area of Fish As = 3 Ar
Ar = 0 .0227 L
15=1.25
Constant 7.75=6.2(1.25)
2.5=2(1.25)
Therefore a fish must swim faster then 8 fps to get through the port
15
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Pressure Energy: Ep = WH
Et=Ep Et=Ep + Ed = (4 ftft-lbs) + (3.22 ftft-lbs)= 7.22 ftft-lbs Fish experiences 8 fps for entire 2 swim
1 Mixing Velocities
Assuming the fish swims at the lower average velocity 2 of 11 fps Cd AV f D= Drag Force: 2
15=1.25
Constant 7.75=6.2(1.25)
2.5=2(1.25)
Ladder Decisions
Therefore:
Fish velocity with respect to water is: 11 fps
Ladder types
Based
Prior Experience
Equations give a good idea of the endurance levels and speeds of the fish
Ladder type (Weir/Orifice/Chute) Slope Flow and Resting Pool
Comparisons between the energy req. at a natural state and the new energy req. If new energy req. >>>> natural energy Could cause excessive stress to fish
Velocity Locations
Conclusions
Other Uses
The use of fish ladders has helped to repopulate rivers and lakes that where once barren of their fish inhabitants
Fish Ladder Lips protect trout from from parasitic sea lamprey
Eels cant climb over
lip
Sea Lamprey eel like creature that attaches to trout Generally only one of seven fish attacked survive
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Nasty Eels
Fish Ladder
References
USACE PSE&G US FHWA Santa Clara Valley Water District
Fishways An Assessment of Their Development and Design, Washington State University Charles Clay, Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities P. Novak, A.I. Moffat, C. Nalluri, Nalluri, R. Narayanan, Hydraulic Structures
Web Sites
www.abc.net.au www.edc.uri.edu www.dnr.state.md.us www.nwp.usace.army.mil www.nws.usace.army.mil www.valleywater.org www.theslowlane.com/99tripe/dalles.html www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/10/27/salmon.ladder.enn
Web Sites
www.fhwa.dot.gov oregonlink.com www.pseg.com vulcan.wr.usgs.gov arcweb.sos.state.or.us/.../ highway/gallery3.htm teach.lanecc.edu/andersonr/ weathering.html www.shastalake.com/ fishing/ www.stemnet.nf.ca/gif/ http://www.theslowlane.com/99tripe/dalles.html
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The total energy required for leaping is solely from the potential energy increase at the new elevation
Et = Ep = 1 2 mV f 2
Total Energy: Et = Ep
2 gH sin
Vf Vy
Vf =
m = mass = W/g
Vy = 2 gH = V f sin
Vx
= 60 to 70 degree
This gives the energy requirement for leaping from a level pool
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