Issues for Canadians

Chapter 8

CHAPTER 8

To what extent should Canadians support social programs and taxation?

social program: services provided by government to reduce economic inequalities and promote the well-being of citizens

X-rays can cost hundreds of dollars, and some medical procedures, such as surgery or cancer treatment, can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Think critically: should individuals or society pay for medical services? How might a decision on this issue affect your quality of life?

Think about the last time you visited the doctor. Who paid for the visit? If you required X-rays, who paid for those? In a way, social programs like health care are free but not really. You might not realize it, but the free, public health care government provides for people in Canada comes from taxes that citizens pay to government. It also comes from decisions the government makes on how to use taxes to benefit everybody. These decisions affect quality of life for you and others. In this chapter, you will explore the underlying values of economic policies related to social programs in Canada and the U.S. As you work through the chapter, consider how political and economic decision making can affect peoples quality of life. Also consider the views and perspectives you encounter. Think about what you believe people in Canada should most value as a society, and how decisions about social programs and taxation can reflect these values.

FOCUS QUESTIONS
How do decisions about social programs and taxation in Canada and the U.S. attempt to meet the needs of citizens? What values shape the economic policies of political parties on social programs and taxation?

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What issues could these photographs communicate?

Thousands of people are homeless in Canada, like this man in Montral. Governments in Canada and the U.S. provide support to people in distress or those who cannot meet their basic needs. Patrick Seibel, 15, prepares food hampers at a food bank in Calgary. Food banks receive support from voluntary donations and from government. They are one way to counter the effects of poverty. In Canada and the U.S., some people also receive income support, paid for by taxes. Some senior citizens are retired or, for health or other reasons, are no longer able to earn income from jobs. Canada and the U.S. have different positions on supporting senior citizens.

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Design an economic policy for social programs in Canada.

Yo u r R o l e
The Speaker of the House of Commons is inviting youth from all over Canada to create an economic policy for social programs in Canada. An economic policy describes a plan for collecting and spending taxes to meet the needs of all citizens. Economic policies have a major impact on economic decision making, and reflect values about the public good and the role of government in society. The purpose of the task is to determine how youth view the importance of social programs in Canadas economy and how they would use taxation to support those programs. In a small group, you will design an economic policy that answers the question:

What values should determine economic policies connected to social programs in Canada?

Yo u r P r e s e n t a t i o n
Your groups economic policy should reflect: An understanding of the range of values and perspectives to be considered in determining economic policies about social programs. A statement of the values underlying your economic policy on social programs. A description of how you would use taxation to support social programs. A description of what social programs are the most important to your economic policy. An analysis of where your economic policy fits in the continuum of government involvement in mixed and market economies. You can influence others by sharing your creative ideas on this important question that affects quality of life for you and others.

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L e t s g e t s t a r t e d !
As you work through the chapter, you will have opportunities to collect information to help you with your chapter task. Use a chart like the one below to organize your research and discussion notes. Then, with your group, come to a consensus on each inquiry question listed below, and prepare your policy for the Speaker of the House of Commons. To review what a policy is, refer to the examples on pages 131 and 168.
Inquiry Questions What range of values and perspectives needs to be considered in determining social programs for Canada? What values should determine our economic policy on social programs? How will we use taxation to support social programs? What social programs are the most important to our economic policy? Where does our economic policy fit in the continuum of government involvement in mixed and market economies? Research and Discussion Notes My Groups Position

First you need to collect information, then you need to reach consensus with your group. Watch for a Task Alert later in the chapter on a process for consensus.

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How do decisions about social programs and taxation in Canada and the U.S. attempt to meet the needs of citizens?
WHATS IN THIS SECTION

In this section, you will read about social programs in Canada and the U.S. You will find: A comic about health care in Canada and the U.S., and charts comparing policies on social programs in Canada and the U.S. Articles presenting different views about health care as a social program. Information about taxation and social programs.

What are you looking for?

As you read this section, think about: Why social programs in Canada and the U.S. differ. Why policies about social programs and taxation are linked. What issues connect to tax evasion.

WHAT ARE VALUES?

Values are beliefs about whats important for example, beliefs about democracy, respect, accountability and peace. They influence your opinions and help you make decisions about issues that affect your quality of life. Values are influenced by many factors such as family, school, religion, media, and life experiences. Your values can change over time, because of new information and experiences. Societies, such as Canada, are based on shared values that shape laws and things like social programs.
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Examine these two photographs carefully. How do they communicate values?

March 14, 2007: Liberal leader Stphane Dion gives a speech proposing to fight crime by providing more money to hire police officers.

March 19, 2008: Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper announces funding to provide medical-alert bracelets to every school-aged child with a medical condition.

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What are social programs?

Social programs are services provided by government and paid for by taxes. They aim to reduce economic inequalities in society and promote the well-being of all citizens. Views differ on what programs might count as social programs. The list can include health care, pensions for senior citizens, income assistance, education, affordable housing, child protection services, employment insurance, child care, and other programs administered or supported by government. This chapter focuses on three key program areas: health care, pensions for senior citizens, and income assistance. The decision by a government to provide, or not provide, social programs comes from different economic philosophies and different values. In Canada, governments generally support the idea of using taxes to provide services to citizens. In the U.S., governments support this idea less. Lets look at an example: health care. Read the comic on the next page. The comic describes how paying for health care differs in the Canadian and U.S. health care systems. Canada has public health care. This means that public funds taxes pay for it. The U.S. has private health care. This means individual citizens cover the costs of their own medical needs. It also means that health care is more like a business, where people can offer health services to make a profit. In the U.S., many people buy health insurance to cover the costs of care. They pay money to a company on a regular basis, whether they are sick or not. If they become sick, the insurance company covers their medical costs. For many Americans, health insurance like health care costs more than they can afford.
health insurance: an agreement by a company to pay for your health services, in exchange for a fee that you pay each month or each year private health care: health care paid for by individuals profit: money made from a product or service above and beyond the cost of providing the product or service public health care: health care paid for by taxes

CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGE How might decisions on social programs connect to the principles of mixed and market economies?

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Consider the two scenarios. How are these two health care systems the same and different? In your opinion, which scenario benefits citizens most? Why?
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A Snapshot of Social Programs in Canada, 2007

Canada has provided a different array of social programs at different points in its history. For example, in 1971, Canada had an employment insurance program supported by taxes, which provided financial assistance to people who lost their jobs. In 2007, Canadas government still administered an employment insurance program, but it did not support the program with taxes. The following chart shows the key social programs in Canada in 2007.
Pensions for Senior Citizens At age 65, all citizens who have lived in Canada for at least 10 years automatically qualify for a monthly pension, paid for by taxes. The federal government funds and provides the pensions.

CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGE Why might the values that shape social programs change over time?

Program Area What is provided?

Health Care All citizens receive basic health care from a system paid for by taxes. The federal and provincial governments fund Canadas health care system. Within the provisions of the Canada Health Act (see page 274), each province decides what services are paid for by taxes.

Income Assistance In general, citizens who are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter receive assistance, paid for by taxes. The eligibility rules vary from province to province. The federal and provincial governments fund this program. Each province sets criteria for who is eligible to receive income assistance.

How is it provided?

What legislation is involved?

Canada Health Act (federal)

Old Age Security Act (federal)

Each province has its own legislation.

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What values lie at the foundation of the federalprovincial division of powers in Canadas constitution?

Government Responsibilities and Social Programs in Canada

Different levels of government provide and fund social programs in Canada. This is because, under Canadas constitution, the federal and provincial governments have different responsibilities. For example, under Canadas constitution: The provinces have responsibility for health care. This ensures citizens in different provinces can have a role in shaping health care to fit their unique views, perspectives and needs. The federal government has responsibility for peace, order and good government. It can pass laws, such as the Canada Health Act, that affect the way provinces carry out their responsibilities.

DID

YOU KNOW?

The Canada Health Act The Canada Health Act is a federal law that sets out five principles for health care in Canada. The act says that, in every province and territory, health care must be: Publicly administered: run by government for no profit. Comprehensive: for care provided by hospitals, physicians and surgeons. Universal: available to everyone. Portable: available everywhere in Canada, no matter where you make your home in Canada. Accessible: available within reasonable time and distance. These principles apply to services provided by hospitals, physicians and surgeons. They do not apply to other health services, such as dental care and eye care.

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A Snapshot of Social Programs in the U.S., 2007

In 2007, the U.S. did not provide social programs in all the areas that Canada provided them. It also had different criteria for determining who was eligible for social programs.
Pensions for Senior Citizens Senior citizens generally support themselves through personal savings and pension plans.

Program Area What is provided?

Health Care Citizens with low incomes receive health care paid for by taxes. All other citizens pay for health services or health insurance personally. In 2007, about 15 percent of people in the U.S. did not have health insurance, and some could not afford medical care.

Income Assistance In general, citizens unable to meet their basic needs receive assistance, paid for by taxes.

How is it provided?

The federal government funds and provides all assistance available.

Senior citizens and their families mostly meet their own needs.

The federal and state governments fund income assistance, and both levels of government are involved in setting criteria for who is eligible to receive income assistance. Social Security Act (federal). Each state also has its own legislation.

What legislation is involved?

Social Security Act (federal)

No legislation

Government Responsibilities and Social Programs in the U.S.

Under the U.S. constitution, federal and state governments can make laws regarding social programs. The constitution does not identify particular federal or state responsibilities in this area which is different than in Canada. In general, however, federal laws determine principles regarding social programs.

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Health care as a social program: yes or no?

This page and page 277 present different views about providing health care as a social program. Read the views carefully and compare them. In what ways are they similar and different?

President t: s e B ll ti S e r Ca Private Health

04 January 20, 20

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and perspect events, views

t George W. U.S. presiden the Republican Bush, leader of e the State of th Party, delivers , 20 y ar s on Janu Union addres on ni U e e of th 2004. The Stat each year, n ve gi address, s esidents plan outlines the pr . ar g ye for the comin

Canadian Healt h Care Needs Innovation: Go vernment April 4, 2006

OTTAWA In Canadas Con the Speech from the Thro servative gove n to the health rnment prom e today, care system. ised changes Canadians h ave paid their system of pu taxes to supp blic health in ort our surance. But they find them all too often, selves waiting procedures. T hat is not goo too long for critical d enough. It Canadians re is tim ceiv Prime Ministe The governm ed the health care they hav e r Stephen Har ent said that e paid for. per, health care n innovation le ader of the C ee to reduce wai ds onservative Pa t times and b overall costs. rty, lis te ns as Governo rin A r General consistent w ny innovations, however, g down M ic ha lle Jean read have to be ith the princi s the Speech ples accessible and from the Thro equitable pub of a universally ne on April 4, embodied in li c health care sy 2006. The sp the Canada H stem eech is writte ealth Act. n by the governmen
Based on re search into events, views and perspect ives.

t each year to outline its plan s. The Governo r General deliv ers the speech as Canadas head of state.

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alth care e h c li b u p h it The trouble w

07 December 20

affordable, becoming un is re ca te, a h lt ea Public h Fraser Institu s CALGARY port just released by the n ar w rt po a re ization. The re as an according to rg o ch ar se s, taxe ted re market-orien can expect to pay more in lth care costs. s ea n h ia g n ad li al an ir that C ver sp Fraser attempt to co October, the in governments for ed as le re report ger than ever In a separate e waiting lon ent er m w rn s n ve ia go ad Can ars in Institute said n, despite billions of doll tio medical atten leads to ment funding rn ve funding. go at th t ait times. They sugges sts and long w y other would Some critics co h ig h as e an , such inefficiencies lth care into a business lik would then s ea h er d g vi in ro ak p m care say stem. Health ts, creating an incentive to sy e th ve ro p im rofi atients and p compete for p t care at the lowest price. perspectives. es ts, views and en ev to provide the b in ch sear
Based on re

CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGE Why might people have different views about the best way to provide health care? In what way do different views about health care reflect different values?

The Canadian Health Care C of Canadians say Canadian oalition and the Council s need to spea support of pu k out in blic The promote health care. rs of for-profit doing their b health care h est to improve C to convince people that th ave been an e private, for-p adas health care system is only way rofit interests, to open it to says the web Council of C anad site of the The Canadian ians. H ea lt h Coalition ca public good th lls health care at should not a b Both groups say problems e subject to privatization. fixed within with wait tim the es can be communicatio public system, by establi shing better n and coordin ation among Based on re hospitals. search into ev ents
, views and pe rspectives.

Profit is not th e cure advo January 2008 cacy

groups

Privatizing h ealth care will only benefit those who can afford to pay, and wil l allow some doctors, businesspeople an corporations to d make money off sick and injured Canad ians.
Council of Canadians

AND RESPOND TO THE ISSUE

Identify three issues about public health care these news articles raise. Choose one to research in more depth. Identify what the group for your chapter task values about health care. Consider how you would respond to these issues. Your responses can help shape your proposed economic policy about social programs.
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1. Compare the information about social programs in Canada and the U.S. on pages 273 and 275. What similarities are there? What differences are there? 2. For your chapter task, you need to work with a group to prepare an economic policy on social programs so, you need to understand the values that shape different views and perspectives on social programs. How did social programs in Canada and the U.S. in 2007 reflect different values different beliefs about whats important? Try completing the chart below to help you formulate your answer.
Value How much responsibility should individuals have for their own well-being? How much should government be involved in economic decision making? What role do individual needs and group needs play in achieving the public good? Evidence Based on Social Programs in Canada Evidence Based on Social Programs in the U.S.

To review the idea of the public good, look back at Chapter 6, page 205.

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Building Consensus in a Group

What experience with consensus do you already have in social studies this year? For example, in Chapter 6, you made a decision in a group about government grants for cultural industries. You may also have made decisions in groups about other questions you are exploring. For your chapter task, you need to work with a small group to create an economic policy that reflects your position on social programs and taxation. How will you work with your group to consider this complex issue and come to a shared vision?

WHAT IS CONSENSUS?
Reaching consensus means that each person respects the ideas of others and works for the good of the whole group. It involves exchanging ideas and solutions, and compromising to find a solution to issues and problems.

Reaching consensus involves giving everyone a voice and considering what they say. It takes time to do this. The objective is to build common values for a course of action that everyone can support.

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Tr y t h i s !
In your small group, use these steps to help you reach consensus on the core values of your political party platform. These values will shape your position on social programs.

1 2 3 4 5
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Choose a Leader and Recorder

The role of a leader is to guide the discussion and ensure that each person has a chance to contribute ideas. The recorder should write down everyones ideas, but not their names. Ideas belong to the whole group, not the individual.

Identify the Issue Question

Begin by identifying and discussing the issue to make sure everyone understands. For your task, the question is: What values should determine economic policies connected to social programs in Canada? Each person states his or her initial opinion on the issue, so you can see how close you are to agreeing as a group.

Brainstorm
After each person has shared his or her initial opinion, brainstorm all the possible responses to the chapter task question. Its important to welcome everyones ideas without judging them. Combine ideas that are similar, and remove ideas that dont focus on the question. Brainstorm each of the inquiry questions in the organizer you began on page 269.

Negotiate and Compromise

Consider each of the values. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Focus on what is best for the whole group. What consequences does each idea have for the whole group? Look for ways to state values that the whole group can agree to. This may involve thinking beyond the values you listed during brainstorming.

Propose Consensus
When you seem to have agreement on a statement of values for your economic policy, propose consensus. If no one raises concerns, or negotiates alternatives, then a consensus is reached. If not, continue to discuss and negotiate options until consensus is reached.

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W h a t s t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t a x a t i o n and social programs?

Government collects taxes to pay for the services it provides to citizens, such as social programs. In Canada, both the federal and provincial governments collect taxes. The federal government transfers some of the taxes it collects to the provinces. For social programs, these transfers include the Canada Health Transfer and the Canada Social Transfer. Individual Canadian citizens pay two kinds of tax to the federal government and to their provincial government: income tax and sales tax. Income tax is based on what you earn: the more money you earn, the more tax you pay. Sales taxes are based on what you spend on products and services: the more you spend, the more tax you pay. The federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a sales tax that everybody in Canada pays.
Goods and Services Tax (GST): a federal sales tax in Canada income tax: tax based on a percentage of a persons income median: a concept in statistics that means the middle number in a set of data organized in order of least to most sales tax: tax paid at the time of buying a product or service, and based on a percentage of the price of the product or service

DID

YOU KNOW?

Grade 9 students pay taxes, too! Every time you buy something, you pay the GST. The federal government collects the tax you pay from the stores where you shop, and the tax becomes part of the money available to pay for social programs and other government services. In Alberta, the GST is the only tax you have to pay when you buy something. In the other provinces of Canada, you would also pay a provincial sales tax. Grade 9 students working parttime jobs generally dont pay income tax, because there is a minimum amount you need to earn before you are taxed. In 2005, Canadian families paid, on average, 17 percent of their income on taxes. If your family earned $67 000 the median income for families in 2005 your family would have paid about $11 000 in taxes.

When this student pays for his new CD, he will pay a few cents to cover the GST.

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What do taxes pay for in Canada?

Examine the charts on this page. They describe how Canadas government and Albertas government spend the money they collect. What percentage of government spending did social programs represent in 2007? Spending by Canadas Government, 2007
2% Transportation and Communication 32% Social Services (e.g., affordable housing and pensions for senior citizens and monies transferred to the provinces through the Canada Social Transfer) 12% Protection of Persons and Property (e.g., defence, policing) 4% Resource Conservation and Industry 16% Other

2% Recreation and Culture 10% Health (transferred to provinces through the Canada Health Transfer) 1% Environment 3% Education (e.g., universities, colleges) 15% Debt Charges (money to pay back loans) 3% Foreign Affairs and International Assistance

Spending by Albertas Government, 2007

2% Recreation and Culture 33% Health 2% Environment 25% Education (i.e., kindergarten to Grade 12) 2% Debt Charges (money to pay back loans) 6% Transportation and Communication 15% Social Services (e.g., affordable housing, child protection, and income assistance) 3% Protection of Persons and Property (e.g., policing, firefighting) 7% Resource Conservation and Industry 5% Other

Based on your understanding of taxation and social programs so far, do you believe the distribution of tax dollars indicated in these charts is appropriate? Does the distribution reflect values you support?

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What is a taxation model?

A taxation model is a policy about taxation that describes what to tax, how much to tax and how to spend taxes. How do taxation models reflect values? Examine the flow chart below. Programs and Services for Everyone
Education Income Assistance What other programs could taxes pay for?

Jobs and Income

Individuals

Taxes

Government

How does paying or not paying taxes affect social programs and quality of life?
The charts on page 282 show that social programs represent a large part of government spending in Canada. Canadas federal and provincial governments collect taxes to make that spending possible. This page, and pages 284 to 285, explore the issue of tax evasion. Tax evasion means to avoid paying the taxes you owe. In all countries, including Canada, its against the law to avoid paying taxes. Canadians must report what they earn, so government can determine and collect the tax they owe. The economic activity that governments tax is called the tax base. The tax base pays for the services provided by government, such as social programs. Tax evasion involves not reporting your economic activity, so government cannot collect the tax you owe. People who work without paying taxes are part of the underground economy underground because it functions in secret from the government. The underground economy is also called the black market.

black market: another term for underground economy. See below. tax base: all the economic activity in a society, taxed by government to pay for services tax evasion: misrepresenting what you earn to avoid paying taxes taxation model: a policy of a political party or government about what to tax (e.g., incomes, purchases), how much to tax and how to spend taxes underground economy: economic activity based on buying and selling products and services illegally

How does economic decision making about taxes affect the quality of life of individuals? Based on the flow chart, identify two examples.

Based on the flow chart on this page, how can tax evasion affect programs and services for everyone? How might this affect quality of life?

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What other examples of the underground economy can you identify? To what extent does the underground economy affect quality of life for you and others?
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Price: As cheap as

Uncertain wh at Mr. Equity an s fair? swers all your question s in his popular advic e column.

ADVICE FO R READERS Ask Mr. Equity !

The Economic Excavator

possible, but no t less than you re willing to pa y.

Dear Reade rs: A few weeks a write in with go, I asked readers to responses to Heres the le tter again, w a letter. ith two of yo responses. I ur c one yet a ant make a call on this ny more tho ughts out there?
Mr. Equity Dear Mr. Equ ity, A woman cam e offering to do to my door last week, work around offended me slightly that sh the yard. It yard needed e thought my work but thats not wh Im writing. y The woman ex p la ined that she with all sorts could help of like mowin things I apparently need g weeds. She sa the lawn and pulling id she knew h ow to make m car not say w y as explained that h me anymore. Then sh e she could save money. I wou me a lot of ld though, so sh have to pay her in cash, e could avoid paying taxes. Thats how sh e co I could use th uld work for cheap. e help, I gues saving money s and I lik e . Should I hir e her? Uncertain in Alberta

Heres what you wrote in response. Dear Mr. Equ it No one shou y, ld hire people who dont pay taxes! These people make health care an schools more d ex people paid th pensive for all of us. If eir taxes th everybody eir fair share s Everybody w taxes would be lower. ould have less to pay. Taxes are a p ri citizenship: a vilege. Theyre a badge o f co society and to ntribution we make to ou r each other. Lets rememb er: Canada is to live, and o ur taxes help a great place make it that way.
A Pr

oud Taxpayer Dear Mr. Equ ity, Taxes are a b urd and they forc en. They are too high, e people to w ork in the underground eco Taxes are too nomy. high because services to ev eryone peo they provide ple who get sick from sm ok drive unsafely ing, for example, or who and end up in Why should I pay for thei car accidents. r bad judgmen And if I dont t? have children I pay for sch , why should ools? I say people sh they use. They ould pay for the services they should b buy their own groceries uy health care, to their own education and o. An Overbur dened Taxpay er

Write your own response to the letter received by Mr. Equity. Include your position on issues related to tax evasion supported with facts and evidence. Read your letter with your classmates.

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What values shape the economic policies of political parties on social programs and taxation?
WHATS IN THIS SECTION

In this section, you will read about the economic policies connected to social programs of political parties in Canada and the U.S. You will find: Information about political party platforms. Charts comparing the policies of different political parties.

What are you looking for?

As you read this section, look for: Where economic policies connected to social programs fit into the political platforms of different parties. Values that underlie the economic policies of different political parties. These photos show the leaders of federal political parties in Canada in 2007. Who leads the parties today? What do the parties stand for?

Stphane Dion, Liberal Party of Canada

Gilles Duceppe, Bloc Qubcois

Stephen Harper, Conservative Party of Canada

Elizabeth May, Green Party of Canada

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Jack Layton, New Democratic Party of Canada

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W h a t s a p o l i t i c a l p l a t f o r m ?
A political platform describes the official policies of a political party. It reflects a variety of issues, including those linked to social programs and taxation models. Political parties create platforms to reflect the values of their members. Parties also consult constituents in electoral ridings to learn more about issues that concern voters. Parties add and remove policies as issues become more or less important to their members and to voters. Issues can change in response to local, national and world events. Some Examples of Issues in Platforms: Canada
Bloc Qubcois MPs: 49 Key issues: Canadas role in Afghanistan climate change child care employment federal role in Qubec affairs gun control international affairs Conservative Party of Canada MPs: 125 Key issues: crime government accountability child care environment health care leadership lower taxes sovereignty in the Arctic Green Party of Canada MPs: none Key issues: Aboriginal peoples climate change culture and identity elections based on popular vote equality for women health care immigration justice system Qubec within Confederation sustainable development urban and rural Canada This chart presents information on federal political parties in Canada, based on issues posted on their official websites in December 2007. The parties covered here include the major parties. These parties either ran candidates in every electoral riding in the previous federal election, or had MPs in the House of Commons. Note that the Bloc Qubcois runs candidates only in Qubec. Canadians can also elect independent MPs, who are not members of any political party. In addition, not all political parties in Canada are represented in parliament in any particular election, they may not win seats.

This chapter focuses on social programs. Based on what you know, which issues listed in the chart on this page connect to social programs? How does this reflect values?

Liberal Party of Canada MPs: 96 Key issues: Aboriginal peoples agriculture and rural Canada communities economy environment equality for women families health care international affairs

New Democratic Party of Canada MPs: 30 Key issues: Aboriginal peoples economy education elections based on popular vote environment equality for women health care poverty senior citizens

Check out the chart on issues in the platforms of major political parties in the U.S. on page 290. How do the lists compare? To what extent do they reflect the same or different values?
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W h a t s t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n v a l u e s , policies and the economic continuum?

Economic policies come from values and form part of the platform of political parties. The policies within platforms indicate where parties fit on the economic continuum. Heres an example. The platforms shown here are models, not the platforms of real political parties. Platform Values
Political Party A Economic inequalities are unjust. Government should strive to eliminate economic inequalities. The public good comes from cooperation: acting on what is best for society. Government should play a central role in ensuring the well-being of individuals. Political Party B Individuals should have the freedom to better their own incomes. No one should live in poverty. The public good comes from individualism and cooperation. Society needs to cooperate to assist those in need. Government should play some role in ensuring the well-being of individuals. Political Party C Individuals should be responsible for their own well-being. Assisting individuals reduces their motivation to solve their own problems. The public good comes from individualism: people acting without interference from society. Government should play no role in ensuring the wellbeing of individuals.

Economic policy Policy on social programs Taxation model

Government should play a central role in the economy.

Government should play some role in the economy.

Government should play no role in the economy.

Government provides extensive social programs.

Government provides some social programs.

Government provides no social programs.

Taxes are high to pay for social programs and other government services for everybody.

Taxes are moderate and spent to provide some social programs and other government services for everybody.

Taxes are low and spent on a minimum of government programs and services.

Here is where these three models fit on the economic continuum.

THE ECONOMIC CONTINUUM

Planned Economy Mixed Economy Market Economy

Political Party A more government involvement

Political Party B

Political Party C less government involvement

C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G C H A L L E N G E Think about your own circumstances. How would the different values of policies of each political party affect your quality of life?
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What are some examples of political parties and their economic policies connected to social programs?
This page and page 290 present information posted on the official websites of the major federal political parties in Canada and the U.S. in December 2007. As you examine this information, consider what values shape the policies of each political party. Major Federal Political Parties in Canada Policy 2007
Supports accessible health care for all citizens.

Bloc Qubcois

Supports income assistance for senior citizens in financial need, beyond payments under the Old Age Security Act.
Based on the website of the Bloc Qubcois.

Where would you place the political parties on this page and page 290 on the economic continuum? Refer to the information on page 288 to formulate your answer.

Policy 2007
The Conservative Party is improving Canadas health care system to build a stronger, safer, better Canada. For example, Conservatives have provided $612 million in new funding to help provinces reduce patient wait times. Canadians pay too much tax. Conservatives are cutting taxes to build a better Canada. For example, the Conservatives have cut the GST from 7% to 6%, and now to 5% thats a tax cut for all Canadians.
From the website of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Policy 2007
The Green Party of Canada fully supports the Canada Health Act and all of its principles. We oppose any level of privatized, for-profit health care. The Green Party of Canada would take steps towards a Guaranteed Livable Income (GLI) for all. A GLI could eliminate poverty. It would provide a regular annual payment to every Canadian without regard to need, set at a bare subsistence level. Canadians would add to the GLI with other income.
From the website of the Green Party of Canada.

Policy 2007
Our national health care system is a legacy that Liberals will never abandon. We will ensure that our health care system will continue to be there when Canadians need it, no matter where they live, and no matter what their income. Canada has the capacity to improve its social programs and help Canadians across the country experience equality of opportunity.
From the website of the Liberal Party of Canada.
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Issues 2007
Canadians want quality, reliable health care for everyone, not just those who can afford to buy it. That's why the NDP created public medicare in this country, and its why we defend it so strongly today. Poverty denies us freedom and hope. Confronting poverty means recognizing the human dignity in everyone and our responsibility to help those neighbours who fall through the cracks.
From the website of the New Democratic Party.

Major Federal Political Parties in the U.S. Issues 2007 Democratic Party

Supports measures to provide health care insurance to every citizen, so that all citizens can afford medical care. Supports continuation of income support for senior citizens who cant meet their basic needs.
Based on the website of the Democratic Party.

Issues 2007

Republican Party

Supports making private health care insurance more affordable to more citizens by offering tax cuts. Supports lower taxes. Supports changes to income support for senior citizens that reduce taxes in the long term.
Based on the website of the Republican Party.

CRITICAL THINKING C H A L L E N G E Why might political parties focus on similar issues? How does the way they respond to issues reflect different values?

Some Examples of Issues and Platforms: U.S.

Democratic Party Republican Party

economy election reform energy supply environment government ethics health care immigration justice system national security social security

economy education energy supply faith (religion) and values health care justice system lower taxes national security social security

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DID

YOU KNOW?

Many Canadians call Tommy Douglas the father of Canadas health care system. He championed the idea of a health care system available to all and paid for by taxes, first as premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961, and then as leader of the New Democratic Party from 1961 to 1971. The idea did not receive widespread support at first. For example, doctors in Saskatchewan went on strike to oppose it, and the NDP won only 19 seats in the federal election of 1961, after Tommy Douglas became leader. Other federal leaders, however, also supported the idea of universal health care. These included John Diefenbaker, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and prime minister from 1957 to 1963, and Lester Pearson, leader of the Liberal Party and prime minister from 1963 to 1968. Canadas health care system was established in 1966 by the Medical Care Act. At the time, the Liberal Party formed a minority government (see page 28), which meant that it needed the support of other parties in Parliament, such as the NDP, to stay in power. In 2004, Canadians voted Tommy Douglas the Greatest Canadian in a nationwide contest sponsored by CBC. More than 1.2 million Canadians cast votes during the contest, which listed a variety of candidates for Greatest Canadian, including John A. Macdonald, Terry Fox and Wayne Gretzky. The contest highlighted Douglass role in helping to establish social programs in Canada, including universal health care.

Tommy Douglas

CRITICAL THINKING CHALLENGE Why might Canadians view Douglas as an important Canadian? How might the choice of Douglas as a great Canadian reflect Canadian values and identity? In 2007, the platform of the Republican Party in the U.S. endorsed the idea that each individual should pay for their own health care. How does this view contrast with the view of Tommy Douglas?
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For your chapter task, you need to present an economic policy. Your policy needs to reflect an informed position on social programs and taxation that demonstrates knowledge of different views and perspectives. Use the questions on this page to explore the different views and perspectives of political parties. 1. Choose two Canadian political parties from pages 289 and 290: the one that currently forms the government and one other. Visit the official websites of these political parties. Collect information about their current policies on social programs and taxation. Use an organizer like the one below to collect your information.
Political Party Health Care Income Support for Senior Citizens Income Assistance A____________ B____________

To research the website of a political party for information on specific policies, look for buttons called issues, vision or policy. You can also use the search function available on some websites to explore topics. Type in key words such as health care or senior citizens. 2. Use a similar organizer to collect current information on the policies of the two major federal political parties in the U.S. 3. Compare the information you collect with the information on pages 289 and 290. To what extent have the parties policies changed or remained the same? 4. In a small group, discuss how a political partys platform reflects its values. To what extent do you agree with the values of the party now forming Canadas government?

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HOW TO

DETERMINE THE VALIDITY AND AUTHORITY OF INTERNET INFORMATION

The Internet has a wealth of information and misinformation on just about any topic you can think of. It also has a lot of information about the policies of political parties and their platforms. Some information comes directly from political parties, and some reflects the views and perspectives of others. Sometimes it can be challenging figuring out what information is authentic and valid when researching political parties on the Internet. Do a brief online search of three or four different political parties, including parties in Canada and the U.S. Use the information on pages 287 to 290 to get started. Go to the Skills Centre on page 361 for tips on doing your search. Practise determining the validity and authority of the information you find using the steps below.
Inquiry What is the name and URL of the source? Who is the creator of the source? Is the creator of the source qualified to communicate the information? Is the source current? Does the source reflect facts, opinion or bias? Does the source provide sufficient information for your research into the policies of political parties? To what extent does the source provide relevant and reliable information for your research? Source 1 Source 2 Source 3

WHATS A URL?
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the website address of an online source. The suffix of a URL letters at the end can give you clues to the information on the site. What do these suffixes tell you about the authenticity and validity of sites? .gov government resources .edu educational or research information and materials .org an organization .com a commercially sponsored site .ca a Canadian site

On your own or with a partner, use the steps above to determine the validity and authority of three or four websites that you usually go to for fun or information. What conclusions can you draw about their validity and authority? Share and compare your conclusions with others.

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PROFILE

Participating in a Political Party

Chris Winton has been active in politics since he was 15. He attended junior and senior high school in Edmonton, and is studying Public Affairs and Policy Management at Carleton University in Ottawa.

I joined a political party because I want to drive the future. We are living in the most exciting times, with tremendous opportunities to change what Canada is. Looking back on this time in the future, Id be embarrassed to tell my children and grandchildren that I wasnt involved. I think social programs are absolutely crucial to Canadian society. They are what get me excited about this country and why Im involved in politics. I believe in creating a society thats fair to everyone. Thats an ideal hard to achieve but social programs can get us closer. They can help solve pressing problems, like urban poverty and the injustices Aboriginal peoples face. Young people can have a big impact on the platforms of political parties, especially if they work together. Platforms get built in working groups and forums on different issues, like the environment or justice for Aboriginal peoples and youth issues, too. You can join these groups and have your say. You can vote. I attended the 2006 Liberal leadership convention. The highlight for me was the enormous excitement. The speeches some of them just made you want to run outside and start fighting an election. Theres a crazy amount of idealism and its really refreshing.

Chris Winton

Do you agree with Chris Winton that social programs are crucial to Canadian society? Why or why not?

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DID

YOU KNOW?

Grade 9 students can join political parties in Canada.

If you join a federal political party in Canada, you can participate in choosing its leaders and formulating its platform. Most parties have these membership requirements: Resident of Canada. At least 14 years old. Endorse the principles of the party. Not a member of any other political party. For example, if you are joining a federal political party, you cannot be a member of another federal political party (most parties require this). Its possible, however, to be a member of both a federal political party and a provincial political party. Anyone 18 years of age or older can form a new federal political party. For the name of the party to appear on ballots during an election, the party must: Have the endorsement of at least 250 eligible voters in Canada. Have a name. Run at least one candidate during a federal election.

This photo shows Tony Clement, a candidate for leader of the Conservative Party of Canada at the Conservative leadership convention in 2004.

As a Grade 9 student, what opportunities to participate in political parties interest you most? Why?

This shows Michael Ignatieff, who ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada, at the party convention in 2006. In addition to electing a leader, party members vote on resolutions that help define the party platform.

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Wrap Up Your Task

Gather all your research and ideas and wrap up your task. Remember, in small groups you will create an economic policy that answers the question:

What values should determine economic policies connected to social programs in Canada?

S u m m a r i z e Yo u r I d e a s
Refer to the inquiry questions you began on page 269. Summarize and organize the information and write it up in a report. Remember to: State your position on the question. Present your ideas, supported with evidence. Organize your ideas logically and persuasively.

C r e a t e Yo u r E c o n o m i c P o l i c y
Your policy should reflect a summary of your research and the values your group reached consensus on. The policy can be communicated in many forms such as: A slide presentation that describes your groups conclusions, supported with visuals and graphics. A brochure or press release that outlines your groups research and ideas. A video or DVD presentation where you orally present your groups ideas. Decide what format will work best for you to communicate your groups ideas most persuasively.

o nd co ncise ur policy ideas . Hig are c hligh lear t how grou y ps an our p d ind o Ind ividu licy will b icate a e l s in s how good ociet nefit your quali y. poli ty of life fo cy deliver sa r all C anad ians.

Tips for C reati ng a Ma Polic ke su y re y a

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Chapter 8 Review
WHAT DID CHAPTER 8 EXPLORE?

How do decisions about social programs and taxation in Canada and the U.S. attempt to meet the needs of citizens? What values shape the economic policies of political parties on social programs and taxation?
Revisiting the Chapter Issue Ta k e A c t i o n

Use what you have learned in this chapter to develop your own informed position on the chapter issue:

To what extent should Canadians support social programs and taxation?

Work through the directions for Demonstrating Your Learning on page 55 to present your position.
S h a r e W h a t Yo u K n o w

Consider the purpose and benefits of joining the youth division of a political party. Choose one or more political parties that interest you, and write or email the parties for more information on their policies. Compare your choices and your research with others.
R e f l e c t B e f o r e Yo u F o r g e t

Create a poster or other visual comparing the philosophy and platform of political parties in the U.S. and Canada. Include graphics and charts to support your explanation. Present it to your class.

L i n k w i t h Te c h n o l o g y

Reflect on what you learned in this chapter. Complete these thoughts: The most important skill I learned about reaching consensus is In this chapter, I learned about social programs, taxation and economic decision making in Canada and the U.S. One thing Id like to know more about the platforms of political parties is

Scan online and print media over a twoto three-week period for articles on current issues related to social programs in Canada. Using the skill of determining authenticity and validity of Internet information you learned in this chapter choose one issue to research in more depth. Summarize your findings using publishing software and share it with others.

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