ABPL702817 Culture of Building

vernacular traditions

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modern thatching materials, Denmark

Richard Byrne

megaron models
model of a Mycenaean megaron from Eleusis Model of temple or house dedicated to Hera of Argos, c 700 BC,National Museum, Athens the Argos model compared with one of a temple or house of the geometric period from Perachora

Evi Melas [ed], Temples and Sanctuaries of Ancient Greece (London 1973), p 80 Phoca & Valavanis, Architecture and Planning, p 79 Scranton, Greek Architecture, pl 22

tombs at Xanthos: the Harpy tomb c 480-470 BC; Lycian Sarcophagus, from the Royal Acropolis, Sidon, end of C5th BC, Istanbul Museum Inv. 3695
James Steele, Hellenistic Architecture in Asia Minor (London 1992), p 154; Miles Lewis

raised storehouse or bwayma in the Trobriand Islands Lycian Sarcophagus, from the Royal Acropolis, Sidon, end of C5th BC, Istanbul Museum Inv. 3695
B Malinowski, Coral Gardens and their Magic: a Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands (Allen & Unwin, London 1935)., ; Miles Lewis

Etruscan cinerary urn, terra cotta, C8th BC

Frank Sear

Caribi house, Belize [British Guiana], South America

R H Schomburgk, Twelve Views of the Interior of Guiana (1st ed, Ackermann & Co, 1840)

detail of Caribi house, Belize

Eritrean house, Ethiopia, about 1930

Susan Denyer, African Traditional Architecture (Heinemann, London 1978), p 23

English thatching

Fitzwilliam Arms, Allsworth, near Peterborough thatching at Trow, Salcombe Regis, Devonshire

Miles Lewis; Tony Evans & C L Green, English Cottages (London 1982), p 37

the thatching process

Cholderton, Hampshire, England: rethatching a roof

Lewis, Architectura, p 257 Miles Lewis

farmhouse from Hechteren, Limburg, 1815, now at the Bokrijk Museum, Flanders
Miles Lewis

farmhouse from Hechteren: eave thatch details

Miles Lewis

thatched building at DenGamleBy, Denmark

Chris How

underside of a thatched roof at Hjerl Hede, Denmark, showing the rope ties
Chris How

cane substratum for thatching in the Andes, Venezuela N M Lazo, 'Traditional Architecture in Venezuelan Andean Peoples
Newsletter CIAV (International Scientific Committee of Vernacular Architecture), year 6 no 22 (March 2011), no page

traditional Japanese minka or farmhouse, with a thatched roof

Gabriele Fahr-Becker [ed], The Art of East Asia (H F Ullmann, no place 2006), p 635

reconstructed farmhouse with thatched roof, Osaka Park, Japan

a thatched building in China

Brian Lewis; cortesy Ye Qimao, no 40

thatched house, Sar, Camerouns, Africa

Camerouns, Ministre de l'Urbanisme et de l'Habitat, Les Femmes Camerounaises dans l'art de Btir(nGaoundr 1993), no page

chiefs house, New Caledonia

National Library of Australia nla pic-vn3916401-s76-v

Ibo house under construction, eastern Nigeria, about 1921

Susan Denyer, African Traditional Architecture: an Historical and Geographical Perspective (London 1978), p 78

reconstructed Ibo house, Staunton, Virginia, USA: underside of thatched roof

R O Byrne

Nyakusa house, southern Tanzania, about 1900

Denyer, African Traditional Architecture, p 40

walling of wood, bamboo palm fronds, grass, or bullmores, tied to framework of wood, bamboo or palm fronds
Denyer, African Traditional Architecture, p 100

village house near Latouka, Fiji

Brian Lewis

Fijian houses with palm thatch roofs and woven bamboo walls
Lewis, Architectura, p 51

Mexico
thatched roof under construction, Regin Huichal, Bolaos, Jalisco dwelling of Choc Indians, with palm roof, near Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, early C20th

Valeria Prieto, Vivienda Campesina en Mexico (2nd ed, Mexico City 1994 [1978]), p 39 Chlo Sayer, The Traditional Architecture of Mexico (New York 1993), p 32

construction of a building with a pole frame, bamboo attic floor, and thatched roof, Mexico
Prieto, Vivienda Campesina en Mexico, p 118

thatching types, Mexico

Prieto, Vivienda Campesina en Mexico, p 112

New Zealand a bush hut with Nikau roof diagram of raupo construction
Northwood Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, reproduced in Jeremy Salmond, Old New Zealand Houses 1800-1940 (Auckland 1986), p 64; Salmond, p 31

Gilbert Islands preparation and fixing of pandanus leaf for thatching

John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p 174-5

coconut thatching & coconut screens, Gilbert Islands

Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands, pp 184, 27

Ukrainian pioneer house, Canada, re-erected in Elk Island Park, Alberta, in 1950
Alan Gowans, Looking at Architecture in Canada(Toronto 1958), p 27

Madan (Marsh Arab) reed house, Iraq

Paul Oliver, Dwellings: the Vernacular House World Wide (London 2003), p 123

floating reed houses, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia / Peru

Paul Oliver, Dwellings: the Vernacular House World Wide (London 2003), p 124

'A View of a Hut in New South Wales

Arthur Phillip, The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay (London 1789)

'Glendon in August 1823', by either Robert or Helenus Scott

Mitchell Library, Sydney

Durandur, near Woodword, Queensland, sketch of bark-roofed homestead buildings by Charles Archer, after 1841
J G Steele, Brisbane Town in Convict Days, 1824-1842 (St Lucia [Queensland] 1975), fig 124

Barton Hall, Grampians, Victoria, 1844, by Richard H Bunbury

National Gallery of Victoria

Selector's hut of logs, slab and bark, using no nails, owned by Mr Stocks of Croajingalong, Gippsland: J N Caire photograph, c 1870
State Library of Victoria

Etruscan cinerary urn, terra cotta, C8th BC

Frank Sear

House no 29, Venecia, Bardejov region, Czechoslovakia

Mencl, Lidova Architektura, p 345

piggery from western Canada

Eric Arthur & Dudley Witney, The Barn (New York 1988 [1972]), p 11

barn in Quebec
Eric Arthur & Dudley Whitney, The Barn: a vanishing landmark in North America (New York 1978 [1972]), p 132

the south Slovak house type (4 elevations including thatched roofs with short cross poles)

Mencl, Lidova Architektura, p 31, fig 58A

thatched house, Latvia

thatched house from western Canada

Chris How Eric Arthur & Dudley Witney, The Barn (New York 1988 [1972]), p 11

reconstructed Iron Age house, Arassi, Latvia, with roof ledgers

Chris How

adobe house with thatched roof, USA, 1886

D W King [ed], Homes for Home-Builders (New York 1886)

Latvian house with a roof grid

Chris How

'A Village House in Sumatra' (illustration first published 1810)

Marsden, History of Sumatra, pl XIX

Settlement at Queen Charlotte's Sound, New Zealand, early C19th

British Museum

bark-clad house of a 17th century Huron village, reconstructed at Midland, Ontario, Canada
Gowans, Looking at Architecture in Canada, p 18

summer house of the Sauk and Fox Indians, photo c 1885, Smithsonian Institute, USA
Peter Nabokov & Robert Easton, Native American Architecture (New York 1989), pp 22-3

building with clay roll walls in a timber frame, Stefanov, Moravia, Czechoslovakia 1875

Mencl, Lidova Architektura, p 12

half timbered house with adobe infill, Cumalikizak, Turkey

Miles Lewis

half-timbered house in Hildersham, Cambridgeshire

MUAS 8,380

model 1166-33, Muse des Arts et Metiers, Paris

Miles Lewis

fachwerk cottage of a German-Swiss immigrant, Columbiana County, Ohio, USA, c 1847

E V Gillon, Early Illustrations and Views of American Architecture (New York [1971]), p 43

fachwerk cottage of a German-Swiss immigrant, Columbiana County, Ohio, USA, c 1847

E V Gillon, Early Illustrations and Views of American Architecture (New York [1971]), p 43

fachwerk house, Hahndorf South Australia

John Archer, Building a Nation (Melbourne 1987), p 54

139 Main Street, Lobethal, South Australia

Gordon Young et al, Lobethal 'Valley of Praise (Adelaide 1983), p 99

Walton Heath Hurdle Track, c 3,000 BC

Coles, 'Archaeology in the Somerset Levels', Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, March 1983, p 205

aisled cattle byre, Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C2nd BC, excavated 1930s: reconstruction by Price & Schwarz, with stalls facing inwards? view of excavation

Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 81 Malcolm Kirk, The Barn (London 1994), p 73

medieval wattling garden with wattle fence and trees (1435) ilustration from the Roman de la Rose, c 1481, showing wattle fence
Edward Hyams, A History of Gardens and Gardening ( New York 1971), p 89 Christopher Thacker, The History of Gardens (Berkeley [California] 1979), p 90

frescoes on the south wall of the Hall of Battles, El Escorial, Spain: the Battle of La Higueruela, 1584-90, by Niccol Granello and others, detail of the capture of Santa F.
J L Sancho, The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de el Escorial (no place, [Madrid] 2002), p 133

the Virgin reclining on a wattled couch, Renaissance date

Muse Archologique, Dijon, France

wattle fence of birch branches (with a shingle roof), Moiseni homestead, Romania

Gheorghe Focsa, The Village Museum in Bucharest (Bucharest 1959), p 19

wattled piggery from western Canada

Eric Arthur & Dudley Witney, The Barn (New York 1988 [1972]), p 11

wickerwork granary on forked posts, associated with a Castranova dug-out hut, Romania

Focsa, The Village Museum, p 124

Danish wattled roof fence [taggrde]

Gorm Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsvrk (Copenhagen 1984), p 142

Hungarian clpvzas fal a szatmri siksgon, or wattle fence

J Barabs, & N Gilyn, Magyar Npi pitszet (Muszaki Knyvkiad: Budapest 1987), p 65

farm fence, Delsbo, Halsingland Sweden

Miles Lewis

farm fence, Skansen Museum, Stockholm, Sweden

Miles Lewis

wattling hurdles in England

(right side, at Crichel, Dorset, using split hazel)
Country Life, CIL (25 February 1971), p 435[?]: CL, 3882 (4 November 1971), p 1204

McDonald's Lakes Entrance Hotel, East Gippsland, Victoria

State Library of Victoria, LTA 145 Kleesattel 18

wattle and daub

reconstructed Danubian house of the 5th millennium BC, Cuiry-les-Chaudardes, France

Flon, World Atlas of Archaeology, p 43

house of the CucuteniTripolye culture, Sabatinovka, Soviet Moldavia, late Neolithic

Flon, World Atlas of Archaeology, p 67

wattle & daub house, Cumalikizak, Turkey

Miles Lewis

wattle and daub construction, England

R W Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture(London 1970), pp 56-7

wattle and daub in Denmark

Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsvrk, pp 13, 126

'Bayleaf', Wealden house from south-west Kent, mid-fifteenth century

Country Life, CLV, 3998 (14 February 1974), p 312

Granary at Kacerov, Cheb, north-western Bohemia) interior surface of half timbered wall with 'murl' hand imprints
Mencl, Lidova Architektura, p 182

wattle and daub house near Taxco, Mexic.

MUAS 945

wattling for wattle and daub in China

Ron Edwards & Lin Wei-Hao, Mud Brick and Earth Building the Chinese Way (2nd ed, Kuranda [Queensland] 1984), p 73

Adoration of the Magi, by Robert Campin [the Master of Flemalle] c 1415 Muse des Beaux-Arts, Dijon

Robert Genaille Flemish Painting from Van Eyck to Breughel (Paris 1959), p 32

sapling and daub wall, Chenalho, Chiapas, Mexico cane and daub wall, Japan
Prieto, Vivienda Campesina en Mexico, p 32; Bob Ellis

lath & daub building, Japan

Bob Ellis

wattle and daub in South Africa

R B Lewcock, Early Nineteenth Century Architecture in South Africa (Cape Town 1963), p 143

the home of lehmwickel

Albrecht Bedal [ed], Alter Bauenhuser um Kocher und Jagst: zur Konstruktion und Funktion lndlicher Gebude vor 1650 in WrttemburgischFranken (Verein Hohenlofer Freilandmusem e V, Swbisch Hall 1999), pp 84, 11

day labourers cottage from Oberwittstadt NNeckarOdenwald-Kreis dated 1564, burnt 1777, now in the Odenwlder Freilandmuseum Waldrn-Gottersdorf, Germany
Bedal, Alter Bauenhuser um Kocher und Jagst, p 87

wine grower's house from Sachsenflur, Germany, 1562, now in the Hohenlohe Freilandmuseum

Miles Lewis

house from Sachsenflur, view of a lehmwickel floor

Miles Lewis

house from Sachsenflur, lehmwickel details

Miles Lewis

lehmwickel ceiling, Schloss Huhen-Tbingen, Germany, sixteenth century

Dr Hubert Krins

reconstructing a lehmwickel ceiling Szentendre Museum Hungary

Sabjn Tibor, 1994

lehmwickel or Dutch biscuits as used at New Harmony [Harmonie], Indiana, USA

Don Blair, Harmonist Construction: Principally as found in the TwoStorey Houses built in Harmonie, Indiana, 1814-1824 (Indianapolis 1964), p 55

Zoar General Store, Zoar, Ohio, USA, 1840s: from the west
J M Gaynor, 'Nineteenth Century Architectural Insulation: Zoar, Ohio', APT Bulletin, VIII, 4 (1976), pp 100-112

Zoar General Store: view of the loading bay ceiling and detail of a Dutch biscuit
Gaynor, 'Nineteenth Century Architectural Insulation, pp 103, 100

Zoar General Store, diagram of floor construction

Gaynor, 'Nineteenth Century Architectural Insulation,,p 102

ceiling of the Burger cottage, western Victoria, c 1855

Miles Lewis 1974

quenouille ceilings in France

L'Abbaye de la Lucerne, Western Normandy, C16th: Chateau of Chateaudun, Loire Valley

J-C I Yarmola Allan Willingham

La Ville-Cotterel, Montauban, France, 1729: detail of quenouilles

Miles Lewis 2001

the modern manufacture of lehmwickel (a) preparing the daub

Karl Lugert

the modern manufacture of lehmwickel (b) preparing the straw

Karl Lugert

the modern manufacture of lehmwickel (c) daubing the straw

Karl Lugert

the modern manufacture of lehmwickel (d) rolling the wickel

Karl Lugert

the modern manufacture of lehmwickel (e) drying the wickel

Karl Lugert

spiral wound lehmwickel from a twentieth century German text

Theodor Bhm, Handbuch der Holzkonstruktionen des Zimmermanns (Julius Springer, Berlin 1911, p 152

palisade & pug (pug & pine)

House no 19, Becov, Czech Republic
Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 182, fig 450

Selector's Cottage near Minyip, Victoria 1872 photo

H H Paynting & Malcolm Grant [eds], Victoria Illustrated 1834-1984 (Melbourne 1985), p 426

trellis, shingles, palings & weatherboards

fig tree with birds, detail from the long western wall of the triclinium of Livias villa ad gallinas albas at Prima Porta [Augustuss wife], on the Via Flaminia, north of Rome

Adriano La Regina, Museo Nazionale Romano (Electa, Milan 2010 [2005]), p 53

Church of the Transfiguration, Khizi, Russia, 1714: the shingle roofs

Lewis,Architectura, p 223

Church of the Transfigurati on, Khizi, Russia, 1714: detail of the shingle roofs

H J Hansen [ed], Architecture in Wood (London 1971 [1969]), p 45

round butt shingles at Hirshau, Austria

Miles Lewis

Barn from Lo, West Flanders, c 1700

Mark Laenen, Bokrijk 32.

detail of the wall of the barn from Lo, West Flanders, c 1700
Miles Lewis

cottage in Horsham, Essex

MUAS 8443.128

Turner house [Seven Gables House], Salem, Massachusetts, c 1670 with additions from 1678 onwards
Jeff Turnbull

clapboards, weatherboards and corner boards in eighterenth century construction, USA

P E Buchanan, 'The Eighteenth-Century Frame Houses of Tidewater Virginia', in C E Peterson [ed], Building Early America (Radnor [Pennsylvania] 1976), p 56

Jethro Coffin house, Nantucket, 1686

Jeff Turnbull

George Washington's headquarters, Newburgh, NY, based on a view of 1834, showing rounded butt shingles
Diana Waite, 'Roofing Early America' in Peterson, Building Early America, p 137.