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Step 8: Solution
In the steps that follow, you will set up and run the calculation using the task pages listed under the Solution heading in the navigation pane. 1. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation. Monitors Residuals Edit...

(a) Make sure that Plot is enabled in the Options group box. (b) Enter 1e-05 for the Absolute Criteria of continuity, as shown in the Residual Monitor dialog box. (c) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box. Note: By default, all variables will be monitored and checked by ANSYS FLUENT as a means to determine the convergence of the solution. It is a good practice to also dene a surface monitor that can help evaluate whether the solution is truly converged. You will do this in the next step.

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2. Dene a surface monitor at the outlet (pressure-outlet-7). Monitors Create... (Surface Monitors)

(a) Retain the default entry of surf-mon-1 for the Name of the surface monitor. (b) Enable the Plot and Write options for surf-mon-1. (c) Retain the default entry of surf-mon-1.out for File Name. (d) Set Get Data Every to 3 by clicking the up-arrow button. This setting instructs ANSYS FLUENT to update the plot of the surface monitor and write data to a le after every 3 iterations during the solution. (e) Select Mass-Weighted Average from the Report Type drop-down list. (f) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Field Variable drop-down lists. (g) Select pressure-outlet-7 from the Surfaces selection list. (h) Click OK to save the surface monitor settings and close the Surface Monitor dialog box. The name and report type of the surface monitor you created will be displayed in the Surface Monitors selection list in the Monitors task page.

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3. Initialize the ow eld, using the boundary conditions settings at the cold inlet (velocity-inlet-5) as a starting point. Solution Initialization

(a) Select velocity-inlet-5 from the Compute from drop-down list. (b) Enter 1.2 m/s for Y Velocity in the Initial Values group box. Note: While an initial X Velocity is an appropriate guess for the horizontal section, the addition of a Y Velocity component will give rise to a better initial guess throughout the entire elbow. (c) Click Initialize.

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4. Check to see if the case conforms to best practices. Run Calculation Check Case

(a) Click the Solver tab and examine the Recommendation in the Manual Implementation group box. The only recommendation for this case le is to use discretization of a higher order. This recommendation can be ignored for the time being, as it will be performed in a later step. (b) Close the Case Check dialog box. 5. Save the case le (elbow1.cas.gz). File Write Case...

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(a) (optional) Indicate the folder in which you would like the le to be saved. By default, the le will be saved in the folder from which you read in elbow.msh (i.e., the introduction folder). You can indicate a dierent folder by browsing to it or by creating a new folder. (b) Enter elbow1.cas.gz for Case File. Adding the extension .gz to the end of the le name extension instructs ANSYS FLUENT to save the le in a compressed format. You do not have to include .cas in the extension (e.g., if you enter elbow1.gz, ANSYS FLUENT will automatically save the le as elbow1.cas.gz). The .gz extension can also be used to save data les in a compressed format. (c) Make sure that the default Write Binary Files option is enabled, so that a binary le will be written. (d) Click OK to save the case le and close the Select File dialog box. 6. Start the calculation by requesting 150 iterations. Run Calculation

(a) Enter 150 for Number of Iterations. (b) Click Calculate. Note: By starting the calculation, you are also starting to save the surface monitor data at the rate specied in the Surface monitors dialog box. If a le already exists in your working folder with the name you specied in the Dene Surface Monitor dialog box, then a Question dialog box will open, asking if you would like to append the new data to the existing le. Click No in the Question dialog box, and then click OK in the Warning dialog box that follows to overwrite the existing le.

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Figure 1.3: Convergence History of the Mass-Weighted Average Temperature Note: The solution will be stopped by ANSYS FLUENT after approximately 140 iterations, when the residuals reach their specied values. The exact number of iterations will vary, depending on the platform being used. An Information dialog box will open to alert you that the calculation is complete. Click OK in the Information dialog box to proceed. Since the residual values vary slightly by platform, the plot that appears on your screen may not be exactly the same as the one shown here. As the calculation progresses, the residuals will be plotted in the graphics window (Figure 1.4).

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You can display the residuals history (Figure 1.4), by selecting it from the graphics window drop-down list.
Residuals continuity x-velocity y-velocity z-velocity energy k epsilon

1e+01 1e+00 1e-01 1e-02 1e-03 1e-04 1e-05 1e-06 1e-07 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Iterations

Scaled Residuals

FLUENT 12.0 (3d, pbns, rke)

Figure 1.4: Residuals for the First 140 Iterations 7. Examine the plots for convergence (Figures 1.4 and 1.3). Note: There are no universal metrics for judging convergence. Residual denitions that are useful for one class of problem are sometimes misleading for other classes of problems. Therefore it is a good idea to judge convergence not only by examining residual levels, but also by monitoring relevant integrated quantities and checking for mass and energy balances. There are three indicators that convergence has been reached: The residuals have decreased to a sucient degree. The solution has converged when the Convergence Criterion for each variable has been reached. The default criterion is that each residual will be reduced to a value of less than 103 , except the energy residual, for which the default criterion is 106 . The solution no longer changes with more iterations. Sometimes the residuals may not fall below the convergence criterion set in the case setup. However, monitoring the representative ow variables through iterations may show that the residuals have stagnated and do not change with further iterations. This could also be considered as convergence.

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The overall mass, momentum, energy, and scalar balances are obtained. You can examine the overall mass, momentum, energy and scalar balances in the Flux Reports dialog box. The net imbalance should be less than 0.2% of the net ux through the domain when the solution has converged. In the next step you will check to see if the mass balance indicates convergence. 8. Examine the mass ux report for convergence. Reports Fluxes Set Up...

(a) Make sure that Mass Flow Rate is selected from the Options list. (b) Select pressure-outlet-7, velocity-inlet-5, and velocity-inlet-6 from the Boundaries selection list. (c) Click Compute. The individual and net results of the computation will be displayed in the Results and Net Results boxes, respectively, in the Flux Reports dialog box, as well as in the console. The sum of the ux for the inlets should be very close to the sum of the ux for the outlets. The net results show that the imbalance in this case is well below the 0.2% criteria suggested previously. (d) Close the Flux Reports dialog box. 9. Save the data le (elbow1.dat.gz). File Write Data... In later steps of this tutorial you will save additional case and data les with different prexes.

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Step 9: Displaying the Preliminary Solution

In the steps that follow, you will visualize various aspects of the ow for the preliminary solution, using the task pages listed under the Results heading in the navigation pane. 1. Display lled contours of velocity magnitude on the symmetry plane (Figure 1.5). Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...

(a) Enable Filled in the Options group box. (b) Make sure that Node Values is enabled in the Options group box. (c) Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Contours of drop-down lists. (d) Select symmetry from the Surfaces selection list. (e) Click Display to display the contours in the active graphics window. Extra: When you probe a point in the displayed domain with the mouse, the level of the corresponding contour is highlighted in the colormap in the graphics window, and is also reported in the console.

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Figure 1.5: Predicted Velocity Distribution after the Initial Calculation

2. Display lled contours of temperature on the symmetry plane (Figure 1.6). Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...

(a) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists.

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(b) Click Display and close the Contours dialog box.

Figure 1.6: Predicted Temperature Distribution after the Initial Calculation

3. Display velocity vectors on the symmetry plane (Figures 1.7 and 1.8). Graphics and Animations Vectors Set Up...

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(a) Select symmetry from the Surfaces selection list. (b) Click Display to plot the velocity vectors. Note: The Auto Scale option is enabled by default in the Options group box. This scaling sometimes creates vectors that are too small or too large in the majority of the domain. You can improve the clarity by adjusting the Scale and Skip settings, thereby changing the size and number of the vectors when they are displayed. (c) Enter 4 for Scale. (d) Set Skip to 2. (e) Click Display again to redisplay the vectors (Figure 1.7).

Figure 1.7: Resized Velocity Vectors (f) Close the Vectors dialog box. (g) Zoom in on the vectors in the display. To zoom in, refer to Table 1.1. The image will be redisplayed at a higher magnication (Figure 1.8).

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Figure 1.8: Magnied View of Velocity Vectors (h) Zoom out to the original view. To zoom out or translate the view refer Table 1.1. The image will be redisplayed at a lower magnication (Figure 1.7). You also have the option of selecting the original view in the Views dialog box: select front from the Views selection list and click Apply. Graphics and Animations Views...

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4. Create a line surface at the centerline of the outlet. Surface Iso-Surface...

(a) Select Mesh... and Z-Coordinate from the Surface of Constant drop-down lists. (b) Click Compute. The range of values in the z direction will be displayed in the Min and Max boxes. (c) Retain the default value of 0 inches for Iso-Values. (d) Select pressure-outlet-7 from the From Surface selection list. (e) Enter z=0 outlet for New Surface Name. (f) Click Create. After the line surface z=0 outlet is created, a new entry will automatically be generated for New Surface Name, in case you would like to create another surface. (g) Close the Iso-Surface dialog box.

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5. Display and save an XY plot of the temperature prole across the centerline of the outlet for the initial solution (Figure 1.9). Plots XY Plot Set Up...

(a) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Y Axis Function dropdown lists. (b) Select z=0 outlet from the Surfaces selection list. (c) Click Plot. (d) Enable Write to File in the Options group box. The button that was originally labeled Plot will change to Write.... (e) Click Write... to open the Select File dialog box. i. Enter outlet temp1.xy for XY File. ii. Click OK to save the temperature data and close the Select File dialog box. (f) Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box.

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Figure 1.9: Outlet Temperature Prole for the Initial Solution

6. Dene a custom eld function for the dynamic head formula (|V |2 /2). Dene Custom Field Functions...

(a) Select Density... and Density from the Field Functions drop-down lists, and click the Select button to add density to the Denition eld. (b) Click the X button to add the multiplication symbol to the Denition eld. (c) Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Field Functions drop-down lists, and click the Select button to add |V| to the Denition eld.

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(d) Click y^x to raise the last entry in the Denition eld to a power, and click 2 for the power. (e) Click the / button to add the division symbol to the Denition eld, and then click 2. (f) Enter dynamic-head for New Function Name. (g) Click Dene and close the Custom Field Function Calculator dialog box. 7. Display lled contours of the custom eld function (Figure 1.10). Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...

(a) Select Custom Field Functions... and dynamic-head from the Contours of dropdown lists. Hint: Custom Field Functions... is at the top of the upper Contours of dropdown list. After you have opened the drop-down list, scroll up by clicking the up-arrow button on the scroll bar on the right. (b) Make sure that symmetry is selected from the Surfaces selection list. (c) Click Display and close the Contours dialog box. Note: You may need to change the view by zooming out after the last vector display, if you have not already done so.

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Figure 1.10: Contours of the Dynamic Head Custom Field Function

8. Save the settings for the custom eld function by writing the case and data les (elbow1.cas.gz and elbow1.dat.gz). File Write Case & Data... (a) Ensure that elbow1.cas.gz is entered for Case/Data File. Note: When you write the case and data le at the same time, it does not matter whether you specify the le name with a .cas or .dat extension, as both will be saved. (b) Click OK to save the les and close the Select File dialog box.

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Step 10: Enabling Second-Order Discretization

The elbow solution computed in the rst part of this tutorial uses rst-order discretization. The resulting solution is very diusive; mixing is overpredicted, as can be seen in the contour plots of temperature and velocity distribution. You will now change to secondorder discretization for all listed equations. 1. Change the solver settings. Solution Methods

(a) Select Second Order from the Pressure drop-down list. (b) Select Second Order Upwind from the Momentum, Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation Rate, and Energy drop-down lists. You will need to scroll the Spatial Discretization group box down to nd Energy. 2. (optional) Check the case to conrm that there are no recommendations for revisions to the setup. Run Calculation Check Case

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3. Continue the calculation by requesting 150 more iterations. Run Calculation

Extra: To save the convergence history of the surface monitor for this set of iterations as a separate output le, you would need to change the File Name in the Surface Monitor dialog box to surf-mon-2.out prior to running the calculation. (a) Make sure that 150 is entered for Number of Iterations. (b) Click Calculate. The solution will converge in approximately 63 additional iterations (Figure 1.11). The convergence history is shown in Figure 1.12.

Figure 1.11: Residuals for the Second-Order Energy Calculation

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Note: You should expect to see the residuals jump whenever you change the solution control parameters.

Figure 1.12: Convergence History of Mass-Weighted Average Temperature

4. Save the case and data les for the second-order solution (elbow2.cas.gz and elbow2.dat.gz). File Write Case & Data... (a) Enter elbow2.gz for Case/Data File. (b) Click OK to save the les and close the Select File dialog box. The les elbow2.cas.gz and elbow2.dat.gz will be saved in your default folder.

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5. Examine the revised temperature distribution (Figure 1.13). Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...

(a) Make sure that Filled is enabled in the Options group box. (b) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists. (c) Make sure that symmetry is selected from the Surfaces selection list. (d) Click Display (Figure 1.13) and close the Contours dialog box. Figure 1.13 shows the thermal spreading of the warm uid layer near the outer wall of the bend. To see the eects of second-order discretization, compare Figure 1.13 with Figure 1.6.

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Figure 1.13: Temperature Contours for the Second-Order Solution

6. Display and save an XY plot of the temperature prole across the centerline of the outlet for the second-order solution (Figure 1.14). Plots XYPlot Set Up...

(a) Disable Write to File in the Options group box. The button that was labeled Write... will change to Plot.

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(b) Make sure that Temperature... and Static Temperature are selected from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists. (c) Make sure that z=0 outlet is selected from the Surfaces selection list. (d) Click Plot.

Figure 1.14: Outlet Temperature Prole for the Second-Order Solution (e) Enable Write to File in the Options group box. The button that was labeled Plot will change to Write.... (f) Click Write... to open the Select File dialog box. i. Enter outlet temp2.xy for XY File. ii. Click OK to save the temperature data. (g) Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box.

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Step 11: Adapting the Mesh

The elbow solution can be improved further by rening the mesh to better resolve the ow details. In the following steps, you will adapt the mesh based on the temperature gradients in the current solution. Once the mesh is rened, you can continue the calculation. 1. Adapt the mesh in the regions of high temperature gradient. Adapt Gradient...

(a) Make sure that Rene is enabled in the Options group box. ANSYS FLUENT will not coarsen beyond the original mesh for a 3D mesh. Hence, it is not necessary to deselect Coarsen in this instance. (b) Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Gradients of drop-down lists. (c) Click Compute. ANSYS FLUENT will update the Min and Max values to show the minimum and maximum temperature gradient. (d) Enter 0.004 for Rene Threshold. It is a good rule of thumb to use 10% of the maximum gradient when setting the value for Rene Threshold. (e) Click Mark. ANSYS FLUENT will report in the console that approximately 940 cells were marked for adaption.

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(f) Click Manage... to open the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box.

i. Click Display. ANSYS FLUENT will display the cells marked for adaption in the graphics window (Figure 1.15).

Figure 1.15: Cells Marked for Adaption Extra: You can change the way ANSYS FLUENT displays cells marked for adaption (Figure 1.16) by performing the following steps: A. Click Options... in the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box to open the Adaption Display Options dialog box.

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B. Enable Draw Mesh in the Options group box. The Mesh Display dialog box will open.

C. Ensure that only the Edges option is enabled in the Options group box. D. Select Feature from the Edge Type list. E. Select all of the items except default-interior from the Surfaces selection list. F. Click Display and close the Mesh Display dialog box. G. Enable Filled in the Options group box in the Adaption Display Options dialog box. H. Enable Wireframe in the Rene group box. I. Click OK to close the Adaption Display Options dialog box. J. Click Display in the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box. K. Rotate the view and zoom in to get the display shown in Figure 1.16.

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Figure 1.16: Alternative Display of Cells Marked for Adaption L. After viewing the marked cells, rotate the view back and zoom out again to return to the angle and magnication shown in Figure 1.13. ii. Click Adapt in the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box. A Question dialog box will open, conrming your intention to adapt the mesh. Click Yes to proceed.

Note: There are two dierent ways to adapt. You can click Adapt in the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box as was just done, or close this dialog box and perform the adaption using the Gradient Adaption dialog box. If you use the Adapt button in the Gradient Adaption dialog box, ANSYS FLUENT will recreate an adaption register. Therefore, when the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box is open, use the Adapt button in it to save time. iii. Close the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box. (g) Close the Gradient Adaption dialog box.

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2. Display the adapted mesh (Figure 1.17). General Display...

(a) Make sure that All is selected from the Edge Type list. (b) Deselect all of the highlighted items from the Surfaces selection list except for symmetry. (c) Click Display and close the Mesh Display dialog box.

Figure 1.17: The Adapted Mesh

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3. (optional) Check the case to conrm that there are no recommendations for revisions to the setup. Run Calculation Check Case 4. Request an additional 150 iterations. Run Calculation

The solution will converge after approximately 100 additional iterations (Figures 1.18 and 1.19).

Figure 1.18: The Complete Residual History

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Figure 1.19: Convergence History of Mass-Weighted Average Temperature

5. Save the case and data les for the second-order solution with an adapted mesh (elbow3.cas.gz and elbow3.dat.gz). File Write Case & Data... (a) Enter elbow3.gz for Case/Data File. (b) Click OK to save the les and close the Select File dialog box. The les elbow3.cas.gz and elbow3.dat.gz will be saved in your default folder. 6. Examine the lled temperature distribution (using node values) on the revised mesh (Figure 1.20). Graphics and Animations Contours Set Up...

Figure 1.20: Filled Contours of Temperature Using the Adapted Mesh

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7. Display and save an XY plot of the temperature prole across the centerline of the outlet for the adapted second-order solution (Figure 1.21). Plots XY Plot Set Up...

(a) Disable Write to File in the Options group box. The button that was originally labeled Write... will change to Plot. (b) Make sure that Temperature... and Static Temperature are selected from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists. (c) Make sure that z=0 outlet is selected from the Surfaces selection list. (d) Click Plot.

Figure 1.21: Outlet Temperature Prole for the Adapted Second-Order Solution (e) Enable Write to File in the Options group box. The button that was originally labeled Plot will change to Write....

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(f) Click Write... to open the Select File dialog box. i. Enter outlet temp3.xy for XY File. ii. Click OK to save the temperature data. (g) Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. 8. Display the outlet temperature proles for each of the three solutions on a single plot (Figure 1.22). Plots File Set Up...

(a) Click the Add... button to open the Select File dialog box.

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i. Click once on outlet temp1.xy, outlet temp2.xy, and outlet temp3.xy. Each of these les will be listed with their folder in the XY File(s) list to indicate that they have been selected. Hint: If you select a le by mistake, simply click the le in the XY File(s) list and then click Remove. ii. Click OK to save the les and close the Select File dialog box. (b) Select the folder path ending in outlet temp1.xy from the Files selection list. (c) Enter 1st Order Soln in the lowest text-entry box on the right (next to the Change Legend Entry button). (d) Click the Change Legend Entry button. The item in the Legend Entries list for outlet temp1.xy will be changed to 1st Order Soln. This legend entry will be displayed in the upper-left corner of the XY plot generated in a later step. (e) In a similar manner, change the legend entry for the folder path ending in outlet temp2.xy to be 2nd Order Soln. (f) In a similar manner, change the legend entry for the folder path ending in outlet temp3.xy to be Adapted Mesh. (g) Click Plot and close the File XY Plot dialog box. Figure 1.22 shows the three temperature proles at the centerline of the outlet. It is apparent by comparing both the shape of the proles and the predicted outer wall temperature that the solution is highly dependent on the mesh and solution options. Specically, further mesh adaption should be used in order to obtain a solution that is independent of the mesh.

Figure 1.22: Outlet Temperature Proles for the Three Solutions

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Extra: You can perform additional rounds of mesh adaption based on temperature gradient and run the calculation to see how the temperature prole changes at the outlet. A case and data le (elbow4.cas.gz and elbow4.dat.gz) has been provided in the solution files folder, in which the mesh has undergone three more levels of adaption. The resulting temperature proles have been plotted with outlet temp2.xy and outlet temp3.xy in Figure 1.23.

Figure 1.23: Outlet Temperature Proles for Subsequent Mesh Adaption Steps It is evident from Figure 1.23 that as the mesh is adapted further, the proles converge on a mesh-independent prole. The resulting wall temperature at the outlet is predicted to be around 300.2 K after mesh independence is achieved. If the adaption steps had not been performed, the wall temperature would have incorrectly been estimated at around 299.75 K. If computational resources allow, it is always recommended to perform successive rounds of adaption until the solution is independent of the mesh (within an acceptable tolerance). Typically, proles of important variables are examined (in this case, temperature) and compared to determine mesh independence.

Summary
A comparison of the lled temperature contours for the rst solution (using the original mesh and rst-order discretization) and the last solution (using an adapted mesh and second-order discretization) clearly indicates that the latter is much less diusive. While rst-order discretization is the default scheme in ANSYS FLUENT, it is good practice to use your rst-order solution as a starting guess for a calculation that uses a higher-order discretization scheme and, optionally, an adapted mesh. In this problem, the ow eld is decoupled from temperature, since all properties are constant. For such cases, it is more ecient to compute the ow-eld solution rst (i.e., without solving the energy equation) and then solve for energy (i.e., without solving the ow equations). You will use the Equations dialog box to turn the solution of the equations on and o during such a procedure.

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