RPM Indicator
RPM Indicator
RPM Indicator
REVOLUTION PER MINUTES (RPM) INDICATOR is a system in which we get the speed of rotation of rotating machine. In past, we connect instrument with rotating parts. So that, To improve accuracy of this instrument we are going to make it contactless. The RPM reading will be sent to operator using GSM modem.
2.1 Introduction
Digital RPM indicator are particularly suitable for the precision measurement and monitoring of all time related quantities, which are able to be converted into a proportional frequency using the appropriate sensors. Time-related quantities include rotational and linear velocity, flow rate and related quantities. The instrument can be programmed to measure absolute values ratio, or proportional frequency. The proportional frequency is generally produced by a magnetic wheel mounted on the shaft, which is scanned by a radial mounted impulse sensor. For control applications, a high resolution pick-up can be coupled directly to the motor shaft. The digital tachometer implements the period measurement method, with the subsequent calculation of a reciprocal value. Two absolute values, with independent set-up parameters, or their ratio or proportional difference (selectable) can be measured. The measurement is carried out automatically and repetitively, or externally through a contact. In ratio and proportional difference modes, the values used in the calculation are acquired simultaneously. These values are taken at the same point in time, without a delay, whereby a higher accuracy can be attained. In contemporary implementations, the values are taken successively. The first prototypes were based on optical sensors since these are normally easy to find. The first prototype was a wire wrapped design using the 8052 based microcontroller driving 8 of seven segment LED display characters. The sensor was an optical reflector sensor much like the Fairchild semiconductor qrb1114. The advantage to these sensors types is that they are usually in stock and very cheap. The sensor contains both an infra-red LED and infra-red photo NPN transistor as a detector. Both the sensor and detector are contained in an angled plastic case with a focal point approximately 2 inches from the sensor.
One problem with these sensors is that they produce a very small signal depending on the type of material used to reflect infra-red light from the led into the detector and the distance from the material. An operational amplifier circuit can be used to amplify this signal to a more usable level. The idea behind most digital counting tachometers is a micro-controller, used to count the Pulses of a sensor or any other electronic device. In the case of this tachometer, the counted pulses comes from infra-red sensor, which detects any reflective element that passed in front of it, and thus, gives an output pulse for each and every rotation of the shaft. Those pulses are fed to the microcontroller and counted. The main difference of tachometer and frequency meters is that the reading in pulses per minutes (to count revolutions per minutes) is needed but in the same time, one does not want to wait a whole minute before obtaining a correct reading. Thus additional processing to predict the number of revolutions per minute in less than a second. It's necessary to be able to deduce an RPM reading
in less than second, while constantly refining the reading's accuracy, a simple algorithm have been developed, where a counter and a timer are used. Counter and timers are part of the internal features of a micro-controller, (like the AT89C52 used for the first prototype) and they can be easily configured through programming. The counter is connected in such a way as to count pulses coming from the infra-red sensor, while the timer is used to precisely feed the counted value to the microcontroller every fifth of a second, and reset the counter to 0. The microcontroller can now take an average of the last 3 readings (saved in C1, C2 and C3) and calculate the average numbers of pulses per fifth second, later this value is multiplied by 5 to get the number of pulses per second. Later this value is multiplied by 60 to get the number of pulses per minute, which represents the measured RPM.
IR Proximity Sensor
4.5 to 5.5VDC t
0 to 80cm
10 to 12v t
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MOTOR (12V)
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POWER SUPPLY
MICROCONTROLLER (5V)
GSM MODULE
LCD 16x2
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4.2.1 Microcontroller AT89C51 Features: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
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(g) Pin 13 Int 1 Interrupt 1 input. (h) Pin 14 Counter 0 clock input. (i) Pin 15 Counter 1 clock input. (j) Pin 16 WR Write to external (additional) RAM. (k) Pin 17 RD Read from external RAM. (l) Pin 18,19 XT, X1Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which specifies operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of it, miniature ceramics resonators can also be used for frequency stability. Later versions of microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz. (m) Pin 20 Ground. (n) Pin 21-22 if there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as general inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used, the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. Even though memory with capacity of 64Kb is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are used for its addressing, the rest of them are not available as inputs/outputs. (o) Pin 29 PenIf external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0) appears on it every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory. (p) Pin 30 ALE prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately after that, the ALU pin is returned its previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data Bus. As seen, port data multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit. In other words, this port is used for both data and address transmission. (q) Pin 31 EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, the program written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internalthenexternal. (r) Pin 32-39 Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is driven low (0).
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ARCHITECTURE OF AT89CS51:
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INTERRUPTS The AT89C51 has in total of six interrupt sources, which means that it can recognize up to 6 different events that can interrupt regular program execution. Each of these interrupts can be individually enabled or disabled by setting bits of the IE register, whereas the whole interrupt system can be disabled by clearing the EA bit of the same register. Since this microcontroller has embedded Timer T2 and SPI (they don't fall under the Standard) which can generate an interrupt, it was necessary to make some changes in registers controlling interrupt system. Besides, there is a new interrupt vector i.e. program memory address from which the program proceeds with execution when the Timer T2 generates an interrupt. All these changes are made on the previously unused bits. This enables all programs written for the previous versions of the microcontrollers to be used in this one too without being modified. This is why the 8051-based microcontrollers are so popular.
COUNTERS AND TIMERS TIMERS T0 AND T1 The AT89CS51 has three timers/counters marked as T0, T1 andT2. Timers T0 and T1 completely fall under the 8051 Standard. There are no changes in their operation. TIMER T2 Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer/counter installed only in new versions of the 8051 family. Unlike timers T0 and T1, this timer consists of 4 registers. Two of them, TH2 and TL2, are connected serially in order to form a larger 16-bit timer register. Like timers 0 and 1, it can operate either as a timer or as an event counter. Another two registers, RCAP2H and RCAP2L, are also serially connected and operate as capture registers. They are used to temporarily store the contents of the counter register. The main advantage of this timer compared to timers 0 and 1 is that all read and swap operations are easily performed using one instruction. Similar to T0 and T1, it has four different modes of operation. INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS (I/O PORTS) All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each comprising 8 bits which can be configured as inputs or outputs. Accordingly, in total of 32 input/output pins enabling the microcontroller to be connected to peripheral devices are available for use. Pin configuration, i.e. whether it is to be configured as an input (1) or an output (0), depends on its logic state. In order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to apply logic zero (0) to appropriate I/O port bit. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin will be 0. Similarly, in order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to apply a logic one (1) to appropriate port. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin will be 5V (as is the case with any TTL input). This may seem confusing but don't lose your patience. It all becomes clear after studying simple electronic circuits connected to an I/O pin.
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This proximity detector using an infrared detector can be used in various equipment like automatic door openers and burglar alarms. The circuit primarily consists of an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver. The transmitter section consists of a 555 timer IC functioning in astable mode. It is wired as shown in the figure. The output from astable is fed to an infrared LED via resistor R4, which limits its operating current. This circuit provides a frequency output of 38 kHz at 50 per cent duty cycle, which is required for the infra-red detector/receiver module. Siemens SFH5110-38 is a much better choice than SFH506-38. Siemens SFH5110-38 is turned on by a continuous frequency of 38 kHz with 50 per cent duty cycle, whereas SFH506 requires a burst frequency of 38k to sense. The receiver section comprises an infrared receiver module, a 555 monostable multivibrator, and an LED indicator. Upon reception of infrared signals, 555 timers (mono) turn on and remain on as long as infrared signals are received. When the signals are interrupted, the mono goes off after a few seconds (period=1.1 R7xC6) depending upon the value of R7-C6 combination. Thus if R7=470 kiloohms and C6=4.7F, the mono period will be around 2.5 seconds.
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Both the transmitter and the receiver parts can be mounted on a single bread board or PCB. The infrared receiver must be placed behind the infrared LED to avoid false indication due to infrared leakage. An object moving nearby actually reflects the infrared rays emitted by the infrared LED. The infrared receiver has sensitivity angle (lobe) of 0-60 degrees, hence when the reflected IR ray is sensed, the mono in the receiver part is triggered. The output from the mono may be used in any desired fashion. For example, it can be used to turn on a light when a person comes nearby by energizing a relay. The light would automatically turn off after some time as the person moves away and the mono pulse period is over. The sensitivity of the detector depends on current-limiting resistor R4 in series with the infrared LED. Range is approximately 40 cm. For 20-ohm value of R4 the object at 25 cm can be sensed, while for 30-ohm value of R4 the sensing range reduces by 22.5 cm
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FIG 4.7 GSM module SIM 900 The SIM900 E is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS solution in a compact plug-in module integrated with a SIM card holder. Featuring an industry-standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption. The leading features of SIM300 E make it ideal for virtually unlimited applications, such as WLL applications, M2M application, handheld devices and much more.
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Features
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Pin Diagram:
Function Ground (0V) Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor Selects command register when low; and data register when high Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given
Name Ground Vcc VEE Register Select Read/write Enable DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7
Led+
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4.3 SCHEMATICDIAGRAM:
FIG 4.11 Schematic diagram of microcontroller interfaced with LCD & GSM module
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Eagle includes the following modules: schematic editor layout editor auto router SCHEMATIC EDITOR
Automatic generation of supply connections Automatic board generation Electrical rule check (error check in the schematic and consistency check between schematic and layout) User defined net classes for via size, wire width and clearance
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LAYOUT EDITOR
Support of blind and buried via Rotation of objects in arbitrary angles Components can be locked against moving Texts can be placed in any orientation
AUTOROUTER
Fully integrated into basic program User definable strategy by cost factors No placement restrictions
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CHAPTER:- 6 RESULTS
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6.1ADVANTAGES:
1. Better performance and reliability. 2. Consumes less energy than conventional tachometer. 3. Portable so we can carry it to large rotating machine to note the rpm. 4. Hold the reading if hold key is pressed. 5. Measure accurately in the range of 10cm. 6. Light in weight as compared to the conventional tachometer. 7. Compact in size. 8. Simple circuitry and easy to understand. 9. Mass production may reduce the cost of Contact less tachometer. 10. Calibrations points are given to change the capacitance. 11. Easy to repair and can be extended to the wireless tachometer.
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6.2 APPLICATION:
(a) This tachometer information is useful if your car has a standard shift transmission and you want to shift at the optimum tachometer RPM for best fuel economy or best acceleration. One of the least used gauges on a car with an automatic transmission. You should never race your engine so fast that the tachometer moves into the red zone as this can cause engine damage. Some engines are protected by the engine computer from going into the red zone. Usually, the tachometer shows single digit markings like 1, 2, 3 etc. Somewhere, you will also see an indicator that says RPM x 1000. This means that you multiply the reading by 1000 to get the actual RPM, so if the needle is pointing to 2, the engine is running at 2000 RPM. (b) This can be used by the companies that prepare the fan. It can be used to check the performance of the fan. (c) This can be used by the companies that manufacture motor that has the RPM. less than 9900 can use this device it shows the maximum and the average speed of the motor or rotating part. (d) It can be used as optical counter just the thing is that the material to be counted should reflect the infrared radiation. (e) It can be used to check the RPM for the hard disk drives, floppy disk drives in the field of electronics. (f) When choosing a motorcycle tachometer there is a decent selection of manufacturers to choose from. Auto meter tachometers are brands that are well known. Each of these companies makes a quality Tach for bikes. Auto meter makes Tach's for cars and has expanded to making them for motor cycles as well. This line is called Pro-Cycle. When it comes to choosing the right Tach it is important to keep in mind the application that you are going to use it for. They are fairly easy to install and have a range of up to 9,000 RPM. Since most bikes have high revving engines it is important to find one that suits your application. Auto meter Tachometers are mostly electronic and come in a variety of sizes and variations. There is bound to be one that suits your application. Autometer also makes tachometers that have integrated shift lights or you can buy the shift light kit by itself. In order to use a shift light you will also need a RPM activated module and a RPM Pill module kit. You can also choose from a black or white face as well as the diameter of the gauge. Lightning Performance makes a pretty cool looking electronic tachometer. I am currently of currently aware of 3 different Lightning Performance tach's. They are all micro gauges and areeasily mounted on to a handlebar. They integrate very well in to most motor y les lines. Lightning Performance Electronic tachometers are CNC machined from a 5 lb. brick of billetAluminum which is then chrome plated for a show quality finish.
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6.3 CONCLUSION:
Thus by using this project, We can get accurate REVOLUTION PER MINUTES (RPM) , protect our rotating equipment & Also get the RPM reading on mobile through GSM.
PCB DESIGN CODING HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING FINAL PROJECT REPORT
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CHAPTER:- 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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References
1. www.wikipedia.com 2. www.google.com 3. www.seminarprojects.com/wirelessnotice-board 4. www.atmel.com/piccontroller 5. www.electronics4you.com/leddisplaynoticeboard 6. www.electronicsprojects.com/gsmbasedlcdnotice 7. www.datasheetsarchive.com/datasheets 8. www.eagle.com/eaglesoftware 9. www.alldatasheets.com/view.jsp?Searchword=8051 10. www.projectworld.com 11. www.allabout8051.com 12. Programming and Customizing the PIC Microcontroller by MykePredko - Third Edition 13. Making PIC Microcontroller Instruments &ControllersbyHarprit Singh Sandhu
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APPENDIX - I
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APPENDIX II
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APPENDIX - III
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