Package rgdal

March 29, 2013

Title Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library Version 0.8-6 Date 2013-03-29 Depends R (>= 2.13.0), methods, sp (>= 1.0-8) LinkingTo sp Description Provides bindings to Frank Warmerdams Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) (>= 1.7.1) and access to projection/transformation operations from the PROJ.4 library. The GDAL and PROJ.4 libraries are external to the package, and,when installing the package from source, must be correctly installed rst. Both GDAL raster and OGR vector map data can be imported into R, and GDAL raster data and OGR vector data exported. Use is made of classes dened in the sp package. Windows and Mac Intel OS X binaries (including GDAL, PROJ.4 and Expat) are provided on CRAN. License GPL (>= 2) URL http://www.gdal.org, https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/rgdal/ SystemRequirements for building from source: GDAL >= 1.7.1 library from http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/wiki/DownloadSource and PROJ.4 (proj >= 4.4.9) from http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/; GDAL OSX frameworks built by William Kyngesburye at http://www.kyngchaos.com/ may be used for source installs on OSX. Author Roger Bivand [cre, aut], Tim Keitt [aut], Barry Rowlingson [aut], Edzer Pebesma [ctb], Michael Sumner [ctb], Robert Hijmans [ctb] Maintainer Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no> NeedsCompilation yes Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2013-03-29 13:18:05 1

closeDataset-methods

R topics documented:
closeDataset-methods . . . . . . . CRS-class . . . . . . . . . . . . . displayDataset . . . . . . . . . . . GDALDataset-class . . . . . . . . GDALDriver-class . . . . . . . . GDALMajorObject-class . . . . . GDALRasterBand-class . . . . . . GDALReadOnlyDataset-class . . GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods GDALTransientDataset-class . . . llgridlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . make_EPSG . . . . . . . . . . . . nor2k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . projInfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . readGDAL . . . . . . . . . . . . readOGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . RGB2PCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . SGDF2PCT . . . . . . . . . . . . showWKT . . . . . . . . . . . . . SpatialGDAL-class . . . . . . . . spTransform-methods . . . . . . . writeOGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index closeDataset-methods closeDataset methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 12 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 32 33 34 35 37 41 44

Description Methods for closing GDAL datasets, used internally Usage closeDataset(dataset) closeDataset.default(dataset) Arguments dataset Methods dataset = "ANY" default method, returns error dataset = "GDALReadOnlyDataset" closes the "GDALReadOnlyDataset" dataset = "GDALTransientDataset" closes the "GDALTransientDataset" GDAL dataset

CRS-class

CRS-class

Class "CRS" of coordinate reference system arguments

Description Interface class to the PROJ.4 projection system. The class is dened as an empty stub accepting value NA in the sp package. If the rgdal package is available, then the class will permit spatial data to be associated with coordinate reference systems Usage checkCRSArgs(uprojargs) Arguments uprojargs character string PROJ.4 projection arguments

Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form CRS("projargs"), where "projargs" is a valid string of PROJ.4 arguments; the arguments must be entered exactly as in the PROJ.4 documentation, in particular there cannot be any white space in +<arg>=<value> strings, and successive such strings can only be separated by blanks. The initiation function calls the PROJ.4 library to verify the argument set against those known in the library, returning error messages where necessary. The complete argument set may be retrieved by examining the second list element returned by validObject("CRS object") to see which additional arguments the library will use (which assumptions it is making over and above submitted arguments). The function CRSargs() can be used to show the expanded argument list used by the PROJ.4 library. Slots projargs: Object of class "character": projection arguments; the arguments must be entered exactly as in the PROJ.4 documentation, in particular there cannot be any white space in +<arg>=<value> strings, and successive such strings can only be separated by blanks. Methods show signature(object = "CRS"): print projection arguments in object Note Lists of projections may be seen by using the programs installed with the PROJ.4 library, in particular proj and cs2cs; with the latter, -lp lists projections, -le ellipsoids, -lu units, and -ld datum(s) known to the installed software (available in rgdal using projInfo). These are added to in successive releases, so tracking the website or compiling and installing the most recent revisions will give the greatest choice. Finding the very important datum transformation parameters to be given with the +towgs84 tag is a further challenge, and is essential when the datums used in data to be used together differ. Tracing projection arguments is easier now than before the mass ownership of

displayDataset GPS receivers raised the issue of matching coordinates from different argument sets (GPS output and paper map, for example).

Author(s) Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no> References http://proj.maptools.org/ Examples

CRSargs(CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=NAD27")) CRSargs(CRS("+init=epsg:4267")) CRSargs(CRS("+init=epsg:26978")) CRSargs(CRS(paste("+proj=stere +lat_ =52.15616 55555555", "+lon_ =5.38763888888889 +k= .9999 8 +x_ =155 +y_ =463 +ellps=bessel", "+towgs84=565.237,5 . 87,465.658,- .4 6857, .35 733,-1.87 35,4. 812", "+units=m"))) # see http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/1987 CRSargs(CRS("+init=epsg:28992"))

displayDataset

Display a GDAL dataset

Description Display a GDAL dataset allowing for subscenes and decimation, allowing very large images to be browsed Usage displayDataset(x, offset=c( , ), region.dim=dim(x), reduction = 1, band = 1, col = NULL, reset.par = TRUE, max.dim = 5 , ...) Arguments x offset region.dim reduction band a three-band GDALReadOnlyDataset object Number of rows and columns from the origin (usually the upper left corner) to begin reading from; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change The number of rows and columns to read from the dataset; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change a vector of length 1 or 2 recycled to 2 for decimating the input data, 1 retains full resultion, higher values decimate The band number (1-based) to read from

GDALDataset-class col reset.par max.dim ... Value a list of the image data, the colour table, and the par() values on entry. Author(s) Tim Keitt References http://www.gdal.org/ Examples
logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- GDAL.open(logo) opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) par(mfrow=c(2,2)) displayDataset(x, band=1, reset.par=FALSE) displayDataset(x, band=2, reset.par=FALSE) displayDataset(x, band=3, reset.par=TRUE) par(opar) dx <- RGB2PCT(x, band=1:3) displayDataset(dx) GDAL.close(x) GDAL.close(dx)

5 default NULL, attempt to use band colour table and default to grey scale if not available default TRUE - reset par() settings on completion default 500, forcing the image to a maximum dimension of the value arguments passed to image.default()

GDALDataset-class

Class "GDALDataset"

Description GDALDataset extends GDALReadOnlyDataset-class with data update commands. Usage putRasterData(dataset, rasterData, band = 1, offset = c( , )) saveDataset(dataset, filename, options=NULL, returnNewObj=FALSE) copyDataset(dataset, driver, strict = FALSE, options = NULL, fname=NULL) deleteDataset(dataset) saveDatasetAs(dataset, filename, driver = NULL, options=NULL)

6 Arguments dataset rasterData band offset filename returnNewObj An object inheriting from class GDALDataset A data array with length(dim(rasterData)) = 2 The band number (1-based) to read from

GDALDataset-class

Number of rows and columns from the origin (usually the upper left corner) to begin reading from name of le to contain raster data object; will be normalized with normalizePath until and including 0.5-27, saveDataset returned an invisible copy of the new le handle, which was then only nalized when the garbage collector ran. The old behaviour can be retained by setting to FALSE, the default behaviour is to close the hande and not return it. GDAL driver name to use for saving raster data object TRUE if the copy must be strictly equivalent, or more normally FALSE indicating that the copy may adapt as needed for the output format Driver specic options (currently passed to GDAL) default NULL, used internally to pass through a le name with a required extension (RST driver has this problem)

driver strict options fname

Details putRasterData: writes data contained in rasterData to the dataset, begining at offset rows and columns from the origin (usually the upper left corner). Data type conversion is automatic. saveDataset: saves a raster data object in a le using the driver of the object saveDatasetAs: saves a raster data object in a le using the specied driver copyDataset: make a copy of raster data object in a le using the specied driver deleteDataset: delete the le from which the raster data object was read (should only delete les opened as GDALDataset objects Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALDataset", filename, handle), where name: a string giving the name of a GDAL driver, handle: used internally; not for public consumption (default = NULL). Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", from class "GDALReadOnlyDataset", used internally; not for public consumption Extends Class "GDALReadOnlyDataset", directly. Class "GDALMajorObject", by class "GDALReadOnlyDataset".

GDALDriver-class Methods initialize signature(.Object = "GDALDataset"): ... Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand See Also GDALDriver-class, GDALReadOnlyDataset-class, GDALTransientDataset-class

GDALDriver-class

Class "GDALDriver": GDAL Driver Object

Description GDALDriver objects encapsulate GDAL le format drivers. GDALDriver inherits from GDALMajorObject-class. Usage getGDALDriverNames() gdalDrivers() getDriverName(driver) getDriverLongName(driver) getGDALVersionInfo(str = "--version") getGDALCheckVersion() getCPLConfigOption(ConfigOption) setCPLConfigOption(ConfigOption, value) Arguments driver str ConfigOption value Details getGDALDriverNames, gdalDrivers: returns all driver names currently installed in GDAL, with their declared create and copy status (some drivers can create datasets, others can only copy from a prototype with a different driver. getDriverName: returns the GDAL driver name associated with the driver object. getDriverLongName: returns a longer driver name. getGDALVersionInfo: returns the version of the GDAL runtime shared object. An object inheriting from class GDALDriver A string, may be one of "--version", "VERSION_NUM", "RELEASE_DATE", "RELEASE_NAME" CPL congure option documented in http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/wiki/ ConfigOptions and elsewhere in GDAL source code a string value to set a CPL option; NULL is used to unset the CPL option

GDALDriver-class getGDALCheckVersion: checks the version of the GDAL headers used when building the package (GDAL_VERSION_MAJOR, GDAL_VERSION_MINOR) - if the two versions differ, problems may arise (the C++ API/ABI may have changed), and rgdal should be re-installed

Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALDriver", name, handle), where name: a string giving the name of a GDAL driver, handle: used internally; not for public consumption (default = NULL). Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", from class "GDALMajorObject", used internally; not for public consumption Extends Class "GDALMajorObject", directly. Methods initialize signature(.Object = "GDALDriver"): drivername: a string giving the name of a GDAL driver, handle: used internally; not for public consumption (default = NULL) Note Loading the rgdal package changes the GDAL_DATA environmental variable to the GDAL support les bundled with the package. Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand See Also GDALMajorObject-class Examples
gdalDrivers() logo <- system.file("pictures/logo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) getDriver(x) getDriverLongName(getDriver(x)) GDAL.close(x)

GDALMajorObject-class

GDALMajorObject-class Class "GDALMajorObject"

Description "GDALMajorObject" is a virtual base class for all GDAL objects. Usage getDescription(object) Arguments object Details getDescription: returns a descrption string associated with the object. No setter method is dened because GDAL dataset objects use the description to hold the lename attached to the dataset. It would not be good to change that mid-stream. Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALMajorObject", ...), but are only created for classes that extend this class. Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", used internally; not for public consumption Methods No methods dened with class "GDALMajorObject" in the signature. Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand References http://www.keittlab.org/, http://www.gdal.org/ See Also GDALDriver-class, GDALReadOnlyDataset-class, GDALDataset-class and GDALTransientDataset-class an object inheriting from "GDALMajorObject"

10 Examples

GDALRasterBand-class

driver <- new(GDALDriver, as.character(getGDALDriverNames()[1,1])) driver rm(driver) logo <- system.file("pictures/logo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) x getDescription(x) dim(x) GDAL.close(x)

GDALRasterBand-class

Class "GDALRasterBand"

Description Returns a two-dimensional array with data from a raster band, used internally within functions Usage getRasterData(dataset, band = NULL, offset = c( , ), region.dim = dim(dataset), output.dim = region.dim, interleave = c( , ), as.is = FALSE, list_out=FALSE) getRasterTable(dataset, band = NULL, offset = c( , ), region.dim = dim(dataset)) getProjectionRef(dataset, OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 = NULL) getRasterBand(dataset, band = 1) getRasterBlockSize(raster) toSigned(x, base) toUnSigned(x, base) get_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84() set_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84(value)

Arguments dataset band An object inheriting from class GDALReadOnlyDataset The band number (1-based) to read from

GDALRasterBand-class offset region.dim output.dim interleave as.is list_out raster x

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Number of rows and columns from the origin (usually the upper left corner) to begin reading from; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change The number of rows and columns to read from the dataset; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change Number of rows and columns in the output data; if smaller than region.dim the data will be subsampled Element and row stride while reading data; rarely needed If false, scale the data to its natural units; if the case of thematic data, return the data as factors default FALSE, return array, if TRUE, return a list of vector bands An object of class GDALRasterBand integer variable for conversion

base If Byte input, 8, if Int16 or UInt16, 16 OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 logical value, default NULL, which case the cached option set by set_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWG is used. Ignored if the GDAL version is less than 1.8.0 or if the CPLCongOption variable is already set value Details getRasterData: retrieves data from the dataset as an array or list of bands; will try to convert relevant bands to factor if category names are available in the GDAL driver when returning a list. getRasterTable: retrieves data from the dataset as data frame. getProjectionRef: returns the geodetic projection in Well Known Text format. getRasterBand: returns a raster band getRasterBlockSize: returns the natural block size of the raster band. Use this for efcient tiled IO. toSigned: used to convert a band read as unsigned integer to signed integer toUnSigned: used to convert a band read as signed integer to unsigned integer Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALRasterBand", dataset, band). Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", from class "GDALMajorObject", used internally; not for public consumption Extends Class "GDALMajorObject", directly. logical value to set OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84

12 Methods dim signature(x = "GDALRasterBand"): ... initialize signature(.Object = "GDALRasterBand"): ... Note

GDALReadOnlyDataset-class

The OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 argument is used to revert GDAL behaviour to pre-1.8.0 status; from 1.8.0, any input datum may be discarded if the input also includes a towgs84 tag in conversion to the PROJ.4 representation, see http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/ 488 and http://lists.osgeo.org/pipermail/gdal-dev/2 12-November/ 3455 .html. The cached value of OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 will also be used in open.SpatialGDAL, sub.GDROD, and asGDALROD_SGDF, which do not have a suitable argument Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand See Also See also GDALDriver-class, GDALDataset-class, GDALTransientDataset-class Examples
logo <- system.file("pictures/logo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) plot(density(getRasterTable(x)$band1)) GDAL.close(x)

GDALReadOnlyDataset-class Class "GDALReadOnlyDataset"

Description GDALReadOnlyDataset is the base class for a GDAL Dataset classes. Only read operations are supported. Both GDALDataset and GDALTransientDataset inherit these read operations while providing additional write operations (see GDALDataset-class). GDALReadOnlyDataset-class inherits from GDALMajorObject-class. Usage GDAL.close(dataset) GDAL.open(filename, read.only = TRUE, silent=FALSE) getDriver(dataset)

getColorTable(dataset, band = 1) getGeoTransFunc(dataset)

GDALReadOnlyDataset-class Arguments dataset filename band read.only silent Details An object inheriting from class GDALReadOnlyDataset A string giving the le to read from The band number (1-based) to read from

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A logical ag indicating whether to open the le as a GDALReadOnlyDataset or as a writable GDALDataset logical; if TRUE, comment and non-fatal CPL driver errors suppressed

GDAL.open and GDAL.close are shorter versions of new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", ...) and closeDataset(). Because GDAL.close through closeDataset() uses the nalization mechanism to destroy the handles to the dataset and its driver, messages such as: "Closing GDAL dataset handle 0x8ff7900... destroyed ... done." may appear when GDAL.close is run, or at some later stage. getDriver returns an object inheriting from class GDALDriver. getColorTable returns the dataset colour table (currently does not support RGB imaging). getGeoTransFunc returns a warping function. Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", filename, handle). ~~ describe objects here ~~ Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", from class "GDALMajorObject" ~~ Extends Class "GDALMajorObject", directly. Methods closeDataset signature(dataset = "GDALReadOnlyDataset"): ... dim signature(x = "GDALReadOnlyDataset"): ... initialize signature(.Object = "GDALReadOnlyDataset"): ... Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand References http://www.keittlab.org/, http://www.gdal.org/

14 See Also

GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods

See also GDALDriver-class, GDALDataset-class, GDALTransientDataset-class. Examples

logo <- system.file("pictures/logo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) dim(x) plot(density(getRasterTable(x)$band1)) #displayDataset(x) #displayDataset(x, col=function(x){rev(cm.colors(x))}) #im <- displayDataset(x, col=function(x){rev(cm.colors(x))}, reset.par=FALSE) #contour(1:attr(im, "size")[2], 1:attr(im, "size")[1], # t(attr(im, "index"))[,attr(im, "size")[1]:1], nlevels = 1, # levels = 1 , col = black, add = TRUE) GDAL.close(x) logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) dim(x) #displayDataset(x) GDAL.close(x)

GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods subset methods for "GDALReadOnlyDataset"

Description subsets GDAL objects, returning a SpatialGridDataFrame object Details The [ method subsets a GDAL data set, returning a SpatialGridDataFrame object. Reading is done on the GDAL side, and only the subset requested is ever read into memory. Further named arguments to [ are to either getRasterTable or getRasterData: as.is see getRasterData interleave see getRasterData output.dim see getRasterData the other arguments, offset and region.dim are derived from row/column selection values. An GDALReadOnlyDataset object can be coerced directly to a SpatialGridDataFrame Methods "[" signature(.Object = "GDALReadOnlyDataset"): requires package sp; selects rows and columns, and returns an object of class SpatialGridDataFrame if the grid is not rotated, or else of class SpatialPointsDataFrame. Any arguments passed to getRasterData (or in case of rotation getRasterTable) may be passed as named arguments; the rst three unnamed arguments are row,col,band

GDALTransientDataset-class Author(s) Edzer Pebesma See Also

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See also readGDAL GDALDriver-class, GDALDataset-class, GDALTransientDataset-class, SpatialGridDataFrame-class . Examples

library(grid) logo <- system.file("pictures/logo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) dim(x) x.sp = x[2 :5 , 2 :5 ] class(x.sp) summary(x.sp) spplot(x.sp) GDAL.close(x) logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x.gdal <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) x = x.gdal[,,3] dim(x) summary(x) spplot(x) spplot(x.gdal[]) GDAL.close(x.gdal) logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x.gdal <- new("GDALReadOnlyDataset", logo) x.as <- as(x.gdal, "SpatialGridDataFrame") GDAL.close(x.gdal) summary(x.as)

GDALTransientDataset-class Class "GDALTransientDataset"

Description GDALTransientDataset is identical to GDALDataset-class except that transient datasets are not associated with any user-visible le. Transient datasets delete their associated le data when closed. See saveDataset and saveDatasetAs.

16 Objects from the Class

GDALTransientDataset-class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("GDALTransientDataset", driver, rows, cols, bands, type, optio driver A "GDALDriver" object that determines the storage format rows Number of rows in the newly created dataset cols Number of columns in the newly created dataset bands Number of bands to create type A GDAL type name as listed in .GDALDataTypes options Driver specic options fname default NULL, used internally to pass through a le name with a required extension (RST driver has this problem) handle Used internally; not for public consumption Slots handle: Object of class "externalptr", from class "GDALDataset", used internally; not for public consumption Extends Class "GDALDataset", directly. Class "GDALReadOnlyDataset", by class "GDALDataset". Class "GDALMajorObject", by class "GDALDataset". Methods closeDataset signature(dataset = "GDALTransientDataset"): ... initialize signature(.Object = "GDALTransientDataset"): ... Author(s) Timothy H. Keitt, modied by Roger Bivand See Also See also GDALDriver-class, GDALReadOnlyDataset-class Examples
list.files(tempdir()) x <- new(GDALTransientDataset, driver=new(GDALDriver, "GTiff"), rows=1 cols=1 , bands=3, type=Byte) dim(x) list.files(tempdir()) GDAL.close(x) list.files(tempdir()) ,

llgridlines

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llgridlines

Plot long-lat grid over projected data

Description Plot long-lat grid over projected data Usage llgridlines(obj, easts, norths, ndiscr = 2 , lty = 2, offset= .5, side="WS", llcrs = "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84", plotLines = TRUE, plotLabels = TRUE, ...) Arguments obj easts norths ndiscr offset side lty llcrs plotLines plotLabels ... Value none; side effect is that grid lines and lables are plotted See Also is.projected, CRS-class Examples
data(meuse) coordinates(meuse) proj4string(meuse) plot(meuse) llgridlines(meuse, plot(meuse) llgridlines(meuse, = ~x+y <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992") lty=3) lty=3, side = "EN", offset = .2)

object, deriving from Spatial having projection specied numeric; see gridlines numeric; see gridlines numeric; see gridlines numeric; see gridat character, default WS; see gridat; available from sp 0.9-84 line type to be used for grid lines proj4string of longitude - latitude logical; plot lines? logical; plot labels? graphics arguments passed to plot function for lines and text function for labels

18

make_EPSG

make_EPSG

Make a data frame of EPSG projection codes

Description Make a data frame of the now-defunct European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG) geodetic parameter dataset as distributed with PROJ.4 software and included in this package. Because nding the correct projection specication is not easy, lists still known as EPSG lists are maintained, and more generally retrieved from Access databases. The data collated here are as distributed with PROJ.4. Usage make_EPSG(file) Arguments file le name of the le matching EPSG codes and PROJ.4 arguments, should usually be autodetected

Value returns a data frame with columns: code note prj4 ... Note See also Clifford J. Mugniers Grids \& Datums columns in Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, http://www.asprs.org/resources/GRIDS/ Author(s) Roger Bivand References http://www.epsg.org/ integer column of EPSG code numbers character column of notes as included in the le character column of PROJ.4 arguments for the equivalent projection denitions

nor2k Examples
EPSG <- make_EPSG() EPSG[grep("Oslo", EPSG$note), 1:2] EPSG[1925:1927, 3] EPSG[grep("Poland", EPSG$note), 1:2] EPSG[grep("Amersfoort", EPSG$note), 1:2] EPSG[grep("North Carolina", EPSG$note), 1:2] EPSG[22 2, 3]

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nor2k

Norwegian peaks over 2000m

Description Norwegian peaks over 2000m, 3D SpatialPoints data. Usage data(nor2k) Format The format is: Formal class SpatialPointsDataFrame [package "sp"] with 5 slots ..@ data :data.frame: 300 obs. of 3 variables: .. ..$ Nr. : int [1:300] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... .. ..$ Navn : chr [1:300] "Galdh?piggen" "Glittertinden" "Skagast?lstinden, Store (Storen)" "Styggedalstinden, Store, ?sttoppen" ... .. ..$ Kommune: chr [1:300] "Lom" "Lom" "Luster / Ardal" "Luster" ... ..@ coords.nrs : num(0) ..@ coords : num [1:300, 1:3] 463550 476550 439850 441450 441100 ... .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2 .. .. ..$ : NULL .. .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "East" "North" "Height" ..@ bbox : num [1:3, 1:2] 404700 6804200 2001 547250 6910050 ... .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2 .. .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "East" "North" "Height" .. .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "min" "max" ..@ proj4string:Formal class CRS [package "sp"] with 1 slots .. .. ..@ projargs: chr "+proj=utm +zone=32 +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0" Details Norwegian peaks over 2000m, coordinates in EUREF89/WGS84 UTM32N, names not fully updated, here converted to ASCII. Source http://www.nfo2 Examples
data(nor2k) summary(nor2k) ## maybe str(nor2k) ; plot(nor2k) ...

m.no/; http://www.nfo2

m.no/Excel/2

m_data.xls

20

project

project

Projection of coordinate matrices

Description Interface to the PROJ.4 library of projection functions for geographical position data, no datum transformation possible. Use spTransform() for extended support. Usage project(xy, proj, inv = FALSE, use_ob_tran=FALSE) Arguments xy proj 2-column matrix of coordinates character string of projection arguments; the arguments must be entered exactly as in the PROJ.4 documentation, in particular there cannot be any white space in +<arg>=<value> strings, and successive such strings can only be separated by blanks. default FALSE, if TRUE inverse projection to geographical coordinates default FALSE, if TRUE and +proj=ob_tran, use General Oblique Transformation with internalised from/to projection reversal; the user oblique transforms forward rather than inverse.

inv use_ob_tran

Details Full details of projection arguments available from website below, and examples in le "epsg" in the data directory installed with PROJ.4. Value A two column matrix with projected coordinates. Note The locations of Hawaii and Alaska in the data source are (putting it mildly) arbitrary, please avoid airlines using these positions. Author(s) Barry Rowlingson, Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no> References http://proj.maptools.org/

projInfo See Also CRS-class, spTransform-methods Examples

data(state) res <- project(cbind(state.center$x, state.center$y), "+proj=lcc +lat_1=48 +lat_2=33 +lon_ =-1 ") res1 <- project(res, "+proj=lcc +lat_1=48 +lat_2=33 +lon_ =-1 ", inv=TRUE) summary(res1 - cbind(state.center$x, state.center$y)) plot(cbind(state.center$x, state.center$y), asp=1, type="n") text(cbind(state.center$x, state.center$y), state.abb) plot(res, asp=1, type="n") text(res, state.abb) crds <- matrix(data=c(9. 5, 48.52), ncol=2) a <- project(crds, paste("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat", "+o_lon_p=-162 +o_lat_p=39.25 +lon_ =18 +ellps=sphere +no_defs"), use_ob_tran=TRUE) a #should be (-5.917698, -1.87195) project(a, paste("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat", "+o_lon_p=-162 +o_lat_p=39.25 +lon_ =18 +ellps=sphere +no_defs"), inv=TRUE, use_ob_tran=TRUE) #added after posting by Martin Ivanov

21

projInfo

List PROJ.4 tag information

Description

The projInfo function lists known values and descriptions for PROJ.4 tags for tag in c("proj", "ellps", "datum", "uni getPROJ4VersionInfo returns the version of the underlying PROJ.4 release, getPROJ4libPath returns the value of the PROJ\_LIB environment variable, projNAD detects the presence of NAD datum conversion tables (looking for conus). Usage projInfo(type = "proj") getPROJ4VersionInfo() getPROJ4libPath() projNAD() Arguments type One of these tags: c("proj", "ellps", "datum", "units")

22 Details

readGDAL

The output data frame lists the information given by the proj application with ags -lp, -le, -ld or -lu. Value A data frame with a name and description column, and two extra columns for the "ellps" and "datum" tags. Note Loading the rgdal package changes the PROJ_LIB environmental variable to the PROJ.4 support les bundles with the package. Author(s) Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no> References http://proj.maptools.org/ Examples
getPROJ4VersionInfo() projInfo()

readGDAL

Read/write between GDAL grid maps and Spatial objects

Description The functions read or write GDAL grid maps. They will set the spatial reference system if available. GDALinfo reports the size and other parameters of the dataset. create2GDAL creates a GDAL data set from a SpatialGridDataFrame object, in particular to be able to save to GDAL driver formats that only permit copying rather than creation. Usage readGDAL(fname, offset, region.dim, output.dim, band, p4s=NULL, ..., half.cell=c( .5, .5), silent = FALSE, OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84=NULL) asSGDF_GROD(x, offset, region.dim, output.dim, p4s=NULL, ..., half.cell=c( .5, .5), OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84=NULL) writeGDAL(dataset, fname, drivername = "GTiff", type = "Float32", mvFlag = NA, options=NULL, copy_drivername = "GTiff", setStatistics=FALSE, colorTables = NULL, catNames=NULL) create2GDAL(dataset, drivername = "GTiff", type = "Float32", mvFlag = NA,

readGDAL options=NULL, fname = NULL, setStatistics=FALSE, colorTables = NULL, catNames=NULL) GDALinfo(fname, silent=FALSE, returnRAT=FALSE, returnCategoryNames=FALSE, returnStats=TRUE, returnColorTable=FALSE, OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84=NULL, returnScaleOffset=TRUE) GDALSpatialRef(fname, silent=FALSE, OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84=NULL) Arguments fname x offset region.dim output.dim

23

le name of grid map; in create2GDAL provides a way to pass through a le name with driver-required extension for sensitive drivers A GDALReadOnlyDataset object Number of rows and columns from the origin (usually the upper left corner) to begin reading from; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change The number of rows and columns to read from the dataset; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change The number of rows and columns to return in the created object using GDALs method to take care of image decimation / replication; presently ordered (y,x) this may change if missing, all bands are read PROJ4 string dening CRS, if default (NULL), the value is read from the GDAL data set Used to adjust the intra-cell offset from corner to centre, usually as default, but may be set to c=(0,0) if needed; presently ordered (y,x) - this may change

band p4s half.cell

silent logical; if TRUE, comment and non-fatal CPL driver errors suppressed OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 logical value, default NULL, which case the cached option set by set_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWG is used. Ignored if the GDAL version is less than 1.8.0 or if the CPLCongOption variable is already set; see getProjectionRef for further details ... arguments passed to either getRasterData, or getRasterTable, depending on rotation angles (see below); see the rgdal documentation for the available options (subsetting etc.)

dataset object of class SpatialGridDataFrame-class or SpatialPixelsDataFrame-class drivername, copy_drivername GDAL driver name; if the chosen driver does not support dataset creation, an attempt is made to use the copy_drivername driver to create a dataset, and copyDatset to copy to the target driver type mvFlag GDAL write data type, one of: Byte, Int16, Int32, Float32, Float64; UInt16, UInt32 are available but have not been tests default NA, missing value ag for output le; the default value works for Int32, Float32, Float64, but suitable in-range value that ts the data type should be used for other data types, for example 255 for Byte, -32768 for Int16, and so on; see Details below. driver-specic options to be passed to the GDAL driver; see Details below

options

24 setStatistics colorTables

readGDAL default FALSE, if TRUE, attempt to set per-band statistics in the output le (driver-dependent) default NULL, if not NULL, a list of length equal to the number of bands, with NULL components for bands with no color table, or either an integer matrix of red, green, blue and alpha values (0-255), or a character vector of colours. The number of colours permitted may vary with driver. default NULL, if not NULL, a list of length equal to the number of bands, with NULL components for bands with no category names, or a string vector of category names

catNames

default FALSE, if TRUE, return a list with a Raster Attribute Table or NULL for each band returnCategoryNames default FALSE, if TRUE, return a list with a character vector of CategoryNames or NULL for each band returnRAT returnStats default TRUE, return band-wise statistics if avaliable (from 0.7-20 set to NA if not available)

returnColorTable default FALSE; if TRUE return band-wise colour tables in a list attribute ColorTables returnScaleOffset default TRUE, return a matrix of bandwise scales and offsets Details In writeGDAL, if types other than Int32, Float32, Float64 are used, the mvFlag argument should be used to set a no data value other than the default NA. Note that the ag only replaces NA values in the data being exported with the value of the argument - it does not mark data values equal to mvFlag as missing. The value is stored in the le being written in driver-specic ways, and may be used when the le is read. When the default mvFlag=NA is used, no NoDataValue is written to the le, and the input data is written as is. Also in writeGDAL, the options argument may be used to pass a character vector of one or more options to the driver, for example options=INTERLEAVE=PIXEL, or options=c(INTERLEAVE=PIXEL, COMPRESS=DEFLATE). Typical cases are given in the examples below; it may also be necessary in some cases to escape quotation markes if included in the string passed to the driver. Value read.GDAL returns the data in the le as a Spatial object. Usually, GDAL maps will be north-south oriented, in which case the rgdal function getRasterData is used to read the data, and an object of class SpatialGridDataFrame-class is returned. Some map formats supported by GDAL are not north-south oriented grids. If this is the case, readGDAL returns the data as a set of point data, being of class SpatialPointsDataFrame-class. If the points are on a 45 or 90 degree rotated grid, you can try to enforce gridding later on by e.g. using gridded-methods(x)=TRUE.

readGDAL Warning

25

Some raster les may have an erroneous positive y-axis resolution step, leading to the data being ipped on the y-axis. readGDAL will issue a warning: Y axis resolution positive, examine data for ipping, when the step is positive, but this need not mean that the data are ipped. Examine a display of the data compared with your knowledge of the le to determine whether this is the case (one known case is interpolation les created under Qgis up to February 2010 at least). To retreive the correct orientation, use flipVertical. Note Non-fatal CPL errors may be displayed for some drivers, currently for the AIG ArcInfo 9.3 binary raster driver using GDAL >= 1.6.2; the data has been read correctly, but the contents of the info directory did not meet the specications used to reverse engineer the driver used in GDAL (see http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/3 31) Author(s) Edzer Pebesma, Roger Bivand See Also image, asciigrid Examples
library(grid) GDALinfo(system.file("external/test.ag", package="sp")[1]) x <- readGDAL(system.file("external/test.ag", package="sp")[1]) class(x) image(x) summary(x) x@data[[1]][x@data[[1]] > 1 ] <- NA summary(x) image(x) x <- readGDAL(system.file("external/simple.ag", package="sp")[1]) class(x) image(x) summary(x) x <- readGDAL(system.file("pictures/big_int_arc_file.asc", package="rgdal")[1]) summary(x) cat("if the range is not 1 , 7759 , your GDAL does not detect big\n") cat("integers for this driver\n") y = readGDAL(system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package = "rgdal")[1], band=1) summary(y) y = readGDAL(system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package = "rgdal")[1]) summary(y) spplot(y, zcol=1:3, names.attr=c("red","green","blue"), col.regions=grey( :1 /1 ), main="example of three-layer (RGB) raster image", as.table=TRUE) data(meuse.grid)

26
gridded(meuse.grid) = ~x+y proj4string(meuse.grid) = CRS("+init=epsg:28992") fn <- tempfile() writeGDAL(meuse.grid["dist"], fn) GDALinfo(fn) writeGDAL(meuse.grid["dist"], fn, setStatistics=TRUE) GDALinfo(fn) mg2 <- readGDAL(fn) proj4string(mg2) SP27GTIF <- readGDAL(system.file("pictures/SP27GTIF.TIF", package = "rgdal")[1], output.dim=c(1 ,1 )) summary(SP27GTIF) image(SP27GTIF, col=grey(1:99/1 )) GDALinfo(system.file("pictures/cea.tif", package = "rgdal")[1]) GDALSpatialRef(system.file("pictures/cea.tif", package = "rgdal")[1]) cea <- readGDAL(system.file("pictures/cea.tif", package = "rgdal")[1], output.dim=c(1 ,1 )) summary(cea) image(cea, col=grey(1:99/1 )) fn <- system.file("pictures/erdas_spnad83.tif", package = "rgdal")[1] erdas_spnad83 <- readGDAL(fn, offset=c(5 , 1 ), region.dim=c(4 , 4 ), output.dim=c(1 ,1 )) summary(erdas_spnad83) image(erdas_spnad83, col=grey(1:99/1 )) erdas_spnad83a <- readGDAL(fn, offset=c(5 , 1 ), region.dim=c(4 , 4 )) bbox(erdas_spnad83) bbox(erdas_spnad83a) gridparameters(erdas_spnad83) gridparameters(erdas_spnad83a) tf <- tempfile() writeGDAL(erdas_spnad83, tf, drivername="GTiff", type="Byte", options=NULL) all.equal(erdas_spnad83, readGDAL(tf)) writeGDAL(erdas_spnad83, tf, drivername="GTiff", type="Byte", options="INTERLEAVE=PIXEL") all.equal(erdas_spnad83, readGDAL(tf)) writeGDAL(erdas_spnad83, tf, drivername="GTiff", type="Byte", options=c("INTERLEAVE=PIXEL", "COMPRESS=DEFLATE")) all.equal(erdas_spnad83, readGDAL(tf))

readGDAL

x <- GDAL.open(system.file("pictures/erdas_spnad83.tif", package = "rgdal")[1]) erdas_spnad83 <- asSGDF_GROD(x, output.dim=c(1 ,1 )) GDAL.close(x) summary(erdas_spnad83) image(erdas_spnad83, col=grey(1:99/1 )) tf <- tempfile() xx <- create2GDAL(erdas_spnad83, type="Byte") xxx <- copyDataset(xx, driver="PNG") saveDataset(xxx, tf) GDAL.close(xx) GDAL.close(xxx) GDALinfo(tf)

readGDAL

27

tf2 <- tempfile() writeGDAL(erdas_spnad83, tf2, drivername="PNG", type="Byte") GDALinfo(tf2) GT <- GridTopology(c( .5, .5), c(1, 1), c(1 , 1 )) set.seed(1) SGDF <- SpatialGridDataFrame(GT, data=data.frame(z=runif(1 ))) opar <- par(mfrow=c(2,2), mar=c(1,1,4,1)) image(SGDF, "z", col=colorRampPalette(c("blue", "yellow"))(2 )) title(main="input values") pfunc <- colorRamp(c("blue","yellow")) RGB <- pfunc(SGDF$z) SGDF$red <- RGB[,1] SGDF$green <- RGB[,2] SGDF$blue <- RGB[,3] image(SGDF, red="red", green="green", blue="blue") title(main="input RGB") tf <- tempfile() writeGDAL(SGDF[c("red", "green", "blue")], tf, type="Byte", drivername="PNG") t1 <- readGDAL(tf) image(t1, red=1, green=2, blue=3) title(main="output PNG RGB") par(opar) t <- meuse.grid["ffreq"] fullgrid(t ) <- TRUE t $ffreq <- as.integer(t $ffreq)-1 # convert factor to zero-base integer CT <- c("red", "orange", "green", "transparent") CT cN <- c("annual", "2-5 years", "infrequent") tf <- tempfile() writeGDAL(t , tf, type="Byte", colorTable=list(CT), catNames=list(cN), mvFlag=3L) attr(GDALinfo(tf, returnStats=FALSE, returnCategoryNames=TRUE), "CATlist")[[1]] ds <- GDAL.open(tf) displayDataset(ds) t(col2rgb(getColorTable(ds)[1:4])) GDAL.close(ds) fn <- system.file("pictures/test_envi_class.envi", package = "rgdal")[1] Gi <- GDALinfo(fn, returnColorTable=TRUE, returnCategoryNames=TRUE) CT <- attr(Gi, "ColorTable")[[1]] CT attr(Gi, "CATlist")[[1]] with <- readGDAL(fn) with <- readGDAL(fn, silent=TRUE) table(with$band1) table(as.numeric(with$band1)) with1 <- readGDAL(fn, as.is=TRUE) table(with1$band1)

28
spplot(with, col.regions=CT) tf <- tempfile() cN <- levels(with$band1) with$band1 <- as.integer(with$band1)-1 writeGDAL(with, tf, drivername="ENVI", type="Int16", colorTable=list(CT), catNames=list(cN), mvFlag=11L) cat(paste(readLines(paste(tf, "hdr", sep=".")), "\n", sep=""), "\n") wGi <- GDALinfo(tf, returnColorTable=TRUE, returnCategoryNames=TRUE) CTN <- attr(wGi, "ColorTable")[[1]] CTN attr(wGi, "CATlist")[[1]] withN <- readGDAL(tf) table(withN$band1) withN1 <- readGDAL(tf, as.is=TRUE) table(withN1$band1) spplot(withN, col.regions=CTN)

readOGR

# a file with scale and offset fn <- system.file("pictures/scaleoffset.vrt", package = "rgdal")[1] g <- GDALinfo(fn) attr(g, ScaleOffset) g

readOGR

Read OGR vector maps into Spatial objects

Description The function reads an OGR data source and layer into a suitable Spatial vector object. It can only handle layers with conformable geometry features (not mixtures of points, lines, or polygons in a single layer). It will set the spatial reference system if the layer has such metadata. If reading a shapele, the data source name (dsn= argument) is the folder (directory) where the shapele is, and the layer is the name of the shapele (without the .shp extension). For example to read bounds.shp from C:/Maps, do map <- readOGR(dsn="C:/Maps", layer="bounds"). The logic behind this is that typically one keeps all the shapeles for a project in one folder (directory). As noted below, for other le type drivers, the dsn= argument is interpreted differently, and may be the le name itself, as for example with the GPX driver for reading GPS data as layer="tracks" lines or layer="track_points" points. Usage readOGR(dsn, layer, verbose = TRUE, p4s=NULL, stringsAsFactors=default.stringsAsFactors(), drop_unsupported_fields=FALSE, input_field_name_encoding=NULL, pointDropZ=FALSE, dropNULLGeometries=TRUE, useC=TRUE, disambiguateFIDs=FALSE, addCommentsToPolygons=TRUE,

readOGR encoding=NULL, use_iconv=NULL) ogrInfo(dsn, layer, encoding=NULL, input_field_name_encoding=NULL, use_iconv=NULL) ogrFIDs(dsn, layer) ogrDrivers() OGRSpatialRef(dsn, layer) ogrListLayers(dsn) ## S3 method for class ogrinfo print(x, ...) Arguments dsn layer verbose p4s

29

data source name (interpretation varies by driver for some drivers, dsn is a le name, but may also be a folder) layer name (varies by driver, may be a le name without extension) report progress

PROJ4 string dening CRS, if default NULL, the value is read from the OGR data set stringsAsFactors logical: should character vectors be converted to factors? The factory-fresh default is TRUE, but this can be changed by setting options(stringsAsFactors = FALSE) (see link[base]{data.frame}). drop\_unsupported\_fields default FALSE, if TRUE skip elds other than String, Integer, and Real; Date, Time and DateTime are converted to String input\_field\_name\_encoding default NULL; if not NULL, should be a valid encoding name for the source platform of the data source and layer, see iconv default FALSE, if TRUE, discard third coordinates for point geometries; third coordinates are alway discarded for line and polygon geometries dropNULLGeometries default TRUE, drop both declared NULL geometries, and empty geometries with no coordinates; if FALSE, return a data frame with the attribute values of the NULL and empty geometries pointDropZ useC default TRUE, if FALSE use original interpreted code in a loop disambiguateFIDs default FALSE, if TRUE, and FID values are not unique, they will be set to unique values 1:N for N features; problem observed in GML les addCommentsToPolygons default TRUE, may be set FALSE for legacy behaviour; used to indicate which interior rings are holes in which exterior rings in conformance with OGC SFS specications encoding default NULL, if set to a character string, and the driver is ESRI Shapele, it is passed to the CPL Option SHAPE_ENCODING immediately before reading the DBF of a shapele. The empty character string turns off OGRs encoding functionality, and may be used when GDAL is not built with iconv support.

30 use_iconv x ... Details

readOGR default NULL, in which case the use of iconv is controlled by the GDAL version (TRUE < 1.9). If set to a logical value, this test will be overridden. ogrinfo object other arguments to print method

The drivers available will depend on the installation of GDAL/OGR, and can vary; the ogrDrivers() function shows which are available, and which may be written (but all are assumed to be readable). Note that stray les in data source directories (such as *.dbf) may lead to suprious errors that accompanying *.shp are missing. Value A Spatial object is returned suiting the vector data source, either a SpatialPointsDataFrame (using an AttributeList for its data slot directly), a SpatialLinesDataFrame, or a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame. Note The bases for this implementation are taken from functions in Barry Rowlingsons draft Rmap package, and from Radim Blazeks v.in.ogr program in GRASS. Please note that the OGR drivers used may not handle missing data gracefully, and be prepared to have to correct for this manually. From rgdal 0.5-27, missing value handling has been improved, and OGR unset eld values are set to NA in R, but drivers and external les may vary in their representations of missing values. In addition, from 0.6-9 date and time elds are read as strings rather than being treated as unsupported; NULL geometries are identied and dropped. There are differences in the reporting of NULL geometries between ogrInfo and readOGR - in ogrInfo, only declared NULL geometries are reported, but in readOGR, any line or polygon geometries with no coordinates are assigned NULL geometry status as well. An attempt is made to close unclosed rings in polygon geometries. For reading GPX les, refer to the OGR GPX format documentation for the use of layer tags: waypoints, tracks, routes, track_points and route_points - reading GPX les requires a build of GDAL/OGR with the expat XML library. From 0.6-10, attempts are made to detect deleted features still present in the layer, but not read. Apparently features deleted in Qgis are only marked as deleted, but are still in the layer. These are not NULL geometries, but still need to be handled. An attempt is made to check the FID values, and ogrFIDs now returns attributes permitting this oddity to be detected. Such deleted features were seen as NULL in 0.6-9, but are not such. From 0.7-24, if the layer has no elds, a single eld containing the FID values is placed in the data slot of the returned object. From 0.7-24, attempts are begun to provide users with arguments to control reading from OGR/shapele driver when the encoding is inappropriate (especially the setting of LDID in shapele DBFs, and the SHAPE_ENCODING environment variable). Author(s) Roger Bivand

readOGR References

31

http://www.gdal.org/ogr/, http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html, http://examples. oreilly.com/webmapping/ See Also SpatialPointsDataFrame-class, SpatialLinesDataFrame-class, SpatialPolygonsDataFrame-class, readShapePoly, iconv Examples
ogrDrivers() dsn <- system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1] ogrListLayers(dsn) ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="cities") owd <- getwd() setwd(dsn) ogrInfo(dsn="cities.shp", layer="cities") setwd(owd) cities <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="cities") summary(cities) ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="kiritimati_primary_roads") OGRSpatialRef(dsn=dsn, layer="kiritimati_primary_roads") kiritimati_primary_roads <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="kiritimati_primary_roads") summary(kiritimati_primary_roads) ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="scot_BNG") OGRSpatialRef(dsn=dsn, layer="scot_BNG") scot_BNG <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="scot_BNG") summary(scot_BNG) if ("GML" %in% ogrDrivers()$name) { dsn <- system.file("vectors/airports.gml", package = "rgdal")[1] airports <- try(readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="airports")) if (class(airports) != "try-error") summary(airports) } dsn <- system.file("vectors/ps_cant_31.MIF", package = "rgdal")[1] ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="ps_cant_31") ps_cant_31 <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="ps_cant_31") summary(ps_cant_31) sapply(as(ps_cant_31, "data.frame"), class) ps_cant_31 <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="ps_cant_31", stringsAsFactors=FALSE) summary(ps_cant_31) sapply(as(ps_cant_31, "data.frame"), class) dsn <- system.file("vectors/Up.tab", package = "rgdal")[1] ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="Up") Up <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="Up") summary(Up) dsn <- system.file("vectors/test_trk2.gpx", package = "rgdal")[1] test_trk2 <- try(readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="tracks")) if (class(test_trk2) != "try-error") summary(test_trk2) test_trk2pts <- try(readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="track_points")) if (class(test_trk2pts) != "try-error") summary(test_trk2pts) dsn <- system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1]

32
ogrInfo(dsn=dsn, layer="trin_inca_pl 3") birds <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="trin_inca_pl 3") summary(birds)

RGB2PCT

RGB2PCT

Convert RGB three band to single band colour table

Description This function converts a three-band GDALReadOnlyDataset into a single band of colour indices as a GDALTransientDataset. Usage RGB2PCT(x, band, driver.name = MEM, ncolors = 256, set.ctab = TRUE) Arguments x band driver.name ncolors set.ctab a three-band GDALReadOnlyDataset object a vector of numbers, recycled up to 3 in length default MEM a number of colours between 2 and 256 default TRUE, when the dithered dataset handle is returned, otherwise a list of the dataset and the PCT colour table

Value The value returned is a either GDALTransientDataset or a list of a GDALTransientDataset and a colour table. Author(s) Tim Keitt References http://www.gdal.org/ Examples
logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] x <- GDAL.open(logo) dim(x) dx <- RGB2PCT(x, band=1:3) displayDataset(dx) dim(dx) GDAL.close(x) GDAL.close(dx)

SGDF2PCT

33

SGDF2PCT

Convert RGB three band to single band colour table

Description This function converts a three-band SpatialGridDataFrame into a single band of colour indices and a colour look-up table using RGB2PCT. vec2RGB uses given breaks and colours (like image) to make a three column matrix of red, green, and blue values for a numeric vector.

Usage SGDF2PCT(x, ncolors = 256, adjust.bands=TRUE) vec2RGB(vec, breaks, col)

Arguments x ncolors adjust.bands vec breaks col a three-band SpatialGridDataFrame object a number of colours between 2 and 256 default TRUE; if FALSE the three bands must lie each between 0 and 255, but will not be streched within those bounds a numeric vector a set of breakpoints for the colours: must give one more breakpoint than colour a list of colors

Value The value returned is a list: idx ct a vector of colour indices in the same spatial order as the input object a vector of RGB colours

Author(s) Roger Bivand

References http://www.gdal.org/

34 Examples
logo <- system.file("pictures/Rlogo.jpg", package="rgdal")[1] SGlogo <- readGDAL(logo) cols <- SGDF2PCT(SGlogo) SGlogo$idx <- cols$idx image(SGlogo, "idx", col=cols$ct) SGlogo <- readGDAL(logo) cols <- SGDF2PCT(SGlogo, ncolors=64) SGlogo$idx <- cols$idx image(SGlogo, "idx", col=cols$ct) SGlogo <- readGDAL(logo) cols <- SGDF2PCT(SGlogo, ncolors=8) SGlogo$idx <- cols$idx image(SGlogo, "idx", col=cols$ct) data(meuse.grid) coordinates(meuse.grid) <- c("x", "y") gridded(meuse.grid) <- TRUE fullgrid(meuse.grid) <- TRUE summary(meuse.grid$dist) opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) par(mfrow=c(1,2), mar=c(1,1,1,1)+ .1) image(meuse.grid, "dist", breaks=seq( ,1,1/1 ), col=bpy.colors(1 )) RGB <- vec2RGB(meuse.grid$dist, breaks=seq( ,1,1/1 ), col=bpy.colors(1 )) summary(RGB) meuse.grid$red <- RGB[,1] meuse.grid$green <- RGB[,2] meuse.grid$blue <- RGB[,3] cols <- SGDF2PCT(meuse.grid[c("red", "green", "blue")], ncolors=1 , adjust.bands=FALSE) is.na(cols$idx) <- is.na(meuse.grid$dist) meuse.grid$idx <- cols$idx image(meuse.grid, "idx", col=cols$ct) par(opar) # Note: only one wrongly classified pixel after NA handling/dropping # The functions are not written to be reversible sort(table(findInterval(meuse.grid$dist, seq( ,1,1/1 ), all.inside=TRUE))) sort(table(cols$idx))

showWKT

showWKT

Show Well-Known Text spatial reference system metadata

Description Use GDAL/OGR spatial reference objects to convert a PROJ.4 representation to a Well-Known Text representation. Usage showWKT(p4s, file = NULL, morphToESRI = TRUE)

SpatialGDAL-class Arguments p4s file morphToESRI Value A character string containing the WKT representation of the PROJ.4 string. Author(s) Roger Bivand References http://www.gdal.org/ogr/osr_tutorial.html See Also is.projected, CRS-class Examples
cities <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "cities") readLines(system.file("vectors/cities.prj", package = "rgdal")[1]) showWKT(proj4string(cities)) showWKT("+init=epsg:28992")

35

A valid PROJ.4 string representing a spatial reference system if not NULL, a le name to which the output Well-Known Text representation should be written default TRUE, morph the WKT string to the representation used by ESRI

SpatialGDAL-class

Class "SpatialGDAL"

Description Class for spatial attributes that have spatial locations on a (full) regular grid on le, not (yet) actually read. Usage ## S3 method for class SpatialGDAL open(con, ..., silent = FALSE) ## S3 method for class SpatialGDAL close(con, ...) copy.SpatialGDAL(dataset, fname, driver = getDriver(dataset@grod), strict = FALSE, options = NULL, silent = FALSE)

36 Arguments con ... silent dataset fname driver strict options

SpatialGDAL-class

le name of grid map for opening, SpatialGDAL object for closing other arguments (currently ignored) logical; if TRUE, comment and non-fatal CPL driver errors suppressed object of class SpatialGDAL le name of grid map GDAL driver name TRUE if the copy must be strictly equivalent, or more normally FALSE indicating that the copy may adapt as needed for the output format driver-specic options to be passed to the GDAL driver

Objects from the Class Objects can be created by calls of the form open. name of the GDAL le. Slots points: see SpatialPoints; points slot which is not actually lled with all coordinates (only with min/max) grid: see GridTopology-class; grid parameters grid.index: see SpatialPixels-class; this slot is of zero length for this class, as the grid is full bbox: Object of class "matrix"; bounding box proj4string: Object of class "CRS"; projection data: Object of class data.frame, containing attribute data Extends Class Spatial-class, directly. Methods [ signature(x = "SpatialGDAL", i, j, ...): selects rows (i), columns (j), and bands (third argument); returns an object of class SpatialGridDataFrame-class. Only the selection is actually read. [[ signature(i): reads band i and returns the values as a numeric vector Note Non-fatal CPL errors may be displayed for some drivers, currently for the AIG ArcInfo 9.3 binary raster driver using GDAL >= 1.6.2; the data has been read correctly, but the contents of the info directory did not meet the specications used to reverse engineer the driver used in GDAL (see http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/3 31) SpatialGDAL(name), , where name is the

spTransform-methods Author(s) Edzer Pebesma, <edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de> See Also SpatialGridDataFrame-class, which is actually sub-classed. Examples
x <- open.SpatialGDAL(system.file("external/test.ag", package="sp")[1]) image(x[]) image(as(x, "SpatialGridDataFrame")) summary(as(x, "SpatialGridDataFrame")) spplot(as(x, "SpatialGridDataFrame")) # select first 5 rows: summary(x[1:5 ]) # select first 5 columns: summary(x[,1:5 ]) # select band 1: summary(x[,,1]) # select first 5 rows, first 5 columns, band 1: summary(x[1:5 ,1:5 ,1]) # get values of first band: summary(x[[1]]) close(x)

37

spTransform-methods

Methods for Function spTransform for map projection and datum transformation in package "rgdal"

Description The spTransform methods provide transformation between datum(s) and conversion between projections (also known as projection and/or re-projection), from one unambiguously specied coordinate reference system to another, using PROJ.4 projection arguments. For simple projection, when no +datum tags are used, datum projection does not occur. When datum transformation is required, the +datum tag should be present with a valid value both in the CRS of the object to be transformed, and in the target CRS. In general +datum= is to be prefered to +ellps=, because the datum always xes the ellipsoid, but the ellipsoid never xes the datum. In addition, the +towgs84 tag should be used where needed to make sure that datum transformation does take place. Parameters for +towgs84 will be taken from the bundled EPSG database if they are known unequivocally, but may be entered manually from known authorities. Not providing the appropriate +datum and +towgs84 tags may lead to coordinates being out by hundreds of metres. Unfortunately, there is no easy way to provide this information: the user has to know the correct metadata for the data being used, even if this can be hard to discover.

38 Methods "ANY" default void method

spTransform-methods

"SpatialPoints", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialPoints" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialPointsDataFrame", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialPointsDataFrame" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialLines", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialLines" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialLinesDataFrame", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialLinesDataFrame" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialPolygons", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialPolygons" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame", CRSobj = CRS returns transformed coordinates of an "SpatialPolygonsDataFrame" object using the projection arguments in "CRSobj", of class CRS "SpatialPixelsDataFrame", CRSobj = CRS Because regular grids will usually not be regular after projection/datum transformation, the input object is coerced to a SpatialPointsDataFrame, and the transformation carried out on that object. A warning: Grid warping not available, coercing to points is given. "SpatialGridDataFrame", CRSobj = CRS Because regular grids will usually not be regular after projection/datum transformation, the input object is coerced to a SpatialPointsDataFrame, and the transformation carried out on that object. A warning: Grid warping not available, coercing to points is given. Note The projection arguments must be entered exactly as in the PROJ.4 documentation, in particular there cannot be any white space in +<arg>=<value> strings, and successive such strings can only be separated by blanks. Note that warnings about different projections may be issued when the PROJ.4 library extends projection arguments; examine the warning to see if the differences are real. Also note that re-projection and/or datum transformation will usually not work for regular grids. The term used for similar operations for regular grids is warping, which involved resampling to a regular grid in the target coordinate reference system. The methods may take an optional argument use_ob_tran, default FALSE, if TRUE and +proj=ob_tran, use General Oblique Transformation with internalised from/to projection reversal (the user oblique transforms from longlat to oblique forward rather than inverse as suggested in PROJ.4 mailing list postings); these changes are intended to meet a need pointed out by Martin Ivanov (2012-08-15). If a SpatialPoints object has three dimensions, the third will also be transformed, with the metric of the third dimension assumed to be meters if the vertical units metric is not given in the projection description with +vunits= or +vto_meter= (which is 1.0 by default) http://trac.osgeo.org/ proj/wiki/GenParms#VerticalUnits. Author(s) Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>

spTransform-methods Examples
data(state) states <- data.frame(state.x77, state.center) states <- states[states$x > -121,] coordinates(states) <- c("x", "y") proj4string(states) <- CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk66") summary(states) state.ll83 <- spTransform(states, CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS8 ")) summary(state.ll83) state.merc <- spTransform(states, CRS=CRS("+proj=merc +ellps=GRS8 ")) summary(state.merc) state.merc <- spTransform(states, CRS=CRS("+proj=merc +ellps=GRS8 +units=us-mi")) summary(state.merc) if (projNAD()) { states <- data.frame(state.x77, state.center) states <- states[states$x > -121,] coordinates(states) <- c("x", "y") proj4string(states) <- CRS("+init=epsg:4267") print(summary(states)) state.ll83 <- spTransform(states, CRS("+init=epsg:4269")) print(summary(state.ll83)) state.kansasSlcc <- spTransform(states, CRS=CRS("+init=epsg:26978")) print(summary(state.kansasSlcc)) SFpoint_NAD83 <- SpatialPoints(matrix(c(-1 3.869667, 44.461676), nrow=1), proj4string=CRS("+init=epsg:4269")) SFpoint_NAD27 <- spTransform(SFpoint_NAD83, CRS("+init=epsg:4267")) print(all.equal(coordinates(SFpoint_NAD83), coordinates(SFpoint_NAD27))) print(coordinates(SFpoint_NAD27), digits=12) print(coordinates(SFpoint_NAD83), digits=12) } data(meuse) coordinates(meuse) <- c("x", "y") proj4string(meuse) <- CRS(paste("+init=epsg:28992", "+towgs84=565.237,5 . 87,465.658,- .4 6857, .35 733,-1.87 35,4. 812")) # see http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/1987 summary(meuse) meuse.utm <- spTransform(meuse, CRS("+proj=utm +zone=32 +datum=WGS84")) summary(meuse.utm) cbind(coordinates(meuse), coordinates(meuse.utm)) kiritimati_primary_roads <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "kiritimati_primary_roads") kiritimati_primary_roads_ll <- spTransform(kiritimati_primary_roads, CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84")) opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2)) plot(kiritimati_primary_roads, axes=TRUE) plot(kiritimati_primary_roads_ll, axes=TRUE, las=1) par(opar) opar <- par(mfrow=c(1,2)) scot_BNG <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "scot_BNG") scot_LL <- spTransform(scot_BNG, CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))

39

40

spTransform-methods
plot(scot_LL, axes=TRUE) grd_LL <- gridlines(scot_LL, ndiscr=1 ) summary(grd_LL) grd_BNG <- spTransform(grd_LL, CRS(proj4string(scot_BNG))) grdtxt_LL <- gridat(scot_LL) grdtxt_BNG <- spTransform(grdtxt_LL, CRS(proj4string(scot_BNG))) plot(scot_BNG, axes=TRUE, las=1) plot(grd_BNG, add=TRUE, lty=2) text(coordinates(grdtxt_BNG), labels=parse(text=as.character(grdtxt_BNG$labels))) par(opar) crds <- matrix(data=c(9. 5, 48.52), ncol=2) spPoint <- SpatialPoints(coords=crds, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=sphere +no_defs")) a <- spTransform(spPoint, CRS(paste("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat", "+o_lon_p=-162 +o_lat_p=39.25 +lon_ =18 +ellps=sphere +no_defs")), use_ob_tran=TRUE) a #should be (-5.917698, -1.87195) spTransform(a, CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=sphere +no_defs"), use_ob_tran=TRUE) crds1 <- matrix(data=c(7, 51, 8, 52, 9, 52, 1 , 51, 7, 51), ncol=2, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(NULL, c("lon", "lat"))); crds2 <- matrix(data=c(8, 48, 9, 49, 11, 49, 9, 48, 8, 48), ncol=2, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(NULL, c("lon", "lat"))); crds3 <- matrix(data=c(6, 47, 6, 55, 15, 55, 15, 47, 6, 47), ncol=2, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(NULL, c("lon", "lat"))); spLines <- SpatialLines(list(Lines(list(Line(crds1), Line(crds2), Line(crds3)), ID="a"))); spLines@proj4string <- CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=sphere +no_defs"); bbox(spLines); spLines_tr <- spTransform(spLines, CRS("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat +o_lon_p=-162 +o_lat_p=39.25 +lon_ =18 +ellps=sphere +no_defs"), use_ob_tran=TRUE); bbox(spLines_tr) bbox(spTransform(spLines_tr, CRS("+proj=longlat"), use_ob_tran=TRUE)) spPolygons <- SpatialPolygons(list(Polygons(list(Polygon(crds1), Polygon(crds2), Polygon(crds3)), ID="a"))); spPolygons@proj4string <- CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=sphere +no_defs"); bbox(spPolygons); spPolygons_tr <- spTransform(spPolygons, CRS("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=longlat +o_lon_p=-162 +o_lat_p=39.25 +lon_ =18 +ellps=sphere +no_defs"), use_ob_tran=TRUE); bbox(spPolygons_tr) bbox(spTransform(spPolygons_tr, CRS("+proj=longlat"), use_ob_tran=TRUE)) #added after posting by Martin Ivanov data(nor2k) summary(nor2k) nor2kNGO <- spTransform(nor2k, CRS("+init=epsg:4273")) summary(nor2kNGO) all.equal(coordinates(nor2k)[,3], coordinates(nor2kNGO)[,3])

writeOGR

41

writeOGR

Write spatial vector data using OGR

Description The function is an interface with the OGR abstraction library for spatial vector data, allowing data to be written out using supported drivers. The drivers supported will depend on the local installation, and the capabilities of those drivers (many are read-only). The objects exported are SpatialPointsDataFrame, SpatialLinesDataFrame, or SpatialPolygonsDataFrame objects as dened in the sp package. Usage

writeOGR(obj, dsn, layer, driver, dataset_options = NULL, layer_options=NULL, verbose = FALSE, check_exists=NULL, overwrite_layer=FALSE, delete_dsn=FALSE, mo Arguments obj dsn layer a SpatialPointsDataFrame, SpatialLinesDataFrame, or a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame object. data source name (interpretation varies by driver for some drivers, dsn is a le name, but may also be a folder) layer name (varies by driver, may be a le name without extension)

driver a character string equal to one of the driver names returned by ogrDrivers dataset_options a character vector of options, which vary by driver, and should be treated as experimental layer_options verbose check_exists overwrite_layer default FALSE, if TRUE and check_exists=TRUE, delete the existing layer of the same name from the data source before writing the new layer; this will delete data and must be used with extreme caution, its behaviour varies between drivers, and accommodates changes that may appear in GDAL 1.8 delete_dsn default FALSE, may be set to TRUE if overwrite_layer reports that the data source cannot be updated; this will delete data and must be used with extreme caution, its behaviour varies between drivers, and accommodates changes that may appear in GDAL 1.8 default NULL, in which case set TRUE if driver is ESRI Shapele or FALSE otherwise; may be used to override this default a character vector of options, which vary by driver, and should be treated as experimental if TRUE, returns a list of information about the attempted write operation default NULL, which tests for the GDAL version, and sets FALSE if < 1.8.0, or TRUE for >= 1.8.0

morphToESRI

42 Details

writeOGR

Working out which combination of dsn, layer, and driver (and option) values give the desired output takes time and care, and is constrained by the ability of drivers to write output; many are read-only. Use of the references given is highly advisable, with searches in the archives of other software using GDAL/OGR. Note that for the ESRI Shapele driver and GDAL >= 1.9, the layer_options value of ENCODING=LDID/CP1252 or other values found on http: //www.autopark.ru/ASBProgrammerGuide/DBFSTRUC.HTM to set the encoding byte of the output DBF le (link refered to in ogr/ogrsf_frmts/shape/ogrshapelayer.cpp. The effect of setting the LDID may vary depending on whether GDAL is built with iconv or not, and on the setting of the CPL Option SHAPE_ENCODING. Value if verbose=TRUE, a list of information about the attempted write operation Warning The overwrite_layer and delete_dsn arguments are provided only for experienced script writers who need to be able to destroy data, for example during repetetive simulation runs. They should never be used by anyone who is not condent about deleting les. Note Only a subset of possible data slot column classes may be written out; if the function returns an error that the data type of stated columns is unknown, examine the classes and check that they are one of c("numeric", "character", "factor", "POSIXt", "integer", "logical"), and if not convert to such classes. Classes c("factor", "POSIXt") are converted to character strings, and c("logical") to integer internally. For writing with the KML and GPX drivers, note that the geometries should be in geographical coordinates with datum WGS84. Author(s) Roger Bivand References http://www.gdal.org/ogr/, http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html, http://examples. oreilly.com/webmapping/ See Also readOGR Examples
cities <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "cities") is.na(cities$POPULATION) <- cities$POPULATION == -99 summary(cities$POPULATION)

writeOGR

43

td <- tempdir() if(nchar(Sys.getenv("OSGEO4W_ROOT") > )) { OLDPWD <- getwd() setwd(td) td <- "." } writeOGR(cities, td, "cities", driver="ESRI Shapefile") cities2 <- readOGR(td, "cities") summary(cities2$POPULATION) all.equal(cities, cities2) ## Not run: if ("GML" %in% ogrDrivers()$name) { airports <- try(readOGR(system.file("vectors/airports.gml", package = "rgdal")[1], "airports")) if (class(airports) != "try-error") { writeOGR(cities, paste(td, "cities.gml", sep="/"), "cities", driver="GML") cities3 <- readOGR(paste(td, "cities.gml", sep="/"), "cities") all.equal(cities, cities3) } } ## End(Not run) # The GML driver does not support coordinate reference systems if ("KML" %in% ogrDrivers()$name) { data(meuse) coordinates(meuse) <- c("x", "y") proj4string(meuse) <- CRS("+init=epsg:28992") meuse_ll <- spTransform(meuse, CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84")) writeOGR(meuse_ll["zinc"], paste(td, "meuse.kml", sep="/"), "zinc", "KML") } list.files(td) roads <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "kiritimati_primary_roads") summary(roads) writeOGR(roads, td, "roads", driver="MapInfo File") roads2 <- readOGR(paste(td, "roads.tab", sep="/"), "roads") summary(roads2) scot_BNG <- readOGR(system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1], "scot_BNG") summary(scot_BNG) writeOGR(scot_BNG, td, "scot_BNG", driver="MapInfo File") list.files(td) scot_BNG2 <- readOGR(paste(td, "scot_BNG.tab", sep="/"), "scot_BNG", addCommentsToPolygons=FALSE) summary(scot_BNG2) writeOGR(scot_BNG, td, "scot_BNG", driver="MapInfo File", dataset_options="FORMAT=MIF") list.files(td) scot_BNG3 <- readOGR(paste(td, "scot_BNG.mif", sep="/"), "scot_BNG") summary(scot_BNG3) if(nchar(Sys.getenv("OSGEO4W_ROOT") > )) { setwd(OLDPWD) }

Index
Topic classes CRS-class, 3 GDALDataset-class, 5 GDALDriver-class, 7 GDALMajorObject-class, 9 GDALRasterBand-class, 10 GDALReadOnlyDataset-class, 12 GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods, 14 GDALTransientDataset-class, 15 SpatialGDAL-class, 35 Topic datasets nor2k, 19 Topic methods closeDataset-methods, 2 spTransform-methods, 37 Topic spatial CRS-class, 3 displayDataset, 4 llgridlines, 17 make_EPSG, 18 project, 20 projInfo, 21 readGDAL, 22 readOGR, 28 RGB2PCT, 32 SGDF2PCT, 33 showWKT, 34 spTransform-methods, 37 writeOGR, 41 ,GDALReadOnlyDataset-method (GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods), 14 [,GDALReadOnlyDataset-method (GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods), 14 [,SpatialGDAL-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 [<-,SpatialGDALWrite-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 44 [[,SpatialGDAL,ANY,missing-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 [[<-,SpatialGDAL,ANY,missing-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 $,SpatialGDAL-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 $<-,SpatialGDAL-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 asciigrid, 25 asSGDF_GROD (readGDAL), 22 checkCRSArgs (CRS-class), 3 close.SpatialGDAL (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 closeDataset (closeDataset-methods), 2 closeDataset,ANY-method (closeDataset-methods), 2 closeDataset,GDALReadOnlyDataset-method (closeDataset-methods), 2 closeDataset,GDALTransientDataset-method (closeDataset-methods), 2 closeDataset-methods, 2 closeDataset.default (closeDataset-methods), 2 coerce,GDALReadOnlyDataset,SpatialGridDataFrame-method (GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods), 14 coerce,SpatialGDAL,SpatialGridDataFrame-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 coerce,SpatialGDAL,SpatialPixelsDataFrame-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 copy.SpatialGDAL (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 copyDataset (GDALDataset-class), 5 create2GDAL (readGDAL), 22 CRS (CRS-class), 3 CRS-class, 3 CRSargs (CRS-class), 3 deleteDataset (GDALDataset-class), 5

INDEX dim,GDALRasterBand-method (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 dim,GDALReadOnlyDataset-method (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 displayDataset, 4 flipVertical, 25 GDAL.close (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 GDAL.open (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 GDALDataset-class, 5 GDALDriver-class, 7 gdalDrivers (GDALDriver-class), 7 GDALinfo (readGDAL), 22 GDALMajorObject-class, 9 GDALRasterBand-class, 10 GDALReadOnlyDataset-class, 12 GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods, 14 GDALSpatialRef (readGDAL), 22 GDALTransientDataset-class, 15 get_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 getColorTable (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 getCPLConfigOption (GDALDriver-class), 7 getDescription (GDALMajorObject-class), 9 getDriver (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 getDriverLongName (GDALDriver-class), 7 getDriverName (GDALDriver-class), 7 getGDAL_DATA_Path (GDALDriver-class), 7 getGDALCheckVersion (GDALDriver-class), 7 getGDALDriverNames (GDALDriver-class), 7 getGDALVersionInfo (GDALDriver-class), 7 getGeoTransFunc (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 getPROJ4libPath (projInfo), 21 getPROJ4VersionInfo (projInfo), 21 getProjectionRef, 23 getProjectionRef (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 getRasterBand (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 getRasterBlockSize (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 getRasterData, 14

45 getRasterData (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 getRasterTable (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 gridat, 17 gridlines, 17 GridTopology-class, 36 iconv, 29, 31 image, 25 initialize,GDALDataset-method (GDALDataset-class), 5 initialize,GDALDriver-method (GDALDriver-class), 7 initialize,GDALRasterBand-method (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 initialize,GDALReadOnlyDataset-method (GDALReadOnlyDataset-class), 12 initialize,GDALTransientDataset-method (GDALTransientDataset-class), 15 is.projected, 17, 35 llgridlines, 17 make_EPSG, 18 nor2k, 19 normalizePath, 6 ogrDrivers, 41 ogrDrivers (readOGR), 28 ogrFIDs (readOGR), 28 ogrInfo (readOGR), 28 ogrListLayers (readOGR), 28 OGRSpatialRef (readOGR), 28 open.SpatialGDAL (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 options, 29 print.CRS (CRS-class), 3 print.GDALobj (readGDAL), 22 print.ogrinfo (readOGR), 28 print.summary.SpatialGDAL (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 project, 20 projInfo, 21 projNAD (projInfo), 21 putRasterData (GDALDataset-class), 5 readGDAL, 15, 22 readOGR, 28, 42

46 readShapePoly, 31 RGB2PCT, 32 RGDAL_checkCRSArgs (CRS-class), 3

INDEX spTransform.SpatialPoints (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform.SpatialPointsDataFrame (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform.SpatialPolygons (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform.SpatialPolygonsDataFrame (spTransform-methods), 37 sub.GDROD (GDALReadOnlyDataset-methods), 14 summary,SpatialGDAL-method (SpatialGDAL-class), 35

saveDataset, 15 saveDataset (GDALDataset-class), 5 saveDatasetAs, 15 saveDatasetAs (GDALDataset-class), 5 set_OVERRIDE_PROJ_DATUM_WITH_TOWGS84 (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 setCPLConfigOption (GDALDriver-class), 7 SGDF2PCT, 33 show,CRS-method (CRS-class), 3 showWKT, 34 toSigned (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 Spatial, 17 toUnSigned (GDALRasterBand-class), 10 Spatial-class, 36 SpatialGDAL-class, 35 vec2RGB (SGDF2PCT), 33 SpatialGDALWrite-class (SpatialGDAL-class), 35 writeGDAL (readGDAL), 22 SpatialGridDataFrame-class, 23, 24, 36 writeOGR, 41 SpatialPixels-class, 36 SpatialPixelsDataFrame-class, 23 SpatialPoints, 36 SpatialPointsDataFrame-class, 24 spTransform (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,ANY-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialGridDataFrame,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialLines,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialLinesDataFrame,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialPixelsDataFrame,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialPoints,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialPointsDataFrame,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialPolygons,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform,SpatialPolygonsDataFrame,CRS-method (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform-methods, 37 spTransform.SpatialLines (spTransform-methods), 37 spTransform.SpatialLinesDataFrame (spTransform-methods), 37