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    Packets, Frames and Error Detection: Lecture Handout

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    Kamran Ali Ansari
    This lecture handout discusses packets, frames, and error detection in data communication. It explains that data is divided into small blocks called packets to allow for error detection and sharing of network connections. Packets allow multiple computers to take turns transmitting small chunks of data, avoiding long wait times. Frames represent a specific packet format for a hardware technology and include a header and tail to delineate the start and end of data. Framing in practice can introduce overhead and transmission errors if start and end markers are missing.

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    Packets, Frames and Error Detection: Lecture Handout

    Uploaded by

    Kamran Ali Ansari
    34 views3 pages
    This lecture handout discusses packets, frames, and error detection in data communication. It explains that data is divided into small blocks called packets to allow for error detection and sharing of network connections. Packets allow multiple computers to take turns transmitting small chunks of data, avoiding long wait times. Frames represent a specific packet format for a hardware technology and include a header and tail to delineate the start and end of data. Framing in practice can introduce overhead and transmission errors if start and end markers are missing.

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    This lecture handout discusses packets, frames, and error detection in data communication. It explains that data is divided into small blocks called packets to allow for error detection and sharing of network connections. Packets allow multiple computers to take turns transmitting small chunks of data, avoiding long wait times. Frames represent a specific packet format for a hardware technology and include a header and tail to delineate the start and end of data. Framing in practice can introduce overhead and transmission errors if start and end markers are missing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views3 pages

    Packets, Frames and Error Detection: Lecture Handout

    Uploaded by

    Kamran Ali Ansari
    This lecture handout discusses packets, frames, and error detection in data communication. It explains that data is divided into small blocks called packets to allow for error detection and sharing of network connections. Packets allow multiple computers to take turns transmitting small chunks of data, avoiding long wait times. Frames represent a specific packet format for a hardware technology and include a header and tail to delineate the start and end of data. Framing in practice can introduce overhead and transmission errors if start and end markers are missing.

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    of 3

    Lecture Handout

    Lecture No. 4

    PACKETS, FRAMES AND ERROR DETECTION


    INTRODUCTION:
    The previous chapters of data communication described how bits are transmitted across a physical network using a transmission medium. This chapter introduces the concept of packets of data rather than bits for communication.

    CONCEPT OF PACKET:
    Network systems divide data in small blocks or junks called packets, which they send individually. Why we need packets rather than bits? The answer to this question is because a sender and receiver need to coordinate to detect transmission errors. Also the individual connection between each pair of computers is not possible. Thats why to solve these problems shard network connections are made among many workstations.

    PROBLEMS WITH SHARING:


    The demand of sharing is very high because many computers need to use the shared networks. In addition to this some applications have large data transfer. In this way they hold the network for long time. But on the other hand some applications cannot wait so long. So we need a mechanism for fairness.

    SOLUTION FOR FAIRNESS:


    To the fairness, the solution is to divide the data into small block or chunks called PACKETS. Computers take turns to send one packet at a time over the shared connection. Because each packet is small so no computer experiences a long delay.

    Example:
    In the figure one reason for using the packets is illustrated. We see that in a shared resource when one pair of computer communicates, the other must wait. To understand the use of packet here, lets suppose a transmission with packets in the figure.

    WITHOUT PACKETS:
    A 5MB file transferred across network with 56Kpbs capacity will require 12 minutes. This means that all that computers will be forced to wait for 12 minutes before initiating other transfers. 5x106 bytes * 8 bits / byte 60 secs / minute * 56x 103 bits / second 11.9 minutes

    WITH PACKETS:
    Now if the file is broken into packets, other computers must only wait until packet (not entire file) has been sent. Suppose file is broken into 1000 byte packets. Now each packet takes less than 0.2 seconds to transmit. Here other computers must only 1000 bytes * 8 bits/ byte .143 seconds 56x103 bits / second wait for 0.14 sec before beginning to transmit. Note: - if both files are 5MB long, each now takes 24 minutes to transmit. But if the second file is 10MB long it sill be transmitted in only 2.8 seconds while 5MB file still takes roughly 12 minutes.

    PACKETS AND TDM:


    Dividing data into small packets allow time division multiplexing. In TDM each packet leaves the source and is switched on the shared communication channel through a multiplexer. At the destination the packet is switched through a demultiplexer to the destination. In the figure this process is illustrated with a multiplexing circuit shown.

    Figure 4.2 illustration of TDM

    PACKETS AND FRAMES:


    PACKETS:
    Packet is a generic term that refers to small block of data. Packet have different format. Each hardware uses different packet format.

    FRAME:
    A frame or hardware frame denotes a packet of a specific format on a specific hardware technology.

    FRAME FORMAT:
    We need to define a standard format for data to indicate the beginning and end of the frame. Header and tail are used to frame the data as shown in the figure below.

    Figure 4.3 illustration of a Frame

    We see that in the figure soh and eot are used to denote the start of header and end of tail.

    FRAMING IN PRACTICE:
    In practice there is a disadvantage of overhead. To avoid the no delay between two frames each frame sends an extra character between block of data. The framing in practice also has some transmission problems just like: Missing eot indicates sending computer crashed. Missing soh indicates receiving computer missed beginning of message. Bad frame is discarded.

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