Q1.

Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a)

The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon

Boiling point in C

methane, CH4

162

butane, C4H10

pentane, C5H12

+36

decane, C10H22

+175

Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons.

Statement

Tick ( )

decane has the largest molecules

pentane is a liquid at 40C
methane and butane are gases at 20C
methane has the highest boiling point
butane does not boil
(2)

(b)

Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane.

The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when
natural gas burns completely in air.

(i)

Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube ...........................................................

(1)

(ii)

Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy ......................................................

(1)

Page 1 of 34

(c)

There are two substances produced when natural gas burns with the air hole open.
The diagram shows the Bunsen burner flame when natural gas burns with the airhole
closed. Partial combustion takes place.

Name one other substance that could be produced when natural gas burns with the air
hole closed.
.........................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced from crude oil.
The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are burned.
Explain why.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q2.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes. The number of carbon
atoms in the molecules ranges from 1 to over 100.
(a)

How does the boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms in the
molecules increases?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Name the method used to separate petroleum into fractions.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 2 of 34

(c)

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Its structure can be represented:

Draw the structure of ethane, C2H6.

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q3.

Crude oil is a mixture of many saturated hydrocarbons. They can be separated into fractions
by the process of fractional distillation.
State what is meant by:
(i)

hydrocarbon. ............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

saturated. ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

fraction. ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Q4.

(a) Burning fuels changes the Earths atmosphere. The new substances produced are
mainly gases.
The following is a list of types of reaction.
combustion

cracking

fermentation

neutralisation

electrolysis
reduction

Choose, from the list, the word which has the same meaning as burning.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 3 of 34

(b)

The table shows the gases formed when four fuels, A to D, are completely burned in air.
FUEL

GAS FORMED ON BURNING

CARBON DIOXIDE
CO2

WATER VAPOUR
H2O

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
SO2

A
B
C
D

Which fuel, A to D, is hydrogen, H2? ...............................

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

Q5.

Crude oil is a resource from which fuels can be separated.

(a)

The name of the main fuel fractions and one of the hydrocarbons in each fraction are
shown in the table.

(i)

How does the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon affect its boiling point?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 4 of 34

(ii)

Suggest the lowest temperature to which crude oil needs to be heated to vaporize all
the hydrocarbons in the table.
Temperature = ................................................ C
(1)

(iii)

Dodecane boils at 216 C. At what temperature will dodecane gas condense to

liquid?
Temperature = ................................................ C
(1)

(b)

The bar chart shows the relative supply and demand for the petrol and diesel fractions.

(i)

How does the relative supply and demand for petrol and diesel fractions cause
problems for an oil company?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest one way an oil company could solve these problems.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q6.

Crude oil is a mixture of mostly alkanes.

(a)

Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Page 5 of 34

(i)

Describe and explain how the mixture of alkanes is separated by fractional

distillation.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The table gives the name and formula for each of the first three alkanes.
Complete the table to show the formula of butane.

Name of alkane

Formula

Methane

CH4

Ethane

C2H6

Propane

C3H8

Butane
(1)

(b)

The structural formula of methane, CH4, is:

H

HCH

H
Draw the structural formula of propane, C3H8
(1)

Page 6 of 34

(c)

The relative amounts of and the market demand for some hydrocarbons from the
fractional distillation of crude oil are shown in the graph.

(i)

Why is the market demand for the C5 C8 fraction higher than the market demand for
the C21 C24 fraction?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Cracking is used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller

hydrocarbon molecules.
Complete the symbol equation by writing in the formula of the other hydrocarbon.
C20H42 C16H34 + 2 ..........................................
(1)

Page 7 of 34

(iii)

The C5 C8 fraction has low supply and high market demand.

Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome this problem.
1 .........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q7.

Crude oil is a natural resource from which useful fuels can be separated.
(a)

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Complete the sentence about a hydrocarbon molecule.
A hydrocarbon molecule is made up of ....................................... and carbon atoms only.
(1)

(b)

Many fuels come from crude oil. Some of these fuels are shown in the diagram.

Suggest two properties of these fuels that allow them to be separated from crude oil.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 8 of 34

(c)

Fuels from crude oil burn to provide heat energy.

When a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air and produces carbon dioxide and
water. When there is not enough oxygen, the fuel burns and also produces carbon
monoxide and carbon particles.
Draw a straight line from each substance that links it to a possible environmental problem.
One has been done for you.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q8.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into useful fractions.

(a)

Fraction

Boiling point
in C

Carbon
chain length

Relative %
in crude oil

Relative %
demand

Naphtha

20180

59

10

20

Gasoline (petrol)

20200

510

10

20

Kerosene (paraffin)

180260

1016

15

23

Diesel

260340

1420

20

25

Fuel oil

370600

2070

45

12

Why does gasoline (petrol) have a lower boiling point than fuel oil?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 9 of 34

(b)

Suggest why gasoline (petrol) costs more than fuel oil.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Describe how fuel oil can be changed into gasoline (petrol).

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q9.

Hot air balloons burn hydrocarbons to heat the air.

(a)

The hot air contains these gases: nitrogen, N2

oxygen, O2
argon, Ar
carbon dioxide, CO2
water vapour, H2O
(i)

Argon is an element.
What is an element?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 10 of 34

(ii)

Name one other gas in the hot air that is also an element.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Propane, C3H8, can be represented as:

H
H
H

H C C CH

H
H
H
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.

bond
(i)

carbon

compound

element

mixture

Propane is a ....................................... and is made up of atoms of hydrogen

and .......................................
(2)

(ii)

Each line between the atoms in propane represents a chemical .......................

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q10.

Most electricity in the UK is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. The diagram
lists some of the substances released into the air when fossil fuels are burned.

(a)

(i)

Which one of the substances released into the air causes acid rain?
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 11 of 34

(ii)

In the sentence below, draw a ring around the correct answer.

The type of environmental pollution caused by

global dimming
smoke particle is

global warming
rising sea levels
(1)

(iii)

Suggest how the burning of fossil fuels may cause climate change.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 12 of 34

(b)

The table shows the percentage of electricity generated by different energy sources.

Energy
sources
Percentage
(%)

Renewables

Nuclear

Coal

Gas and Oil

20

32

40

Complete the bar chart to show the percentage of electricity generated by coal and by gas
and oil.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 13 of 34

Q11.

A large reservoir is surrounded by trees. Planners need to protect the environment. The
distance around the reservoir is many kilometres. There will be only one road access to a car
park a few kilometres from the reservoir. From the car park people would be transported to
accommodation, activities or places of interest by steam train.

(a)

Coal contains carbon and small amounts of sulfur. The steam train would cause
environmental problems if coal were used as the fuel.
Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)

Page 14 of 34

(b)

The planners have stated that, as a result of using the steam train, there must be no
overall increase of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. The steam train would be
considered as carbon neutral if wood, from the surrounding forest, were used as the fuel.
Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q12.

The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same
amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.

(a)

Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart.

(3)

Page 15 of 34

(b)

The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same
three fuels.

Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by
burning coal.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Coal and oil produce carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide when they burn.
What elements must they contain?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Burning fuels also produce nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no
nitrogen. Explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q13.

Hot air balloons are used mainly for pleasure trips.

Page 16 of 34

(a)

Air is a mixture of gases. Complete the table. (Carbon dioxide has been done for you.)

Gas

Chemical formula

nitrogen
oxygen

78
O2

argon
carbon dioxide

% in air

0.9
CO2

0.03
(3)

(b)

The air in the balloon is heated using a propane burner. Propane, C3H8, is a hydrocarbon
that burns in air forming carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O.
(i)

What does hydrocarbon mean?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Which gas, in the air, reacts with propane when it burns?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

What type of chemical reaction happens when a hydrocarbon burns?

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

The formation of more carbon dioxide causes global problems. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 17 of 34

Q14.

Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative, environmentally-friendly
fuels for road transport.
Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when fossil fuels are used for
road transport.
Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood cells carry oxygen. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes global warming.
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced at high temperatures when nitrogen and oxygen from the
atmosphere combine.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced when sulfur impurities in the fuel combine with oxygen in the
atmosphere.
Tiny particles of solids are produced when the fuel does not burn completely.
This increases the level of particulates (PM10) in the atmosphere.
(a)

Name the environmental effect caused by:

(i)

oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

the increased level of particulates (PM10).

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be made from
many vegetable oils. One research project compared the exhaust emissions when fossil
diesel or biodiesel were used as fuels.
Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart.

Page 18 of 34

(i)

Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the environmental benefits
of using biodiesel as a sustainable, low pollution fuel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Biodiesel is called a green fuel.

This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from biodiesel is less than
that from fossil diesel.
Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why biodiesels contribution
to global warming is considered to be much less than that of fossil diesel.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q15.

Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many
useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the
production of bio-fuels.
(a)

Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or
ethanolpetrol mixtures.
Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 100 C) and ethanol
(boiling point 78 C).
(i)

How can ethanol be separated from water?

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 19 of 34

(ii)

Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.

Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two
products.
C2H5OH

3O2

2.........

3.........
(2)

(b)

The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times
higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In
the production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(i)

What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Complete the structural formula for ethene, C2H4.

C
(1)

(iii)

Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C2H5OH.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 20 of 34

(c)

As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the
starting material.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to
produce ethanol.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 21 of 34

M1.

(a)

decane has the largest molecules

1

methane and butane are gases at 20 C

1

(b)

(i)

water
1

(ii)

carbon dioxide
1

(c)

carbon (soot particles)

accept carbon monoxide
1

(d)

burns to produce sulfur dioxide

1

(sulfur dioxide) causes acid rain

1

[7]

M2.

(a) the more C atoms the higher the b.pt./temperature

Allow just higher. Not answer based on melting point
for 1 mark
1

(b)

(fractional) distillation/fractionation
for 1 mark
1

(c)

must include H atoms and lines not CH3 CH3

for 1 mark
1

[3]

Page 22 of 34

M3.

(i)
carbon and hydrogen
only or compound of
for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

single bonds only

or no double bonds etc
or contains maximum number of hydrogen atoms
for 1 mark
1

(iii)

molecules of similar chain length

similar boiling points
limited range of boiling points etc
any 1 for 1 mark
1

[4]

M4.

(a)

combustion
for one mark
1

(b)

B
for one mark
1

[2]

M5.

(a)

(i)

the greater the number (of carbon atoms), the higher its boiling point
do not accept hydrocarbons for carbon atoms
allow converse
allow melting point
1

(ii)

accept answers in the range 344 to 350

1

(iii)

216
1

Page 23 of 34

(b)

(i)

EITHER
shortage of petrol or demand for petrol is higher than supply
diesel is in excess or supply of diesel is higher than demand
1

OR
petrol low supply and diesel high supply (1)
petrol high demand and diesel low demand (1)
petrol / diesel not specified = max 1
1

(ii)

any one from:

use diesel to make petrol

accept crack diesel or description of cracking

make diesel cheap(er) (than petrol)

or make petrol more expensive
accept lobby the government to reduce the tax
on diesel / increase tax on petrol

mix ethanol with petrol

ignore biodiesel
1

[6]

M6.

(a)

(i)

heat / evaporate the crude oil / change to gas or vapour

do not accept heat with catalyst
1

cool / condense (hydrocarbons)

allow small molecules at top and / or large molecules at bottom
1

at different temperatures / boiling points

if the answer describes cracking no marks
1

(ii)

C4H10
1

(b)

H
H
H

H C C C H

H
H
H
1

Page 24 of 34

(c)

(i)

C5 to C8 fraction are fuels or easier to burn or petrol (fraction)

accept C21 to C24 fraction not useful as fuels
do not accept produce more energy
1

(ii)

C2H4
do not accept C4H8
1

(iii)

any three from:

use different / lighter crude oils

develop markets for low demand fractions

develop new techniques / equipment to use low demand fractions

as fuels

cracking

convert low demand fractions to high demand fractions or bigger

molecules to smaller molecules

develop alternative / bio fuels

do not accept price
3

[10]

M7.

(a)

hydrogen
ignore formulae
1

(b)

any two from:

different sized molecules / more or less (carbon) atoms (in molecules)

ignore different densities

fuels have different boiling points

fuels condense at different temperatures

2

Page 25 of 34

(c)

all three correct = 3 marks

two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
3

[6]

M8.

(a)

any one from:

gasoline / petrol / it contains short(er) chains / hydrocarbons

or small(er) molecules or contains few(er) carbons
accept fuel oil contains long(er) chain length / large(r) molecules or
contains many carbons
ignore particles

gasoline / petrol / it has weak(er) / small(er) intermolecular forces

accept fuel oil has strong(er) / great(er) intermolecular forces
1

Page 26 of 34

(b)

only accept figures if used in a comparative statement

any two from:

gasoline / petrol / it is in high demand

accept fuel oil is in low demand

gasoline / petrol / it is in short supply

accept fuel oil is plentiful
accept answers such as gasoline / petrol / its supply is less than
demand for 2 marks
or gasoline / petrol / its percentage in crude oil is less than demand
for 2 marks

(high) tax / duty

cracking costs in terms of money / energy

accept cracking expensive
2

(c)

any two from:

ignore particles

(fuel oil / it) heated / vaporised

with catalyst
accept a named catalyst
if first two bullet points are not awarded cracking gains 1 mark

(to give / form / produce) short(er) chains / hydrocarbons or small(er)

molecules or contains few(er) carbons
if wrong process named max 1 mark
2

[5]

M9.

(a)

(i)

made up of one sort of atom

accept it is in the periodic table
or
has its own symbol
1

(ii)

nitrogen / N / N2 or oxygen / O / O2
do not accept argon or helium
do not accept oxide
1

Page 27 of 34

(b)

(i)

compound
1

carbon
1

(ii)

bond
1

[5]

M10.

(a)

(i)

sulfur dioxide / SO2

1

(ii)

global dimming
1

(iii)

carbon dioxide / CO2

ignore ozone
1

increases the levels (of carbon dioxide)

accept it is a greenhouse gas or causes global warming /
greenhouse effect
1

(b)

gas / oil bar correct length

1

coal bar correct length

1

[6]

Page 28 of 34

M11.

(a)

any two environmental problems with linked explanations

global warming (1)

accept effects of global warming
caused by (formation of) carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas (1)
ignore greenhouse effect

acid rain (1)

accept effects of acid rain
ignore respiratory problems
caused by ( formation of) sulfur dioxide (1)
accept sulfur oxide
ignore sulfuric acid

global dimming (1)

ignore respiratory problems
caused by ( formation of) particles / particulates / fires /
smoke / carbon / pm 10 (1)

scarring of landscape (1)

caused by mining / quarrying of coal (1)
ignore ozone layer
max 4

(b)

any three from:

replant the trees / renewable / sustainable

ignore reusable

carbon dioxide is used by the trees / photosynthesis

accept trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow
do not allow respiration

its a (continuous carbon) cycle

accept carbon dioxide goes back into the air
accept trees use CO2 which is released when trees are burnt

no new carbon (dioxide) is produced or

no locked up carbon (dioxide) is released
accept no carbon (dioxide) from fossil fuels is produced
3

[7]

M12.

(a)

each bar correct height (2 bars) to less than

1 mark for each

square

both bars correctly labelled (in relation to size of bars)

for 1 mark
3

Page 29 of 34

(b)

less
gains 1 mark
but a lot less / much less / 18 times less or more if referring to coal
gains 2 marks
2

(c)

(i)

carbon
sulphur
for 1 mark each
2

(ii)

ideas that

at high temperatures, (produced when fuels burn)

nitrogen and oxygen from atmosphere combine / react

for 1 mark each
2

[9]

M13.

(a)

N2
1

2021%
accept an answer in this range
1

Ar
1

(b)

(i)

compound of carbon and hydrogen only

do not accept mixture
1

(ii)

Oxygen or O2
1

(iii)

exothermic
accept combustion or oxidation
1

(iv)

increases greenhouse effect

1

global warming or example

1

[8]

Page 30 of 34

M14.

(a)

(i)

acid rain
accept consequences of acid rain
allow asthma / bronchitis
ignore toxic gas
1

(ii)

global dimming
accept dimming alone
1

(b)

(i)

sustainable:
maximum two from:

crops (that produce oil) can be grown in most places owtte

renewable

use less fossil fuels / diesel

use (refined) waste oils

low pollution:
maximum two from:
ignore references to CO2 here

most emissions are lower or any two named emissions from CO / SO2 / PM10
are lower

much / lot less SO2 emissions (than the others) owtte

accept spillages / waste is biodegradable

less new CO2 or (more) carbon neutral

3

(ii)

plants / photosynthesis use carbon (dioxide) from the air*

1

it / biodiesel releases carbon (dioxide) from plants / crops / photosynthesis*

(*) allow 1 mark for biodiesel is (more) carbon neutral
1

(fossil) diesel releases locked up / new carbon (dioxide) / doesnt

absorb CO2 / absorbed it millions of years ago
1

[8]

Page 31 of 34

M15.

(a)

(i)

by (fractional) distillation
accept a description of the distillation process (heat and how
separation works) eg heat and condense
accept boil / vapourise etc for heat

or
fractionation
1

(ii)

CO2
note the order of these products must be correct
1

H2O
wrong way round = 1 mark
1

(b)

(i)

(hexane) has been broken down (into smaller hydrocarbons / molecules)

1

accept (thermal) decomposition / cracked / split / broken up owtte

(ii)

H
H

C
= C

H
H
accept CH2 = CH2
1

(iii)

water / hydrogen oxide / steam

accept H2O
1

Page 32 of 34

(c)

candidates must include both sugar cane and crude oil in their evaluation
and both an advantage and a disadvantage to gain full marks.
if they do not then the maximum mark is three
any four from:
advantages of using sugar

country has no wealth to buy (large quantities of) crude oil

not expensive alone

country has limited technological development

or
underdeveloped / third world country

able / suitable climate to grow sugar cane

enough land to grow sugar cane / land cannot be used to grow food / deforestation

sugar is a renewable source

or
crude oil is a non-renewable resource / finite resource / limited resources

CO2 / carbon neutral

advantages of using alkanes:

economic costs are low

continuous process

country has large oil resources

country has oil refineries / cracking plants

very pure product

faster process
4

[10]

Page 33 of 34

Page 34 of 34