COOPERHEAT

25

INTRODUCTION TO HEAT
TREATMENT
OF WELDED STRUCTURES
AND TECHNICAL DATA
1. Welding Process Br its Effects
The welding process applied A longitudinal force on the 'as cast' type of structure
to metals joins two weld is required to close the develops. In the region of
components together by gap giving a tensile stress parent metal at the fusion
fusion. The surfaces to be whilst corresponding face raised to melting point,
joined are raised locally to compressive stresses in the metallurgical restructuring
melting point by a source of plate material provide the takes place to give the heat
heat provided by a variety of equilibrium. affected zone (HAZ).
welding methods based on
electric arc, electric
resistance, flame. The
process energy creates a
localised molten pool into
which the consumable is fed,
fusing with the component
surfaces and/or previously Fused Weld Metal
deposited weld metal.
Residual stresses will act in
As the molten pool is moved two principle directions;
along the joint axis, the longitudinal stresses parallel OJ Weld Metal 0 HAZ
components are heated, non- to the joint and transverse o

I /./
Parent Plate
uniformly and subsequently stresses normal to the joint.
cooled, also non-uniformly. In steel the heat affected
Neighbouring elements of zones are generally harder
material try to expand and than the parent material with
contract by differing amounts corresponding loss of
in accordancee with the
ductility and resistance to
sequence of the localised impact.
thermal cycle.
Residual Stress Directions Since the basic sources of
Characteristically the cooling weld failure are a
weld metal contracts under
The distribution of consequence of thermal
conditions of severe restraint, behaviour, a series of
leading to the introduction of longitudinal residual stresses
in the section will be as potential solutions arise
thermally induced stresses. based on the application of
shown with tensile
component confined to the heat. The welding processes
As contraction tries to take have to be controlled so that
place and the stress system region of the joint. the residual stresses are
strives to reach its lowest
minimised to protect the
level to achieve stability, integrity ofthe overall
distortion will occur as fabrication and the
yielding takes place. If the metallurgical structures of
joint is restrained and cannot the weld metal and heat
distort, then high levels of affected zones are controlled
stress will occur and may to give properties which are
lead to failure in the form of not inferior to those of the
Stress Distribution
cracking. parent material which have
It should not be forgotten that been used in the design of
the value of the tensile the product.
stresses can be high often
A series of heat treatment
exceeding yield point
magnitude. operations are associated
Unrestrained Contraction Causes with the welding processes,
Distortion So far the mechanical effects arising from the need to
of welding in the form of control these changes. These
residual stresses have been form the basis of the subject
In making a joint, gaps would of Heat Treatment
occur at the plate ends if the considered. The deposition of
weld metal were allowed to weld metal in a molten pool Engineering.
expand and contract without and the localised melting of

I1I
restraint. the joint faces of the
components, along with
subsequent cooling, all have
metallurgical implications
affecti ng the microstructu re
of these regions.

Cooling after welding can be

Unfused Weld Metal relatively rapid. From the
molten pool of weld metal an
 2. Preheat Br Postheat
Preheating involves raising preparartion area is dry and • Compensation for heat
the temperature of the parent remains dry throughout the loss. Thicker section steels
material locally, on both welding operation. with high thermal
sides of the joint to a value conductivity benefit from
above ambient. The need for The presence of preheat, and preheat during welding with
preheat is usually determined associated benefits on improved fusion.
by the pertinent fabrication cooling rate, helps to
code and verified by the weld facilitate the diffusion of the Where preheat is applied,
procedure qualification test. hydrogen molecules out of every effort should be made
Preheat may be required as the metallic structure. to ensure that the correct
an aid to welding for one of
four basic reasons.
levels for a particular 27
application are attained, both
uniformly over the length of
• To control the rate of
cooling, especially in the
heat affected zone, to reduce
i:=l~
L:J \ ~ OXYGEN
the joint and for the duration
of the welding process.
HYDROGEN
hardness. High carbon and Thin Section Thick Section

low alloy steels harden if

they are quenched from high
temperatures (above cherry '///J///. Heat -- ~
Loss ~
red). Exactly the same Low High
process can happen in a
welded joint at the fusion Guidance for the need to
face with the parent material. Porosity
preheat is generally obtained
Heat Affected
8y raising the temperature of Zone (Haz)
from the national fabrication
the base metal to be welded, codes, which will list
to reduce the temperature Moisture is also introduced recommended minimum
differential between ambient from the welding temperatures for steel types
and the resultant heat input, consumables being present grouped by composition and
hardening may be contr911ed in electrode coatings and also relate the minimum
as the weld cools. Reducing fluxes. To obtain the section thickness to which
hardness reduces the risk of maximum benefits from they apply.
cracking. preheat in controlling
hydrogen, it must be For the purposes of
accompanied by careful illustration, the preheat
controls over removal of requirements of high
~>\~~:~/.(~ ~ moisture from the welding pressure pipework codes
8S2633, ANSI 831.1, and
~~~.\\\,S,~ --
-,: •••;~;~••••.•• tffY..~
-~~--~--=====::_-------- consumables by following
manufacturers baking and ANSI 831.3 are compared.
storage instructions.
~>\~~:~/.(~
- RED
•.·.~f;.;
•••"•..• ~ -- Post Heat This is the term
.. ,. "~
.-.,~ HOT FILE QUENCHEO
//.\\\"" IN~'ATER BECOMES HARD • To reduce thermal
RED HOT FILE COOLED SLOWLY BECOMES MALLEABLE
stresses. Thermal strains given to the extension of
AND DUCTILE
are set up as the molten weld preheat on completion of
pool cools. Partially made welding at the same or
increased temperature. Its
:1/
Mater;al Hardens
\ Ome ocl~ Material Softens
welds can crack as the parent
metal restrains the
contraction of the weld metal
purpose is to effect diffusion
of hydrogen from the joint
and the cross sectional area and reduce susceptibility to
of the joint is insufficient to the associated form of
• To control the diffusion cracking. It is usually applied
with stand the resfJltant
rate of hydrogen in a stress. Preheat can control to the higher strength carbon
welded joint. the level of strain by reducing managenese steels and the
The intensity of the electric temperature differentials and low alloy steels where the
welding arc breaks down reducing cooling rates. risk of hydrogen cracking is
water, present as moisture, higher.
into its base elements of The solid curve shows the temperature in the

hydrogen and oxygen. 80th heat affected zone as the arc passes by
The dotted curve is the temperature when
Post heat treatments are not
of these gases are easily preheat is used. Preheating provides slower reflected in national
dissolved into the weld metal cooling
standards or codes, but are
at high temperatures and often specified by the client
hydrogen can play an who has incorporated their
important role in weld and equivalent into the weld
heat affected zone cracking procedure qualification test.
with a phenomenon known The temperatures and soak
as hydrogen or cold cracking. times are derived from
Preheat can also help by numerous technical papers
ensuring that the weld Time ----..
published on this topic.
 An estimate of weld metal
hydrogen levels can be made root
20'C
50'C
100'C
150'C
5'C
5'Cto
12.5mm
and
200'C
Above run
diameter
Material
Minimum
allowed
Carbon
All
thickness
Up
Low 20PREHEAT
not
30mm
12.5
(greatest
preheat
temp
Not 30mm
12.5
38
20
H1rodsAll
thick
or
thicknesses
127mm
Steel
Above 100'C
thickness
steel
Material
-200'C
Up 20'C
permissable5'C
to 12.5
30
(greatest
12.5
required ofREQUIREMENTS
run.
weld All
30 thickness
5'C diameter
metal
Matching
Nonjoint mm thickness mm I FOR weld
ofI jointcontrolled
root
hydgrogen BS 2633:
metal18S
Hydrogen 1987·
1719)
controlled HIGH PRESSURE PIPEWORK
2.5 from
Above a knowledge
7Cr'I)Mo12.5 ofUp
the
to 20 Above30mm
Up to 0.40%C
potential hydrogen level in theMinimum Carbon-moly
Carbon steel preheat temperature
consumables

I r~XI Low I Medium I High

Weld hydrogen level

Special Note re 8S.2633

The table is for guidance only. It illustrates the contents of the preheat section of BS. 2633
(Table 5) which should be consulted in its entirety.

A number of other important standards give guidance on preheat, these include:

Hydrogen-induced cracks
in HAZ of a butt weld
ASME Code Section III : Nuclear power plant components
Section VIII: ASME Boiler and pressure vessel code

BS 1113 Water tube steam generating plant

BS 4570 Fusion welding of steel castings

Part 1 - Production, rectification and repair
Part 2 - Fabrication welding

BS 5135 Metal arc welding of carbon and carbon-manganese steels

BS 5500 Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels

Special Note re ANS1/B31-1 Br ANS1/B31-3

The table below is for guidance only. Reference should be made to the appropriate specification

Weldmg at sub-zero temperatures

120% causes increased residual stress PREHEAT
Group
Carbon
27
8%,9%
Nickel REQUIREMENTS
Steel
Chromium
Alloys
Nickel
Manganese
High
Chromium
Chromium
Alloy Ferritic
Austenitic
Martensitic
Vanadium
'/1%
2'/4% max
'1)%-2% Minimum
AN
71
300
200
50
71
- 10% 00KSI
300
3
175
350 KSI & FOR
SI 8.31.3
& below
below PETROLEUM
Recommended
Others
ANS1831.1
50
300
400
Carbon
P-9A
Above 1"- above
50
- -50
250.
'/{60 P98
50
KSI -Preheat
0.30%
OR
or REFINERY
'/{'/{ -or
300
both Temperature
1" -175
-above
175
250 PIPING
'F
'/1" & chromium (ANSI B.31-1.19901
above 6% - 400 & POWER PIPING (AN SI B31.1-1992)
Metal Material
'I{
3
10E
Above
1" &&above
group 171 KSI
above 11
-175
- -175 1
175~::sne~
Number
~;:;~~;~~~'8ase Others
P21-P52- 300
50

100 0 100 200 300 400·C

Weld hydrogen level

Effect of preheating on residual stresses
3. Post Weld Heat Treatment
Post Weld Heat required temperature and engineered system is capable
Treatment. This is a process provide a temperature profile of providing appropriate
commonly referred to as therein which is uniform levels of performance.
stress relief, so called without creating additional
because it is carried out at undue thermally induced Benefits of Post Weld
temperatures at which yield stresses. This aspect has Heat Treatment
strength has fallen to a low greater significance in the
value. If the structure is case of localised heat
heated uniformly, the yield treatments, but nevertheless ~
"c:
100%

strength of the material must also be considered with "il;

around the weld is unable to

support the initial
furnace heat treatments. ~~
"-~
",0>
80%
29
deformation. Creep occurs at "'-
~~ 60%

-
The heating and cooling rates ~~
the elevated temperatures are at least compliant with
and strain will occur by a "-~
~ Q3 40%

the necessary code -0

'"
co

diffusion mechanism, requirements. These rates ~ 20% Complete relief of

o residual stresses
relaxing the residual stresses will indicate absolute -J
0%
even further. The extent to maximum values, and are 700 200 300 400 500 600
which residual stresses are calculated from simple Stress relieving temperature ("C)
relaxed will depend on formulae related to Effect of stress relieving
temperature for any given component thickness to offer at various temperatures
material and on material for protection against thermally Reduced Residual Stresses
any given temperature. induced stresses. With thicker
and more complex structures
The stress distributions at the
higher temperatures become
more uniform and their
magnitude reduces to a low
level. On cooling, provided it
an experienced heat
treatment engineer may wish
to consider lower rates than
required by the code to
i
'"
'"
'"
ensure acceptable c:
-0
is carried out in a controlled
"-

temperature profiles and co

J::
manner, the improved stress gradients with a view to
distribution is retained. keeping these thermally
induced stresses to an
In addition to a reduction and absolute minimum.
re-distribution of residual
stresses, postweld With localised heat Improved Metallurgical Structure
treatments at higher treatment, the temperature
temperatures permits some gradients away from the hot
tempering or aging effects to zone must not be unduly
take place. These severe, again the objective Postheated
Weld
metallurgical changes are being the minimisation of
very beneficial in that they thermally induced stresses.
reduce the high hardness of British Standards BS 5500,
the as-welded structures, BS 2633 offer guidence in this
improving ductility and issue, quoting the
reducing the risks of brittle 2.5 Rt rule.
-V Weld not
fracture. Postheated

The soak tempertures are

Post weld heat treatment has held within the upper and Improved Corrosion Resistance
mandatory significance lower limits of the soak range
governed by the national for the appropriate period of
standards and codes, as well time. Remove
as being required to offer
acceptable component life in The heat treatment system
onerous environments. As (including insulation), zonal
with preheat, the alloying division and number of
content of the steel is related
to the significance of heat
treatment temperature.
thermocouples is such that
the energy input and level of
control is capable of enabling
these objectives to be met
~qr~w~~~¥'
U
Improved
PWHT

Machinability
Features of Post Weld ensuring that the integrity of
Heat Treatment. There are the overall structure is not
five aspects to a post weld jeopardised.
heat treatment that must be
addressed. For local heat treatments,
controls have to be
The hot zone is adequate to implemented to provide
raise the weldment to the assurance that the
 . POSTWELD
590-620
None
630-670
680-720
720-760
710-760
580-620
630-670
Soaking 2.5
5 (minimum
Not
180 HEAT
(minimum
required
(optimum creepl
irrespective
Temperature TREATMENT
60)
120)
1201
in601
301 but REQUIREMENTS
wall thickness
of thickness
furnace (pipework thin
thin2.5
andNot (minimum
Local
{minimum
wall
wall up
up to
required
welds) FOR
60)(weldsSSonly)
60)
120)
30)
heattreatment
1801
601
to 127mm
180)
127mm 2633: 1987 - HIGH PRESSURE PIPEWORK
where not required)
9Cr lMo
12CrMoV(WI Time at temperature: Minutes/mm thickness

Special Note re BS.2633

The table is for guidance only. It illustrates the contents of the post weld heat section of SS. 2633
(Table 6) which should be consulted in its entirety.

Also see SS. 1113 for post weld heat treatment requirements for water tube steam generating plant.

For certain service conditions and for pipes of O.15%OCmaximum, post weld heat treatment of welds in pipes up to and including 12.5mm thick
and fillet welded attachments where the throat thickness does not exceed 12mm is not required subject to satisfactory welding procedure tests.

Special Note re ANSI/B31·1 & ANSI/B31·3

The table below is for guidance only. Reference should be made to the appropriate specification

Carbon
9%
Chromium
High POST
Manganese
Nickel Steel
nickel
alloy
alloy steel WELD
vanadium
steels
austenitic
ferritic
martensitic
Chromium'/2%
'12%
2'/4% max
- 10%
-2% HEAT
Postweld
None
Above 2"
1225/13001
1350/14502
3/4'
3/t
31{ TREATMENT
'I{ -
'/2"Heat
ANSI
3/"-1100 Treatment
1025/10851
hours
hour
-1100/1200
or0.15%
above
71 None
min.
min1250/1300
B.31.3
KSll100/1300
-11751
carbon,
71
Above
9A
AN1toKSI REOUIREMENTS
Requirement
1350/14251
1400/14751
1 hour{lnch
hour
241
1300/1400-min
Brinell
'h",
3/t
KSI-1300/1375
above
hour
hour
SI 3%
B3.1 min
min(note:
hour/inch
hour{lnch
hourlinch
max
1Boiler
hour
chromium
'/{,
'12".4" {Inch
1100/1200
&4"Carbon
1100/1325
5/s" 00,0.15%
4 OD, Soak
of 0.15%
above
1 hour
External FOR
carbon
carbon
0.25%
{Inch.
Piping 3%PETROLEUM
130011375
1100/1200
chromium PIPING (ANSI B.31.1. 1990) & POWER PIPING (AN SI B31.1-1992)
Material cooling rate be above 300/Hr down to 600)
Group
1
ll Base
max
0/1225 1 hour
hour min. 225
min. 9B Brinell 112",1100
- above max - 1175
llA
 Heat Treatment of Pipewelds with
48kV A Heat Treatment Unit and Pad Elements

f---
<
a
Cl:
lJ.. 31
Cl:

~
Cl:

415V 3 PHASE ®
60 AMP SUPPLY ®

CIRCUIT 1

CIRCUIT 2

®
Note:
'Circuits 3, 4, 5 and 6 have not ®
been shown for clarity.
®

48kV
See
22mAs 1
32002
3Cable
32001
42011
6
15
Stock
10334
35024
A 2
22
Range
Ceramic
High 9
Req.
4175617 TYPICAL
2
143007
4 No.
12-18
111Elements
6Oty.
Page
Thermocouple
Triple
3 See
way
Heating
Range 9 Sets
Channel
Splitter
Thermocouple
Temperature
Fibre 48kVA
Heat 6 Unit
CHANNEL
Treatment
Description
Attachment
Cables
Insulating
with
CementPlug
Mats Unit HEAT TREATMENT UNIT PACKAGE

ed will depend on extent of work and production rate.

 Circumferential Stress Relief of Pressure Vessel
Welded Seams using Twin Bulkhead Method
and Channel Elements .

CABLE ENTRY THROUGH

VESSEL 'MAN-WAYS'

•
@

ROLLER SUPPORTS 6 CHANNEL 415V DISTRIBUTION UNIT FIXED SUPPORTS

FOR EXPANSION AND TEMPERATURE RECORDER

STEEL BULKHEADS
4-12mm RODS

IRON MESH WIRED THERMOCOUPLES

TO BULKHEADS ATTACHED TO
WELDED SEAM AND AT
GRADIENT POSITIONS

• J
4-BANK
CHANNEL
ELEMENTS
n
n

TYPICAL MINERAL WOOL MATS 60mm

RECOMMENDED MILD STEEL THICK WITH SINGLE LAYER
HEIGHT FOR CHANNELS TO OVER GRADIENT ZONES
MILD STEEL SUPPORT AND DOUBLE LAYER OVER
CHANNELS ELEMENTS THE HEATED ZONE

10 34000
Stock
27750
32002
3
14002
Mineral612
96'
40006 43007
30001
12
1
Bales
42011 TYPICAL
No.
506-014
221
18
1 9
Wool PACKAGE FOR PWHT OF 3M DIAMETER SEAM
6
341756(7
As
64-Bank
2m Req.
Channel
Point
way
30m
High
Feed 10
19
911
2
19
Thermocouple
Qty. (4/3Insulation
415V
Channel
Page
Temperature
Splitter
Thermocouple
Compensating
Temperature
Cable Distribution
Attachment
Elements
Cable Recorder
with
Cable
Cement
Heating
(11 Phase)
Plug
(31Unit
(2Unit
Description
Phase)
Ptsl
Elements) Heater)
Temperature Conversion Tables
Example
Find the known temperature to be converted in the Red column. Then 204 400 752
read the Centigrade conversion to the left and Farenheit to the right therefore
400'C 752'F
400'F 204'C

98.9 2642
2660
1670
2678
2714
2696
1724
1652
1688
662482
680488
698493
716499
3650
1470
3668
3686
1490
1480
1460
900
910
920
930
940
2030
2606
2624
2570
1616
1580766
1634
608466
626471
590460
644477
3578
3560
3596
1420
1410
1430
1440
870
880
860
890
1960
2534
1544
554449
572454
1390
1400
840
850
1950
1526
2516
1508
2498
1380
1370
830
820
1930
1920
2480
1472
1490
482427
3452
1350
1360
800
810
1910
1454
3416
3398
1330
1320
1340
780
770
790
1890
1310
760
2372
2354
1382
3344
3326
1300
1290
1280
750
740
730
1850
1840
2318
1328
3290
1270
1260
1820
720
710
2282
2264
2246
1292
1274
1256
3254
3236
3218
1250
1240
1230
1220
700
1800
690
1790
680
1780
670
2174
2210
1220
3146
3164
3182
1180
1190
1200
1210
630
1740
640
650
660
1760
1994
1090
1640
540
2120
2138
2084
1130
1148
1112
3074
3092
1160
1170
1140
1150
610
620
1690
600
1710
590
1700
1076
2048
1958
1850
1868
1922
1022
896
986
914
824
878
842
950
1706244
241
224
1120
214
210
478.4416
2426
2444
471.2
496.4
467.7
465.8
460.4
451.4332
455.0343
444.2310
449.6327
447.8
422.6243
424.4249
433.4277
420.8238
417.2227
437.1288
428.0260
440.6299
431.6
442.4
1814
2822
2804
2930
2876
2966
2894
3020
3038
1070
1030
1010
1020
1000
1060
1080
1050
1040
1100
1110
1130
990
1550
1540
1580
1600
1590
1680
570
1620
1560
1570
520
1610
460
470
450
480
530
1630
510
490
440
500
550
560
1660
580
1670
415.4221
413.6216
411.8210
1778
1742
788
770
2732
980
970
960
950
1510
1500
1530
1520
430
420
410
400
734504
3632
3704
1450
2000
2010
2020
2040
2588
1598
1614
1970
1980
1562
2552
3542
3524
1940
536443
518438
3506
3488
2462350
360
370
380
390
1990
320
330
310
340
290
300
280
270
250
260
500432
3470
1900
1436
1418
3434
1880
1870
1400
3380
1860
1364
1346
3362
1830
1310
3308
1810
2228
1238
3272
1770
2156
2192
1166
1184
1202
3200
1730
1750
1094
2102
2984
3110
3128
1720
2066
1832
1940
1886
1976
1904
1040
1058
968
860
932
2948
2840
2858
2912
3002
3056
1650
806
752
2786
2768
2750 793
1099
799
1110
804
1071
771
777
1082
782
1088
754
760
1066
743
1049
1054
1043
248
247
249
727
712
716
1032
246
245
243
399
704
1010
699
1004
693
242
377
682
993
240
239
238
237
354
677
671
666
982
977
971
235
236
233
234
654
960
588
893
231
229
232
230
627
632
616
932
921
223
216
215
222
221
220
226
227
228
217
218
219
225
577
543
549
566
271
266
211604
882
849
854
871
916
910
213
212
510
827
821
816
788
1093
1104
1116
810
1077
1060
749
732
1038
738
476.6410
480.2421
2408 1027
1021
474.8404
2390
473.0
2336
2300
464.0
462.2
458.6 710
1016
393
388
999
382
688
988
371
366
360
660
966
453.2338
456.8349
638
643
649
943
949
954
435.2282
446.0316
1004 321
621
938
927
426.2254
419.0232
438.8293
429.8
2012
2030 538
571
554
582
560
532
304
593
599
610
843
838
877
860
888
866
899
904
410.0204
1795
1760 527
521
516
832

33
 Conversion Factors
Heat
1
1 Btu
Btufr'
transfer
ft-20F-1
Temperature
Btu
Length
Thermal
0.948
=0.155in2
=0.86
0.405 35.27
25.4
6.29
1.12
=0.0624Ib
= 1.356J
1.609
159
3.281
=1.163W
=22051b
=2.205Ib
30.48
=0.738
=3.60
=2.590
2.471
1.055
28.32
1.102
=0.293
105.5
56.87
0.86
=29.31
=0.093
=0.176
=0.0149
=0.239
=0.578
=6.93
=3412
=0.386
=0.239
67.07
=0.394
=4.187J
h-1OF-l=
Ib-10F-l ha
0.0095
10.76
=6.452cm2 mm
litre
MJft
km
kcal
0.9144
35.31
0.621
0.0283 Btu
kWh
m2
Btu
Btu km
cm
acre
kJ
Wh
MJ ounce
therm
cal
ft2
W Btu
mile2
ft3
mile
in
coefficient
=5.678
907
=220
0.264
264
=0.556
=
=0.835Ib
0.3725
16.02kg
=420.22
1.8
0.11016kcalh-1
0.4536
0.984
6.23
7.48
deg
US
28.35 kJmc
kg
Imp
US
deg
ergs
Ib
intervals
107
=4.187
conductivity Imp
Imp
USUS
kg
hp
g
(Imp m
kg
lib
m-3
gal
F= +
Area
barrel
ft11
Ibf
litre 11kJ
cm2
Ib
acre
fr3
ftMJ
ton
therm
ft2
km2
m2
Jcal
kWh
Btu
ha Btu
kW
fr
Ibf
mile2
ton
m-2h-1OC-l
in
m3gal
(US min-1
lW
h-1ft-2h-1
Ib-1
kgC 3fr3OF-l
ft-3OF-1
ft-1
fr2h-1OF-1
30C-
Wm-2OC-1
gal
hour
Ib K(US
gal)-
deg °F-1
h-1
Wm-1OC-1
gal
ton
gal gal)-l
m-3
(Imp °F-l =99.8
h-1OF-1
11gal)-l
gal)-l
Fm-2h-10C-1
C
Wm-2OC-1
WBtu
kcal
kJkg-1°C-lm-2OC-1 Jkcal
1Power,
= Density
119.8 kg
= kg heatflow
h-1m-3
m-3 rate Specific
1.73Wm-1 0C- 1 heat capacity
F-1 =
1 kJkg-1°C-1 0.144Wm-1°C-l
1.163 Wm- I 1 in20C-1 2 I
II

80
120
Wt.
30
10S
1.050
0.109
Std.
Extra
Outside
0.134
0.307
0.180
0.406
0.687
0.312
1.375
1.343
2.375
2.875
4.500
0.600
0.300
3.500
0.065
0.840
0.294
0.083
0.147
140
100
160
20
40
60
Sch.
Double
0.065
0.133
0.308
0.358
0.113
0.179
1.315
0.109
0.156
0.750
2.062
0.140
0.552
0.145
0.200
0.400
0.154
0.218
0.436
0.203
0.382
0.226
0.318
0.718
0.593
0.365
0.250
0.165
0.330
0.843
0.500
1.125
0.237
0.337
0.674
0.258
0.280
0.864
0.148
0.812
0.322
0.277
0.875
0.375
0.438
0.937
1.259
1.438
0.562
1.562
1.500
1.281
1.812
1.531
0.191
0.276
1.000
1.312
0.432
0.906
0.750
1.406
0.656
1.218
1.031
1.593
1.156
1.781
0.968
1.093
1.968
1.660
1.900
4.000
10.750
12.750
5.563
6.625
8.625
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000
0.083
0.120
0.216
Strong 5S
0.154
0.531
0.147
0.179
0.250
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.625
0.500
0.432
0.718
0.563
0.438
0.250
0.300 0.133
0.113
0.140
0.145
0.216
0.109
0.226
0.237
0.154
0.203
0.258
0.280 0.187
0.218
0.250
0.375
0.343
0.438
0.281 0.636

Wall
(inches)
Nominal Thickness
Imperial
Pipe Standard
for
Double
 ..
..•....

Engineering Data
Physical Properties Of Typical Pressure Part Steels

K-1.10-6
16.7520
19.2562
18.0541
18.7555
Wm-1.K-1
23
20
7970
14.6602
12.7503
13.8561
14.6611
13.8545
12.7511
38
49
7850
42
Coefficient
25
17
33
43
36 20 Heat
Temperature
Thermal
Density
Kg20°C
J.Kg-1.K-1
.m-3
to Temp
Specific
Conductivity 14
54
45

35

Tensile Properties Of Typical Pressure Part Steels

300
550
500
450
400
600
350
170
180
220
170
170
140
150
185
240
200
160
187
125
128
165
175
190
130
135
205
220
179
182
140
122
184
170
190
160
235
180
160
230
127
195
130
135
145
110
185
120
165
150
190
125
130
100
250
155
145
178
175
185
105
145
115
225 140200
260
190
210
245
205
170 340
245195
230
245150
290
285
245
275
280
215
N Yield
180.mm-z
270190
0.2% Tensile
Proof
Strengthat 460
490
430
510
540
440
420
480 190temperatures
225
Stress
various (1% for Austenitic Steels)
°C N.mm-z
Carbon Steel
Steel