STUDY OF SYMBOLS IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AIM: To study the various symbols used in electric circuits.

S.No. 1.

SYMBOLS

PARTICULARS Switch

2.

Two Way Switch

3. + 4. -

Battery

A.C. Supply

5.

Ground

6.

Crossed wire

7.

Connected wire

8. Fuse 9. Cartridge fuse 10.

Two pin wall socket

11.

Three pin wall socket

12.

Lamp

13.

Bell

14.

Buzzer

15.

Fan

16.

Exhaust fan

17. Input output Transformer

18. Input output Variac

19.

Resistance

20.

L Inductor

21.

Capacitor A K

22.

Diode

23. A

D.C. Ammeter

24. V 25. A 26. V 27. M 28. M L

D.C. Voltmeter

A.C. Ammeter

A.C. Voltmeter

Multimeter

Wattmeter C 29. C1 V C2 Energy meter P1 30. AFO 31. P2

CRO

32.

AND GATE

33. OR GATE

34.

NOT GATE

35.

Variable Resistor

RESULT: Thus the various symbols in electric circuits were studied and drawn.

RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING

AIM:
To Construct Residential House wiring using Energy Meter

Sl.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Name of the apparatus Switches Incandescent Lamp Lamp Holder Socket Screws Energy Meter Single Main switch Box Wires

Range / Type SPST, 5A 100W Batten 5A, three pin 1inch Phase 240V , 16A ,900 RPU 50Hz Single phase 240V , 16A 1/18 SWG

Quantity 1 Nos. 1 No. 1No. 1No. As per required 1No. 1No. As per required

THEORY:
Conductors, switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying the maximum current which will flow through them. The above table shows the rating for different accessories. Conductors should be of copper or aluminum. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to carry. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution boards at convenient centers. Wiring should neat, with good appearance.

1. Wires should pass through a pipe or box, and should not twist or cross.

2. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel conduit conforming to standards or in a

PROCEDURE:
1. Study the given wiring diagram 2. Make the location points for energy meter, main switch box, Switchboard, lamp and ceiling rose. 3. Draw the lines for wiring on the wooden board. 4. Place the wires along with the line and fix. 5. Fix the bulb holder, Switches, Ceiling rose, Socket in marked Positions on the wooden board. 6. Connect the energy meter and main switch box in marked positions on the wooden board. 7. Give the supply to the wires circuit.

8. Test the wiring of lamp and socket.

RESULT:
Thus the wiring for the bulb and plug point was prepared and tested.

FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Starter

C1 F i l a m e n t F i l a m e n t

Tube

Choke

230V, 50 Hz, 1 AC Supply

FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING AIM: To construct and study the working of a fluorescent lamp circuit. REFERENCE: 1. Engineering Practices Laboratory by V. Ramesh Babu VRB Publishers. 2. Engineering Practice by M.S. Kumar D D Publications. TOOLS REQUIRED: S.No. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Tester Electrician Knife Wire Cutter Screw Driver Combination Plier TOOLS QUANTITY (No.) 1 1 1 1 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED: 1. Choke 2. Starter 3. Tube light holder, frame 4. Tube light 5. Connecting wires PRECAUTIONS: All the connections should be tight. Twisting of wires should be avoided. Always keep the live wires on the right hand side. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. Required

THEORY: The fluorescent tubes are usually available in lengths of 0.61 m and 1.22 m. The various parts of fluorescent tube include. 1. Glass tube 2. Starter 3. Choke 4. Fluorescent materials 5. Filaments The inside surface of the fluorescent tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the form of powder. The tube also contains low pressure argon gas and one or two drops of mercury. The two filaments are coated with electron emissive material. The starter (initially in closed position) puts the filaments directly across the supply mains at the time of starting, there by initiating emission of electrons. After 1 or 2 seconds the starter switch gets opened. The interruption of current makes the choke to act like ballast providing a voltage impulse across the filaments. Due to this, ionization of argon takes place. Mercury vapour arc provides a conducting path between the filaments. The starter used may be of thermal starter or glow starter whose function is to complete the circuit initially for preheating the filaments (to initiate emission of electrons) and then to open the circuit for high voltage across choke for initiating ionization. PROCEDURE: First the layout diagram of the electrical circuit is made. The connections are made as per the wiring diagram. The output is verified. RESULT: Thus the fluorescent lamp circuit connection was given and studied.

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STAIRCASE WIRING CONNECTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: N

L1

L1

230V, 1 , 50 Hz, AC SUPPLY

1 P 2 S1 3

3 S2 2 1

TABLULATION: POSITION OF S1 1 1 2 2 POSITION OF S2 1 2 1 2 CONDITION OF LAMP

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STAIRCASE WIRING CONNECTION AIM: To construct and control the status of lamp using two way switch by Stair Case wiring.

TOOLS REQUIRED: S.No. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Tester Electrician Knife Wire Cutter Screw Driver Combination Plier TOOLS QUANTITY (No.) 1 1 1 1 1

MATERIAL REQUIRED: 6. Two Way Switches 7. Lamp 8. Wires 9. Lamp Holder PRECAUTIONS: The circuit should be checked by series test lamp. Bare portion of the conductor should not come out of the terminal and the insulation of the conductor should keep up to the end of the terminal. All the connections should be tight. All the switches should be connected in positive wire. Always keep the live wires on the right hand side. 2 No.s 1 No Required 1 No

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THEORY: A circuit is a path along which the electric current flows from the negative side of the power source to the positive side. There are three types of electrical circuits that are used for connecting devices or controls to the power source. They are series circuit, parallel circuit and combination of the two. The series circuit provides a single, continuous path through which current flows. In this the devices are connected one after another and the current flows through them until it returns to the power source. Hence, even when one device breaks down the remaining devices will not operate, because the circuit is broken. In parallel circuit, the devices are connected side by side, so that current flows in a number of parallel paths. In this type of circuit each device is connected across the power source so that even if one device breaks down, the other devices continue to operate. This type of circuit is used in house wiring. It is sometimes desirable to control a lamp from two different places. One may come across this situation with stair case, bed room, long corridors or hall containing two entrances, etc. This is achieved by two switches. PROCEDURE: First the layout diagram of the electrical circuit is made. The connections are made as per the wiring diagram. The output table is verified by switching ON the switches.

RESULT: Thus the Stair Case wiring was constructed and output was verified.

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MEASURMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER FACTOR USING RLC LOAD Expt No: AIM:
To measurement of voltage, current, power and power factor using RLC loading.

Date:

APPARTUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of the Apparatus Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance Inductance, Capacitance, Connecting Wires Range / Type (0-60V) M.I (0-10mA) M.I 10 L DIB C DCB 1/18 SWG Quantity 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. As per Requirement

FORMULAE:
Actual power = VI watts Real Power = VICos Reactive Power = VISin Where V Voltmeter reading I Ammeter reading Power Factor, cos = R/Z, Z = V/I.

TABULATION
Voltage (V) Current I (mA) Impedance Z=V/I Power Factor cos=R/Z Real Power= VIcos Reactive power= VIsin

Sl.No.

MODEL CALCULATION:

15

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Initially no load is applied. 3. Autotransformer is set to minimum voltage position before switching ON the power supply. 4. Set the rated voltage by using the autotransformer. Measure and record the values of voltmeter, ammeter on no load condition. 5. Apply the load by adjusting RLC load. 6. Measure and record the values of voltmeter, ammeter. 7. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 until the ammeter reading reaches 7mA. 8. After taking all the readings, reduce the load slowly to the minimum and bring the voltage to minimum in the autotransformer. Switch off the power supply. 9. Calculated the Indicated power by the given formula. 10. Calculate the power factor by the given formula.

RESULT:

Thus we measure the voltage, current, power and power factor using RLC load.

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MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER AIM: To measure the Energy consumed by a Single Phase Resistive Load by using Single Phase Energy Meter. REFERENCE: 3. Engineering Practices Laboratory by V. Ramesh Babu VRB Publishers. 4. Engineering Practice by M.S. Kumar D D Publications. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ammeter Voltmeter Single Phase Energy Meter Stop Watch Single Phase Resistive Load Connecting Wires Analog 3 KW, 230 V APPARATUS TYPE / RANGE (0 10A) MI (0 300V) MI QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 Required

FORMULA USED: Actual Energy in KWh = Power in Watts x Time Taken in Seconds 1000 x 3600 Power in Watts = Voltage in Volts x Current in Amperes True Energy in KWh = No. of Revolution / Energy Meter Constant % Error = True Energy Actual Energy Actual Energy x 100

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TABULATION: Energy Meter Constant = Voltage S.No. (Volts) Current Power Time Number of Actual True % Error

(Ampere) (Watts) (Seconds) Revolutions

Energy Energy (KWh) (KWh)

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THEORY: An induction type energy meter is commonly used. It consists of two magnets, the upper and lower magnets. The upper magnet carries a pressure coil, which is made up of a thin wire and has large number of turns. This coil has to be connected in parallel with the supply. The lower magnet carries the current coil which is made up of a thick wire and has only few turns. This coil is to be connected in series with the load. An aluminum disc mounted on the spindle is placed between the upper and lower magnets. The disc can rotate freely between the magnets. Another permanent magnet called as brake magnet is used for providing breaking torque on the aluminum disc. The power consumed is measured in terms of number of rotations of the disc. For example, 1800 revolutions of the disc means 1 KWH power consumed by the load connected to the energy meter. PRECAUTIONS: Single phase variac should be kept at minimum position, during starting period. No load should be connected when the DPSTS is closed or opened. PROCEDURE: The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Rated Voltage is set in the voltmeter, by gradually varying the single phase variac. Resistive load is switch ON. Load is gradually increased and the ammeter, voltmeter & Energy meter readings are noted.

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RESULT: Thus the Energy consumed by a single phase resistive load was measured.

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