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    Solar Cells and Light

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    KVV
    This document summarizes information about solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their potential to contribute to sustainable energy generation and lighting. It discusses the design, operation, and materials used in solar cells and LEDs, as well as factors that influence their costs and efficiency such as variability of sunlight, energy storage needs, and electricity prices in different locations. The document also compares the levelized energy costs of solar and other technologies and discusses opportunities and challenges for thin-film solar cell technologies and building-integrated photovoltaics.

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    Solar Cells and Light

    Uploaded by

    KVV
    38 views27 pages
    This document summarizes information about solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their potential to contribute to sustainable energy generation and lighting. It discusses the design, operation, and materials used in solar cells and LEDs, as well as factors that influence their costs and efficiency such as variability of sunlight, energy storage needs, and electricity prices in different locations. The document also compares the levelized energy costs of solar and other technologies and discusses opportunities and challenges for thin-film solar cell technologies and building-integrated photovoltaics.

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    Solar Cells and Light

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    This document summarizes information about solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their potential to contribute to sustainable energy generation and lighting. It discusses the design, operation, and materials used in solar cells and LEDs, as well as factors that influence their costs and efficiency such as variability of sunlight, energy storage needs, and electricity prices in different locations. The document also compares the levelized energy costs of solar and other technologies and discusses opportunities and challenges for thin-film solar cell technologies and building-integrated photovoltaics.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views27 pages

    Solar Cells and Light

    Uploaded by

    KVV
    This document summarizes information about solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and their potential to contribute to sustainable energy generation and lighting. It discusses the design, operation, and materials used in solar cells and LEDs, as well as factors that influence their costs and efficiency such as variability of sunlight, energy storage needs, and electricity prices in different locations. The document also compares the levelized energy costs of solar and other technologies and discusses opportunities and challenges for thin-film solar cell technologies and building-integrated photovoltaics.

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    1

    Solar Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes: two optoelectronic devices for a greener planet

    1. Solar cells and LEDs: how they fit into the worlds generationand lighting-mixes. 2. Solar cells and LEDs: their design and operation. 3. LEDs: their prospects for contributing significantly to generalpurpose lighting. 4. Solar cells: their prospects for contributing significantly to sustainable electricity generation.

    Photovoltaic Power Generation

    Issues: sustainability solar-cell cost and efficiency ($/W) variability of insolation energy storage and/or greening the generation mix

    Silicon material

    X X X

    Metallurgical grade Si

    X X

    Semiconductor grade Si

    Si + 3HCl

    SiHCl3 + H2

    Single-crystal Si modules

    Capital cost of PV

    The lowest retail price for a mono-crystalline silicon module is also $2.23 per watt (1.65 per watt), from a German retailer.
    http://www.solarbuzz.com/Moduleprices.htm

    Thin sc-Si solar cells

    K.J. Weber et al., IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 991-994, 2005.

    10X reduction in Si use claimed

    mc-Si solar cells

    http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html

    The lowest retail price for a multi-crystalline silicon solar module is $1.74 per watt (1.29 per watt) from a US retailer.
    http://www.solarbuzz.com/Moduleprices.htm

    Electricity price comparison


    Conventional:
    Country/Territory Australia Belgium Canada Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong (Kowloon/ NT) Hong Kong (HK Is.) US cents/1kWh 7.11 11.43 6.18 17.55 42.89 6.95 19.25 30.66 10.90 12.30 As of 2006-2007 2006-2007 2006-2007 2008-07-01 2006-2007 2006-2007 2009 2009 2008-05-07 2008-05-07 Country/Territory Iceland Ireland Italy Malaysia y Netherlands Per Portugal Singapore Spain South Africa Sweden UK USA
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_tariff

    US cents/1kWh 11.61 23.89 37.23 7.42 34.70 10.44 16.39 15.31 19.50 10.15 27.34 18.59 9.28

    As of 2008-07-07 2006-2007 2009 Dec 2007 2009 2006-2007 2009 2009-2009 2009 2008-2009 2009 2009 2006-2007

    PV (April 2010):
    Residential Commercial Industrial

    34.84
    http://www.solarbuzz.com/solarprices.htm

    24.81

    19.33

    Levelized energy costs in AUD (2006)


    Technology Nuclear (to COTS plan)[13] Nuclear (to suit site; typical)[13] Coal Coal: IGCC + CCS Coal: supercritical pulverised + CCS Open-cycle Gas Turbine Hot fractured rocks Gas: combined cycle Gas: combined cycle + CCS Small Hydro power Wind power: high capacity factor Solar thermal Biomass Photovoltaics Cost (AUD/MWh) 4070 75105 2838 5398 64106 101 89 3754 5393 55 75 85 88 120

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources

    Alternatives to limited-area Si: tandem cells

    10

    Small-area, very-high efficiency cells, vertically stacked.

    What are the limitations and difficulties? How can a low-cost PV plant be made with this concept?

    UMTD [Fig. 7.15]

    11

    S. Kurtz, NREL/PR-520-46924, Oct. 2009

    Alternatives to limited-area Si: thin-film cells

    12

    Requirements: near optimum bandgap direct bandgap long minority carrier lifetime abundant material large-area-deposition capability

    Efficiency and bandgap

    13

    CdTe

    CIGS

    Why is there a maximum in the relationship?

    UMTD [Sec. 7.5.1]

    Optimum bandgap

    14

    Solar-cell efficiencies

    15

    Sarah Kurtz NREL/PR-520-46924

    CIGS and CdTe: thin-film contenders

    16

    Noufi and Zweibel, IEEE 4th World conf on PEC, 317-320, 2006

    Efficiency comparison: materials and modules

    17

    http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html

    Commercial CdTe: First Solar

    18

    Before First Solar's manufacturing innovations, cadmium-telluride photovoltaic cells were the size of postage stamps; now the company makes them as big as window panes.
    http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/first-solar-quest-for-the-1-watt

    Towards commercial CIGS: Nanosolar

    19

    NREL Certifies 15.3% Nanosolar Foil Efficiency


    By Nanosolar Communications - September 9, 2009

    http://www.nanosolar.com/technology

    $/W for thin-film modules


    http://www.solarbuzz.com/Moduleprices.htm (April 2010)

    20

    The lowest thin film module price remains at $1.76 per watt (1.30 per watt) from an Asia-based retailer. As a general rule, it is typical to expect thin film modules to be at a price discount to crystalline silicon (for like module powers). This thin film price is represented by a 130 watt module.

    Recall the latest, lowest $/W figures for Si cells.

    Diurnal, seasonal, and angular variation

    21

    http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html

    Stand-alone requires battery storage

    22

    http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html

    Add PV to the mix: fusion and fission

    23

    Nuclear in a "green" country


    Mrs Merkels dramatic change of heart surfaced at an energy summit attended by government and industry heads in Berlin last week, when it became clear that her ruling grand coalitions aim of closing Germanys 17 nuclear power plants by the early 2020s were at odds with targets for the reduction of CO2 emissions.

    24

    http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf43.html

    Final appraisal: average low peak-sun hours

    25

    Perth mean average = 5.4 pk-sun h

    http://www.solar4power.com/map8-global-solar-power.html

    Levelized energy cost


    e.g. 10% cost of capital, depreciation over 20 years,
    Insolation Cost 200 $/kWp 600 $/kWp 1000 $/kWp 1400 $/kWp 1800 $/kWp 2200 $/kWp 2600 $/kWp 3000 $/kWp 3400 $/kWp 3800 $/kWp 4200 $/kWp 4600 $/kWp 5000 $/kWp 2400 0.8 2.5 4.2 5.8 7.5 9.2 10.8 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.5 19.2 20.8 2200 0.9 2.7 4.5 6.4 8.2 10.0 11.8 13.6 15.5 17.3 19.1 20.9 22.7 2000 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 1800 1.1 3.3 5.6 7.8 10.0 12.2 14.4 16.7 18.9 21.1 23.3 25.6 27.8 1600 1.3 3.8 6.3 8.8 11.3 13.8 16.3 18.8 21.3 23.8 26.3 28.8 31.3 1400 1.4 4.3 7.1 10.0 12.9 15.7 18.6 21.4 24.3 27.1 30.0 32.9 35.7 1200 1.7 5.0 8.3 11.7 15.0 18.3 21.7 25.0 28.3 31.7 35.0 38.3 41.7 1000 2.0 6.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 42.0 46.0 50.0 800

    26

    4% interest rate, 1% O & M cost.

    kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy kWh/kWpy

    2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5

    Whats the answer for Perth?


    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics

    Whats the answer for Vancouver?

    Non-debatable: BIPV

    27

    Hong Kong Science Park a-Si, thin-film cells


    http://solarpowerauthority.com/2008/03/

    Scheidegger Building, Berne


    https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/.../15_SolarAltEnergy-ppt.pdf

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