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DrinkingUJoter
Principles and Practices

Drinking Water Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 46.11.37.205 on 07/29/13. For personal use only.

DrinkingWater
Principles and Practices
Drinking Water Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 46.11.37.205 on 07/29/13. For personal use only.

P. J. de Moel
TU Delft, The Netherlands

J. Q. J. C. Verberk
TU Delft, The Netherlands

J. C. van Dijk
TU Delft, The Netherlands & Kiwa Water Research, The Netherlands

\IJP World Scientific

N E W JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI

Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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English translation and editing: Adele Sanders, Delft EdiTS Design and layout: Eefje Ooms, Delft University of Technology

First published 2006 Reprinted 2007

DRINKING WATER Principles and Practices Copyright 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.

ISBN 981-256-836-0

Editor: Tjan Kwang Wei

Printed by Fulsland Offset Printing (S) Pte Ltd, Singapore

PREFACE

Preface
Drinking water: the miracle from the tap For many people drinking water is something we usually do not think about and don't know much about either. We open the tap and clean and fresh drinking water pours out. We take it for granted. We know the water quality is excellent and that it is actually not necessary to buy bottled water. Nevertheless, we sometimes read in the newspaper alarming articles about the pollution of our drinking water sources. How does that happen? How do the drinking water companies actually purify our drinking water, and will they continue in the future? Similarly, there are several other questions people sometimes ask about our drinking water: Why do we flush our toilet with clear and costly drinking water? Is our water "hard" and should we believe the commercials about water softeners? Which elements does water actually contain? Is drinking water healthy? Can you purify water with your own filters? Is it safe to drink rainwater? How is the quality of our drinking water being safeguarded? Is groundwater abstraction responsible for the deterioration of national parks? What is the function of a water tower? What do the drinking water companies do in restricted areas and in national parks?

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Students who follow courses in drinking water at Delft University of Technology also have these questions.

For whom is this book meant? This book contains the course material about drinking water for students in the Bachelor of Science program (BSc) of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology. In these courses the students acquire a broad view of the drinking water service. Not just the theoretical principles, but also the practical operation of drinking water companies. Not just the techniques, but also the historical background, the judicial arrangements, the financial aspects, the global situation, etc. The course material should give all Civil Engineering students a vast and sound base, which can be used in their future profession. For students who will specialize in the Master of Science program (MSc), the course material will provide a basis for specialist courses like "Drinking water production" and "Drinking water distribution." The course material follows a modular structure and emphasizes independent learning. That makes this course material also very suitable for many others: from students seeking a higher professional education, to people who are involved in one way or another in the drinking water service, to the drinking water consumers who would like to know more about "the miracle from the tap."

How is the book structured? The modern student is an independent learner, meaning that time and planning are much more determined by the student himself than by the course schedule. Modern course materials are adapted to this. This book consists often independent modules. All modules follow a uniform design. First, there is a page of information about the module under the headings of "Framework," "Contents," and "Study goals." Next,

PREFACE

the actual learning material (contents) is presented. Following that is a list of recommended literature and websites. Because of the broad characterofthe course material, a list of references is not included. Finally, questions and answers are presented. The questions challenge the students' recall of the material read, the applications ask students to put their understanding to use.

Courses from this book Because of the module structure, this book can be used as teaching and learning material for different courses in drinking water supply. Each module can be used independently, but also in courses dealing with specific focus points. Examples of such courses can be given as: Module Drinking water companies Water quality Water consumption Sanitary Engineering Surface water Planning and Groundwater Amsterdam water Distribution

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Course Basic short course Design Water treatment Water distribution

design

Finances

ir. P.J. (Peter) de Moel dr. ir. J.Q.J.C. (Jasper) Verberk prof. ir. J.C. (Hans) van Dijk

Delft, April 2006

CONTENTS

Contents
Public water Sanitary engineering 11

Water companies Amsterdam water Drinking water companies Planning and design Drinking Water Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 46.11.37.205 on 07/29/13. For personal use only. Finances

41 41 89 119 153

Technical facets Water consumption Water quality Groundwater Surface water Distribution

185 185 211 251 309 363

Addendum Drinking water and The Netherlands Drinking water and Delft Acknowledgement Register

389 391 401 405 407

CONTENTS

Detailed contents (per module)

Public water Sanitary engineering

Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. What is sanitary engineering? 3. History of sanitary engineering 4. Public health 5. Sanitary engineering worldwide Further reading Questions and applications Answers

11
12 13 13 16 25 29 38 39 40

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Water companies Amsterdam water

Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. The Netherlands 3. Amsterdam 4. Developments in water consumption and distribution 5. Developments in drinking water production 6. Developments as enterprise Further reading Questions and applications Answers

41
42 43 44 46 56 64 81 85 86 87

Drinking water companies Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Technical setup for drinking water supply 3. Production 4. Distribution 5. Capacity 6. Organization Further reading Questions and applications Answers

89 90 91 91 92 104 109 112 115 116 117

CONTENTS

Planning and design Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Planning process for public water supply 3. Design activities in the infrastructure's life cycle 4. Laws, permits and standards 5. The practice of designing Further reading Questions and applications Answers

119 120 121 121 123 134 139 148 149 150

Finances Drinking Water Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 46.11.37.205 on 07/29/13. For personal use only. Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Water company as an enterprise 3. Investment costs 4. Operational costs 5. Cost comparison of alternatives Further reading Questions and applications Answers

153 154 155 155 164 171 177 180 181 183

Technical facets Water consumption Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Annual consumption 3. Quality requirements for consumption 4. Fluctuations in consumption 5. Consumption forecasting Further reading Questions and applications Answers 185 186 187 187 197 198 201 205 206 208

Water quality Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Water on Earth 3. Water: physical and chemical properties 4. Health and drinking water quality

211 212 213 213 222 233

CONTENTS

5. Drinking water legislation in the Netherlands 6. Water quality for other applications Further reading Questions and applications Answers

237 243 245 246 248

Groundwater Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Groundwater in the natural environment 3. Abstraction of groundwater 4. Treatment of groundwater 5. Treatment of riverbank groundwater 6. Groundwater legislation in the Netherlands Further reading Questions and applications Answers

251 252 253 253 255 267 294 301 302 303 305

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Surface water Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Surface water in the natural environment 3. Intake of surface water 4. Direct treatment of surface water 5. Indirect treatment of surface water through infiltration 6. Dutch surface water legislation Further reading Questions and applications Answers

309 310 311 311 314 317 350 357 357 358 360

Distribution Framework, contents, study goals 1. Introduction 2. Parts of a distribution system 3. Transport 4. Storage 5. Distribution 6. Drinking water installations Further reading Questions and applications Answers

363 364 365 366 367 375 378 384 385 386 387

10