MOBILE COMMUNICATION / COMPUTING

By-Vipul Patel and Milind Desai (T.E. Extc.),s.s.p.m.coe

ABSTRACT:

Mobile communication are changing peoples life style in many ways. The tremendous demand from social are pushing to booming development of mobile

communication faster man ever advanced techniques emerging. This paper studies basic concepts of mobility for mobile communication. A conceptual discussion is made on mobility in the contexts of both computation & communication leading to the illustration of mobile computing. The concept of mobility management for mobile communication are introduced. The concept & operation of CDMA-based-digital cellular system for mobile communication are also introduced. New challenges arises in future mobile communication system with diversity as the key feature, which leads to the definations of classified mobility according to different cells. Keywords: Mobile communication, Mobility, Mobile Management, Wireless Networks.

1.I N T R O D U C T I O N
Mobility is humans nature. To the field of computing & communication technologies, to be able to communicate with other persons & access & process information simultaneously while moving has been as long expectation that causes great deal of efforts having been made to turn the fancy into fact. The underlying vision for the emerging mobile communication with a person, at any time, at any place and in any form,

At Any Location as illustrated in fig. 1 Home

Office In public

Using Any Device Cellular / PCS phone Dial Patels personal number Office wired phone Personal digital assistant Multimedia terminal

Mobile communication will continue to greatly change the way of peoples life. Next generation mobile systems need the support of all the advances on new theories, algorithms, architectures, standards and protocols. In the near future, more and more internet based services like web service can be smoothly accessed with various mobile devices through the wide deployed wireless networks. Enabling concepts for mobility & mobile computing:Mobility is the characteristic of an object that can be mobile. In the field of computing technology, the mobile object can be in both computation and communication, according to which we get mobile computation & communication by extending the features of the objects in these two areas with mobility. This two feature mobile computation & communication helps us to construct the new research field Mobile Computing. This extension is illustrated in fig.2 Mobility Mobile Computation Mobile Computing Mobile Agent Communication Mobile Process Computation Mobile Communication Mobile Service Mobile N/w Mobile Terminal Mobile User

Fig. 2 Mobility & Mobile computing Computation & Communication are always interdependent instead of independent. Many mobile objects can be distinguish in the field of mobile computing. For mobile computation, objects that can be of mobility are usually some logical computer critics ( code, data, or state):1. Mobile process :- Mobile process is a concept in the area of Operating system (OS). A process is the abstraction of a running application that consist of the code, data, & OS state, which can be transfer between systems. 2. Mobile Agent :- The main role of mobile agent is to improve performance & reliability. It extends the concept of software object; which can carry both code & data & the thread of control. As to mobile communication, mobile objects are mostly physical components. Mobility scenario include:1. Terminal mobility :- It is the ability of user device that can roam within a network or between network with on going communication within the radio coverage area. Eg : Laptop & Cellular phone. 2. Personal mobility :- It, means that end-users can access personal services regardless of moving to any network or using any terminal, through unique user identification like a Universal personal telecommunication ( UPT ) number. 3. Services mobility :- It means that a personalized service available to the user with one mobile device in a N/w can still be accessible by another mobile device &/or in another N/w of different region or operator.

The Cellular Concept

The cellular concept was developed & introduced by the Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s. The principle of cellular systems is to divide a large geographic service area into cells with diameter from 2 to 50 Km, each of which is allocated a number of radio frequency (RF) channels. Transmitters in each adjacent cell operate on different frequencies to avoid interference. As the demand grows in a given area, cells can be split to accommodate the additional traffic. Cells that are sufficiently far apart can reuse the same set of frequencies without causing cochannel interference. Fig. 3 illustrate an idealized view of a cellular mobile system, where cells are depicted as perfect hexagons.

Cells using the same RF channels

Fig.3 Concepts of frequency reuse in cellular system

System Architecture: As mentioned earlier, the coverage area of a cellular system is partitioned into a number of smaller area or cells with each cells served by a base station (BS) for radio coverage. The base station are connected through fixed links to a mobile switching center (MSC), which is a local switching exchange with additional features to handle mobility management requirements of a cellular system. MSC also interconnect with the PSTN,

because of majority of calls in a cellular mobile system either originate from or terminate at fixed N/w terminals

Base station HLR

VLR
TO OTHER

MSC
MSCS

FIG
TO

2.3

TYPICAL

CELLULAR

SYSTEM

ARCHITECTURE

PSTN

Mobility Management for mobile communication :Mobility management is the essential technology that supports roaming user with mobile terminal to enjoy their services through wireless N/ws when they are moving into a new service area. Mobility mainly contains two distinct but related components : Location Management Handoff Management

Location management is to locate roaming terminals in order to deliver data packets despite that the location of them may change from time to time. Handoff management is to control the change of a mobile nodes attachment point to n/w in order to maintain connection with the moving node during active data transmission.

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple access system specify how signals from different sources can be combined efficiently for transmission over a given radio frequency band & then separated at the destination without mutual interference. The three basic multiple access methods currently in use in the cellular system are : FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access) In case of FDMA, users share the available spectrum in the frequency domains Analog systems, which represent the initial implementations of the cellular concept, uses FDMA techniques. In case of TDMA techniques that are utilized in many Digital cellular systems, the available spectrum is partitioned into narrow frequency bands or frequency channels, which in turn are divided into a number of time slots. In TDMA guard bands are needed both between frequency channels & time slots. The CDMA systems utilizes the spread spectrum technique, whereby spreading code (with different pseudo-random noise) is used to allow multiple users to share a block of frequency spectrum. No guard bands are necessary. Frequency slot, Cx PN code slot, Tx time slot) (Ux - user slot, Fx

U1

U2

U3

U4

FDMA F3
time

F1 F4 frequency t2 U8
U3 F2

F2

TDMA U6
T1 PN code U1 F1

U2
U5 F3 U6 F4

U4

frequency

CDMA Un
C1 F = f1 to f4

cn

U1 frequency

CDMA Based Digital Cellular System

IS 95 standard for the CDMA common air interface was adopted in 1993. The final assessment on the potential superiority of CDMA systems over TDMA systems in terms of capacity, cost, & speech quality, will emerge only after both systems have being in operation in dense, urban areas with full complements of subscriber & services.

Service Aspects: Short message service (SMS) Supplementary services (Call waiting, Call forwarding, Calling line ID, etc) Packet data etc.

Forward link Structure in IS 95 or Base to Mobile interaction: A system is based on the spread spectrum concept is an example of a power limited system that 8is not constrained by bandwidth. The CDMA common air interface (CAI) specifies a forward physical channel design that uses a combination of frequency division, pseudo multiple access techniques. Frequency division is achieved by dividing the available cellular spectrum into nominal 1.23mhz channels which can be increased from the initial single CDMA channel to multiple such channels as demand for digital services increases. An example of a logic forward (base to mobile) w/f is shown in fig.4

Pilot channel: - Base uses of the pilot channel are uniquely identifying sectors / cells, providing phase/ time/ signal strength reference, identifying multipath components & handoff candidates etc. Synchronization channel: - System identification number (SID), N/w identification number (NID), precise time of day information, PN offset of the associated pilot channel.

Paging channels: - A forward w/f transmitter by a base station to can have up to seven paging channels, mobile, as well as necessary system parameters. Forward Traffic channels: - The forward Traffic channels are used to transmit voice or data to a mobile that is in a call. There may be up to 63 forward traffic channels, depending on the numbers of paging channels and synchronization channels. Data rates are flexible ( 1200,4800 or 9600 b/s.) to support variable-rate voice coders and this are structured in 20 ms frames. Signally information from the base station to the mobile during a call can be transmitted using blank and burst or dim and burst methods. Reverse link structures in IS-95 :- The reverse CDMA channel is used by all the mobiles in a cell coverage area to transmit to the base station. IS-95 CDMA System capacity :- The key parameters that determines the capacity of a CDMA digital cellular system are as follows :- Processing gain, ratio of energy per bit to noise power (Eb/No), voice activity factor, frequency reuse efficiency. The theoretical capacity of the IS-95 CDMA cellular system in terms of calls per 1.25 MHz channel per cell is provided by Np = (w/R)vS (Eb/No)F Where, Np b/s) V (generally 3) Eb/No = minimum ratio of bit energy to noise power (6 dB or factor of 4) F = Frequency reuse efficiency factor ( approximately 3/2) = voice activity gain (approximately 2) , S = sectors per cell = capacity in terms of numbers of calls/1.25 MHz channels/cell

W/R = ratio of spreading code (1.2288 M cps) to maximum information rate (9600

The theoretical estimated capacity is therefore in the order of 128 calls per 1.25 MHz channel (i.e. practically 64 calls)

Mobility in future mobile systems:The future mobile system will provide capabilities constituting significant improvements over the current mobile systems, especially in terms of global mobility for the users and supports of services like high speed data, multimedia and internet. In scope, future mobile service environments will address the full range of mobile and personal communication applications shown in figure. In building (picocell), urban(microcell), suburban(macrocell) and global(megacell/satellite) as well as communication types that includes voice, data and image. Support of communication needs for developing countries in the form of fixed wireless access (FWA) applications.

Conclusion:This paper studies the basic concepts of mobility for mobile communication. Mobility is definition in the context of computation and communication, which lead to the concept of mobile computing. The impacts of mobility on mobile communication are analyses and the main idea of mobile management are also introduced. The digital cellular system based on CDMA technologies are fully specified and are being implemented at a rapid rate around the world. The recognized need for a third - generation system that will provide global roaming and service delivery as well as support for high speed data, internet and multimedia service is playing a significant roll in the evolution of these digital cellular systems.

Reference:- Mobile communication systems and services.-By RAJPANDYA. Fundamental of mobile communication and computing -From IEEE PAPERS.