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2-3 Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is an experimental water treatment technology that uses electrolysis of iron or aluminum electrodes to release metal ions directly into the water, acting as coagulants to reduce turbidity and remove microorganisms. The process involves raw water passing through an electrocoagulation unit, sedimentation basin, filtration, and disinfection to produce potable water. While still being tested, electrocoagulation shows potential for treating water in small to large plants using renewable energy sources with relatively low operational and capital costs.

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136 views2 pages

2-3 Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is an experimental water treatment technology that uses electrolysis of iron or aluminum electrodes to release metal ions directly into the water, acting as coagulants to reduce turbidity and remove microorganisms. The process involves raw water passing through an electrocoagulation unit, sedimentation basin, filtration, and disinfection to produce potable water. While still being tested, electrocoagulation shows potential for treating water in small to large plants using renewable energy sources with relatively low operational and capital costs.

Uploaded by

paulus1st
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTROCOAGULATION

NO 1

FIELD
Purpose and status

INFORMATION
Electrocoagulation produces coagulants directly into the water by the release of metal ions such as iron or aluminium by electrolysis of electrodes by applying direct electrical current. It is an experimental technology.
Comment: Pse check wording

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Alternatives Summary of key features

Standard metals coagulation Experimentation on Vaal Dam water with a turbidity of 60 NTU with microorganism added. Turbidity reduced to < 3 NTU after sedimentation and sand filtration. Microbiological quality of final water acceptable for potable purposes. Dependant on the amount of chlorine added. (Also by onsite generation form salt as sodium hypochlorite).

Description

Iron or aluminium electrodes are used as sacrificial anodes together with inert cathodes to release metal ions by electrolysis that act as coagulants in water. These metal ions can act as coagulants similar to traditional metal-based coagulants such as ferric chloride or aluminium sulphate by the formation of hydrolysed metal coagulants [Fe(OH)3 and Al(OH)3]. The ions discharged by electrolysis are similar to those added as chemical compounds. They affect coagulation by charge neutralisation that causes flocculation and phase separation to take place. The concentration of metal ions required for effective coagulation is a function of the water quality, specifically the suspended matter concentration. The amount of metal ions released is determined by the electrical current available and surface area of the electrodes. Advantages of electrogulation are that no corrosive or aggressive compounds are handled and that the pH of the treated water is not affected. Any reliable source of direct electrical current can be used. Renewable energy resources derived from solar or wind energy are suitable to produce a direct current for electrolysis. A typical process flow is: Raw water - electrocoagulation - sedimentation - filtration - GAC - disinfection

Technology illustration

Electrocoagulation test cells

Performance limitations

Floating debris that could interfere physically with the electrodes must be removed prior to treatment. Plant performance is highly dependant on climatic conditions; lack of wind and low solar radiation levels reduces the efficiency and output. Hihg raw water turbidity may require a reduction in through put.

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Recommended From very small to large plants capacity Expansion is easy but costly [modular]. Operational requirements Maintenance requirements Infrastructure requirements Requires a submersible pump and semi-skilled operator with basic understanding of water quality and elementary plumbing. Removal of scale form the electrodes, removal and disposal of chemical sludge, and cleaning of filter. Solar panel, wind generator and treatment units are factory manufactured and erected on site. Stands for wind generator, solar panel and treatment units, gravity flow required. Disposal of iron or aluminium rich sludge. Not dependant on electricity supply when using wind or solar power. Electricity is generated on site form renewable sources i.e. wind and solar power. Still being determined.

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Impact of failures Energy requirements Capital costs Typical treatment process configuration (train) or example

Operating costs Still being determined (but expected to be low).

Raw water

Electrocoagulation Sedimentation

Filtration

Disinfection

Final water storage tank

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Examples of SA Experimental only at Rand Water. installations Socioeconomic aspects Research and evaluation in South Africa Operating costs are reduced by using renewable energy sources, which can be easily maintained by the community. Rand Water

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