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Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy (SAJP)
Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318

Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources) www.saspublisher.com
ISSN 2320-4206
Research Article Formulation and Evaluation of Econazole Niosomes

Y. Prem. Kumar*1, K.Vinod.Kumar1, R. Raja Shekar1, M. Ravi1, V. Sai. Kishore2 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, St. Anns College of Pharmacy, Chirala, Andhra Pradesh. 2 Bapatla College Of Pharmacy, Bapatla. *Corresponding author Y. Prem. Kumar Email: Abstract: This article to investigate the effectiveness of using Niosomes in a transdermal drug delivery system for Econazole. Topically applied Niosomes can increase the longer action on the skin (stratum corneum and epidermis), while reducing the systemic absorption of the drug. Econazole is a imidazole antifungal agent used in the treatment of Candida infections, fungal infections. Econazole Niosome was prepared by Thin Film Hydration Technique by varying the cholesterol and surfactant ratios as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 Each formulation was evaluated for drug release. The release showing required amount of drug release per day as well as extended for the required day is the optimized formulation. Hence, B formulation is the optimized one. Keywords: Niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, cholesterol, span 80 and Econazole, . INTODUCTION Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles ,capable MATERIEALS AND METHODS of forming vesicles & entrapping hydrophilic and Econazole gift sample was obtained from Cipla hydrophobic molecule [1,2]. Niosomes are uni or pharmaceutical ltd .Hyderabad. Cholesterol, Span multilamellar vesicles formed from synthetic, non ionic received from natco pharma ltd. Hyderabad. Ingredients surfactant of alkyl or di-alkyl poly glycerol ether class, used were AR grade. Triton X was supplied by Loba offering an alternatively to liposome as drug carriers. Chemicals, Mumbai. Niosomes can entrap solutes in a manner analogous to Formulation of Econazole Niosome liposomes, are relatively more stable in vitro and can Niosome was prepared by Thin Film Hydration improve the stability and duration of action of Technique. Accurately weighed quantity of cholesterol entrapped drug as compared to the stability of and span 80 were dissolved in chloroform methanol conventional dosage forms [3]. Niosomes mixture (1:1 v/v) in 100 ml round bottom flask. The characteristics such as lamellarity. Niosomes offer weighed quantity of drug is added to the solvent several advantages such as higher chemical stability, mixture. The solvent mixture was removed from liquid contact time and skin penetration enhancing properties phase by flash evaporation at 60oC to obtain a thin film .Better targeting of drugs to the infected organ scan be on the wall of the flask at a rotation speed of 150 rpm. achieved by niosomal formulation due to the presence The complete removal of residual solvent can be non-ionic surfactants with lipids. The presence of ensured by applying vacum. The dry lipid film was nonionic surfactants increase the permeability of hydrated with 5 ml phosphate buffer saline of pH 7.4 at Econazole through the biological membrane and also a temperature of 60 2o C for a period of 1hour until reduces the systemic toxicity of anti-infective drugs [4]. the formation of Niosomes. The ratios of the Drug deposition, vesicle size and entrapment formulations were 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 of cholesterol : span efficiency were the key parameters involved in 80 . The batch codes were A1 to A4. formulation of topical Niosomes. The number of formulation and processing variables are involved Removal of unentrapped [6] drug from Niosome by during niosome preparation may affect these parameters dialysis method. Niosome suspension was placed in and hence the performance of the formulation. Factorial 3cm x 8cm long dialysis bag whose molecular weight design and response surface methodology is an cut off was 12,000. The dialysis bag was then placed in important statistical tool to study the effect of several 250 ml beaker containing phosphate buffer saline of pH factors influencing responses by varying them 7.4 with constant stirring by means of a magnetic simultaneously by carrying out limited number of stirrer. Dialysis was carried out for 24 hour by replacing experiments [5]. the buffer with fresh for every 3 hours [7, 8].
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Prem Kumar et al., Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318
Size analysis By optical microscopy A drop of niosome suspension was placed on a glass slide and it was diluted. A cover slip was placed over the diluted niosome suspension [9] and evaluated the average vesicle size and shape by an ordinary optical microscope using a recalibrated ocular eye piece micrometer [10]. Percentage Encapsulation of drug [11] Vesicles containing Econazole were separated from unencapsulated drug by dialysis [12]. Niosomal preparation of 0.5 ml was taken after dialysis. To this 0.5 ml of 10% triton X 100 was added and incubated for 1 hour[12]. The triton X100 was added to lyse the vesicles in order to release the encapsulated Econazole. Then it was diluted with phosphate buffer saline solution (pH 7.4) [4] and filtered through whatmann filter paper. The filtrate was measured spectrophotometrically at 424 nm using phosphate buffer and triton X 100 mixture as blank. From the absorbance value, the concentration of drug in mcg/ml was found using the standard curve [13]. % drug loading (PDL) = Total Drug Added (mg) Entrapped drug (mg) In vitro release study for niosomal formulations and analysis by UV method Niosomal preparation was taken in a dialysis membrane of 5 cm length and suitably suspended in a beaker containing 200 ml of diffusion medium (Phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4). The medium was maintained at a temperature of 37 0.5oC [5]. It was stirred by means of magnetic stirrer at a constant speed. Sample of 2 ml (diffusion medium) was withdrawn at every 24 hours for 8 days and replaced the diffusion medium, so that the volume of diffusion medium was maintained constant at 200 ml. The samples were measured spectrophotometrically at 424 nm. The release was compared with a marketed Econazole gel. Table 1: Composition of Formulations Ingredients Econazole (mg) Cholesterol (mg) Span 80 (mg) A1 1mg 100umg 100umg A2 1mg 100umg 200umg A3 1mg 100umg 300umg A4 1mg 100umg 400umg Fig. 3: Percentage Drug Release in Time of 24 Hr
Fig. 1: Econazole Loaded Niosomal Gel
Table 2: Percentage Entrapped Drug & Percentage Drug Release Formulation code A1 A2 A3 A4 Chole:span80 Percentage entrapped drug 62.5% 71% 88.23% 98% %Drug release 70.10% 77.89% 82.18% 92.10%
1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4
Fig. 2: Percentage Entrapped Drug in Various Formulations
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Formulation of Econazole Niosomes Based on the above optimized parameters, Econazole Niosomes were prepared by varying the cholesterol and surfactant ratios as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3,1:4 Each formulation was evaluated for percentage of drug entrapment and for their cumulative drug release. Removal of entrapped dug As the amount of surfactant increased, the amount of dialyzed Econazole was also increasing 1:4 ratio indicates that concentration of surfactant used should be optimum so that more amount of drug can be in the encapsulated form for an extended release. Among all the formulations, the dialyzed quantity of batch A3 (Cholesterol: Span 80= 1 : 4) was maximum .The result indicated more amount of Econazole in an encapsulated form. Size analysis Size analyzed performed by optical microscopy. Niosomes have spherical in nature. Entrapment efficiency After the removal of un entrapped drug by dialysis, the entrapment efficiency of all the formulations was studied. The various factors like lipid concentration, drug to lipid ratio, cholesterol content will change the entrapment efficiency. The lipophilicity also influences the entrapment of drug. The formulation A4 with Cholesterol and Span 80 in the ratio of 1:4 showed entrapment efficiency of 98%. The formulation A1, Cholesterol: span80 = 1: 1 showed low entrapment efficiency among all formulations. It showed entrapment of 62.5%. In vitro release study by UV In vitro release was found to be biphasic as the release was controlled by the dialysis membrane and the lipid bilayer. Incorporation of cholesterol affected the release rate of the encapsulated drug. A formulation with 1:1 cholesterol: span 80 ratio has shown only 70.10 % drug release in a 20 hours period. In formulation with 1:4 cholesterol: span 80 ratio, the concentration of span was increased and it has shown 92.10 % drug release in 24 hours. In C formulation with 1:3 CHOL: SA ratio has shown 82.18 % drug release in 22 hours. The release showing required amount of drug release per day as well as extended for the required day is the optimized formulation. Hence, A4 formulation is the optimized one. Kinetics of drug release The optimized formulation A4 was subjected to graphical treatment to assess the kinetics of drug release. A plot of concentration versus time showed
linearity in optimized formulation of Econazole Niosome. Hence it follows zero order kinetics. Higuchi's plot confirms that the release is diffusion mediated. CONCLUSION An effort was made to formulate the Econazole Niosomes and incorporate the Niosomes into the gel. From the results of the present experiments it may be concluded that formulation A4 containing 1:4. was showing high percentage of entrapment and desired sustained release of Econazole. Hence A4 formulation was the optimized one. The optimized formulation A4 was found to follow zero order release pattern which was revealed by the linearity shown from the plot of time versus drug release. REFERENCES 1. Desai S, Doke A, Disouza J, Athawale R; Development and Evalution of Antifungal Topical Niosome Gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011; 3(5): 224-231. 2. Uchegbu IF, Vyas SP; Non ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) in drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 1998; 172: 33-70. 3. Maibach HI, Choi MJ; Liposome and Niosomes as Topical drug delivery system. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 2005; 18: 209-219. 4. The merck index. 9th edition, Martha Windholz, editor, Merck & Co. Inc, 1976: 984. 5. Glavas-Dodov, M.; Goracinova, K.; Mladenovska, K.; Fredro-Kumbaradzi, E. Release profile of Lidocaine HCl from topical liposomal gel formulation; International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2002; 242(1): 381384. 6. Biju SS, Talegaonkar S, Mishra PR, Khar RK; Vesicular systems : An over view, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2006; 68(2) :141-153. 7. Satturwar PM, Khandare JN and Nande JS; Niosomal delivery of Ketoconazole. Indian Drugs, 2001; 38(12): 620 624. 8. Vyas SP et al; Targeted and controlled drug delivery-Novel carrier system, 1st edition, CBS publishers & distributors, 2002: 249 277. 9. Ajith Singh et al; Design and development of niosomal delivery system. Pharma time, 2004; 36: 11-13. 10. Pardakhty A, Varshosaz J, Rouholamini A; In vitro study of polyethylenealkyl ether niosomes for delivery of insulin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2007; 328(2):130141. 11. Alsarra IA, Bosela AA, Ahmed SM, Mahrous GM; Proniosomes as a drug carrier for transdermal delivery of Ketorolac. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2005; 59:485 490. 317
12. Jain NK.. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery, 1st edition, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1997: 100-131. 13. Wade A, Weller PJ; Hand book of Pharmaceutical excipients. 1st edition, American Pharmaceutical Association, 1994.
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Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy (SAJP)

Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318

Research Article Formulation and Evaluation of Econazole Niosomes

Prem Kumar et al., Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318

Fig. 1: Econazole Loaded Niosomal Gel

1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4

Fig. 2: Percentage Entrapped Drug in Various Formulations

Prem Kumar et al., Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318

Prem Kumar et al., Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(4):315-318

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