Solvay - Sulphur Sf6

Sulphur Hexafluoride
Solvay Fluor und Derivate
Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH
Contents
SF6 a gas with unusual properties Areas of application for sulphur hexafluoride
Electrical engineering High-voltage switchgear and switching stations SF6 for the Itaip hydroelectric powerstation Gas insulated transmission line (GIL) Medium-voltage switchgear High-voltage cables Transformers Other high-voltage applications SF6 for the Vivitron accelerator Manufacture of insulating glass Foundry practise: magnesium Foundry practise: aluminium Other areas of application
Behaviour under the influence of electrical discharges 5 Corrosion characteristics of SF6 and its decomposition products Measures for the removal of corrosive constituents 6 7 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 19 20
34 34 35
Toxicity
New SF6 Contamined SF6 36 36
SF6 handling procedures

Filling an enclosed system Temporary storage during service and maintenace Handling of SF6 service equipment 37 38 38 39 41
Safety instructions Specifications Packaging for SF6 according to IEC 376 The Responsible Care Programme for SF6
42
Electrical properties
Electron affinity Dielectric constants Dielectric strength Arc-quenching capacity Loss factor 21 21 22 24 24
44
Transport of used SF6 Life cycle assessment study Product stewardship for SF6
45
46
Other physical properties

Mechanical and caloric data Solubility Specific heat Vapour pressure Mollier-h, lgp-Diagram for SF6 Pressure in the SF6 tank as a function of temperature and density Optical properties 26 27 27 27 29 30 33
48
Fluorine compounds from Solvay Fluor Your Solvay contact
49
49
Bibliography
Further publications about SF6 by Solvay Fluor
50 50
Chemical behaviour
Behaviour at elevated temperatures 34
SF6 a gas with unusual properties

Solvay's sulphur hexafluoride is a non-toxic, inert, insulating and cooling gas of high dielectric strength and thermal stability. It is particularly suitable for application in both high-voltage and medium-high voltage power circuit breakers as well as in high-voltage cables, transformers, transducers, particle accelerators, X-ray and UHF equipment. The construction of new equipment with higher capacity and improved performance has been made possible by the excellent electrical, thermal and chemical properties of SF6. Changing from conventional dielectrics to sulphur hexafluoridea nonflammable, chemically-inactive and nontoxic heavy gasresults in considerable space and weight savings and improves the operational safety of converted equipment. The low acoustic velocity is a feature which makes sulphur hexafluoride an excellent filling for insulating-glass units. SF6 gas mixtures improve sound-absorption. In this way they contribute to the requirements of energy conservation and improved living conditions. On account of their high reactivity, magnesium and magnesium alloys must be protected against reaction with atmospheric oxygen during casting. Even small quantities of sulphur hexafluoride added to the atmosphere above the melt provide the necessary protective layer, making this method a very economical one. A further new area of application in foundry practice is the purification of aluminium melts. Introducing SF6/inert gas mixtures into the liquid aluminium not only considerably reduces the hydrogen content but also removes oxides and solid inclusions. Even in the very lowest concentrations, sulphur hexafluoride can be detected by halogen leak detectors. SF6 is therefore useful as an additive to other gases as a tracer for the purposes of leak detection, or it can be used as a constituent of air for meteorological measurements. SF6 is also widely used in medical technology. For example as a contrast agent in ultrasonic examinations as well as in ophthalmology, pneumonectomy and diseases of the middle ear, e.g. treating loss of hearing in middle ear infections [1].
Areas of application for sulphur hexafluoride

Electrical engineering
The use of sulphur hexafluoride in place of solid and liquid insulators offers a number of important advantages:
Regeneration capacity
Following a breakdown, sulphur hexafluoride regenerates itself. Its original strength is spontaneously restored and, in most cases, is even slightly enhanced.
High dielectric strength at lower cost

When pressurized, sulphur hexafluoride can exhibit the same dielectric strength as liquid insulators. However, the per-unit-volume cost of SF6 is only a fraction of that of liquid dielectrics.
Low pressure-increase in the case of breakdown

Due to the very low adiabatic coefficient of sulphur hexafluoride, the pressure rise as a result of thermal expansion following dielectric breakdowns is less than that with other gases and very considerably less than is the case with liquid dielectrics.
fig. 1
Enclosed, SF6-insulated, high-voltage plant (ABB, Switzerland)
High-voltage switchgear and switching stations

The excellent quenching and insulating properties of sulphur hexafluoride have permitted the construction of completely new types of high-voltage circuit breakers and switching stations with outstanding features: compact and space-saving design, low noise-levels, protection against accidental contact of live parts, against intrusion of foreign matter through the metal cladding and elimination of the fire hazard. Substations using sulphur hexafluoride for insulation purposes are particularly in demand where, on account of limited space, a compact design is required. These substations occupy only 10-15% of the space required by conventional units. New SF6-filled equipment can thus be installed at distribution points in densely-populated areas where site costs would prohibit the use of traditional methods.
Thanks to their insensitivity to polluted air, enclosed outdoor versions of SF6-insulated substations are installed in the chemical industry, in desert regions and in coastal areas. SF6 is used as a quenching agent both in power circuit breakers for enclosed substations and in circuit breakers for open outdoor substations.
fig. 3
Gas insulated, high-voltage switching station for 145 kV operating voltage (Siemens, Germany)
fig. 2
SF6-insulated high-voltage switching station type L-SEP, 145 kV (VA Tech Elin Holec High Voltage, Netherlands)
fig. 4
Enclosed switching station, 500 kV (Alstom, France)
fig. 5
Gas insulated High-voltage switching station, 550 kV (Siemens, Germany)
fig. 6
Outdoor transforming station with SF6 equipment, 420 kV (Siemens, Germany)
fig. 7
SF6 switching station, 245 kV (Schneider Electric High Voltage, France)
fig. 8
High-voltage switching station, 170 245 kV, (Alstom, Switzerland)
SF6 for the Itaip hydroelectric station

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH supplied the SF6 for the world's largest hydroelectric power station at Itaip in Brazil. The output at Itaip is particularly impressive: 18 turbines supply 12.6 billion watts, equivalent to the output of 10 nuclear power stations. The largest SF6-insulated high-voltage switching station in the world was installed at Itaip, and contains more than 100 tons of sulphur hexafluoride.
fig. 9a
Hydroelectric power station Itaip, Brazil
fig. 9b
550 kV SF6-insulated high-voltage switching station for the Itaip hydroelectric power station in Brazil (ABB, Switzerland)
10
Gas insulated transmission line (GIL)

Gas insulated transmission lines are particularly well suited for high power transmission. Conventional designs are filled with pure SF6, and have been operating safely and reliably in all parts of the world for more than 20 years. The advantage of this technology is the higher capacity compared with cables. GILs are either buried or laid in tunnels. They are a viable alternative for energy supply where overhead power lines are either not possible or where the capacity of cables is insufficient. For long distances the replacement of pure SF6 with more economical SF6 /N2 mixtures has been researched because the arc extinguishing properties of SF6 are not relevant in insulating applications.
Today the overall optimisation of gas mixtures, gas pressure and dimensions of GIL mean this technology is a highly competitive transmission medium in a broad range of applications. Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH Technical Service supports this new application with a spectrum of services ranging from the initial production of mixtures through to the separation of mixtures at end of service life or whenever required. By offering this technical support Solvay enables a closed product loop for SF6 /N2 mixtures.
fig. 10
SF6 /N2 mixture in transmission lines, in tunnel (Siemens, Germany)
11
Medium-voltage switchgear
The advantages of SF6 technology, in particular its excellent arc-quenching capacity, are also put to good use in circuit breakers for the 10-40 kV range. They replace conventional, low-oil-volume circuit breakers and also satisfy heavy-duty requirements such as those occurring under short-circuit conditions and repeated switch-off under load.
fig. 11 Medium-voltage, heavy-duty power circuit breakers of the Minex type. SF6-insulated for installation in local-network and consumer stations (Driescher, Germany)
Like the high-voltage circuit breakers, they require little maintenance and are particularly suitable for locations where oil-filled equipment is undesirable.
fig. 12
Metal-clad SF6-insulated switching station in a compact design (ABB Calor Emag, Germany)
12
High-voltage cables and tubular transmission lines

In recent times, increasing interest has been shown in the application of sulphur hexafluoride in the manufacture of gas-insulated high-voltage cables and tubular transmission lines used for high-power distribution in heavily concentrated industrial areas. Tubular transmission lines are also used to connect power stations with transformers or switching stations, as for example in the case of underground power stations. Appropriately-dimensioned tubular transmission lines filled with pressurized SF6 permit unusually high current levels. Compared to those values achieved with conventional types of cables, figures for charging-current and dielectric loss are insignificant.
In high-frequency carrier sytems, output has been increased almost tenfold through the use of SF6-filled tubular transmission lines. An advantage from the constructional point of view is the ability to build highperformance UHF transmission stations with greatly reduced dimensions.
Transformers
Its excellent heat-transfer capacity, nonflammability and non-toxicity have also promoted the use of sulphur hexafluoride in the construction of transformers. On account of their high operational safety, SF6-gas transformers are installed in mines and department stores. Their relatively light weight, compact design and low noise levels are decisive advantages.
fig. 14 SF6-insulated high-voltage cable in the JET nuclear-fusion plant (kabelmetal electro, Germany)
fig. 13
SF6-insulated transformer,23107 kV (Fuji, Japan)
13
Other high-voltage applications

The use of sulphur hexafluoride has also established itself in the insulation of supervoltage generators in particle-accelerating machines, such as in Van de Graaf accelerators, betatrons, neutron generators and other such plant used for radiation applications in scientific institutions, medicine and industry. By virtue of the high dielectric strength of the gas, pressure vessels can be constructed in considerably lighter fashion. The use of SF6 in older units, previously insulated
with mixtures of air and carbon dioxide, has resulted in a marked increase in efficiency. SF6 fulfills a similar function in voltage stabilizers for electron microscopes and in Xray equipment used in production control and the non-destructive testing of materials. Parallel to the development of SF6 plant technology in the high-voltage sector, SF6insulated, high-voltage measuring instruments and calibrated power sources have also been produced. SF6-fillings are also used in instrument transformers, pressurized gas capacitors and surge arresters for super voltages.
fig. 15
525 kV SF6 instrument transformer (Alstom, Belgium)
14
SF6 for the Vivitron accelerator

The largest electrostatic accelerator in the world is already in operation in Strasbourg. Using new technology, the Tandem Van de Graaf Vivitron accelerator is designed to achieve an accelerating potential of 35 mil-
lion volts. It is 51 m long, has a maximum diameter of 8.5 m and a volume of 1200 m3. The SF6-gas supply is contained in two storage tanks whose total SF6-capacity is 60 tonnes. Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH was responsible for both the supply of SF6 and the associated logistics for this project.
fig. 16
Perspective view of the Vivitron accelerator and the SF6-gas supply system with its two SF6 storage tanks (Centre de recherches nuclaires, France)
15
Manufacture of insulating glass

Sulphur hexafluoride is being used in increasing quantities in the construction of insulating-glass building components. The requirements of energy conservation and immission protection have greatly increased the demands made on such units. In window manufacture, substantial progress has been made in the field of thermal insulation by using three-pane units and by coating twopane units with metals or metal oxides. Filling the spaces between panes with SF6 results in yet further improvements. The improvement of sound insulation by enlarging the spaces between the window panes and the use of thicker glass usually calls for a change in window-frame design. In the case of conventional two-pane glass, infilling with SF6 produces improvements
of up to 8 dB, depending upon shapes and materials used. Since sulphur hexafluoride is chemically inert, there is no risk of its reacting with glass, metal or sealing compounds. Its coefficient of permeability is extremely low. Solvay SF6 has a very high purity, and its dew-point, which is guaranteed to be below 40 C, is usually around 50 C. In order to keep the dew-point as low as possible, molecular sieves, preferably size 3A but not greater than 4A, must be used. To fill an insulating-glass unit, the air is displaced slowly from the bottom upwards by the much heavier SF6-gas (whose density is approximately 5 times greater). The gas is dosed with the aid of either simple flow meters or using automatic filling devices, depending on the production quantities involved.
fig. 17
SF6-filled insulating-glass panes
16
Foundry practice: magnesium

Magnesium is a highly reactive metal. It must therefore be protected during the casting process, when temperatures of up to 800 C can occur, against ignition, oxidation and the formation of nitrides. Up to now, only molten salts and SO2 or powdered sulphur were known as protective materials for this purpose. Although they provide adequate protection, such materials have detrimental secondary effects, such as corrosion, generation of bad smells and the contamination of the cast components by salt. The use of SF6 as a protective gas eliminates these disadvantages. In contrast to pure argon, for instance, SF6 prevents the evaporation of magnesium by forming a thin protective layer. Only very low concentrations of SF6 are necessary above the melt to achieve this effect, assuming that the melting pot is tightly sealed and that the opening for topping up is kept as small as possible and closed by means of a sliding gate. Accordingly, opening periods should be kept as short as is practicable.
Sulphur hexafluoride is always used in conjunction with a carrier gas, as this achieves a faster and more effective distribution across the melt on account of the larger total quantity of gas. Air, carbon dioxide, argon and nitrogen are all suitable for use as carrier gases. In foundry practice, the residual nitrogen from empty refill cylinders from die-casting machines is used for this purpose.
fig. 18
Schematic representation of a protective-gas supply system for a magnesium melting furnace
17
Optimum dosage and concentration of the protective gas depend upon such factors as furnace design and levels of pig feeding and molten-charge removal, and must be determined by trial and error. As a rule a suitable mixture consists of 0.04 0.3 vol. % SF6 and more than 99 vol. % of an air/CO2 mixture and is distributed evenly over the surface of the melt [2]. As only a very thin protective film should be formed and waste metal should be kept to a minimum, an initial value of 100 l of gas mixture per hour is generally used. The dosage can be decreased or increased in steps, as required.
Once metal has ignited, the resulting fire cannot be extinguished even with high concentrations of SF6. Flow meters are used for both mixing and dosing the gases (manufacturers will be named on request). Since only small amounts of SF6 are used, no problems arise with decomposition products. Measurements taken in the immediate vicinity of the melting plant show readings well below the TL value of HF = 3 ppm (2 mg/m3). SF6 is therefore an ideal protective gas for magnesium melts from the point of view of both operational safety and environmental considerations [3].
fig. 19
Furnace magnesium-moulding plant, using SF6-CO2-air as a protective gas. Made by Huskvarna AB, Sweden (Norsk Hydro, Norway)
18
Foundry practice: aluminium

A fundamental problem in the production of aluminium cast components is porosity caused by the hydrogen content of the aluminium melt. The porosity induced by the presence of hydrogen leads to a reduction in strength of the components. Such an effect can only be avoided by pre-treating the aluminium melt. Until now, the treatment carried out for purifying the aluminium melt had several disadvantages. The most widely used purifying method is the introduction of chlorine or mixtures of chlorine and inert gas. However, the aggressivity of elemental chlorine means that special safety precautions are necessary in handling. And the introduction of pure inert gases such as argon reduces the hydrogen content but leads to other difficulties on account of the removal of the alkaline and alkaline-earth metals and solids. The use of hexachloroethane in powder or tablet form also leads to problems, since, when it is used, chlorine is released. The use of fluorohydrocarbon purification methods will be terminated entirely in the future on account of their potential influence on the ozone layer.
The product sulphur hexafluoride opens up a completely new purification technique to the aluminium industry for aluminium melts. The introduction of SF6 /inert-gas mixtures into the liquid aluminium significantly decreases the hydrogen content and at the same time leads to the removal of oxides and solid contaminants. Handling SF6 gas mixtures presents no problems and SF6 is generally recognized as physiologically safe. The introduction of SF6 therefore not only enhances product quality but also improves working conditions.
fig. 20
SF6-treated and untreated aluminum cast pieces in section
19
Other areas of application

Even at the lowest concentration levels, sulphur hexafluoride is detected by modern halogen leak detectors. For this reason it is used increasingly as a test gas for detecting leaks in boilers, fuel tanks, pneumatic devices, pipeline systems, plastic tubing, containers for carrying radioactive materials and many other vessels. By carrying out a calibrated leak, quantitative measurements are also possible. With the increasing demands imposed by ever stricter standards of environmental protection, work safety and energy saving, this technique is gaining steadily in significance. Residence-time distributions in high-velocity-flow assemblies can be determined using SF6. This method is primarily applied in those cases where a radiometric method cannot be employed [4]. On account of its very low detection limit, SF6 is used as a tracer gas for meteorological measurements. When added in measured quantities at an emission source, the distribution of the emitted substances can be determined even at relatively long distances. Its high stability and the low solubility of SF6 in water are of particular advantage in this respect.
fig. 21
Ophthalmology
SF6 is also widely used in medical technology. For example as a contrast agent in ultrasonic examinations as well as in ophthalmology, pneumonectomy and diseases of the middle ear, e.g. treating loss of hearing in middle ear infections [1].
20
Electrical properties
Electron affinity
The excellent insulating properties of sulphur hexafluoride are attributable to the strong electron affinity (electronegativity) of the SF6 molecule. This is based mainly on two mechanisms, resonance capture and dissociative attachment of electrons, in accordance with the equations:
Dielectric constants
The dielectric constant has a value of 1.0021 at 20C, 1.0133 bar and 23.340 MHz; a rise in pressure to 20 bar leads to an increase of about 6 % in this value. At -50 C, the dielectric constant of liquid sulphur hexafluoride throughout the range from 10 to 500 kHz remains unchanged at 1.81 0.02 [6].
SF6 + e > SF6 SF6 + e > SF5 + F
(1) (2)
The process represented by equation (1) applies to electron energies of 0.1 eV with an energy range of 0.05 eV, and that represented by equation (2) applies to an energy range of 0.1 eV [5].
fig. 22
50 Hz breakdown voltage of SF6 in a homogeneous field as a function of the distance between electrodes at various gas pressures (ETZ Supplement 3 [1966])
21
Dielectric strength
The strong interaction of high-energy electrons with the polyatomic SF6 molecule causes their rapid deceleration to the lower energy of electron capture and dissociative attachment. SF6-breakdown is therefore only possible at relatively high field strengths. The breakdown voltages at 50 Hz and 1 bar in a homogenous field are thus 2.5 to 3 times higher than the corresponding values for air or nitrogen (fig. 22). Figure 23 shows the relationship of breakdown voltage to pressure in a non-homogeneous field in comparison with that of a N2/CO2 mixture. The breakdown strength of air is dramatically increased by the addition of small quantities of SF6. In contrast, air has only a limited influence on the breakdown strength of sulphur hexafluoride. The addifig. 23 Relation of breakdown voltage to pressure (IEEE Trans. Pow. App. Syst. 66 [1963] 357) Comparison SF6 and N2/CO2-mixtures
tion of 10 % of air by volume reduces the breakdown voltage of SF6 by about 3 %, the addition of 30 % air by about 10 %. The breakdown voltage of SF6 reaches that of transformer oil at a pressure of only 3 bar (fig. 24). The behaviour of sulphur hexafluoride conforms over a wide range of pressures to Paschen's Law: at higher pressures, however, deviations have been observed under certain conditions [7, 8, 9 ]. The breakdown strength of SF6 is independent of frequency: it is therefore an ideal insulating gas for UHF equipment [10]. The Corona-onset voltage using SF6 in non-homogeneous fields is also considerably higher than that using air. Figures 25 and 26 show the respective dependence on pressure and radius of curvature of the electrodes in the case of SF6 and air in a point-to-plane electrode system.
22
fig. 24
Breakdown strength of transformer oil, air and SF6 as a function of gas pressure (Kali und Steinsalz, 3, issue 10 [1963] 319)
fig. 25
Dependence on pressure of the Corona-onset voltage in SF6 and air (ETZ, Supplement 3 [1966] )
23
Arc-quenching capacity
On account of its thermal properties and low ionisation temperature, sulphur hexafluoride exhibits outstanding characteristics for the extinguishing of electric arcs (fig. 27). All other conditions being equal, the arcquenching time using SF6 is about 100 times less than that using air [11]. The superior arc-quenching performance of SF6 compared with other gases is impressively illustrated in figure 28.
Loss factor
The loss factor, tan of sulphur hexafluoride is extremely low (less than 2.0 10-7). A value of tan < 10-3 was determined for liquid SF6 at 50 C [6]. Diagrams and data pertinent to the electrical properties of sulphur hexafluoride may be found in the Milek "Sulphur hexafluoride data sheets" [12].
fig. 26
Corona-onset voltages for SF6 and air as a function of the radius of curvature rK at atmospheric pressure (ETZ, Supplement 3, [1966])
24
fig. 27
Radial temperature profile in SF6 and N2 electric arcs (schematic representation: from Z. Angew. Physik 12, [1960] 5, pp 231 to 237)
fig. 28
Quenching capacity of SF6, air and a mixture of both gases (Insulating Materials for Design and Engineering Practice, N.Y. [1962], p. 116)
25
Other physical properties

Sulphur hexafluoride is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic and non-flammable gas. With a molecular weight of 146.05, SF6 is about 5 times heavier than air and one of the heaviest known gases.
Mechanical and caloric data

Sublimation point ( 1.0133 bar ) Melting point ( 2.26 bar ) Vapour pressure Heat of sublimation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization [13]: Temperature (C ) Heat of vaporization ( kJ/kg ) Critical data [13]: Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density Density: Gas density ( 20 C, 1 bar ) Liquid density ( 0 C, 12.65 bar) Solid density (100 C) [14] Viscosity Thermal conductivity Heat transfer capacity Acoustic velocity in SF6 ( 0 C, 1.0 bar ) Isentropic exponent ( K ) [13]: The dynamic compressibility of SF6 is particularly high on account of the low value of the isentropic exponent: Heat of formation ( HB, 25 C )* Entropy of reaction ( SB, 25 C )*
* for formation from rhombic sulphur and gaseous fluorine [14].
63.9 C 50.8 C see page 27 153.2 kJ/kg 34.37 kJ/kg
20 91.71
0 78.96
+20 62.54
+40 34.08
45.58C 37.59 bar 0.74 kg/l ( see figs. 29 and 31) 6.07 g/l 1.56 kg/l 2.77 kg/l ( see fig. 32) ( see fig. 33) ( see fig. 34)
129.06 m/sec.
K = 1.08 ( 30 C, 1.0 bar ) 1221.58 1.0 kJ /mol 349.01 J/mol k
26
Solubility
Solubility in water [15] Gas volume corrected to 0 C, 1.0133 bar Temperature (C) Solubility (cm3 SF
6 /kg H2O)
5 11.39
10 9.11
15 7.48
20 6.31
25 5.44
30 4.79
40 3.96
50 3.52
Solubility in transformer oil [16] (Esso-Univolt 35) Gas volume under 0 C, 1.0133 bar Temperature (C) Solubility (cm3 SF6 /cm3 oil) 27 0.408 50 0.344 70 0.302
Specific heat (Cp)

Solid and liquid phase [17] Temperature (K) Specific heat (J/mol K) Gas phase (1 bar) [14, 18] Temperature (K) Specific heat (J/mol K) 298 97.26 373 400 473 500 573 600 673 700 141.1 773 1273 200 104.17 210 116.60 220 184.22 225 110.95 230 119.58
112.45 116.39 125.89 128.54 134.51 136.07 140.21
144.35 152.62
Vapour pressure
(cf. fig. 29) Temperature (C) Pressure (bar) Temperature (C) Pressure (bar) 50 2.34 0 12.65 45 2.87 +5 14.47 40 3.49 +10 16.47 35 4.20 +15 18.67 30 5.02 +20 21.08 25 5.95 +25 23.72 20 7.01 +30 26.62 15 8.19 +35 29.79 10 9.52 +40 33.27 5 11.01 +45 37.13
27
fig. 29
Vapour pressure curve: lines of equivalent gas density of SF6
28
fig. 30
Mollier-h, Igp diagram for sulphur hexafluoride
Mollier-h, Iog p-diagramme for sulphur hexafluoride SF6 Established by Dr.-Ing. R. Dring Units: p in bar, h in kJ/kg, s in kJ/kg K, v in m3/kg, s =1 kJ K, h =200 kJ/kg at 0 C for the boiling liquid
29
Internal pressure in SF6 tank

as a function of temperature and density (kg SF6 / l tank volume) Pressure in bar Calculated from experimental values [13]
Density kg/l 0.940 0.960 0.980 1.000 1.020 1.040 1.060 1.080 1.200 1.120 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.200 1.220 1.240 1.260 1.280 1.300 1.320 1.340 1.360 1.380 1.400 1.420 1.440 1.460 1.480 1.500 1.520 1.540
5 C
10 C
15 C
20 C
25 C
30 C
35 C
40 C
45 C
50 C 43.1 43.6 44.2 44.8 45.6 46.4 47.4 48.4 49.8
55 C 49.3 50.1 50.9 51.8 52.9 54.0 55.3 56.7 58.5 60.3 62.7 65.5 68.5 72.2 76.2 80.7 85.9 91.9 98.4 105.7 113.7 122.6 132.5 143.6 155.8 169.4 185.0
60 C 55.5 56.5 57.7 58.8 60.1 61.1 63.3 65.0 67.3 69.5 72.4 75.5 79.0 83.2 87.7 92.8 98.6 105.0 112.2 120.2 129.0 138.8 149.5 161.4 174.6 189.0
65 C 61.8 63.1 64.3 65.8 67.4 69.2 71.3 73.7 76.2 78.9 82.2 85.6 89.7 94.3 99.5 105.3 111.7 118.9 126.4 134.9 144.4 154.6 166.0 178.9 193.2
70 C 68.3 69.6 71.2 73.0 74.8 77.0 79.4 82.1 85.2 88.5 92.1 96.1 100.6 105.6 111.3 117.6 124.4 132.2 140.5 149.9 159.8 170.8 183.0 196.5 (211.8)
33.7 34.9 36.5 38.0 40.1 42.6 45.3 48.6 27.0 30.3 34.3 38.8 43.9 49.9 24.0 30.7 20.9 27.9 16.4 25.4 (14.8) (27.5) 36.8 50.4 36.5 46.8 59.0 73.5 38.2 46.8 56.7 68.1 81.3 96.7 40.5 47.9 56.2 66.0 77.1 89.5 103.8 120.1 56.9 65.0 74.5 85.4 97.6 111.1 126.4 143.8 39.7 43.7 48.3 53.7 59.6 66.4 74.0 52.5 57.1 62.4 68.5 75.3 82.9 91.4
42.5 44.1 46.0 48.1 50.7 53.7 57.1 61.0 65.6 70.9 76.8 83.5 90.9 99.2 108.5 119.2 131.3 144.9 160.2 176.8
51.3 53.3 55.5 58.2 61.3 64.8 68.8 73.5 78.7 84.6 91.2 98.6 106.5 115.6 125.8 137.2 150.2 164.9 181.4 (199.1)
83.1 101.3 93.5 112.4 105.2 125.0 118.2 139.1 132.7 154.6 149.2 172.1 167.7 191.6
(209.2) (229.5)
(205.4) (226.7)
(202.5) (223.6)
(195.3) (218.4) (215.6) (239.5)
30
fig. 31
Pressure/temperature curves for SF6 (from Z. Phys. Chem., New Series 23 [1960] 96). (1at=0.9800665 bar)
fig. 32
Viscosity of SF6 as a function of temperature at atmospheric pressure [14]
0 C 0.0141 100 C 0.0186 300 C 0.0266 500 C 0.0335
25 C 0.0153 200 C 0.0228 400 C 0.0302
31
fig. 33
Thermal conductivity of SF6 at atmospheric pressure [14]
0 C 1.0 100 C 1.9 300 C 3.1 500 C 4.1
25 C 1.3 200 C 2.5 400 C 3.6
fig. 34
Heat-transfer coefficients of air and SF6 (for comparison transformer oil under natural convection) (Conti-Elektro-Berichte, July/September 1966, p 189)
32
Optical properties
Refractive index [19] nD (0 C) 1.0133 bar 1.000 783
fig. 35
Infrared spectrum of SF6 recorded for three different concentrations (Leitz M 3, NaCl prism)
33
Chemical behaviour
Under normal conditions, sulphur hexafluoride is chemically inert and stable; its reactivity is among the lowest of all substances.
Behaviour under the influence of electrical discharges [21]

Electrical discharges cause a decomposition of the gas to an extent proportional to the converted energy. Under the influence of an electric arc, part of the sulphur hexafluoride is dissociated into its atomic constituents, as shown in the following equation:
Behaviour at elevated temperatures

SF6 can be heated to 500 C in quartz containers without any decomposition occurring. At temperatures of up to approximately 150 C, generally used materials such as metals, ceramics, glass, rubber and cast resins are completely stable in the presence of sulphur hexafluoride. Not until the temperature exceeds 200C do some metals begin to have a decomposing effect on SF6; however, the usual working metals and alloys do not have a significant decomposing effect until the temperature reaches 400 to 600 C. Since SF6 reacts with metals at high temperatures, it is used as a protective gas for melts. In particular, it is used in magnesium foundries because it forms a thin and impervious layer on the surface of the molten magnesium. This layer acts very effectively in preventing further reaction with air [20, 3]. In spite of the high temperature of the molten magnesium alloys, there is only a minimal level of decomposition of the SF6.
The hydrogen fluoride (HF) formed in these reactions vigorously attacks any materials containing silicon dioxide (SiO2) (e.g. glass and porcelain). The use of these materials in equipment in which SF6 is to be used for arc-quenching is therefore only suitable under certain special conditions.
Corrosion characteristics of SF6 and its decomposition products

As already indicated, pure SF6 is chemically inert: it cannot, therefore, cause corrosion. In the presence of moisture, however, the primary and secondary decomposition products of sulphur hexafluoride form corrosive electrolytes which may cause damage and operational failure, particularly in electrical equipment. If the formation of decomposition products cannot be avoided by the use of appropriate construction methods, corrosion can be largely eliminated by the careful exclusion of moisture and the employment of suitable materials. Commonly used metals such as aluminium, steel, copper and brass remain virtually free of attack. In contrast, materials such as glass, porcelain, insulating paper and similar materials may be severely damaged, depending on the concentration of the corrosive substances. Insulating materials such as epoxy-resin, PTFE, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polymethylene oxide are either only slightly or undetectably affected [22].
SF6
S + 6F
This reaction is reversible. After the discharge, the dissociation products recombine, provided that no secondary reactions with vaporized electrode metal, the container wall or other constructional components occur. Both solid and gaseous products can result from these secondary reactions: metal fluorides, metal sulphides and metal oxides sulphur fluorides such as SF4 sulphur oxyfluorides such as SOF2, SO2F2, SOF4 Such decomposition products resulting from high-energy discharges are also good dielectrics, so that dust-like deposits on the surface of insulators do not impair the operational efficiency of affected equipment. However, this applies only if the humidity in the gas chamber is very low. If exposed to moisture, the above-mentioned decomposition products hydrolyse and form secondary products, for example as illustrated in the following equations:
CuF2 + H2O SF4 + H2O
CuO + 2 HF SOF2 + 2 HF
34
Measures for the removal of corrosive constituents

Both moisture and the decomposition products of sulphur hexafluoride can be relatively easily removed by adsorption. Aluminium oxide and molecular sieves or mixtures of these materials are all suitable for this purpose. They very effectively and practically irreversibly adsorb the acidic and gaseous products. At the same time they also ensure maintaining a low dew-point in the gas filling.
Especially suitable are adsorbing agents in the form of filter fillings, through which the gas is pumped in a circulation. This method is employed for example in the case of SF6 power circuit breakers, where considerable concentrations of decomposition products can occur in arc quenching. In many cases, however, static filters provide adequate protection. Figure 36 shows the dew-point as a function of the gas moisture content.
fig. 36
Dew-point as a function of the moisture content of SF6
dew-point in C moisture content in ppm by weight 75 0.148 70 0.32 65 0.65 64 0.75 63 0.86 62 1.0 61 1.15 60 1.3 59 1.5 58 1.7 57 2.0 56 2.2 55 2.5 54 2.9 53 3.3 52 3.6 51 4.2 50 4.8 49 5.4 48 6.1 47 6.9 46 7.8 45 8.7 44 10.0 43 11.0 42 12.0 41 14.0 40 16.0 39 17.0 38 20.0
35
Toxicity
New SF6
Pure sulphur hexafluoride is absolutely non-toxic. The by-products arising during production of the gas are completely removed during subsequent purification operations. Solvay sulphur hexafluoride is constantly tested for the presence of toxic constituents using the inhalation test described in IEC Recommendation 376 (corresponds to DIN IEC 376, April 1980 and VDE 0373 Part 1/4.80). In places where work involving large quantities of sulphur hexafluoride in containers and in enclosed areas is carried out, the safety regulations should take into account the potential asphyxiation hazard arising from oxygen deficiency, as, due to its high density, the gas can displace air from lower-lying regions of enclosed areas (pits, sumps etc). This hazard can, however, be easily countered by the provision of adequate ventilation. Measuring instruments functioning on the principles of thermal conductivity can be installed to check the SF6 content of air. The existing TLV in the Federal Republic of Germany for sulphur hexafluoride is 6000 mg/m3 = 1000 ppm.
Contaminated SF6
It should be noted that electrical discharges (e.g. switching processes, fault electric arcs) lead to the formation of gaseous decomposition products and dusty metal compounds. Gaseous decomposition products of SF6 exhibit very characteristic warning signs even at low concentrations. These warning signs are for example pungent or unpleasant odours (like rotten eggs), or irritation of nose, mouth and eyes. Such irritation occurs within seconds, well in advance of any danger arising from poisoning. When handling contaminated SF6 care must be taken not to breathe in gaseous or dusty decomposition products. In case this cannot be achieved by technical safety measures, i.e. ventilation, personal protective equipment must be worn. Personal protective equipment consists of items of protection for the eyes, body and breathing. More detailed information on handling SF6 is given in the information leaflet SF6 plant (Trade Association for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering) and in the DIN Standard IEC 480 and VDE 0373, Part 2/4.80.
36
SF6 handling procedures
SF6 can be removed from its pressurized gas containers either in the gaseous or in the liquid phase. During the removal of SF6 in the gaseous phase, the pressure-regulator can be connected directly to the cylinder valve. If the SF6 is removed in the liquid phase, then a vaporizer must be installed between the container and the regulator.
Filling an enclosed system

Normally, equipment is first evacuated and then filled with SF6 under pressure. In this process, the feed line from the gas cylinder to the unit to be filled is provided with a branch line incorporating a shut-off valve. This branch line leads to a vacuum pump. Before filling with SF6 commences, the complete system up to the cylinder valve is evacuated. After the valve in the branch line has been closed, both the cylinder and the regulator are gradually opened. It is advisable to observe the progress of the entire filling operation on an appropriate pressure gauge (centre-zero). The final pressure of the gas in the filled unit will depend upon temperature. On account of the fact that the gas undergoes a cooling process on leaving the steel cylinder, the pressure reading immediately following the completion of the filling operation will be less than that shown after the gas temperature has risen to the ambient level. This subsequent rise in pressure must be taken into account.
fig. 36
Leak testing of a GIS aluminium housing (ABB, Switzerland)
37
Temporary storage during service and maintenance

Temporary storage of SF6 during service and maintenance is highly recommended in regard to SF6 reuse and as a preventive measure for environmental protection. For the gas operations occuring during temporary storage so called service equipment should be available.
Handling of SF6 service equipment

This kind of equipment consists of main components such as SF6 compressor, vaccuum pump, storage tank, evaporator and filter unit, which are piped together with valves and fittings. According to the size of the switch gear the appropriate equipment with sufficient storage capacity and performance is selected. SF6 gas handling in such equipment is only carried out in closed cycles. Every component within this cycle (SF6 compressors and diaphragm compressors) are dry-running and therefore absolutely oil-free without a chance of SF6 gas contamination. The built-in filters provide for the drying and cleaning of the SF6 gas during each gas operation. SF6 valves, couplings and fittings guarantee a high degree of leak-tightness and operational safety. The connecting couplings should be selfclosing in order to avoid air and moisture penetrating into the lines.
fig. 38a SF6 measuring devices (DILO, Germany)
When selecting service equipment, handling should be as easy as possible to avoid unnecessary faults. Maintenance equipment with automatic sequences is the state-of-the-art and is preferred because of its high degree of operational safety.
fig. 38b SF6 servicing unit (DILO, Germany)
38
Safety instructions
Storage
Sulphur hexafluoride is transported as a pressurized liquified gas. In Germany, safety precautions and handling practice are based upon the Order Governing Pressurized Containers and its subordinate Technical Regulations. The containers should not be exposed to direct sunlight and must be secured against overturning or rolling. Storage and work areas must be well ventilated. In particular, ventilation must be effective at ground level on account of the fact that SF6 vapour is heavier than air. If the gas is stored underground, appropriate forced ventilation must be provided. Wherever SF6 is handled, there must be no open flames (e.g. welding flames) or hot metal surfaces (e.g. infrared equipment). Eating, drinking and smoking whilst working with SF6 is strictly forbidden. Although SF6 is recognized as being physiologically safe, certain precautions have to be taken in order to guarantee a safe handling of this substance. An important precondition is a strict adherence to the threshold limit value (TLV). Wherever this cannot be achieved pertinent safety measures must be selected according to the degree of potential danger.
New SF6
SF6 to DIN IEC 376 Potential hazard: asphyxiation Protective measures: Natural and forced ventilation
Contaminated SF6
If SF6 does not contain any hazardous substances its potential hazards are comparable to those of new SF6. SF6 is contaminated with dangerous substances Potential hazard: The SF6 decomposition products have an irritating or corrosive effect on eyes, skin and respiratory system The presence of small quantities of gaseous decomposition products is accompanied by clear warning signals in the form of a pungent and unpleasant odour. Irritation occurs within seconds, well in advance of any danger arising from poisoning. Protective measures: If health hazards associated with the handling of contaminated SF6 cannot be totally excluded with the aid of technical safety measures, then personal protective clothing must be worn. Personal safety clothing protects the eyes, the body and includes protective breathing apparatus. Additional organisational safety measures include the display of operational instructions and an annual seminar on the potential hazards and the safety precautions to be adopted when handling SF6 which is contaminated with irritating and corrosive substances.
39
40
Specifications
The SF6 produced by Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH is manufactured in a plant that ensures consistent quality with a purity of min. 99.9 %. It corresponds to the following guaranteeanalysis which in turn conforms to IEC Recommendation 376, 1st Edition, Section 3 or to DIN IEC 376, Chapter 3 and to VDE 0373, Part 1, Chapter 3 (according to this standard all values apply to the composition of the liquid phase).
DIN IEC 376 SF6 air CF4 H2O mineral oil acidity, in terms of HF hydrolyzable fluorides, in terms of HF 99.90 500 500 15 10 0.3 % by weight ppm by weight (0.25 Vol.-%) ppm by weight (0.1 Vol.-%) ppm by weight (0.012 Vol.-%) ppm by weight ppm by weight
ppm by weight
In general, the impurities in Solvay sulphur hexafluoride are substantially less than the maximum values specified in the guaranteeanalysis. The table on the right shows a typical Solvay quality standards specification. Prior to shipment, every batch of SF6 is tested for physiological safety (cf. Toxicity).
Solvay Fluor standard specifications SF6 air CF4 H20 mineral oil acidity, in terms of HF hydrolyzable fluorides, in terms of HF 99.98 150 50 0.65 10 0.3 % by weight ppm by weight ppm by weight ppm by weight ppm by weight ppm by weight
ppm by weight
41
Schwefelhexafluorid
Packaging for SF6 according to IEC 376
fig. 39
Special high-capacity container for SF6: test pressure 70 bar capacity 600 l tare 465 kg
42
Solvay sulphur hexafluoride is shipped as a pressure-liquefied gas in steel cylinders of various sizes. The filling level is 1.04 kg (at test pressure 70 bar) and 1.3 kg (at test pressure 250 bar) SF6 per litre of container volume. SF6 is supplied in steel cylinders of 5, 10, 20, 40, 50 and 52 kg capacity. For larger quantities, special high-capacity containers are available on loan. These accommodate 600 kg of SF6 (see fig. 39). Tube trailers can be used for export overseas. The pressurized containers are fitted with a special gas-cylinder valve. The valves have an external threaded port mounted on the side with the designation W 21.8 x 1/14" (connection No. 6 to DIN 477). This sideconnection piece is protected from contamination and damage by means of a hexagon cap nut. The screw-on safety cap protects the valve from mechanical damage and contamination.
In order to avoid any suck-back of other gases, SF6 pressure-gas containers should never be emptied to such a degree that a partial vacuum occurs. After the containers have been emptied, the cylinder valves must be closed immediately. Please return empty cylinders in a suitable condition for refilling to us at the following address: Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH Carl-Ulrich-Strae 34 D-74206 Bad Wimpfen am Neckar Germany Railway station: Bad Friedrichshall-Jagstfeld
fig. 40
Steel cylinder for SF6: test pressure 250 bar capacity 40 l tare 48 kg
43
Schwefelhexafluorid
The Responsible Care Programme for SF6

SF6 a reusable commodity
SF6 is a user-friendly product which besides its many other positive characteristics can be recycled as well. This is increasingly the important, particularly today. This is why Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH together with the producer of SF6 maintenance equipment DILO Armaturen und Anlagen GmbH developed a common concept for the re-use of SF6, based on many years of experience. The practical side of this approach is illustrated by the following diagram. As an additional service, an analysis can be conducted on your used SF6 gas. Detailed information can be found in the brochure Analysis of Used SF6. You will find further information in the brochure Concept of Reuse of Used SF6 gas, available upon request.
44
Transport of used SF6
Transport by Road
40 l steel cylinders and 600 l high-capacity containers (see fig. 38) are available. The pressurized containers are fitted with a special gas-cylinder valve, external threaded port connection No. 8 (to DIN 477). This is necessary because corrosive decomposition products could be present. In documents, the product has to be declared as follows:
liquefied gas mixture, toxic, n.o.s. (Sulphur Hexafluoride > 95 wt % and Hydrogen Fluoride < 2 wt %) GGVS/ADR GGVE/RID UN Nr. 3308 Class 2, T, C
fig. 41
Danger label: 6.1 + 8 (for toxic, corrosive substances)
Packaging for used SF6
45
Life cycle assessment study "Electricity supply using SF6 technology"

In view of obligations that may arise from the Kyoto Protocol, switchgear manufacturers, utilities and SF6 producers felt it to be necessary to take their responsibility for the product still further and quantify the environmental profile of the use of SF6 as an insulating and arc-quenching gas in high-voltage and medium-voltage switchgears by means of a life-cycle assessment. The main motive was the need to replace the one-sided focus on the substance-based global warming potential of SF6 by an analysis of all the relevant environmental criteria in the context of the use of SF6 in the electric power industry. This study, entitled Electricity Supply Using SF6 Technology , was performed in cooperation of the firms ABB, PreussenElektra Netz, RWE Energie AG, Siemens AG and Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH. It relates to the conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany. The assessment compares conventional and SF6 technology at the levels of switchgear bays and provides a comparison of a municipal power supply network using either airinsulated or SF6-gas-insulated switchgears at the same level of supply quality. The criteria for this comparison are the parameters primary energy consumption, space requirements, global warming potential, acidification potential and nutrification potential. Even at the bay level, the use of SF6 technology offers advantages for four of the five criteria of the life cycle assessment study: primary energy consumption, area required, acidification potential, and nutrification potential. Switchgear with a high utilization factor and/or the low rates of SF6 loss achievable today provide an ecological advantage even for the greenhouse potential.
Solvay Fluor und Derivate

The manufacturers of sulphur hexafluoride switchgear stations, the utilities and we as a poducer of SF6 place great emphasis on environmental concerns in the use of this product. For this reason, a SF6 ReUse-concept was established years ago, supported by equipment manufacturers, electricity utilities, trade associations and Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH. Thus one of the essential prerequisites for establishing a closed product cycle for the main quantities of SF6 used has been met.
46
At the level that counts in the end, namely the power supply system considered (city covering 40 square kilometres. 130,000 inhabitants, 120 MW peak load and an annual consumption of 400 GWh), the following results are obtained: designing a power supply network with GIS technology (using SF6) results in a reduction of about 27 percent in the primary energy consumption, of about 86 percent in the area required, of about 21 percent in the greenhouse potential (GWP), of about 21 percent in the acidification potential (AP), and of about 29 percent in the nutrification potential (NP), compared to designing the same network with AIS technology (without SF6). The transferability of the results from this sample network has been tested in extensive scenario calculations. The major reasons for this reduced environmental impact are: since SF6 has considerably better insulating and quenching properties than air, substations and equipment can be made with less material and energy than in the SF6-free AIS alternative. Furthermore, due to the compact design of the GIS components, the 110/20-kV transformer substations can be built directly at the (downtown) load centers. So the energy is transmitted at high voltage with low losses to the city centers, and distributed from there to the consumers via short mediumvoltage lines.
The use of SF6 technology leads to considerable environmental advantages over the use of SF6-free switchgear. Therefore, SF6 technology makes sense for electric power supplies, even from the environmental viewpoint. This requires the use of GIS installations that ensure appropriately low SF6 emissions, on the one hand, and rigorous application of the SF6-ReUseConcept of a closed SF6 cycle, on the other. The life cycle assessment was performed according to the specifications of the international standard DIN EN ISO 14040, and was followed and evaluated by an external independent expert from TV NORD.
fig. 42
The use of GIS switchgear in the power supply system considered reduces all the potential environmental impacts studied. The diagram shows the relative environmental impact potentials during the first year of use of the power system variant (blue bars = AIS version, green bars = GIS/SF6 ver-
sion). An increase in the systems supply capacities by about 50 percent (i.e. increased utilization of the system) results in a further reduction of about 5 percent each in the parameters primary energy consumption, greenhouse potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and nutrification potential (NP), due to SF6 technology.
47
Product stewardship for SF6
Solvay well known as a global supplier of new SF6 gas according to IEC 376 cares for the environment. We are your partner for the SF6 ReUse concept and full technical services. The SF6 ReUse concept of Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH includes: environmental consulting analytical services of used SF6 packaging and transport of used SF6 reclaiming of used SF6
Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH is the only company worldwide delivering such a complete range, to fullfil the requirements of the responsible care programme. For further information, please refer to our SF6 ReUse Folder.
48
Fluorine compounds from Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

We produce world-wide in our works in Catoosa (USA), Frankfurt (Germany), Tarragona (Spain) and Tavaux (France). The production of fluorine compounds is concentrated at our Bad Wimpfen (Germany) plant. The product range includes both organic and inorganic compounds:
Fluorocompounds
Fluor (F2) Solkane hydrofluoroalkanes Solkane 22 Solkane 23 Solkane 123 Solkane 141b Solkane 142b Solkane 22 /142b mixtures Solkane 134a /152a mixtures Solkane 134a Solkane 143a Solkane 152a Solkane 404a Solkane 407C Solkane 410A Solkane 507 Solkane 227pharma Polyetherpolyole: IXOL Flame retardant: KaCeFlam Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Iodine pentafluoride (IF5) Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrofluoric acid
Inorganic fluorides
Aluminium fluoride hydrate Ammonium fluoride Ammonium hydrogen fluoride Barium fluoride Calcium fluoride Fluoroboric acid Potassium fluoroaluminate Potassium hydrogen fluoride Potassium fluoroborate Potassium fluorotitanate Potassium cryolithe Synthetic cryolithe Lithium cryolithe Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen fluoride Nocolok Flux
(Registered Trademark of Alcan Inter. Ltd.)
Fine Chemicals
CF3-Aliphatics:
Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Trifluoroacetyl chloride Trifluoroacetic acid esters Trifluoroacetic acid methyl ester Trifluoroacetic acid ethyl ester 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide Alcohols and ketones 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Trifluoroacetophenone Trifluoromethyl components 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethan
CF2-Aliphatics:
Chlorodifluoroacetic acid Chlorodifluoroacetyl chloride Difluoroacetic acid esters Difluoroacetic acid methyl ester Difluoroacetic acid ethyl ester
Your Solvay Contact

Sales SF6
Telephone: +49-(0)511/857-2949 Fax: eMail: Internet: +49-(0)511/857-2146 sf6@solvay.com www.solvay-fluor.de
Technical Service SF6

Telephone: +49-(0)5 11/8 57-24 41 Fax: eMail: Internet: +49-(0)5 11/8 57-21 66 sf6@solvay.com www.solvay-fluor.de
49
Bibliography
[1] K. K. Maggon, Medical uses of sulphur hexafluoride, (Review Article) Drugs of the Future 1994, 19(12): 1101-1107 [2] IMA Technical Committee Report Recommended practices for conservation of sulfurhexafluoride in magnesium melting operations [3] G. Schemm, Gieerei, 58 (1971) 19, 558-65 [4] M. Colditz, Chem.-lng.-Techn. 19 (1972) 1116-1120 [5] W. M. Hickam and R. E. Fox, J. Chem. Phys. 25 (1956) 4, 642-47 [6] D. Berg, J. Chem. Phys. 31 (1959) 572-3 [7] E. Steiniger, Dissertation TU Berlin 1964 [8] A. Hartig, Beiheft 3 der Elektrotechn. Zeitschrift, 1966 [9] Electra 32 (Jan. 1974) 61-82
[10] J. W. Gibson and E. F. Miller, J. Elektrochem. Soc. 100 (1953) 265-71 [11] G. Frind, Z. Angew. Physik 12 (1960) 5, 231-37 [12] T. Milek, Sulfur Hexafluoride-Data Sheets DS 140. Air force systems command Contr. AF 33 (615) -1235 (Oct. 1964) AD 607 949 [13] Dampftafel fr SF6, Kali-Chemie AG, 1979 [14] VDI Wrmeatlas, 7. Auflage [15] J. T. Asthon a. o., J. Chem. Soc. (A) 1968,1793-96 [16] Vanderkool, AIEE Feb. 1-6 (1959), Paper No. CP 59-258 [17] A. Eucken and E. Schrder, Z. Phys. Chem. B 41 (1933) 307-19 [18] P. A. G. OMare, J. C. Bettle and W. N. Hubbard, Trans Faraday, Soc. 62C196W558
[19] M. Trautz, K. Ehrmann, J. prakt.Chem. 142 (1935) 79-124 [20] J. W. Frhling and D. J. Hanawalt, Mod. Cast. 56, U 969 Nr. 2 (1969) 159-64 [21] W. Becher and J. Massonne, Elektrotechn. Zeitschr. A 91 (1970) 11, 605-10 [22] H. R. Sheppard, Insulation, (May 1962) 21-25
Please note that all users of SF6 are responsible for adherence to applicable instructions and regulations and for the observance of current laws. The information given in this brochure has been compiled to the best of our knowledge; no liability can be accepted in matters arising therefrom.
Further publications about SF6 by Solvay Fluor

SF6 ReUse Folder Life cycle assessment study Electricity supply using SF6 technology SF6 ReUse Concept and New Applications; Pittroff, Schtte, Meier 8th Int. Symp. On Gaseous Dielectrics; 1998 p. 465 470 Life Cycle Assessment Electricity Supply Using SF6-Technology; Preissegger, Drschner, Klotz, Krhling, Neumann, Zahn; IPCC 2nd International Symposium on NON-CO2 Greenhouse Gases 8 10.09.99 Separation of SF6 / N2 Mixtures; Pittroff, 2nd European Conference of Industrial Electrical Equipment and Environment; 24 25.01.00
50
Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH Hans-Bckler-Allee 20 D-30173 Hannover Telephone: +49-(0)-5 11- 8 57-0 Fax: +49-(0)-5 11-28 21 26 Internet: http://www.solvay-fluor.com
39/101/12.99/007/3000

Solvay - Sulphur Sf6

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What properties make SF6 suitable for electrical insulation?

What properties make SF6 suitable for electrical insulation?

What are some applications of SF6?

What are some applications of SF6?

Sulphur Hexafluoride

Solvay Fluor und Derivate

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

SF6 handling procedures

Other physical properties

Fluorine compounds from Solvay Fluor Your Solvay contact

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

SF6 a gas with unusual properties

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Areas of application for sulphur hexafluoride

High dielectric strength at lower cost

Low pressure-increase in the case of breakdown

Enclosed, SF6-insulated, high-voltage plant (ABB, Switzerland)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

High-voltage switchgear and switching stations

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Enclosed switching station, 500 kV (Alstom, France)

Gas insulated High-voltage switching station, 550 kV (Siemens, Germany)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Outdoor transforming station with SF6 equipment, 420 kV (Siemens, Germany)

SF6 switching station, 245 kV (Schneider Electric High Voltage, France)

High-voltage switching station, 170 245 kV, (Alstom, Switzerland)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

SF6 for the Itaip hydroelectric station

Hydroelectric power station Itaip, Brazil

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Gas insulated transmission line (GIL)

SF6 /N2 mixture in transmission lines, in tunnel (Siemens, Germany)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

High-voltage cables and tubular transmission lines

SF6-insulated transformer,23107 kV (Fuji, Japan)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Other high-voltage applications

525 kV SF6 instrument transformer (Alstom, Belgium)

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

SF6 for the Vivitron accelerator

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Manufacture of insulating glass

SF6-filled insulating-glass panes

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Foundry practice: magnesium

Schematic representation of a protective-gas supply system for a magnesium melting furnace

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Foundry practice: aluminium

SF6-treated and untreated aluminum cast pieces in section

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Other areas of application

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

SF6 + e > SF6 SF6 + e > SF5 + F

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH

Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH