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    The Normal Distribution and Sampling Distributions: PSYC 545

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    Bogdan Tanasoiu
    The document discusses the normal distribution and sampling distributions. It describes key characteristics of the normal distribution, such as being unimodal and symmetric. It then discusses how sampling distributions of means approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, according to the central limit theorem. Even if the population is not normally distributed, the sampling distribution of means will be normally distributed. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is smaller than the population standard deviation.

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    The Normal Distribution and Sampling Distributions: PSYC 545

    Uploaded by

    Bogdan Tanasoiu
    53 views38 pages
    The document discusses the normal distribution and sampling distributions. It describes key characteristics of the normal distribution, such as being unimodal and symmetric. It then discusses how sampling distributions of means approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, according to the central limit theorem. Even if the population is not normally distributed, the sampling distribution of means will be normally distributed. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is smaller than the population standard deviation.

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    The document discusses the normal distribution and sampling distributions. It describes key characteristics of the normal distribution, such as being unimodal and symmetric. It then discusses how sampling distributions of means approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, according to the central limit theorem. Even if the population is not normally distributed, the sampling distribution of means will be normally distributed. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is smaller than the population standard deviation.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views38 pages

    The Normal Distribution and Sampling Distributions: PSYC 545

    Uploaded by

    Bogdan Tanasoiu
    The document discusses the normal distribution and sampling distributions. It describes key characteristics of the normal distribution, such as being unimodal and symmetric. It then discusses how sampling distributions of means approach a normal distribution as sample size increases, according to the central limit theorem. Even if the population is not normally distributed, the sampling distribution of means will be normally distributed. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is smaller than the population standard deviation.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 38

    The Normal Distribution and Sampling Distributions

    PSYC 545

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    What is a normal curve?

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    What is a normal curve?


    The normal curve is a mathematical
    distribution with precise properties.

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    What is a normal curve?


    The normal curve is a mathematical
    distribution with precise properties.

    Observed data often approximate a

    normal distribution, but dont frequently perfectly conform.

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    What is a normal curve?


    The normal curve is a mathematical
    distribution with precise properties.

    Observed data often approximate a

    normal distribution, but dont frequently perfectly conform. many variables display relatively normal distributions when collected from large samples.

    Serves as a foundational model because

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Without further ado...

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Unimodal

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Unimodal Symmetric

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Unimodal Symmetric Mode, Median, and Mean are Equal

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Unimodal Symmetric Mode, Median, and Mean are Equal Asymptotic

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

    Unimodal Symmetric Mode, Median, and Mean are Equal Asymptotic Two normal distributions DO NOT
    necessarily have same means and variances

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Of probabilities and normality

    http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/ normal_distribution.html

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Scores (z-scores)

    Converts raw scores to a common metric


    XX z= s

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of z-scores

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of z-scores

    Magnitude & Sign

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Characteristics of z-scores

    Magnitude & Sign Mean is always 0, standard deviation


    is always 1.

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution


    Can use this to answer

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution


    Can use this to answer proportion of scores between Mean and a
    given score

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution


    Can use this to answer proportion of scores between Mean and a
    given score raw score

    proportion of scores above (below) a given

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution


    Can use this to answer proportion of scores between Mean and a
    given score raw score scores

    proportion of scores above (below) a given proportion of scores between any two raw

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Standard Normal Distribution


    Can use this to answer proportion of scores between Mean and a
    given score raw score scores

    proportion of scores above (below) a given proportion of scores between any two raw what raw score falls above (below) a given
    proportion of cases
    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Are my data normal?


    Visual inspection Q-Q plots Empirical test of skew and kurtosis
    Descriptive Statistics N Statistic var2 Valid N (listwise) 21 21 Descriptive Statistics Skewness Std. Error var2 Valid N (listwise) .501 Kurtosis Statistic -.049 Std. Error .972 Minimum Statistic -1.71 Maximum Statistic 1.58 Mean Statistic .0340 Std. Deviation Statistic .81302 Variance Statistic .661 Skewness Statistic .068

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    HW
    From Howell: 3.1, 3.2, & 3.6

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Using the Normal Distribution

    What if we knew the following: The average test score on a given

    test for the population of high school seniors is 25.00 and the standard deviation is 5.00. a student who has a score of at least 32?

    What is the probability of selecting

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Using the ND
    First, stated in terms of probability:
    p > 32 = ??

    Identify the exact position of X = 32 by


    converting to a z-score:

    What probability corresponds to z = 1.4?


    http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/ normal_distribution.html
    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    X X 32 25 7 z= = = = 1.4 5 5

    Another Example

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Another Example
    In my restaurant, I know that the average
    number of diners for my special Sunday brunch is 241 with a standard deviation of 19.

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Another Example
    In my restaurant, I know that the average One Sunday, I count 198 diners (maybe it
    is the mice in the kitchen??!!!). number of diners for my special Sunday brunch is 241 with a standard deviation of 19.

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Another Example
    In my restaurant, I know that the average One Sunday, I count 198 diners (maybe it
    is the mice in the kitchen??!!!). number of diners for my special Sunday brunch is 241 with a standard deviation of 19.

    If my distribution of Sunday diners is

    normal, what is the probability of having only 198 diners (or fewer)?

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Sampling Distribution of Means


    We almost never know the true distribution, so
    comparing observed data to an ideal normal distribution is often not reasonable.

    What we really want to know is, If there is a true population distribution, and From this standpoint, we can determine the
    probability of our observed sample mean.
    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    we draw a given sample from that distribution, how much variability should we expect in sample means drawn from the population?

    Sampling Distribution of Means

    If we draw samples from a larger population, the


    http://onlinestatbook.com/stat_sim/sampling_dist/index.html

    means of those samples will form a normal distribution that clusters around the mean of the population.

    The variability of the sampling distribution is


    less than the population variability.

    Sampling distribution variability is a

    function of sample size (larger sample = less variability).

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Central Limit Theorem

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Central Limit Theorem


    The central limit theorem states that given a
    distribution with a particular mean () and variance (), the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution with a mean ().

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Central Limit Theorem


    The central limit theorem states that given a
    distribution with a particular mean () and variance (), the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution with a mean (). about the central limit theorem is that no matter what the shape of the original distribution, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution.

    The amazing and counter-intuitive thing

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    Key Characteristics of Sampling Distribution of Means

    Normally distributed Mean = Population Mean Standard Deviation


    X =
    N

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

    How Do We Use This Info?


    We know that the average score for adults age
    25-55 on a national test of Batman trivia is 50 and the standard deviation is 15. individuals

    If we were to draw 1000 samples of 25 what would the mean of the 1000 sample be? what would be the standard error?
    of samples, but each included 50 individuals?

    What would happen if we drew the same number

    Wednesday, September 11, 13

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