!

W E N

EQUIPMENT LAYOUT MANUAL

For Cooling Towers, Evaporative Condensers, Closed Circuit Coolers

Reduced Clearance Dimensions with EVAPCO Induced Draft Counterflow Products

3

Introduction
Table of Contents
SECTION PAGE

The location of evaporative cooling equipment is an important consideration when reviewing system design. Since evaporative cooling equipment requires large quantities of air, adequate spacing around the unit must be provided for it to perform properly. An equally important consideration when laying out the equipment is to locate the unit so that recirculation is minimized. This technical manual has been written by EVAPCO engineers to provide recommended layout criteria for EVAPCO induced draft and forced draft equipment installations. Although it deals primarily with the layout of cooling towers, the principles presented apply to EVAPCO evaporative condensers and closed circuit coolers as well.

Introduction..............................................2 Induced Draft Layout Counterflow Units

Single Units ................................................3 Single/Multiple Unit Installations..............4-5 Large Installations ......................................6 Special Enclosures..................................6-7 Expansions to Existing Systems ................7

Recirculation
Recirculation occurs when some of the hot, moist discharge air leaving the cooling tower flows back into the fresh air inlets of the unit. The heat-laden discharge air leaving the cooling tower is saturated and can be at a 5.5-8.5C higher wet bulb temperature than the ambient wet bulb. Therefore, any amount of recirculation will increase the entering wet bulb temperature of the air entering the unit. The capacity of the unit is decreased when the entering air wet bulb temperature is increased. For example, if the inlet wet bulb temperature is increased from 25.6C to 26.7C, capacity is reduced by 16%, corresponding to an increase in leaving water temperature of 0.8C. As can be seen from this example, a small increase in the entering air wet bulb temperature has a dramatic affect on the units performance. In extreme cases where the entering wet bulb temperature is increased by 2.8 to 3.3C, the capacity of the unit is reduced by more than 50%.

Crossflow Units
Single Units .............................................8-9 Multiple Units/Large Installations...........9-10 Special Enclosures..............................10-11 Expansions to Existing Systems ..............11

Forced Draft Layout

Single Units .........................................12-14 Multiple Units/Large Installations.........14-15 Special Enclosures ...................................16 Indoor Installations ..............................17-18 Expansions to Existing Systems ..............18

Other Layout Criteria

(Induced/Forced Draft Units) Space Requirements for Maintenance .....19 Space Requirements for Unit Piping ........19

Equipment Layout Planning

Proper equipment layout is essential to ensure that the cooling tower will operate at its rated capacity. The objective is for the evaporative cooled equipment to be located so that fresh air is allowed to enter the unit freely and unobstructed and to ensure that recirculation is minimized. The first step in achieving this goal is to consider the many factors that may affect the cooling tower installation. During the design of the system, special attention needs to be given to space limitations, surrounding structures, existing units, proximity of neighbors, prevailing winds, piping, and any possible future expansion plans. Once this information is obtained, the guidelines contained in this bulletin can be used to determine the best layout for the equipment. The layout criteria presented in the manual are based on years of successful experience with evaporative cooling installations. Following these guidelines will provide the best equipment layout which will ensure proper air flow to the unit, minimize recirculation, and allow adequate space for maintenance.

Minimizing Legionella
It is essential that a regular maintenance program is in place to minimize the potential growth of Legionella bacteria in the cooling tower. The cooling tower should be thoroughly cleaned on a regular basis. If the cooling tower is to be idle for extended periods, it should be drained. If draining is not practical, a system shock with a biocide is required prior to running the fans. Finally, the cooling tower should be located away from fresh air intakes, operable windows, kitchen exhaust, and prevailing winds directed toward public areas.

2
1999 EVAPCO, INC.

Induced Draft Counterflow Unit Layout

Single Unit Installations
The best place to locate any cooling tower is on a roof by itself. However, when this is not possible, correct layout guidelines must be followed to provide a satisfactory installation. The first item to consider is the position of the unit with respect to other structures. The top of the cooling tower must be equal to or higher than any adjacent walls, buildings or other structures. When the top of the unit is lower than the surrounding structures (Figure 1), recirculation can be a major problem. If the unit is on the windward side, as shown in Figure 1, the discharge air will be forced against the building and then spread in all directions, including downward, toward the air inlets.

NE

W!

Reduced Clearance Dimensions

The conditions shown in Figures 1 and 2 can be corrected by elevating the unit on structural steel so that the top is higher than the adjacent structures, as shown in Figure 3. Fan cowl extensions can also be provided to elevate the fan discharge of the cooling tower to the proper height, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3

CORRECT

INCORRECT

INSTALLATION ELEVATED SO TOP OF UNIT IS HIGHER THAN TOP OF WALL INSTALLATION WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 1

When the wind comes from the opposite direction, the resulting negative pressure area created by the wind passing over the building will cause the discharge air to be forced back into the inlets, as shown in Figure 2. Even if neither of these conditions occurs, the presence of much taller structures can potentially inhibit the dissipation of the hot moist discharge air.

CORRECT

INCORRECT
Fan Cowl Extension

FAN DISCHARGE ELEVATED SO TOP OF UNIT IS HIGHER THAN TOP OF WALL WIND EFFECT WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 2

Figure 4

Single/Multiple Unit Installations

EVAPCOS induced draft, counterflow design unit may have air inlets located on all four sides of the unit. When it is located near a wall or other structure that blocks fresh air from entering the unit, consideration must be given to the clearance distance between the air inlets of the unit and this blockage. In this type of layout, air will be drawn in through the space between the unit and the wall or other structure as well as down from above. Therefore, it is important to provide adequate space in front of each air inlet to ensure proper air flow and prevent air recirculation. When more than one EVAPCO induced draft counterflow unit is installed at the same location, the potential for recirculation becomes a greater concern. For installations with two or more cooling towers, the units may be placed in a variety of locations depending on site conditions and available space. EVAPCO has developed the recommended distances for various cases of induced draft counterflow layouts. These distances have been developed to ensure that the units are provided with adequate airflow and that recirculation is minimized. Space must also be provided for piping, removal of access panels and for maintenance of the mechanical equipment. Product improvements confirmed by factory testing and years of field experience has allowed EVAPCO to develop the NEW minimum required distances from the unit and the surrounding walls as well as between units. Please note that the clearance dimensions for EVAPCOS induced draft counterflow products have been significantly reduced allowing for tighter layouts . In addition, the distances shown in the following tables are dependent on the number of surrounding walls and the number of units. Therefore, the data presented in Tables 1 and 2 show the minimum dimensions D1 through D8 required for a variety of installation cases. See the following figures that illustrate these various cases.

CASE 3 - Two Walls/Single Unit

D2

D1

D1

D2
Figure 9 Figure 10

CASE 4 - Two Walls/Two Units

Figure 11
D2

Figure 12
D2

D3 D2 D2

D1

D3

D1

D2 D1 D4
D1

D1 D4

D1

D2

Figure 13

Figure 14

CASE 5 - Two Walls (Corner)

Single Unit Multiple Units

D3 D5 D6 D3 D4 D4

D7

CASE 1 - Single Wall/Single Unit

D7 D8

Figure 15
D8

Figure 16
D1 D2

CASE 6 - Three Walls

Multiple Units Single Unit

Figure 5

Figure 6

CASE 2 - No Obstructions
D7 D8
D3 D4

D7 D7 D7 D8 D4

D3 D4

D7

D3 D8

D7

Figure 17

Figure 7 Figure 8

Figure 18

Table 1: Dimensions D1-D4

0.9 and 1.2 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH (m) All Units D1 0.6 Minimum Dimension D2 0.6 D3 0.6 D4 0.6 UNIT LENGTH (m) All Units

Table 2 Dimensions D5-D8

0.9 and 1.2 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D5 0.6 D6 0.6 D7 0.6 D8 0.6

2.4 and 2.7 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH All Units (m) to 3.2 3.6 to 8.5 11 12.8 D1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Minimum Dimension All Units Towers Cond./Coolers* All Units D2 0.9 0.9 1 1.2 D3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 D3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 D4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 UNIT LENGTH (m) to 5.5 6.4 7.3 & 8.5 11 12.8

2,4 and 2.7 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D5 D6 D7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 3.6 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D6 D7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 1 1.4 1 1.7 1 1.8 1 4.3 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D6 D7 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.2

D8 0.9 1 1.2 1.4 1.5

3.6 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH All Units (m) to 8.5 11 12.2 16.4 18.3 D1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Minimum Dimension All Units Towers Cond./Coolers* All Units D2 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.7 D3 0.9 1 1 1.2 1.2 D3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 D4 1.8 2.1 2.3 3 3

UNIT LENGTH (m) to 6 7.3 8.5 11 & 12.2 16.4 18.3

D5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

D8 0.9 1 1.2 1.5 1.8 2

4.3 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH (m) 7.3 14.6 D1 0.9 0.9 Minimum Dimension D2 0.9 1.5 D3 0.9 1.2 D4 1.5 2.7

UNIT LENGTH (m) 7.3 14.6

D5 1 1

D8 1.4 2

5.2 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH All Units (m) All Units D1 0.9 Minimum Dimension All Units Towers Cond./Coolers* All Units D2 0.9 D3 0.9 D3 1.8 D4 1.8

UNIT LENGTH (m) All Units

5.2 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D5 D6 D7 0.9 0.9 0.9 7.3 m WIDE MODELS Minimum Dimension D6 D7 0.9 1.4 1 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.8 8.5 m MODELS Minimum Dimension D6 D7 1.5 1.7 2.1 2

D8 0.9

7.3 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH (m) to 6 7.3 8.5 11 & 12.2 D1 0.9 1 1 1.4 Minimum Dimension D2 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.8 8.5 m WIDE MODELS UNIT LENGTH (m) 7.3 14.6 D1 1.2 1.5 Minimum Dimension D2 1.2 1.8 D3 2.4 2.7 D4 2.4 4 D3 1.8 2 2.1 2.7 D4 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.3

UNIT LENGTH (m) to 4.3 5.5 6 7.3 8.5 11 & 12.2

D5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.7

D8 1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.3

UNIT LENGTH (m) 7.3 14.6

D5 1.5 1.8

D8 1.7 2.3

* Minimum D3 dimension for Condensers and Coolers Furnished with Pumps. For units without pumps use D3 dimension for towers.

Note: Minimum clearance for external working platforms is 1.7 m.

D1, D2, D2, D2,

DIMENSION KEY D 5 & D7 From Ends of Unit D 6 & D8 From Sides of Unit D6 & D3 Units End to End D6 & D4 Units Side by Side

The guidelines set forth in Tables 1 & 2 are to be used exclusively for EVAPCO equipment. Data from factory testing is based on air discharge velocities and air intake areas that are specific to EVAPCO equipment. Therefore, this data is NOT to be applied to other manufacturers evaporative cooling equipment.

Large Installations
For large cooling tower installations that have 4 or more units, it is imperative that the unit layout be carefully examined during the design of the system. Very large m ultiple unit installations can create their own environment. Under certain weather and atmospheric conditions, the large quantities of discharge air will cause the wet bulb temperature in the immediate area to be higher than the local design data.The minimum dimensions shown in Tables 1 and 2 should be increased whenever possible in order to allow for an additional safety factor. The amount of increase is dependent on the number of units, type of installation, existing equipment and unit surroundings. The surrounding area plays an important part in the design of a large installation. Locating a large installation in a valley or between buildings will increase the chances that the discharge air will recirculate, thereby raising the entering wet bulb temperature. If it is determined that the surrounding conditions could cause recirculation, the units must be spaced properly and sized at the anticipated entering wet bulb conditions. Another important consideration when dealing with larger multiple unit installations is prevailing winds. Although prevailing wind conditions generally change with the season, the wind direction during the hottest part of the year is of utmost importance. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is best to locate the units so that the prevailing wind is oriented as shown in Figure 19. Consult your local representative or EVAPCOs Marketing Department for recommended layout guidelines for very large multiple unit installations.
Figure 19

Special Enclosures
Occasionally, induced draft counterflow units are installed in an enclosure. These installations require special consideration of the unit layout to ensure trouble free operation. Typical installations consist of units installed in solid wall or louvered enclosures or units that are located in a well.

Solid Wall Enclosures or Wells

One typical enclosure is a unit installed in a well (Figure 20). When considering a single unit adjacent to a solid wall enclosure or located in a well, the clearance dimensions, found in Tables 1 & 2, page 5, should be used as ABSOLUTE minimums. In many cases, these clearance dimensions MUST be increased to ensure that the unit performs to its rated capacity. The unit should be oriented so that the air flows uniformly to the air inlets on all four sides of the unit. The air discharge of the unit must be level with or higher than the surrounding walls. In the well type enclosure, all the air must be brought down from above and can be susceptible to recirculation. Field experience has demonstrated that the downward velocity of the supply air into the well must be kept below 2 m/s. to avoid the effects of recirculation. To calculate the downward velocity, the total air flow for the unit is divided by the usable well area. The usable well area (shaded portion of Figure 20) is the space between the four sides of the unit and the walls of the well. See the example shown below.
Figure 20

WELL INSTALLATION

Example: An AT 19-412 is centered in a 6 x 7.6 m well enclosure with the units discharge even with the top of the surrounding walls. Is this an acceptable equipment layout? D1 = 2 m Unit Area = 9.5 m2 D2 = 1.7 m Unit m3/s = 32.7 m3/s Well Area = 45.6 m2 Net Usable Well Area = 45.6 - 9.5 = 36.1 m2 Downward Velocity = 32.7 36.1 = 0.9 m/s
PREVAILING WIND

Figure 19

Since the downward velocity of 0.9 m/s is less than 2 m/s AND dimensions D1 and D2 are above the recommended minimums, this IS an acceptable layout.

Louvered Wall Enclosures

Induced draft counterflow units can also be installed in enclosures with louvered or slotted walls (Figure 21). With this type of enclosure, the air flow patterns will be a mixture of the open type and well installations. The inlet air will be drawn from the top and through the louvers or slotted openings. Since the air will follow the path of least resistance, the pressure drop through the louvers will determine how much air is drawn from both areas. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is better to draw most of the air through the louvers. Therefore, it is important that the louvers are designed for minimum pressure drop. To achieve this goal, the velocity through the louvers should be maintained at or below 3 m/s, the louvers should have a minimum of 50% net free area, and the air inlets should face the louvers. The first step in checking a louvered type enclosure is to treat it as a well enclosure and calculate the downward air velocity assuming that all the air comes down from the top. If the downward air velocity is equal to or less than 2 m/s, then the louvered enclosure will work regardless of the size of the louvers.

Expansions to Existing Systems

Expansions to existing systems present the same concerns as multiple unit installations. However, there are additional concerns that must be evaluated when planning a cooling tower expansion. Since in an expansion the new unit may not be identical to the existing one, it is important to examine the heights of the new and the existing units. Whenever possible, the tops of ALL of the units should be at the same level to avoid recirculation from one unit to another. If the unit heights are different, structural steel should be used to raise the air discharges of both units at the same level, as shown in Figure 22, or the units should be spaced further apart than normally recommended. Adequate spacing between the air inlets of the new and existing units must be provided. The air inlets for induced draft counterflow units are located on all four sides which may be different than the existing units. If this is the case, the guidelines for the minimum spacing between units (Tables 1 & 2) should be increased to allow adequate airflow to all units. Another important consideration in a system expansion is the piping to both the existing and new units. For cooling towers piped in parallel, the overflow levels of the new and existing units cold water basins MUST be at the same elevation. This takes precedence over the equal air discharge height requirement for induced draft units. In some cases, fan cylinder extensions can be used so that the units have approximately the same discharge heights. Equalizer lines must be installed between adjacent units to balance the water levels of the basins during operation. For induced draft condensers and closed circuit coolers, the discharge heights must be at the same elevation. Since each unit has its own independent spray water recirculation system, maintaining the overflow levels of the cold water basins is not necessary.

LOUVERED WALL ENCLOSURE

Figure 21

EXPANSION TO AN EXISTING INSTALLATION

If the downward air velocity into the enclosure is greater than 2 m/s, then another formula must be used. This formula, proven by years of field experience, assumes that ALL the air is drawn through the louvers. The total air flow (m3/s) for the unit is divided by the net free louver area (m2). The resultant air velocity must be BELOW 3 m/s. In addition to meeting this minimum louver velocity, the installation must also meet the following requirements. The minimum air inlet to louver dimension must be 0.9 m and the minimum space requirements, for maintenance, as shown on page 19, must also be maintained.

Figure 22

NOTE: For installations where the minimum recommended distances cannot be maintained, contact your local representative or EVAPCOs Marketing Department for unit selection and layout. Refer to Page 19 for additional information.

Induced Draft Crossflow Unit Layout

Single Unit Installations
The best place to locate any cooling tower is on a roof by itself. However, when this is not possible, correct layout guidelines must be followed to provide a satisfactory installation. The first item to consider is the position of the unit with respect to other structures. The top of the cooling tower must be equal to or higher than any adjacent walls, buildings or other structures. When the top of the unit is lower than the surrounding structures (Figure 23), recirculation can be a major problem. If the unit is on the windward side, as shown in Figure 23, the discharge air will be forced against the building and then spread in all directions, including downward, toward the air inlets.

Not Available in Europe

The conditions shown in Figures 23 and 24 can be corrected by elevating the unit on structural steel so that the top is higher than the adjacent structures, as shown in Figure 25. Fan cowl extensions can also be provided to elevate the fan discharge of the cooling tower to the proper height.

CORRECT

INCORRECT
WIND DIRECTION

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

INSTALLATION ELEVATED SO TOP OF UNIT IS HIGHER THAN TOP OF WALL

AIR INLET

Figure 25

INSTALLATION WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 23

When the wind comes from the opposite direction, the resulting negative pressure area created by the wind passing over the building will cause the discharge air to be forced back into the inlets, as shown in Figure 24. Even if neither of these conditions occurs, the presence of much taller structures can potentially inhibit the dissipation of the hot moist discharge air.

An induced draft, crossflow design unit usually has air inlets located on two sides of the unit. When it is located near a wall or other structure that blocks fresh air from entering the unit, consideration must be given to the clearance distance between the air inlets of the unit and this blockage, as shown in Figure 26. In this type of layout, air will be drawn in through the space between the unit and the wall or other structure as well as down from above. Therefore, it is important to provide adequate space in front of each air inlet to ensure proper air flow and prevent air recirculation.

INCORRECT

WIND DIRECTION
D2

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

WALL OR BUILDING

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

D1

D2 WALL OR BUILDING

INSTALLATION NEXT TO A WALL WIND EFFECT WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 24

Figure 26

When a unit is located near a building or wall, the minimum dimensions, D1 from the ends and D2 from the sides, as presented in Tables 3 and 4, must be maintained. Minimum dimension D1 must be provided for piping, removal of access panels and for maintenance of the mechanical equipment.The D2 dimension has been developed to ensure that the unit is provided with adequate air flow. Table33 Table
CELL SIZE WxLxH UNIT WIDTH (m) All (ft.) Sizes 14 16 20 CELL SIZE WxLxH (m) 6.7 x 3.6 x 5.2
Unit Length 6.7 x 3.6 x 5.8 Single Cell Units Dimension Minimum

D3
AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET

(ft.)

D3 (end-to-end) D4 (side-by-side) MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED SIDE-BY-SIDE to 9 5 Figure 27 12 5 18 5 24 5

5 7 8 9
AIR INLET

D1 Dimension UNIT LENGTH Minimum One Cell Two Cell Three Cell Four Cell (ft.) 2 (From Ends) 1 1D1 (From Ends) D1 1 7 612 6 8 6 Table 4 7 10 9 Minimum Dimension 8 14 12D2 11 One Cell 2 2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4
8 Foot Wide Models

PREFERRED METHOD
AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET

Two Cell 3.2

Three Cell

Four Cell 4.6 4.6 5 5

4 4

0,9 m Minimum

4 3.2 Minimum Dimension 4 3.3ends) D1 (from 3.6

3

6.7 x 3.6 x 7 (ft.) 7.3 x 4.3 x 5.2

to 9

4.3 D2 (from sides) 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.7

3
AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET

7.3 x 4.3 x 5.8 7.3 x 4.3 x12 7

18

3.6
3 4.1 3

5.3

NOTE: Consult the factory on the D2 dimension for applications 24 3 5 with 5 or more cells.
36 3 12 Foot Wide Models (Sometimes 5

36 MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED 5 END-TO-END 10 Figure 28 Models 12 Foot Wide Unit Length Minimum Dimension D4 (side-by-side) (ft.) D3 (end-to-end) 12 6 6 ALTERNATE METHOD
AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET

other pieces of equipment such as pumps, filters, piping, etc. are placed in front of the air inlets. These obstructions should not be located any closer than the minimum dimensions shown in Table 4. Closer placement can create imbalances in the air flow which can adversely affect unit performance.

Multiple Unit and Large Installations

When more than one induced draft crossflow unit is installed at the same location, the potential for recirculation becomes a greater concern. The following guidelines, however, will provide for satisfactory and efficient operation. For installations utilizing two cooling towers, with air inlets facing each other , the units can be placed as shown in Figure 27. The minimum distance between the units, D3, must be maintained to provide adequate airflow as well as space for piping and access for maintenance. Table 5 gives the minimum recommended D3 dimension. However, a more efficient method of configuring multiple cell crossflow cooling towers is shown in Figures 28 and 28a. The preferred method is to place the crossflow units in groups of two with 0.9 m of space between groups to allow easy access to each cell. For larger applications that have limited available space, multiple crossflow cells can be placed as shown in the alternate method of Figure 28a. It should be noted that access to the center cells can only be accomplished by passing through the outside cells. In addition, removal of the fan motors from the center cells becomes much more difficult when the cells are configured as shown in Figure 28a.
AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET AIR INLET

6 9 MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED END-TO-END 10 Figure6 28a 7 12 7 14 14 Foot Wide Models Table 5 Minimum Dimension Unit Length D4 (side-by-side) (ft.) D3 (end-to-end) CELL SIZE Minimum Dimension 24 7 10 WxLxH D3 48 7 13 (m) One Cell Cell Four Cell 24 Foot Two Wide Models Three Cell Unit 6.7 x 3.6 x Length 5.2 4 6.4 Minimum Dimension 8 9.2 D3 (end-to-end) 6.7 x 3.6 x(ft.) 5.8 4 6.4 8 D4 (side-by-side) 9.2 18 12 12 6.7 x 3.6 x 7 4.3 6.7 8.5 9.7 24 12 14 7.3 x 4.3 x 5.2 4.6 7.3 8.8 28 & 36 12 16 10 28 Foot Wide Models 7.3 x 4.3 x 5.8 4.6 7.3 8.8 10 7.3 x Unit 4.3 xLength 7 4.8 8.2 Minimum Dimension 9.4 10.6 D4 (side-by-side) (ft.) D3 (end-to-end) 24 12 14

18 24 36 54

Note: Consult the factory on the D3 dimension for applications with 5 or more cells.

For multiple cooling tower installations that have 3, 4, or more units, it is imperative that the unit layout be carefully examined during the design of the system. Very large multiple unit installations can create their own environment. Under certain weather and atmospheric conditions, the large quantities of discharge air will cause the wet bulb temperature in the immediate area to be higher than the local design data. The minimum dimensions shown in Tables 3, 4 & 5 should be increased whenever possible in order to allow for an additional safety factor. The amount of increase is dependent on the number of units, type of installation, existing equipment and unit surroundings. The surrounding area plays an important part in the design of a large installation. Locating a large installation in a valley or between buildings will increase the chances that the discharge air will recirculate, thereby raising the entering wet bulb temperature. If it is determined that the surrounding conditions could cause recirculation, the units must be spaced properly and sized at the anticipated entering wet bulb conditions. Another important consideration when dealing with larger multiple unit installations is prevailing winds. Although prevailing wind conditions generally change with the season, the wind direction during the hottest part of the year is of utmost importance. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is best to locate the units so that the prevailing wind is oriented as shown in Figure 29. Consult your local representative or EVAPCOs Marketing Department for recommended layout guidelines for very large multiple unit installations.
Figure 17

Solid Wall Enclosures or Wells

One typical enclosure is a unit installed in a well (Figure 30). When considering a single unit adjacent to a solid wall enclosure or located in a well, the minimum D1 dimension, as shown in Table 3 must be maintained to allow room for servicing the unit. The unit should be oriented so that the air flows uniformly to the two air inlets of the unit. The air discharge of the unit must be level with or higher than the surrounding walls. In the well type enclosure, all the air must be brought down from above and can be susceptible to recirculation. Field experience has demonstrated that the downward velocity of the supply air into the well must be kept BELOW 2 m/s to avoid the effects of recirculation. To calculate the downward velocity, the total air flow for the unit is divided by the usable well area. The usable well area is as shown in Figure 30. For a new installation, the W dimension must be determined. Calculating this dimension is somewhat of an iterative process. Also note that the minimum W dimension will vary for each application. A crossflow tower well layout will be acceptable once the minimum W dimension is determined that ensures the downward velocity into the well is 2 m/s or less.

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

50

RANGE OF PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION 10

10

RANGE OF PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

WELL INSTALLATION
50

Figure 30

PREVAILING WIND

Figure 29

Special Enclosures
Occasionally, induced draft crossflow units are installed in an enclosure. These installations require special consideration of the unit layout to ensure trouble free operation. Typical installations consist of units installed in solid wall or louvered enclosures or units that are located in a well.

10

Louvered Wall Enclosures

Induced draft crossflow units can also be installed in enclosures with louvered or slotted walls (Figure 31). With this type of enclosure, the air flow patterns will be a mixture of the open type and well installations. The inlet air will be drawn from the top and through the louvers or slotted openings. Since the air will follow the path of least resistance, the pressure drop through the louvers will determine how much air is drawn from both areas. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is better to draw most of the air through the louvers. Therefore, it is important that the louvers are designed for minimum pressure drop. To achieve this goal, the velocity through the louvers should be maintained at or below 3 m/s, the louvers should have a minimum of 50% net free area, and the air inlets should face the louvers. The first step in checking a louvered type enclosure is to treat it as a well enclosure and calculate the downward air velocity assuming that all the air comes down from the top. If the layout meets the requirements of a well installation, then the louvered enclosure will work regardless of the size of the louvers.

Expansions to Existing Systems

Expansions to existing systems present the same concerns as multiple unit installations. However, there are additional concerns that must be evaluated when planning a cooling tower expansion. Since in an expansion the new unit may not be identical to the existing one, it is important to examine the heights of the new and existing units. Whenever possible, the tops of ALL units should be at the same level to avoid recirculation from one unit to another. If the unit heights are different, structural steel should be used to raise the air discharges of both units to the same level, as shown in Figure 32, or the units should be spaced farther apart than normally recommended. Adequate spacing between the air inlets of the new and existing units must be provided. The air inlets for induced draft crossflow units are located on two sides which may be different than the existing units. If this is the case, the guidelines for the minimum spacing between units (Table 5) should be increased to allow adequate airflow to all units. Another important consideration in a system expansion is the piping to the existing and new units. For cooling towers piped in parallel, the overflow levels of the new and existing units cold water basins MUST be at the same elevation. This takes precedence over the equal air discharge height requirement for induced draft units. In some cases, fan cylinder extensions can be used so that the units have approximately the same discharge heights. Equalizer lines must be installed between adjacent units to balance the water levels of the basins during operation. For induced draft condensers and closed circuit coolers, the discharge heights must be at the same elevation. Since each unit has its own independent spray water recirculation system, maintaining the overflow levels of the cold water basins is not necessary.
LOUVERS (AIR INLET SIDES)

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

NEW UNIT

EXISTING UNIT

LOUVERED WALL ENCLOSURE

Figure 31

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

AIR INLET

EXPANSION EXISTING INSTALLATION EXPANSION TOTO ANAN EXISTING INSTALLATION

If the layout does not meet the requirements of a well installation, then another formula must be used. This formula, proven by years of field experience, assumes that ALL the air is drawn through the louvers. The total air flow (m3/s) for the unit is divided by the net free louver area (m2). The resultant air velocity must be BELOW 3 m/s. In addition to meeting this minimum louver velocity, the installation must also meet the following requirements. The minimum air inlet to louver dimension must be 0.9 m and the minimum space requirements, for maintenance, as shown on page 19, must also be maintained.

Figure 32

NOTE: For installations where the minimum recommended distances cannot be maintained, contact your local representative or EVAPCOs Marketing Department for unit selection and layout. Refer to Page 19 for additional information.

11

Forced Draft Unit Layout

Single Unit Installations
The best place for a cooling tower is on a roof by itself. However, when this is not possible, correct layout guidelines must be followed to provide a satisfactory installation. There are various types of forced draft units that are discussed in this section, which include both centrifugal and axial fan types. The centrifugal fan models include units with single side air inlets and double fan sided air inlets. Also included in this section are layout guidelines for EVAPCOS centrifugal fan LR end air inlet units. The first item to consider is the position of the unit with respect to other structures. The top of the cooling tower must be higher than any adjacent walls, buildings or other structures. When the top of the unit is lower than the surrounding structures (Figure 33), recirculation can be a major problem. If the unit is on the windward side, as shown in Figure 33, the discharge air will be forced against the building then spread in all directions, including downward, toward the fan inlets.

INCORRECT

INCORRECT

WIND EFFECT WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 34

There are two simple methods to correct this recirculation problem. The first method is to elevate the unit on structural steel so that the top is higher than the adjacent structure, as shown in Figure 35.

CORRECT

INSTALLATION WITH TOP OF UNIT LOWER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 33

When the wind comes from the opposite direction, the resulting negative pressure area created by the wind passing over the building will cause the discharge air to be forced back into the inlets, as shown in Figure 34. Even if neither of these conditions occurs, the presence of much taller structures can inhibit the dissipation of the hot moist discharge air.

INSTALLATION ELEVATED SO TOP OF UNIT IS HIGHER THAN TOP OF WALL

Figure 35

12

The second method is to install a tapered discharge hood (Figure 36) which discharges the air above the height of the structure. The discharge hood increases the discharge air velocity, which works to minimize the potential of recirculation. However, the addition of a discharge hood increases the external static pressure that the fans must overcome which may require the next larger size fan motor.

This dimension can be reduced because the end area is effectively increased by the amount the unit is elevated. Elevating an axial fan unit has no impact on the D1 dimension.

CORRECT

INSTALLATION NEXT TO WALL

Figure 38

Table 6
INSTALLATION WITH TOP OF DISCHARGE HOOD ABOVE TOP OF WALL

MINIMUM DISTANCE D1 FROM UNIT TO WALL WITH AIR INLET FACING WALL 0.9 and 1.5 m WIDE MODELS - LR - End Air Inlet UNIT WIDTH (m) 0.9 1.5 1.5 UNIT LENGTH (m) 1.8* 1.8* 2.7 & 3.6* UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0 1.2 1.2 1.5 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.9 1 1 1.4 1.2 & UP 1 1 1.2

Figure 36

When a cooling tower is located near a wall, it is best for the air inlet to face away from the wall, as shown in Figure 37.

2.4 m WIDE MODELS - LR - End Air Inlet UNIT LENGTH

AIR INLET

UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0 1.8 0.6 1.7 0.9 1.7 1.2 & UP 1.5

(m) 2.7 & 3.6*

1.2 and 1.5 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED

INSTALLATION NEXT TO WALL BEST ORIENTATION

UNIT LENGTH (m) 0 1.2 1.5 1.8 to 2.7 3.6 5.5

UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 & UP 1.2 1.2 1.2

Figure 37

Note: EVAPCOS LR End Air Inlet Unit is shown. Note: EVAPCOS LR End Air Inlet is shown. If this is not possible and the air inlets must face the wall, as shown in Figure 38, then a minimum distance D1 must be maintained between the wall and the unit, as listed in Table 6. Table 6 provides the minimum dimension D1 for all of the various sizes of both centrifugal and axial fan forced draft units. For installations next to walls, all of the air consumed by the unit is drawn in through the space between the unit and the wall and also down from above. The downward draw of air to the unit is why it is so critical to provide the minimum D1 dimension to prevent recirculation of the discharge air. When a tower is selected with air inlets on two sides, care must be taken to analyze each air inlet side independently. For example, with a tower that measures 2.4 m wide from air inlet to air inlet, enter Table 6 to determine the minimum distance D1 between one air inlet side and its facing wall. Repeat this procedure for the opposite fan side. The distances for D1 in Table 6 have been developed using a formula based on years of successful experience that assumes all the air is fed in from the ends at less then 3 m/s. As can be seen from the data in Table 6, elevating a centrifugal fan unit on structural steel will allow the D1 dimension to be reduced.

2.4 and 3 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED UNIT LENGTH (m) to 3.6 5.5 7.3 11 0 2.1 2.4 3 4.3 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 2 2.1 2.7 3.6 1.2 1.8 1.8 2.4 3.3 1.8 & UP 1.8 1.8 2.1 3

3.6 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED UNIT LENGTH (m) to 3.6 5.5 7.3 11 0 2.4 2.7 3.3 4.8 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 2.1 2.4 3 4.3 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.7 3.6 1.8 & UP 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.3

*Note: The length for the LR end air inlet unit includes the casing section only, not the entire unit length.

13

If the required D1 distance shown in Table 6 is too large for the available space, the use of a tapered discharge hood (Figure 39) can reduce the distance. The tapered discharge hood should be at least 0.9 m tall with an exit air velocity between 6 and 7.5 m/s. The use of a tapered discharge hood will allow the distances given in Table 6 to be reduced by 20 percent. However, the minimum D1 distance should never be less than: 0.9 and 1.5 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet = 0.9 m 1.2 and 1.5 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 1.2 m 2.4 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet = 0.9 m 2.4 and 3 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 1.8 m 3.6 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 2.1 m In some installations, other pieces of equipment such as receivers, compressors, piping, etc. are placed in front of the fan inlet. These should not be any closer than the above minimum dimensions. Closer placement can create imbalances in the air flow which has an adverse affect on fan performance.

0.6 m

MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED BACK TO BACK

Figure 40

0.6 m

MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED END TO END

Figure 41

1.2 m

INSTALLATION WITH TAPERED DISCHARGE HOOD

Figure 39

MULTIPLE UNITS PLACED END TO END

Figure 42

Multiple Unit & Large Installations

When more than one cooling tower is installed at the same location, the potential for recirculation becomes a bigger concern because of the larger quantities of air being handled. The following guidelines, however, will provide for satisfactory and efficient operation. When dealing with installations using two units they should be placed either back-to-back, as shown in Figure 40 (the preferred position), or end-to-end, as shown in Figures 41 and 42. The only difference between the layouts shown in Figures 41 and 42 is that additional space is required when connection ends face each other (Figure 42). In installations with three or more cooling towers where it is necessary for the fan inlets of two units to face each other (Figure 43), then the minimum distance D2 between fan inlets must be per Table 7, as shown on page 15.

INSTALLATION WITH AIR INLETS FACING EACH OTHER

Figure 43

14

Table 7 covers 0.9, 1.5 and 2.4 m wide LR end air inlet units, 1.2 and 1.5 m wide units with air inlets on one side. Table 7 also covers larger 2.4, 3 & 3.6 m wide units with air inlets on one side. These tables are based on formulas which assume all the air flows to the units from the ends at velocities of less than 3 m/s. This criteria has been proven through years of successful experience with evaporative cooling installations.
0.9 and 1.5 m WIDE MODELS - LR - END AIR INLET UNIT WIDTH (m) 0.9 1.5 1.5 UNIT LENGTH (m) 1.8* 1.8* 2.7 & 3.6* UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0 2.4 2.4 3 0.6 2.4 2.4 2.7 0.9 2.1 2.1 2.7 1.2 & UP 2.1 2.1 2.4

2.4 m WIDE MODELS - LR - END AIR INLET UNIT LENGTH (m) 2.7 & 3.6* 0 3.6 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 3.3 0.9 3.3 1.2 & UP 3

1.2 and 1.5 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED UNIT LENGTH (m) to 2.7 3.6 5.5 0 2.4 3 3.6 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 2.1 2.4 3 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.8 & UP 1.8 1.8 1.8

0.9 & 1.5 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet = 1.8 m 1.2 and 1.5 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 1.8 m 2.4 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet = 3 m 2.4 and 3 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 3 m 3.6 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided = 3.3 m Very large multiple unit installations can create their own environment. Under certain weather and atmospheric conditions the large quantities of discharge air will cause the wet bulb temperature in the immediate area to be higher than local design data. The minimum dimensions shown in Tables 6 and 7 should be increased whenever possible in order to allow for an additional safety factor. The amount of increase is dependent on the number of units, type of installation, existing equipment, and unit surroundings. The surrounding area plays an important part in the design of a large installation. Locating a large installation in a valley, or between buildings will increase the chances that the discharge air will recirculate, thereby raising the entering wet bulb temperature. Another important consideration when dealing with larger multiple unit installations is prevailing winds. Although prevailing wind conditions generally change with the season, the wind direction during the hottest part of the year is of utmost importance. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is best to locate the cooling tower so that the air inlets are nearly perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction (Figure 44). The object is to orient the units so that the prevailing wind does not blow the discharge air into the fan inlets.

2.4 and 3 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED UNIT LENGTH (m) to 3.6 5.5 7.3 11 0 4.3 4.8 6 8.5 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 4 4.3 5.5 7.3 1.2 3.6 3.6 4.8 6.7 1.8 & UP 3 3 4.3 6

3.6 m WIDE MODELS - SINGLE FAN SIDED UNIT LENGTH (m) to 3.6 5.5 7.3 11 0 4.8 5.5 7 9.7 UNIT ELEVATION - (m) 0.6 4.6 4.8 6 8.2 1.2 4.3 4.3 5.5 7.6 1.8 & UP 3.3 3.3 4.8 7
LARGE INSTALLATION - UNITS END-TO-END

Figure 44

For installations where the units are laid out back-to-back, the best orientation of the prevailing wind is shown in Figure 45.

MINIMUM DISTANCE D2 UNITS WITH AIR INLETS FACING EACH OTHER

Table 7 *Note: The length for the LR end air inlet unit includes the casing section only, not the entire unit length. If there is not enough room to meet the minimum distances given in Table 7, the use of tapered discharge hoods may provide a good solution. These hoods should be designed as previously described, i.e. a minimum of 0.9 m tall with an exit air velocity between 6 and 7.5 m/s. The distances in Table 7 can be reduced 20%. However, the spacing between the fan inlets even with discharge hoods, cannot be less than the minimums shown at the top of the next column.

LARGE INSTALLATION - UNITS BACK-TO-BACK

Figure 45

15

Special Enclosures
Many times cooling towers are installed in an enclosure. These installations require special consideration of the unit layout to ensure trouble free operation.

Note: Units with solid bottom panels or inlet sound attenuation, the usable well area is reduced. Only utilize the space in the front of the air inlets.

Louvered Wall Enclosures

Forced draft units can also be installed in enclosures with louvered or slotted walls and an open top (Figure 47). With this type of enclosure, the air flow patterns will be a mixture of the open type and well installations. The inlet air will be drawn down from the top and through the louvers or slotted openings. Since the air will follow the path of least resistance, the pressure drop through the louvers will determine how much air is drawn from both areas. To minimize the potential for recirculation, it is better to draw most of the air in through the louvers. Therefore, it is important that the louvers are designed for minimum pressure drop. To achieve
this goal, the air velocity through the louvers should be maintained at or below 3 m/s, the louvers should have a minimum of 50% net free area and the air inlet should face the louvers.

Solid Wall Enclosures or Wells

One typical enclosure situation is a unit installed in a well (Figure 46). When considering a single unit adjacent to a solid wall enclosure or well, the D1 dimension found in Table 6, page 13 must be used as an ABSOLUTE minimum. The cooling tower should be oriented so that the air flows uniformly to the air inlets and the area on the fan side is maximized. The air discharge of the unit must be level with or higher than the surrounding walls. In the well type enclosure, all the air must be brought down from above and can be susceptible to recirculation. Field experience has demonstrated that the downward velocity of the supply air must be kept BELOW 1.5 m/s to avoid the effects of recirculation. The downward air velocity within some enclosures may exceed the maximum 1.5 m/s. In these situations, a tapered discharge hood can be used allowing the maximum downward air velocity to be increased from 1.5 to 2.3 m/s. To calculate the downward air velocity, the total air flow for the unit is divided by the usable well area. The usable well area (shaded portion of Figures 46 & 46a) is the area around the unit from which air can be drawn. For towers with a single fan sided air inlet, Figure 46, the usable well area includes the space in front of the unit extending up to 1.8 m on each end plus half of the unit width in depth. The usable well area for towers with a single end air inlet, Figure 46a, includes the space in front of the air inlet extending up to 1.8 m from each side.

The first step in checking a louvered type enclosure is to treat it as a well enclosure and calculate the downward air velocity assuming that all the air comes down from the top. If the downward air velocity is equal to or less than 1.5 m/s, then the louvered enclosure will work regardless of the size of the louvers.

LOUVERED WALL ENCLOSURE WITH FRONT LOUVERS

Figure 47

Figure 34

WELL INSTALLATION

Figure 46

Note: Units with air inlets on two sides may require louvers on both the front and back wall of the enclosure. If the downward air velocity into the enclosure is greater than 1.5 m/s, then another formula is used. This formula, proven by years of field experience, assumes that ALL of the air is drawn through the louvers. The total air flow (m3/s) for the unit is divided by the net free louver area (m2). The resultant air velocity must be BELOW 3 m/s. The installation must also meet the minimum fan inlet to louver dimension (D3) as shown in Table 8 on page 17 and the minimum space requirements for maintenance as shown on page 19.

Figure 34a Figure 34b

WELL INSTALLATION

Figure 46a

16

Table 8
MINIMUM DISTANCE D3 FROM LOUVERS TO FAN INLETS TYPE OF UNIT 0.9 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet 1.5 and 2.4 m Wide Models - LR - End Air Inlet 1.2 and 1.5 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided 2.4 and 3 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided 3.6 m Wide Models - Single Fan Sided DISTANCE (m) 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.1

Indoor Installations
Occasionally, centrifugal fan cooling towers are installed indoors where they normally require ductwork to and from the unit. In these instances, the fan motor size and fan speed must be increased due to the external static pressure imposed by the ductwork. Most centrifugal fan towers can handle up to 125 Pa of external static pressure by increasing the fan motor one size with a corresponding increase in fan speed. For cases where external static pressure exceeds 125 Pa, the tower manufacturer should be consulted. In all cases, the manufacturer must be advised what external static pressure the unit will be subjected to so that the fan motors and drives can be properly sized. The outside air for the unit can travel from a louver or slotted opening either through ductwork or by having the room act as a plenum. In the second case, where the room is acting like a plenum (Figure 50), the air velocity through the louvers feeding air to the unit should be limited to a maximum of 4 m/s. When a room is used as a plenum, other equipment may be located in front of the air inlets. This equipment should not be closer than the minimum distances shown below.

Grating Over Well

There are times that grating may be installed on top of an enclosure. The discharge area of the cooling tower must not be covered by any grating. If the grating covers the top of the unit, recirculation will occur, as shown in Figure 48. The correct method is to install the unit so that its discharge is above the grating, as shown in Figure 49.

INCORRECT

Single Fan Sided Units 1.2 and 1.5 Wide Models 2.4 and 3 Wide Models 3.6 Wide Models LR - End Air Inlet Units 0.9 Wide Models1.5 Wide x 1.8 Long Models1.5 Wide x 2.7 &3.6 Long Models2.4 Wide Models-

0.9 m 1.5 m 1.8 m

LOUVERED ENCLOSURE WITH GRATING OVER TOP

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.5 m 1.8 m

Figure 48

CORRECT

LOUVERED ENCLOSURE WITH GRATING OVER TOP

INDOOR INSTALLATION WITH ROOM ACTING AS PLENUM

Figure 49 Figure 50

17

When the inlet and discharge air are ducted to and from the unit, it is important to minimize pressure losses in the ductwork by keeping the air velocities low and by avoiding changes in direction whenever possible. The duct should be sized for a maximum of 4 m/s for the inlet air and a maximum of 5 m/s for the discharge air. Any horizontal turns at the unit should be designed by using the 70% rule as shown in Figures 51 and 52. NOTE: Make sure that adequately sized access doors are located in both the inlet and discharge ductwork which will allow the unit to be accessed for maintenance.

Expansions to Existing Systems

Expansions or additions to existing systems present the same concerns as multiple unit installations. However, there are additional concerns that must be evaluated when planning a cooling tower expansion. Since in an expansion the new cooling tower may not be identical to the existing one, it is important to examine the heights of the new and the existing units. Whenever possible, the tops of ALL of the units should be at the same level to avoid recirculation from one unit to another. If the unit heights are different, discharge hoods or structural steel should be used to raise the air discharges of both units to the same level, as shown in Figure 53. If the units are placed with fans facing each other, use the data in Table 7, page 15, which lists the minimum distances (D2) between adjacent fan sections, to obtain the correct unit spacing. If the units are of unequal size, use the Table 7 data for the smaller of the two units and increase the distance by 20%. Another important consideration in a system expansion is the piping to both the existing and new units. For cooling towers piped in parallel, the overflow levels of the new and existing units cold water basins MUST be at the same elevation. This takes precedence over the equal air discharge height requirement. In some cases, straight sided discharge hoods can be used so that the units have approximately the same discharge heights. Equalizer lines must be installed between adjacent units to balance the water levels of the basins during operation. For forced draft condensers and closed circuit coolers, the discharge heights must be at the same elevation. Since each unit has its own independent spray water recirculation system, maintaining the overflow levels of the cold water basins is not necessary.

INDOOR INSTALLATION WITH DUCTWORK

Figure 51

EXPANSION TO AN EXISTING INSTALLATION

Figure 53
INDOOR INSTALLATION WITH DUCTWORK

Figure 52

Note: The length for the LR end air inlet unit includes the casing section only, not the entire unit length.

NOTE: For installations where the minimum recommended distances cannot be maintained, contact your local representative or EVAPCOs Marketing Department for unit selection and layout. Refer to Page 19 for additional information.

18

Other Layout Criteria

In our discussion of locating cooling towers, closed circuit coolers, and condensers, our concern has been to provide adequate fresh air to the unit and minimize the potential for recirculation. However, there are several other criteria which also must be considered before determining the final layout of the units. The cooling tower installation shall provide adequate space for maintenance and the associated piping. Also, in addition to the periodic maintenance items, unit drawings must be reviewed to ensure there is room for any future major repair work. Space should be provided to allow for the replacement of a fan motor, pump, fan, or fan shaft.

Space Requirements for Maintenance

When a unit is located in close proximity to other structures, walls or equipment, there are minimum clearances required for periodic maintenance. Proper access must be provided for: 1) Adjustment and replacement of drive belts 2) Lubrication of motors and bearings 3) Cleaning of the water distribution system 4) Access to the cold water basin for cleaning 5) Access to the pumps of closed circuit coolers and condensers for maintenance. The minimum dimensions for service are shown for forced draft units (Figures 54 & 55) and induced draft counterflow (Figure 56) and crossflow (Figure 57) units and apply for all installations i.e., single units, multiple units, units in enclosures, etc. A unit which is located so that the periodic routine maintenance can be accomplished easily will receive the proper care. A unit that does not have adequate space for maintenance and is hard to service will NOT get proper care which will reduce its performance and useful life.
Figure 56 Figure 43
* SEE TABLES 1 & 2

MINIMUM CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS INDUCED DRAFT COUNTERFLOW UNITS

Figure 44

* SEE TABLE 4

MINIMUM CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS INDUCED DRAFT CROSSFLOW UNITS

Figure 57

Space Requirements for Unit Piping

The piping design for each installation can be an important aspect in locating evaporative cooling equipment. There are two key piping considerations which should always be reviewed. A. Sufficient Unit Elevation The location of a unit is often influenced by the piping design. Adequate unit elevation is required to prevent pump cavitation and provide free drainage of the water from the cold water basin. When locating an evaporative condenser, the height required for piping is particularly important. Unit elevation must be sufficient to provide adequate height for the trapped liquid line and the sloping of the drain line leading to the high pressure receiver. For additional information concerning refrigeration pipe sizing and layout, see EVAPCO Bulletin 130A Piping Evaporative Condensers. B. Spacing for Future Expansion Space for piping of additional units should be reserved in the initial plan. When installing a single unit, it is important to consider where additional units would be placed and locate the single unit so that future expansion will be as simple as possible. If the expansion is planned in the near future, it is normally more economical to install branch connections with valves during the initial installation rather than with the expansion. Not only should room for piping the future unit be considered but, also the layout should be treated as a multiple unit installation with the required spacing that will allow proper airflow for the existing and possible future units.i

* SEE TABLE 6

MINIMUM CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS FORCED DRAFT UNITS (SINGLE FAN SIDED)

Figure 54

Figure 54
* SEE TABLE 6

MINIMUM CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS FORCED DRAFT UNITS (LR - END AIR INLET)

Figure 55

19

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03-01 - V00D - Q1K