Review of Network Technologies: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Review of Network Technologies: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Review of Network Technologies: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Why?
Better connectivity Better communication Better sharing of resources Bring people together
Slower
Hosts may be widely dispersed Expensive Across campuses Across cities / countries/ continents
WAN
Typical speeds 64 Kbps to 8 Mbps Typical cost 30 lakhs (recurring cost)
Circuit Switching
A dedicated communication path is required between two stations.
The path follows a fixed sequence of intermediate links. A logical channel gets defined on each physical link. Dedicated to the connection. B A C E G H D F
Packet Switching
Modern form of long-distance data communication.
Network resources are not dedicated. A link can be shared.
Message
PACKETS
Analogy:
Telephone system.
Datagram Approach
Basic concept:
No route is established beforehand. Each packet is transmitted as an independent entity. Does not maintain any history.
Analogy:
Postal system.
Problems:
Packets may be delivered out of order. If a node crashes momentarily, all of its queued packets are lost. Duplicate packets may also be generated.
Comparative Study
Three types of delays must be considered:
Propagation Delay Time taken by a data signal to propagate from one node to the next. Transmission Time Time taken to send out a packet by the transmitter. Processing Delay Time taken by a node to process a packet.
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Circuit Switching
After initial circuit establishment, data bits sent continuously without any delay.
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Objective:
Systematic approach to design. Changes in one layer should not require changes in other layers.
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Host-to-host
Session Transport Network Datalink Physical
Point-to-point
Layer Functions
Physical
Transmit raw bit stream over a physical medium.
Data Link
Reliable transfer of frames over a point-topoint link (flow control, error control).
Network
Establishing, maintaining and terminating connections. Routes packets through point-to-point links.
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Session
Manages sessions.
Presentation
Provides data independence.
Application
Interface point for user applications.
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Internetworking Devices
Hub
Extends the span of a single LAN.
Backbone: Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet DN: Switched Ethernet, Bus-based Ethernet
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Connecting a Computer to DN
Backbone Requires a network interface card (NIC). Connection through switch/hub. Typical scenario is shown.
Ethernet Switch
Hub
Hub
DN
VSAT
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