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Chapter 11 PDF

This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

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61 views

Chapter 11 PDF

This document summarizes key concepts about drag and lift from fluid mechanics. It discusses how drag can be separated into form and skin friction components. It examines the drag of two-dimensional bodies like flat plates and uses dimensional analysis to show drag is a function of variables like velocity, length, density, viscosity, and compressibility. The drag coefficient increases for transonic and supersonic flows compared to incompressible flows due to the formation of shock waves.

Uploaded by

teknikpembakaran2013
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999


1
Chapter 11: Drag and Lift

11.1 Basic Considerations

Recall separation of drag components into form and skin-
friction


( )

'


S
w
S
2
D
dA i

t dA i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
C
Dp
C
f


( )

'


dA j

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
S
2
L


c
t
<< 1 C
f
> > C
Dp
streamlined body

c
t
1 C
Dp
> > C
f
bluff body

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
2
11.2 Drag of 2-D Bodies

First consider a flat plate both parallel and normal to the
flow



( ) 0 i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C
S
2
Dp

S
w
2
f
dA i

t
A V
2
1
1
C

=
2 / 1
L
Re
33 . 1
laminar flow

=
5 / 1
L
Re
074 .
turbulent flow



where C
p
based on experimental data


vortex wake
typical of bluff body flow
flow pattern
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
3












57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
4
( )


S
2
Dp
dA i

n p p
A V
2
1
1
C

=

S
p
dA C
A
1


= 2 using numerical integration of experimental data


C
f
= 0


For bluff body flow experimental data used for c
D
.

In general, Drag = f(V, L, , , c, t, , T, etc.)
from dimensional analysis

c/L

,
_

. etc , T ,
L
,
L
t
, Ar Re, f
A V
2
1
Drag
C
2
D


scale factor




57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
5
Potential Flow Solution:

,
_



sin
r
a
r U
2


2 2
U
2
1
p V
2
1
p

+ +


2
2 2
r
2
p
U
u u
1
U
2
1
p p
C


( )
2
p
sin 4 1 a r C surface pressure
r
u
r
1
u
r

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11


Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
6


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
7

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
8

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
9

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
10

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
11








57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
12

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
13



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
14



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
15
< 0.3 flow is incompressible,
i.e., constant
11.7 Effect of Compressibility on Drag: C
D
= C
D
(Re, Ma)

a
U
Ma


speed of sound = rate at which infinitesimal
disturbances are propagated from their
source into undisturbed medium

Ma < 1 subsonic
Ma 1 transonic (=1 sonic flow)
Ma > 1 supersonic
Ma >> 1 hypersonic

C
D
increases for Ma 1 due to shock waves and wave drag

Ma
critical
(sphere) .6

Ma
critical
(slender bodies) 1

For U > a: upstream flow is not warned of approaching
disturbance which results in the formation of
shock waves across which flow properties
and streamlines change discontinuously







57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 11
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999
16

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