Economic and Social Council: United Nations
Economic and Social Council: United Nations
Economic and Social Council: United Nations
NATIONS E
Distr.
Economic and Social GENERAL
Council E/CN.4/2000/10
27 September 1999
Original: ENGLISH
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2 3
A. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6 3
C. Killings/executions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - 42 8
G. Destruction of property . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 - 70 13
GE.99-15803 (E)
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 2
CONTENTS (continued)
Paragraphs Page
H. Confiscation of property . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 - 74 14
A. Return to Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 - 83 16
E. OHCHR-Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 17
A. Return of refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 - 91 18
Introduction
1. The situation of human rights in Kosovo has lately been the subject of
continuous attention of the members of the Commission on Human Rights and the
international community. At the outset of the crisis, in March 1999, the
High Commissioner dispatched a personal envoy to the area along with
Mr. Jiri Dienstbier, the Special Rapporteur. The High Commissioner also
established the Kosovo Emergency Operation (KEO) with deployments in Albania,
the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Podgorica (Montenegro, Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)). The purpose of these deployments was to
register concern for the human rights situation then prevailing in Kosovo and
to gather first-hand information about those violations for the purpose of
accountability. During the fifty-fifth session of the Commission, the High
Commissioner submitted weekly reports as the situation evolved. Since the end
of the Commission, she has also visited the area on two occasions.
A. Methodology
5. From the moment they left their houses to the moment they crossed the
border to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or Albania, refugees lived
an odyssey through the mountains and villages of Kosovo, witnessing and/or
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 4
6. The use of the database has been crucial to identifying all the
interview records referring to the same events, comparing them with each other
and obtaining a reliable reconstruction of the facts.
7. Human rights violations were among the root causes of the mass exodus of
more than 1 million ethnic Albanians from Kosovo. Out of 273 refugees
interviewed, only 1 reportedly left his village out of fear of North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) bombs, while all the others described how they were
compelled, either by direct violence or by intimidation, to leave their homes.
1. Pristina
10. In the majority of cases Albanians were expelled from their apartments
during house-to-house raids conducted by Serb forces. Many interviewees
reported being escorted to the railway station and then forced onto trains
heading for the border. It appears that a corridor was left open by Serb
forces for people to flee to the Golak and Lap regions, with some people even
being ordered to flee in that direction. Some interviewees estimated that
more than 100,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) headed for these regions
from the municipalities of Pristina and Podujevo. In mid-April, Serb forces
undertook a major offensive in these regions, well known for being strongholds
of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The inhabitants and the large IDP
population were targeted directly and the attacks resulted in a large number
of civilian casualties. 3
11. The inhabitants of the Golak and Lap regions, together with IDPs, were
forced by these attacks to head for Pristina. When IDPs reached Pristina, the
police ordered Podujevo residents to go back to their homes while the other
IDPs were allowed to remain. Many of them eventually decided to go by train
or by bus from Kosovo Polje to the border of the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia owing to harassment, intimidation and abuse by groups of Serb police
and paramilitary personnel.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 5
2. Podujevo
3. Mitrovica
14. The Ibar river divides the town of Mitrovica in half: the northern side
was predominantly Serb, the southern predominantly Albanian. IDPs interviewed
by OHCHR described a system of ill-treatment of Mitrovica’s Albanian
population that combined wholesale violence, harassment, and a uniquely
strategic process to support intimidation and forced expulsion. During the
war food was available only on the northern or “Serb” side of the city, and
the road to obtain food, narrowed to one path because of the bridge, was a
gauntlet of attack and humiliation.
16. From the beginning of May onwards, paramilitary troops started raiding
Albanian homes in Mitrovica and surrounding villages. People were rounded up
in large numbers and young men were arrested, detained, interrogated, and some
eventually deported by bus to Albania.
4. Orahovac
17. A few days before the beginning of the NATO air campaign, paramilitary
groups launched an offensive against several villages in the municipality of
Orahovac. Attacks intensified towards the end of March. During the offensive
inhabitants and IDPs sheltering in the area were forcibly evicted from their
homes and, in some instances, ordered under threat to leave for Albania. IDPs
were then escorted to the border or forced into buses going to Prizren, from
where they were ordered to walk the remaining distance to the border.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 6
5. Lipljan
19. In mid-April, army and police forces together with local Serbs started
an offensive against several villages in the area. 7 Serb forces
systematically burned down Albanian houses. Local Serbs painted the symbol of
Serb unity 8 on the walls of Serb-owned houses in Slovinje to have them spared
from arson.
6. Urosevac
7. Suva Reka
8. Glogovac
9. Srbica
24. At the end of March, Serb military forces undertook joint offensives
throughout the municipality of Srbica. Villages were shelled by military
forces and then entered and set on fire by police and paramilitary groups.
Inhabitants of several villages 16 fled to Cirez, where a large number of IDPs
from the municipality of Glogovac had already taken shelter. Serb forces
surrounded, shelled and eventually entered Cirez. IDPs were gathered into
columns and forced to head for Glogovac escorted by Serb forces.
25. Serb forces used the same tactics in other villages 17 of Srbica
municipality: inhabitants were forced to the mountains and to the villages of
Rakitnica and Tusilje. At the end of March, Serb forces entered these
villages and forced a group of IDPs to Prizren, from where they were taken to
Albania by bus, while another group of IDPs was ordered to head back to
Tusilje. The IDP population continued to increase in Tusilje. In mid-April,
Serb forces once again stormed the village and forced inhabitants and IDPs to
walk in columns to Prizren, from where they were brought to the border by bus.
A large number of men from the municipality were brought to Mitrovica for
interrogation before being eventually taken to the Albanian border-crossing
point.
10. Kacanik
27. The KLA was reportedly present in the town of Kacanik when the NATO
campaign was launched. Serb police forces and paramilitary groups searched
the town for KLA activists and other Albanian intellectuals. As a result of
these activities and the general climate of violence in town, a large 19 number
of people fled to a KLA-controlled area north of Kacanik. At the end of
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 8
March, Kacanik was attacked from the north and south by the army and the
police. The attack lasted for some days and resulted in a large number of
civilian casualties and in a mass exodus of civilians to the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia.
11. Djakovica
28. From 24 March until 2 April, special police action, originating from
Djakovica itself, drove Albanian residents towards the periphery and towards
villages in the south, as well as towards Prizren. From 3 April until 6 May,
IDPs were driven further towards Albania by the police. On 7 May, a Serbian
offensive began in Cabrat, which eyewitness testimony described as a
combination of special police and paramilitary activity, characterized by mass
arrests and detention of military-age men, including teenagers, burning of
homes, and summary executions in house-to-house actions. From 7 May until
14 June, Djakovica was completely blockaded, its population driven into
concentrated areas within the city, whereupon the police conducted mass
registration of residents and began selected arrests.
C. Killings/executions
29. The displacement and expulsion of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo occurred
in a climate of lawlessness and total disregard for human life and dignity
which resulted in an extremely high level of violence.
32. About 10 per cent of the cases reported refer to orchestrated actions
conducted by military, police and paramilitary forces in order to gather
crowds of fleeing Kosovo Albanians in specific locations where the latter were
subsequently robbed and executed. 21
33. Almost one third of the cases reported refer to random executions of
civilians perpetrated mainly by police and paramilitary forces. In many
instances, men of military age were killed at police checkpoints upon
presentation of their identification documents, because they had come from
areas believed to be KLA strongholds. When villages and towns were besieged,
civilians became victims of appalling acts of violence at the hands of Serbian
military, police and paramilitary forces. In these circumstances, many
individuals were reportedly robbed, questioned, tortured and, in some cases,
killed in their own houses. 22
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 9
34. Kosovo Albanians were also targeted by virtue of their real or supposed
affiliation with political associations or because they were believed to
support NATO intervention in Kosovo. 23
39. One case of execution of an ethnic Albanian by the KLA was reported to
OHCHR-KEO. The man was suspected of collaborating with Serb forces and was
killed at a KLA checkpoint close to Kacanik the day after he had allegedly
buried bodies of KLA soldiers killed in fighting against Serb forces.
40. The corpses of executed Kosovo Albanians were either buried by civilians
(sometimes upon explicit demand by the perpetrators) or KLA soldiers, or taken
away by Serbian forces. In other instances Serb forces reportedly returned to
the place of massacres, dug out bodies previously buried in secret by
civilians and took them away. Many refugees declared having observed tractors
or trucks carrying piles of dead bodies driven by Serbian police to unknown
destinations. OHCHR heard testimonies and saw evidence of deliberate burning
of bodies, while on different occasions Serb forces were observed digging mass
graves. 28 Romas were reportedly often involved in the transport and burial of
corpses. 29
41. The majority of the killings documented were allegedly carried out by
paramilitary and police forces with the cooperation or complicity of the army.
However, in a few cases, police officers reportedly stopped paramilitary
forces from committing crimes and cruelties against ethnic Albanians. 30
Paramilitary groups and special police units were described as wearing
camouflage or black uniforms, gloves, black masks, and some of them wore red
scarfs and had shaved heads and wore a red insignia with a white eagle on
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 10
44. Both women and children were victims of killings and executions. In
particular, several cases were reported in which women died as a result of
indiscriminate shootings into crowds of civilians, while in a few reported
cases women were picked out of convoys and executed. Children have been
deliberately targeted in several circumstances. 32
46. Children and women have also been victims of episodes of discrimination:
for example, women giving birth were denied medical assistance and injured
children were refused treatment.
48. In some instances, women were reportedly raped in their houses when
their villages were under siege. 37 In other cases women were taken away and
raped by Serb soldiers after attacks on groups of IDPs. Cases of rape on the
train to the border or at the railway station in Pristina 38 were also
reported. Allegedly a woman was raped by a paramilitary soldier at the
hospital in Gnjilane where she was being treated for injuries suffered in a
grenade explosion. In several reported cases women were asked to hand over
money and other valuables in order not to be sexually abused.
52. Men of military age throughout Kosovo were often separated from their
families and detained on mere speculation of being KLA members, KLA
collaborators, or with the simple aim of obtaining information. In many
cases, mass arrests of men followed Serb military offensives against Albanian
villages. Inhabitants and IDPs were encircled by Serb forces in their
villages, or intercepted as they tried to flee, and captured. They were
detained for a brief period at assembly points, sometimes transported to
detention centres and eventually jailed for longer periods in regional
prisons.
53. Large numbers of men were captured by paramilitary groups and special
police forces during mopping-up operations against villages 40 in the
municipalities of Glogovac and Srbica. The mosque in Cirez 41 functioned as an
assembly point. At the end of April, these men were escorted by Serb troops
to Glogovac, transported to the police station in Pristina and then to a
location known as “Building 92”. Prisoners were eventually transferred to the
prison in Lipljan. Some men were released and deported to the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia on 30 May.
54. Some of the detainees stated that they were charged with terrorism while
still in Pristina, while others claim to have been forced to sign confessions.
55. The arrest and detention of men from the municipalities of Podujevo,
Pristina and eastern parts of Vucitrn followed a slightly different pattern,
although the purposes of detention seem to have been the same as mentioned
above. Mass arrests of men occurred in locations where large convoys of IDPs
were expected to move in an attempt to escape heavy bombardment or mopping-up
operations. Especially during the month of April, large numbers of men were
arrested and detained in the villages of Lukare and Grastica. 42 Large IDP
convoys 43 were at that time heading for Pristina escorted by paramilitary
groups. Convoys were blocked by special police and detained for hours,
sometimes for days. During this time paramilitary troops searched people for
valuables and interrogated men. Many men were not released and their fate is
unknown.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 12
56. Serb special police troops maintained a checkpoint near Pristina, in the
village of Vrani Do, where Albanian men were separated from their families and
held back in large numbers. 44 Interrogation of the detainees took place in a
designated house near the road. Family members were forced by the police to
continue towards Pristina. After hours of interrogation the prisoners were
taken in buses to Pristina and detained further in “Building 92” or released.
Eventually some detainees were transferred to the prison in Lipljan.
57. The Albanian population of Vucitrn town and adjacent villages was
forcibly gathered in a field, where men were separated from women, children
and the elderly and taken by bus to a jail in the village of Smrekovnica. In
a similar incident inhabitants were gathered in an agricultural cooperative
and subsequently taken to the same detention centre.
60. A group of young men were reportedly captured after an offensive against
a village in the municipality of Urosevac. The men were subjected to forced
labour and detained near Serb troops as human shields. Ethnic Albanians were
allegedly used as human shields also in the village of Stutica, near Glogovac
town, in mid-April. In some villages in the municipality of Vitina, there
were reports of people held in “house arrest” as human shields to protect Serb
military vehicles and tanks. Reportedly, large columns of IDPs were escorted
by Serb paramilitary troops and police from Mitrovica to Albania and then some
of the IDPs were compelled to head back in order to “protect” with their
bodies military convoys from NATO bombs.
61. Sixty-nine per cent of the refugees interviewed stated that they had
witnessed or personally suffered torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment at the hands of Serb forces.
63. Several refugees reported severe beatings with wooden and metal poles in
“Building 92” in Pristina. Detainees were taken to different locations in
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 13
64. Some of the detainees were transferred to the prison in Lipljan, where
similar treatment was inflicted on them. Corroborating statements describe
how a former Serb criminal, working as a barber in the prison of Lipljan,
continuously beat and harassed the prisoners.
G. Destruction of property
70. Many Kosovo Albanians had their personal documents torn apart by Serb
troops during the eviction, at police checkpoints, at the border or elsewhere
in the course of searches by police, army or paramilitary forces. It appears
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 14
that all of these acts of destruction were aimed at preventing Albanians from
returning to and resuming life in their places of residence. The destruction
of property was apparently not solely an act of vandalism but an attempt at
wiping out signs of the presence of the Albanian population in Kosovo, as well
as its national and cultural identity.
H. Confiscation of property
72. Serb police and paramilitary groups intercepted large groups of IDPs and
forced them to surrender money, jewellery, cars, tractors and other valuables
at gunpoint. Paramilitary groups occasionally stabbed or shot IDPs who failed
to meet their demands and threatened to kill hostages captured on the spot if
family members could not pay the demanded amount of money. 49
74. Abandoned Albanian houses were systematically and extensively looted for
movable property. As the Albanian population fled their villages, Serb
infantry systematically loaded goods onto trucks before setting houses on
fire. In some instances Roma civilians allegedly assisted Serb forces in
transporting confiscated goods.
75. OHCHR has to date been unable to gather reliable and impartial
information on the role played by the KLA during the 11 weeks of the NATO
campaign. However, from interviews conducted by OHCHR-KEO it appears that
during that period, the KLA was actively involved in fighting against Serbian
forces in several areas of Kosovo. Moreover, in some instances civilians
allegedly sought KLA protection by resettling close to KLA positions, and KLA
soldiers moved to urban areas or fled the country by mingling with crowds of
displaced civilians. This circumstance might have negatively affected the
attitude of Serbian forces towards civilians. At this stage it is impossible
to determine whether and to what extent the “KLA factor” weighed upon the
events which took place in Kosovo.
76. Outside Kosovo, the NATO air strikes were especially intensive in and
around the densely populated centres of Vojvodina, southern Serbia, and in
Belgrade itself. Several city centres suffered from missile or cluster
bombs attacks. Repeated attacks on Nis resulted on 7 May in the deaths of
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 15
15 civilians when cluster bombs exploded over the city market and central
hospital. In Aleksinac, 12 civilians were killed and more than 40 wounded
when bombs struck downtown housing blocks and commercial premises on 5 April.
In Novi Pazar, 13 were killed and 35 wounded in an attack that destroyed
25 buildings in the city's residential centre. Many civilians, including
27 children, died in repeated strikes to Surdulica and Kursumlija. 50 Strikes
on bridges and means of transportation resulted in the deaths of 55 persons on
a passenger train travelling through Grdelica gorge (12 April); 60 persons
when a bus was hit on a bridge near Luzani (1 May); 20 persons when a bus
travelling between Pec and Rozaje was hit (3-4 May). Large convoys moving
through Kosovo were attacked by air, resulting in the deaths of 87 IDPs at
Korisa on 14 May; exactly one month earlier, 75 persons, including
19 children, died when missiles struck refugee columns on the
Djakovica-Prizren road.
78. During the war, the formal declaration of martial law gave men in
uniform, specifically officials of the Ministry of the Interior, vast powers
over most areas of civil activity. Moreover, even in areas where such power
was not formally extended to the military by the civil authorities, OHCHR
noted that Yugoslav Army and Serbian police either took or were granted
effective control. The Republic of Montenegro did not recognize the
declaration of martial law, but actions by the Yugoslav Army on the territory
of Montenegro challenged and threatened civil authority in that Republic. 51
80. In the Republic of Serbia federal authorities were denied the immunity
of elected or appointed officials by attempts to mobilize them, and the army
further moved to arrest several officials in Serbia and Montenegro for
refusing mobilization notices. Changes to the Law on Criminal Procedure
removed many legal protections of the accused and substituted expedited
procedures that allowed, for example, for searches without prior warrants, and
police investigations without prior request of the court or State prosecutor.
A. Return to Kosovo
86. Mr. Jiri Dienstbier, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation
of human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, visited Kosovo from 7 to 12 July 1999. During
his visit, the Special Rapporteur met with representatives of the newly
established United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo, and OSCE and KFOR
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 17
88. The senior human rights adviser, Mr. William O'Neill, who arrived in
Pristina on 2 September 1999, will ensure that priority is given to the
establishment of institutions and infrastructures for the promotion and
protection of human rights in Kosovo, especially the rights of minority
groups.
E. OHCHR-Kosovo
Sharing information, through the OHCHR database, with the United Nations
human rights mechanisms for follow-up action;
A. Return of refugees
90. Immediately after the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and the end
of NATO bombardments, Kosovo refugees spontaneously and massively started
returning to their homes. According to UNHCR figures, as of 24 August 1999,
more than 761,000 Kosovars had returned to Kosovo while 6,800 Kosovars
remained in Albania, 19,000 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
8,000 in Montenegro and 11,400 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
91. UNHCR estimates that about 50,000 refugees in the region are awaiting
repatriation and that of the returned refugees, 500,000 lack appropriate
accommodation for the winter.
92. When the return of refugees to Kosovo began, it became clear immediately
that Serbs, Roma and other ethnic minorities in Kosovo, as well as Albanians
perceived as “collaborators”, would be the new victims of revenge and ethnic
hatred. 53 It also soon appeared that KFOR and UNMIK would face immense
difficulties in protecting these new vulnerable groups.
94. The reason for this exodus lies in fear, killings, kidnapping, looting
of properties, evictions, widespread burning of villages as well as cultural,
historical and religious monuments, and other forms of intimidation.
and other areas where Serbs, often elderly, are retreating to Orthodox Church
institutions after harassment, looting or attempted burning of their property.
97. In Mitrovica, Serbs are concentrating in the northern part of town and
further north towards Serbia proper in the municipality of Leposavic. All
Roma are reported to have left the Albanian part of Mitrovica. Continuing
tension in Mitrovica, which presents a Mostar-style divided city patrolled by
French units of KFOR, has resulted in repeated confrontations between Serbs
and Albanians, apparently fueled, at least in part, by excessive media
presence.
98. Given the precarious security situation, many Serbs and Romas have
virtually no freedom of movement and are essentially prisoners in their own
homes, unable to go out for food, medical care or other needs. This desperate
situation has resulted, in some circumstances, in the need for humanitarian
evacuation out of Kosovo.
99. OHCHR visited the Orthodox seminary in the centre of Prizren where
approximately 180 local Serbs including injured persons, had taken refuge,
some more than a month previously. Some Albanians in mixed marriages and
about 30 Roma had also taken refuge there. The seminary is heavily guarded by
KFOR. On 2 August, UNHCR evacuated 88 Kosovo Serbs to Serbia. UNHCR and KFOR
are transporting Serbs still living in their homes to the seminary, and in
some cases advising others to move there. Approximately 120 Serbs remain
living in their own homes in Prizren. Of those sheltering in monasteries,
some are waiting to see if the situation calms down, while others have already
decided to be evacuated if international agencies agree that their case meets
the criteria for humanitarian evacuation.
100. OHCHR receives frequent requests from family or friends in Belgrade and
other areas of Serbia for information about the whereabouts and assistance
with evacuation of Serbs, particularly elderly parents, from Kosovo to Serbia
proper. Serbs and Montenegrins in Kosovo who want to visit family in Serbia
or Montenegro are fearful of travelling either by public transport or private
vehicle owing to security concerns. Family members from outside Kosovo are
similarly fearful of visiting their relatives in Kosovo owing to the tense
security situation.
101. Minority ethnic groups have become victims of human rights abuses in
today's Kosovo. From a first assessment of the situation made by OHCHR, it
appears that some individuals have been carefully targeted for revenge -
indeed, that life and career histories have, over time, been assembled, based
on rumour or fact or unsubstantiated allegation, in a systematic selection of
individual victims or groups of victims. This follows the same pattern used
by Serbian authorities in targeting influential members of the Kosovo Albanian
community. Other individuals are being targeted on suspicion of “complicity”
in gross violations of human rights, 55 while some of the reported incidents
seem to be fishing operations directed at Serbs for being Serbs. 56 However,
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 20
1. Murder
103. As of 14 August, 280 murders had been confirmed by KFOR to have been
committed in Kosovo since 15 June. The brutal massacre of 14 Serbian farmers,
women and children in the village of Staro Gracko, Lipljan municipality, on
23 July 1999 represents the most appalling crime committed since KFOR and
UNMIK were deployed in Kosovo. In Klokot, unidentified attackers fired mortar
rounds in August killing a 14-year-old girl and a 16-year-old boy. On
15 August, an elderly woman was beaten to death in her flat in the centre of
Pristina; on 2 August, a woman and her 10-year-old daughter witnessed the
murder of her elderly father in their flat in Pristina.
2. Evictions
104. Kosovar Serbs and other minorities continue to be forcibly evicted from
their places of residence. The methods employed vary from physical force and
harassment to those which evidence an attempt to ensure the legal loss of the
property under a subsequent property scheme. One such example in Pristina,
which unfortunately echoes schemes used in other parts of the Balkans, is the
forced signature of a document transferring the property ownership or
occupancy to person or persons who seize the property under threat. 57 KLA
“military police” are called to respond to cases of eviction and in the
absence of clear civil law and ownership use their own methods for resolving
the dispute.
105. In Pristina and Prizren, houses presumably owned by Serbs 58 which have
been destroyed either by fire or explosion have been razed and all traces
removed within days of the destruction. This complete destruction of the
housing structure not only eliminates evidence of a crime, but will likely
frustrate the ability of the owner to make a property claim, particularly
given the likelihood that a new structure will be constructed on the lot in
the interim. Such activities appear to go on outside the effective control of
UNMIK as the civil authority and under normal circumstances could only be
sanctioned by the local governing authorities. In Prizren, however, UNMIK is
attempting to exert its authority by taking action against illegal
construction.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 21
3. Rape
106. Several cases of rape, including of elderly women, have been reported to
OHCHR. OHCHR visited a 61-year-old Serb woman who had been raped in Pristina.
She stated that she remained in Pristina because she believed that her honesty
and her age would be respected. On 15 July, one person entered her flat,
grabbed her by the hair and put a pistol to her head. Three other men also
entered the apartment. She was pushed to the floor of her kitchen and hit
with a gun several times, and she was raped by two of the men.
4. Kidnapping
108. In Pristina, the bodies of kidnap and subsequent murder victims tend to
be found in the same parts of town and evidence similar forensic patterns,
leading police to believe that the same perpetrators are involved. In
Mitrovica, the military police report that none of the recent kidnap victims
have been found alive. OHCHR has conducted interviews with several women who
have taken refuge in the Orthodox Church Patriarchy in Pec concerning the
kidnapping of their male family members. In the Djakovica area, OHCHR
conducted similar interviews with family members, including an interview
concerning the abduction of a 16-year-old mentally disabled Roma boy.
According to OSCE, 59 kidnappings in the Gnjilane and Orahovac areas “are
beginning to form a disturbing pattern”.
109. KFOR has located some detention centres maintained and controlled by the
KLA. At least two of them, in Prizren and Gnijlane, were described as
containing instruments of torture.
110. KFOR has also reported that young Albanian women have been abducted near
Gnjilane, by what is believed to be a trafficking ring which forces the women
into prostitution.
112. Although the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
(ICTY), the International Commission on Missing Persons in the Former
Yugoslavia, ICRC and others have been working together to provide information
to families, a special effort will be needed not just to gather information
that can be useful for identification purposes, but to provide counselling and
support to family members.
113. In response to the arrest and detention of persons by KFOR, and in the
absence of a functioning judiciary in Kosovo, the Special Representative of
the Secretary-General, Mr. Bernard Kouchner, adopted emergency decrees
establishing a Joint Advisory Council on Provisional Judicial Appointments
(JAC). JAC is composed of four national judges, including two ethnic
Albanians, one Serb and one Turk, and three international lawyers, including
one from OHCHR. JAC advises the Special Representative on the provisional
appointment of judges, judicial personnel and prosecutors in order to
re-establish an independent and multi-ethnic judiciary.
114. The Pristina district court has travelled around Kosovo to review the
legality of continued detention of persons held by KFOR on suspicion of theft,
looting, arson, murder, rape and other crimes. Since there is only one court
level so far, it is responsible for adjudicating all types of criminal
offences, from minor to serious.
116. The significant number of releases may be a result of the fact that many
persons appear before the tribunals charged with relatively minor offences and
their continued detention is deemed unnecessary, although the criminal
proceeding will continue. There is a concern, however, among KFOR legal
personnel that the judges are overly lenient in granting release. The problem
of KFOR locating witnesses, which it is required to do for detention hearings,
also makes it more likely that release will be ordered or charges dropped.
117. OHCHR has monitored the initial reviews conducted by the mobile
judiciary and visited KFOR detention centres and examined the workings of the
recently appointed judiciary in Pec, Lipjane, Bondsteel (at the United States
KFOR base) and Prizren, attending detention hearings as well as meeting with
court personnel and KFOR military police. As of mid-August, the Prizren court
had heard 17 cases; the proceedings related to the review of the legality of
the detention of persons, mainly Albanians, arrested by KFOR.
118. Three judges have refused to begin their work, protesting the continued
application of Yugoslav law under UNMIK regulation No. 1. Under this
regulation, the law applicable in Kosovo before 24 March 1999 continues to
apply insofar as it does not conflict with internationally recognized
standards, UNMIK regulations or Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). The
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 23
three judges and others contend that the Kosovo Criminal Code, in effect until
the late 1980s, should be applied. In a related matter, some ethnic Albanian
defendants in Bondsteel (where detainees from Gnjilane region are detained)
refuse to speak to the Serbian judge who was assigned for their hearing.
G. Detainees
123. Several hundred Albanians have been expelled from southern Serbia into
the Gnjilane district of Kosovo. In the east, ethnic Albanians from the
Serbian towns of Medvedja, Bujanoc and Preshevo, which lie just beyond the
Kosovo boundary, continue to arrive in Gnjilane. According to the provisional
authorities in Gnjilane, 320 families (3,227 persons) have arrived from these
towns, reporting that they were evicted by Serb police and the Yugoslav Army.
124. Reciprocally, UNHCR reports that approximately 4,000 Serb displaced from
the Gnjilane area have now been registered in the adjoining area of Serbia.
Reportedly, there are some 170,000 Kosovo Serb IDPs inside the FRY. They are
disliked by the Government because they represent the failure of the
Government’s policy in Kosovo and allegedly are being herded around Serbia,
prevented from settling in Belgrade and from registering their children in
school.
125. In the past 10 years 20,000 refugees went to Montenegro from Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 10,000 from Croatia and 70,000 IDPs from Kosovo. Of the 70,000
from Kosovo, 20,000 remain of those who went last year and 8,000 still remain
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 24
from the recent war. Montenegro has taken in far more persons than its
capacities allow. In addition, it has not received the necessary support from
the international community.
127. During the NATO campaign, the Government of President Milo Djukanovic
criticized and opposed Serbia’s ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and, despite
intense pressure from Belgrade, hosted Kosovo refugees. International
observers warn that Montenegro seems to be moving towards independence 63 from
Serbia and that an important minority of Montenegrins would resist this. For
these reasons, the Republic of Montenegro is increasingly considered to be the
likely next site of instability in the Balkans.
128. In the Republic of Serbia, with the lifting of martial law, public
political activity has resumed. Hundreds of thousands of persons have
participated in peaceful demonstrations and petition campaigns in several
locations in Serbia, demanding the ouster of President Milosevic.
129. This report once again confirms that Serb forces committed shocking
crimes during the NATO air campaign which commenced on 24 March 1999. The
High Commissioner continues to believe that it is essential that those
responsible for such criminal violations be brought to justice. In this
respect, OHCHR supports fully the ongoing investigations of the International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. In submitting this consolidated
report, the High Commissioner wishes to stress that the international
community cannot accept that those who are responsible for such terrible
atrocities would go unpunished.
130. As the present report has shown that, alas, the situation of the Serb,
Roma and other minority communities since the withdrawal of Serb forces has
been a painful one. Killings, oppression, harassment, intimidation,
expulsion, rape and other violations continue to take place at an alarming
rate, particularly targeting the non-Albanian communities of Kosovo. This is
a distressing situation for a number of reasons. In the first place, it
cannot be accepted that a campaign to vindicate the rights of the Kosovar
Albanians would be followed by a campaign of atrocities against the Serb, Roma
and other minority communities. In the second place, it is a matter of deep
anguish that international forces present in Kosovo have not yet been able to
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 25
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
133. The High Commissioner calls upon the ICTY, ICRC and OSCE to maintain
their efforts to investigate the fate and whereabouts of missing persons.
134. The international community should support UNHCR and other agencies
engaged in the effort of providing 500,000 Kosovars with proper accommodation
before the onset of winter.
135. The High Commissioner supports UNICEF’s efforts to ensure that all
Kosovar children will be back in school as soon as possible and stresses the
necessity of rebuilding damaged and partially destroyed schools and speeding
up the process of demining.
136. The High Commissioner recommends the rapid deployment of United Nations
police as the key step in guaranteeing respect for law and order and creating
a safe environment for all inhabitants of Kosovo.
are respected. However, the High Commissioner recognizes that priority must
be given to the effort of saving lives of people at risk. In this respect she
supports the humanitarian evacuation programme undertaken by UNHCR but
stresses the necessity of preparing conditions for the safe return of all
displaced Kosovars.
139. The High Commissioner calls upon the population of Kosovo to refrain
from violence and to put an end to attacks against Serbs, Roma and other
minority groups. The High Commissioner calls upon the Albanian leaders to
condemn these acts of violence and invites the KLA to cooperate with UNMIK and
KFOR in investigating such crimes.
140. The High Commissioner calls upon neighbouring countries to provide the
appropriate protection to those fleeing Kosovo in fear of persecution and upon
the Government of FRY to respect the rights of Kosovar IDPs, in accordance
with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, and to protect the
rights of Albanian minority groups.
141. The High Commissioner calls upon the Government of Serbia to provide an
updated list of all detainees transferred from Kosovo, specifying the charges,
if any, under which persons are detained, and to guarantee their families
access to them.
143. As part of the measures necessary to the creation of a safe and secure
environment for all Kosovars, the High Commissioner urges UNMIK to proceed to
the complete demilitarization and disarmament of the KLA.
145. The High Commissioner urges the international community to take all
necessary steps to assess and redress from a broad humanitarian perspective
the effects of the NATO campaign on the civilian population of FRY. In
particular, the High Commissioner urges that similar efforts to those
undertaken in Kosovo be made to ensure that Serbian children can return safely
to school.
146. The High Commissioner also calls upon the international community to pay
particular attention to the situation of human rights in the Republics of
Serbia and Montenegro and to take all the necessary steps to prevent the
outbreak of violence and to strengthen democracy in the region. In this
context, the High Commissioner stresses the importance of designing long-term
strategies for the promotion and protection of human rights in the Balkan
region and of improving coordination and cooperation among international
actors to promote a culture of respect for human rights and tolerance.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 27
Notes
3.In Mramor and Kolic villages many civilians died as a result of this
offensive.
9.Kamena Glava, Zlatare, Staro Selo, Biba and Varos Selo, among others.
23.In Kacanik, local Serbs and police officers prepared a list of all
Albanians affiliated with different political organizations and went house to
house to question them. Some men were killed in the process. An interviewee
indicated that in Djakovica, in the early stage of the bombing campaign,
postal workers provided lists of addresses of targeted groups and individuals.
Concerning Pristina, OHCHR interviewed an eyewitness to the murder of the
Kosovo Albanian lawyer Bajram Kelmendi and his two sons. They were seen being
taken out of two white police jeeps. Mr. Kelmendi was asked to kill one of
his sons and refused to do it, then his older son was asked to kill his father
and he also refused. Then police officers asked Bajram Kelmendi whom they
should kill first, and in spite of the desperate appeal of the lawyer they
shot his two sons dead in front of him, and 30 seconds later they shot him as
well. In Stimlje, a father and son were killed because they had rented their
house to an OSCE officer. In Kosovo Polje two men were stopped at a police
checkpoint while going to repair their television and killed because they were
accused of wanting to watch “NATO air strikes”. In Orahovac a young man was
killed because he had a KLA emblem in his wallet.
24.In the municipality of Gnjilane, on 6 April, five men who had returned to
their village were ordered to lie face down by paramilitary forces and then
shot dead. In Lipljan municipality (Smolusa), after a first round of forced
displacement, a group of inhabitants decided to go back to their homes.
Paramilitary groups and police forces returned to the village and killed them.
Similar events were reported in Vitina, Verban and Stagova.
26.In Grastica, 30 young men were taken out of a convoy and shot dead; in
Kralan, two wounded women were asked to get off a tractor and, since they
couldn’t because of their injuries, they were burned alive on the tractor; in
Kolic, Serb forces fired into a group of IDPs, allegedly killing 91 civilians.
between KLA and Serbs in the area, Serb forces by way of reprisal allegedly
executed 106 persons after having humiliated and mistreated them.
28.The police were seen transporting some 40 bodies in Kosovo Polje in early
April. In Kacanik paramilitary groups and some Romas were observed digging
holes with bulldozers after the massacre at “Racak stream” . In Slovinje,
Lipljan municipality, Serbian forces buried 16 bodies and the day after
ordered the relatives of the executed to exhume the bodies and re-bury them in
a cemetery.
32.In Kacanik, boys as young as 17 were killed; in Bela Crkva three children,
respectively six, four and three years old, were shot dead by Serb forces.
35.Cases of this nature were reported in Vrani Do, Lipljan and Krusha e Made.
36.On 30 June 1999, in Pristina, the High Commissioner for Human Rights met
the Chairperson of the Centre for Protection of Women and Children. The
Chairperson said that the number of unreported cases of rape in Kosovo was
very high. She also said that in Kosovo two different forms of rape were
common: biological rape and gun-rape and that both women and men were
allegedly victims of rape before and during the war.
37.In Cirez, when IDPs were surrounded young women and girls were taken away
for one night by army soldiers. In Vranjevac, a woman was raped in her house
and her husband was killed while trying to protect her. In Kolic,
paramilitary troops, allegedly Arkan's, during the attack against the village
abducted a number of women. In Ponesh, paramilitaries entered a house and
raped a 20-year-old woman in front of her mother.
E/CN.4/2000/10
page 30
38.In Pristina, the departure of one train was delayed for six hours. During
this time, many paramilitaries boarded the train and raped 10-15 young girls
in front of all, including young children.
39.In Gladno Selo, for example, when the village was attacked, many women were
allegedly killed and their ears cut off. In Celine, IDPs were surrounded,
women and men separated, young women separated from older women, and then
beaten and obliged to undress. The ears of at least 20 women were allegedly
mutilated while a lesser number had their fingers severed.
45.Three young men were abducted by Serb paramilitary troops in the hills near
Vrbovac in Glogovac. They were interrogated on the spot and accused of being
KLA members. One of the interviewees was hit on the head with a rifle, the
second victim was stabbed in the arms and the third was shot dead. The two
survivors were later detained in the mosque at Cirez, where the interviewee
and others were severely hit in their kidneys with a wooden stick. In the
city hall, detainees were severely beaten with police batons and metal bars.
Shortly afterwards, they were transported to the police station in Pristina
and detained in “Building 92”. The inhabitants of Vucitrn were rounded up in
a square at the end of May, whereupon some 250 men were separated from the
rest and detained in a sports hall for three days. They were denied food and
water, forced to sit for 10 hours on steps with the upper part of the body
bent down, and given water mixed with diesel fuel.
46.Prisoners were taken in turns to a private house in the city, where their
hands were tested for gun smoke and powder. They were forced to face the wall
with legs spread and kicked in the genitals. They were furthermore hit with
police batons in the limbs and kidneys. Similar treatment occurred in
“Building 92” and the city jail.
47.In Smirkovnica, detainees were given food once a day: 500 g of bread and
some cookies for six persons and 50 litres of water for 500 prisoners. The
interviewee stayed in a cell of 4 x 4 metres together with eight other men,
but having 50 men in one cell was not uncommon. Prisoners were held in cells
for up to 24 hours without being allowed to use the toilet.
51.On 18 April, eight people were killed by Yugoslav Army fire in Kaluderski
Laz, near Rozaje. OHCHR received several reports of military police and
reservists within or immediately outside northern Montenegro stopping civilian
buses and taking away large groups of men before permitting women and children
in the buses to go further. One such group of approximately 102 men was taken
away at Bozaj on 30 May and, after a media and international organization
outcry, was returned to Montenegro along with 56 others the same day. Some of
the men described being robbed and beaten along a gauntlet of army reservists,
after which a group of 10 were forced to engage in sexual acts while others
were made to watch.
53.OHCHR has received reports that “politically suspect” Albanians are being
called in by KLA “police” for “informative talks”.
54.It has been reported to OHCHR that some 10 Bosniaks, primarily elderly,
have been killed by ethnic Albanians, some reportedly in KLA uniforms, in the
vicinity of Pec. There are also reports that Bosniaks have simply gone
missing in the region of Prizren and Klina.
55.The High Commissioner during her visit to Kosovo visited a Roma camp in
Kosovo Polje where she met a man who had been repeatedly beaten for his
supposed support to the ethnic-cleansing campaign carried out by Yugoslav
police, military and paramilitary forces.
57.In Pristina, in early August, four Serb women were forced under threat to
sign contracts giving their flats to Albanian families.
58.The apartments that are being taken over first are empty apartments and
those with Serb nameplates on the doors. However, just because an apartment
has a Serb nameplate does not mean that the property actually belongs to a
Serb. The Serbian Law on Real Property forbids the cross-ethnic sale of
property by Serbs to Albanians without the prior approval of a government body
in Belgrade. Such approval was virtually never granted, so individuals
entered into private transactions, retaining normal registration and external
identification with the Serb “owner”. Marauding and desperate Kosovo Albanian
apartment-occupiers, seizing property with Serb nameplates, are displacing
Kosovo Albanian residents.
60.Parallel institutions which existed during the past 10 years have quickly
resurfaced and present a constant challenge to the assertion of UNMIK
authority. Indeed, there is no way that UNMIK can compete in terms of speed
of development of institutions, given the Kosovar Albanians’ past experience
of running parallel institutions separate from those of the “official
government”, language, staff, etc. An alternative civil administration is
firmly established in most or all locales in which OHCHR is working or has
visited such as Gnjilane, Drenica, Djakovica and Malisevo. This civil
administration affects all levels of civic life including police, who have
identification cards permitting them to carry weapons and detain people. In
an effort to assert control in the different UNMIK regions, UNMIK Regional
Administrators have convened the Transitional Municipal Authorities which are
chaired by the Regional Administrator and composed of Kosovar members.
61.Some of these cases were brought to the attention of the High Commissioner
during her last visit to Kosovo. In particular, the High Commissioner met
with the husband of Dr. Flora Brovina, a human rights activist transferred to
a prison in Serbia during the war. Allegedly, her lawyer was denied access to
her and she was not being provided with necessary medical care. The High
Commissioner, upon return to Geneva, transmitted the information on this case
to the special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights for follow-up
action.
62.Of 420 prisoners from Prizren charged with terrorist crimes before 24 March
1999, 320 have been identified by local lawyers as being included on the list
made public by the FRY Ministry of Justice. Lawyers from Prizren have
requested the United Nations to demand the transfer of the Kosovar prisoners
back to Kosovo and the jurisdiction of UNMIK. In Gnjilane, OHCHR interviewed
an individual who had been transferred from detention in Gnjilane to Vranja
prison (inside Serbia proper) in mid-June along with a full busload of
detainees (approximately 45). He was, however, released within a few days of
the end of NATO hostilities and returned to Gnjilane. He provided information
about mistreatment during his detention.
-----