ASSIGMENT 1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS BFM 1113

Name : Sharifah Syahira Bte Syed Mohamad

Matrix Card : FB10060

C NTENTS Bil . Title Page

1 '

I!tod"#tio! f $o%ymer $o%ymer Materia%( M"%ti#om)o!e!t $o%ymer Materia%(

1&'

$o%ymer Str"#t"re

Mer( $o%ymer Chai!( *Thermo)%a(ti#( a!d Thermo(et(+ Ty)e( of $o%ymer(

, Microstructure

$o%ymer Materia%( Mo!omer( a!d re)eat "!it(

Polymer architecture Chain length Monomer arrangement in copolymers

INTR -.CTI N F $ L/MER The 0ord )o%ymer %itera%%y mea!( 1ma!y )art(21 A )o%ymeri# (o%id materia% may 3e #o!(idered to 3e o!e that #o!tai!( ma!y #hemi#a%%y 3o!ded )art( or "!it( 0hi#h them(e%4e( are 3o!ded to5ether to form a (o%id2 T0o i!d"(tria%%y im)orta!t )o%ymeri# materia%( are )%a(ti#( a!d e%a(tomer(2 $%a(ti#( are a %ar5e a!d 4aried 5ro") of (y!theti# materia%( 0hi#h are )ro#e((ed 3y formi!5 or mo%di!5 i!to (ha)e2 6"(t a( 0e ha4e ma!y ty)e( of meta%( ("#h a( a%"mi!"m a!d #o))er7 0e ha4e ma!y ty)e( of )%a(ti#( ("#h a( )o%yethy%e!e a!d !y%o!2 $%a(ti#( #a! 3e di4ided i!to t0o #%a((e(7 thermo)%a(ti#( a!d thermo(etti!5 )%a(ti#(7 de)e!di!5 o! ho0 they are (tr"#t"ra%%y a!d #hemi#a%%y 3o!ded2 E%a(tomer( or r"33er( #a! 3e e%a(ti#a%%y deformed a %ar5e amo"!t 0he! a for#e i( a))%ied to them a!d #a! ret"r! to their ori5i!a% (ha)e *or a%mo(t+ 0he! the for#e i( re%ea(ed2 A )o%ymer i( a %ar5e mo%e#"%e *ma#romo%e#"%e+ #om)o(ed of re)eati!5 (tr"#t"ra% "!it( ty)i#a%%y #o!!e#ted 3y #o4a%e!t #hemi#a% 3o!d(2 8hi%e polymer i! )o)"%ar "(a5e ("55e(t( )%a(ti#7 the term a#t"a%%y refer( to a %ar5e #%a(( of !at"ra% a!d (y!theti# materia%( 0ith a 0ide 4ariety of )ro)ertie(2 Be#a"(e of the extraordi!ary ra!5e of )ro)ertie( a##e((i3%e i! )o%ymeri# materia%(7 they )%ay a! e((e!tia% a!d "3i9"ito"( ro%e i! e4eryday %ife7 ra!5i!5 from fami%iar (y!theti# )%a(ti#( a!d e%a(tomer( to !at"ra% 3io)o%ymer( ("#h a( -NA a!d )rotei!( that are e((e!tia% for %ife2 A (im)%e exam)%e i( )o%yethy%e!e7 0ho(e re)eati!5 "!it i( 3a(ed o! ethy%e!e *I.$AC !ame ethene+ mo!omer2 Mo(t #ommo!%y7 a( i! thi( exam)%e7 the

#o!ti!"o"(%y %i!:ed 3a#:3o!e of a )o%ymer "(ed for the )re)aratio! of )%a(ti#( #o!(i(t( mai!%y of #ar3o! atom(2 ;o0e4er7 other (tr"#t"re( do exi(t< for exam)%e7 e%eme!t( ("#h a( (i%i#o! form fami%iar materia%( ("#h a( (i%i#o!e(7 exam)%e( 3ei!5 (i%%y )"tty a!d 0ater)roof )%"m3i!5 (ea%a!t2 The 3a#:3o!e of -NA i( i! fa#t 3a(ed o! a )ho()hodie(ter 3o!d7 a!d re)eati!5 "!it( of )o%y(a##haride( *e252 #e%%"%o(e+ are =oi!ed to5ether 3y 5%y#o(idi# 3o!d( 4ia oxy5e! atom(2

Nat"ra% )o%ymeri# materia%( ("#h a( (he%%a#7 am3er7 a!d !at"ra% r"33er ha4e 3ee! i! "(e for #e!t"rie(2 Bio)o%ymer( ("#h a( )rotei!( a!d !"#%ei# a#id( )%ay #r"#ia% ro%e( i! 3io%o5i#a% )ro#e((e(2 A 4ariety of other !at"ra% )o%ymer( exi(t7 ("#h a( #e%%"%o(e7 0hi#h i( the mai! #o!(tit"e!t of 0ood a!d )a)er2 The %i(t of (y!theti# )o%ymer( i!#%"de( (y!theti# r"33er7 Ba:e%ite7 !eo)re!e7 !y%o!7 $>C7 )o%y(tyre!e7 )o%yethy%e!e7 )o%y)ro)y%e!e7 )o%ya#ry%o!itri%e7 $>B7 (i%i#o!e7 a!d ma!y more2 $o%ymer( are (t"died i! the fie%d( of )o%ymer #hemi(try7 )o%ymer )hy(i#(7 a!d )o%ymer (#ie!#e2

A))eara!#e of rea% %i!ear )o%ymer #hai!( a( re#orded "(i!5 a! atomi# for#e mi#ro(#o)e o! ("rfa#e "!der %i9"id medi"m2 Chai! #o!to"r %e!5th for thi( )o%ymer i( ?'0, !m< thi#:!e(( i( ?02, !m2

$ L/MER MATERIALS A $o%ymer i( a h"5e mo%e#"%e a%(o :!o0! a( ma#romo%e#"%e #om)o(ed of re)%i#ati!5 (tr"#t"ra% "!it( %i!:ed 3y #hemi#a% 3o!d( of #o4a%e!t2 $o%ymer materia%( #a! 3e or5a!i# or i!or5a!i# a!d !at"ra% or (y!theti# i! ori5i!2 $o%ymer( are im)orta!t materia%( for ro"5h%y e4ery i!d"(try i! the form of )a)er7 fi3er(7 #%oth(7 3"i%di!5 materia%(7 adhe(i4e(7 #erami#(7 )%a(ti#(7 %i9"id #ry(ta%(7 #oati!5(7 #o!#rete( a!d )hoto re(i(t(2 They are (i5!ifi#a!t i! e!5i!eeri!57 medi#i!e7 3io%o5y7 !"tritio!7 ()a#e ex)%oratio!7 e!4iro!me!t a!d hea%th2 Nat"ra% i!or5a!i# )o%ymer( #om)ri(e of diamo!d(7 (a!d7 a5ate(7 fe%d()ar(7 5ra)hite7 a5ate(7 9"art@7 mi#a7 a!d ta%#2 Nat"ra% or5a!i# )o%ymer( #om)ri(e of )o%y #ar3ohydrate( ("#h a( #e%%"%o(e a!d (tar#h7 )rotei!( a!d !"#%ei# a#id(2 Sy!theti# i!or5a!i# )o%ymer( #om)ri(e of 3oro! !itride7 hi5h tem)erat"re (")er#o!d"#tor(7 5%a((e( a!d #o!#rete2 Sy!theti# )o%ymer( "ti%i@ed for (tr"#t"ra% #o!(tit"e!t( 0ei5h ") (i5!ifi#a!t%y %e(( tha! meta%(7 a((i(ti!5 to de#rea(e the "ti%i@atio! of f"e% i! air#raft a!d 4ehi#%e(2 They a%(o o"t)erform !ear%y a%% meta%( 0he! #o!(idered o! the 3a(i( of (tre!5th )er 0ei5ht2 $o%ymer( #a! a%(o 3e "(ed for )"r)o(e( of e!5i!eeri!5 ("#h a( 3eari!5( a!d 5ear(2 Fi3er( are o!e of the )o%ymer materia%( 0hi#h are (t"rdy i! o!e dire#tio! a!d they are too %o!5er2 Cotto!7 (i%:7 a!d 0oo% are fi3er( !at"ra% i! !at"re 0hi#h are "ti%i@ed 3y h"ma!( (i!#e ma!y year(2 Ny%o!7 rayo!7 a#ry%i# a!d )o%ye(ter are the ma!Amade fi3er(2 The

ama%5amatio!( of 0ei5ht7 d"ra3i%ity a!d (tre!5th ha4e )re)ared the(e materia%( a( e((e!tia% i! moder! i!d"(try2 Ny%o! i( a%(o )o%ymer( that ha4e (ome "!i9"e )ro)ertie( 0hi#h ma:e( it differe!t from other materia%(2 E%a(ti#ity i( the mai! )ro)erty of !y%o!2 Ny%o!( are extreme%y e%a(ti# 3"t 0he! the %imit( of e%a(ti#( are o4er (tret#hed the materia% do !ot ret"r! i! it( ori5i!a% (ha)e2 Simi%ar to (y!theti# fi3er(7 !y%o! ha( a h"5e e%e#tri#a% re(i(ta!#e2 E%a(tomer( are a%(o #o!(idered a( )o%ymeri# materia%( 0hi#h #a! 3e di(torted 3y 0ay of a))%yi!5 for#e7 a!d after remo4a% of for#e7 the materia%( 5et( 3a#: to it( ori5i!a% (ha)e2 Materia%( of )%a(ti# ha4e )ro)ertie( %i!:i!5 e%a(tomer( a!d fi3er( 0hi#h are f%exi3%e a!d hard2 Adhe(i4e( a!d #oati!5( are "("a%%y ori5i!ated from )o%ymer( a!d are the mem3er( of differe!t 5ro")i!5(2 I!d"(tria%%y e((e!tia% #oati!5( a!d adhe(i4e( #om)ri(e of (ea%a!t( a!d #a"%:(7 %ami!ate(7 %i9"id #ry(ta%(7 #eme!t a!d #erami#2 $ro#e((ed materia%( of )o%ymer are "("a%%y a mixt"re of the materia%( a!d the )o%ymer for modifyi!5 it( )ro)ertie(7 he%)f"% i! )ro#e((i!5 a!d i!itiati!5 !e0 )ro)ertie(2 Additi4e( #a! 3e %i9"id(7 5a(e( or (o%id(2 C%a((i# additi4e( are a!tioxida!t(7 fi%%er(7 )%a(ti#i@er(7 rei!for#eme!t( a!d #o%ora!t(2 N"mero"( )o%ymer( are thermo)%a(ti#( a!d they #a! 3e reformed a!d "(ed 3y 0ay of )re(("re a!d heat i! the ma!"fa#t"re of f"rther thermo)%a(ti# materia%(2 It i( rea%%y diffi#"%t to re#y#%e thermoA(et( )o%ymer( a( they do !ot me%t 3"t )rior to (ofte!i!5 they 5et de5raded2 Com)o(ite materia% i( a materia% (y(tem #om)o(ed of #om3i!atio! or mixt"re of more tha! t0o #o!(tit"e!t( that 4ary i! materia% #om)o(itio! or form a!d are (i5!ifi#a!t%y my(terio"( i! ea#h other2 I! %a07 #om)o(ite( #a! 3e #reated 3y mixt"re of more tha! t0o materia%(A or5a!i#7 i!or5a!i# or meta%%i# 3"t the e%eme!t( are more #o!tro%%ed2 Mai! (tr"#t"ra% e%eme!t( are )arti#%e(7 fi3er(7 %ayer(7 fi%%er(7 matri#e( a!d f%a:e(2 Ad4a!#ed #om)o(ite( i!#%"de (tr"#t"ra% materia%( de4e%o)ed for a))%i#atio!( of hi5hAte#h!o%o5y ("#h a( (tr"#t"re( of air frame7 i! fa4or of 0hi#h f"rther materia%( are !ot ade9"ate%y (tiff2 I! the(e materia%(7 4ery (tro!5 a!d (tiff #o!ti!"o"( or di(#o!ti!"o"( 0hi(:er(7 fi3er( or mi!iat"re )arti#%e( are i(o%ated i! the matrix2 No0aday(7 the "ti%i@atio! of fi3er

re(i(ta!t materia%( ha( 5ro0! ra)id%y i! a))%i#atio!( of e!5i!eeri!52 Choi#e of #om)o(ite( a( #om)ared to mo!o%ithi# materia%( i( (tated 3y the (e%e#tio! of )ro)ertie(2 Th"(7 !o0aday( 0ide ra!5e of )o%ymer materia%( are a4ai%a3%e 0ith their di(ti!#t )ro)ertie( a!d are "(ef"% i! (e4era% 0ay( i! differe!t fie%d(2

Multicomponent Polymer Materials M"%ti#om)o!e!t )o%ymer materia%( are 0ide%y "(ed i! ma!y i!d"(trie( 3e#a"(e 3y a))ro)riate mixi!5 of differe!t )o%ymer( a!d fi%%er( o!e #a! de(i5! materia%( 0ith de(ira3%e )ro)ertie(2 The (tr"#t"reA)ro)erty re%atio!(hi) i! ("#h materia%( i( diffi#"%t to "!der(ta!d 0itho"t mi#ro(#o)i# a!a%y(i(2 AFM i( 4ery he%)f"% i! thi( a!a%y(i( at (#a%e( from h"!dred( of mi#ro!( to !a!ometer(2 The ()e#ifi# (ha)e of i!di4id"a% #om)o!e!t( a( 0e%% a( 4ariatio!( i! their me#ha!i#a% a!d e%e#tri# )ro)ertie( a%%o0 them to 3e di(ti!5"i(hed from o!e a!other i! AFMM ima5e(2 The ima5e( of t0o !a!o#om)o(ite(7 )o%y)araxy%y%e!e 0ith Si )arti#%e( a!d )o%y)ro)y%e!e 0ith #%ay7 are (ho0! i! Fi5"re( 10a&32 Si )arti#%e(7 0hi#h are (ee! a( (ma%% ()here( 0ith radii 4aryi!5 i! the B&10!m ra!5e7 are di()er(ed i! the )o%ymer matrix2 Sma%% (heet( of %ayered #%ay mi!era%7 (ome of them i! a55re5ate(7 are (ee! a( ed5eAo! (tr"#t"re( i! (e4era% %o#atio!( i! Fi5"re 1032 The )re(e!#e of a55re5ate( i!di#ate( that the exfo%iatio! )ro#e((7 0hi#h #o"%d (e)arate the fi%%er i!to m"%ti)%e (heet( 0ith thi#:!e(( do0! to mo%e#"%ar (i@e7 0a( !ot o)timi@ed2

$ha(e ima5e( of )o%y)araxy%y%e!e fi%%ed 0ith A5 )arti#%e( *a+ a!d )o%y)ro)y%e!e fi%%ed 0ith #%ay )arti#%e( *3+

*a+ &*3+ For#e >o%"me ma)( of B00!m a!d 100!m area( of )o%y(tyre!eA3A)o%y3"tadie!eA3A)o%y(tyre!e fi%m (ho0i!5 ("rfa#e %o#atio!( 0ith differe!t me#ha!i#a% )ro)ertie(2 Bri5hter area( a( o!e mar:ed 0ith a 5ree! #ro(( are #hara#teri@ed 3y A4C #"r4e (ho0! 3e%o0 *a+ a!d #ommo! for )o%y(tyre!e< dar:er area( a( o!e mar:ed 0ith a 3%"e #ro(( & 3y A4C #"r4e (ho0! 3e%o0 *3+ a!d #ommo! for )o%y3"tadie!e2

;ei5ht *%eft+ a!d )ha(e *ri5ht+ ima5e( of roofi!5 materia% at differe!t tem)erat"re(: *a+ 'BDC7 *3+ *A10DC+ a!d *#+ *A 3BDC+2

$ L/MER STR.CT.RE E!5i!eeri!5 )o%ymer( i!#%"de !at"ra% materia%( ("#h a( r"33er a!d (y!theti# materia%( ("#h a( )%a(ti#( a!d e%a(tomer(2 $o%ymer( are 4ery "(ef"% materia%( 3e#a"(e their (tr"#t"re( #a! 3e a%tered a!d tai%ored to )rod"#e materia%( 1+ 8ith a ra!5e of me#ha!i#a% )ro)ertie( '+ I! a 0ide ()e#tr"m of #o%or( a!d 3+ 8ith differe!t tra!()are!t )ro)ertie(2 Mers A )o%ymer i( #om)o(ed of ma!y (im)%e mo%e#"%e( that are re)eati!5 (tr"#t"ra% "!it( #a%%ed mo!omer(2 A (i!5%e )o%ymer mo%e#"%e may #o!(i(t of h"!dred( to a mi%%io! mo!omer( a!d may ha4e a %i!ear7 3ra!#hed7 or !et0or: (tr"#t"re2 Co4a%e!t 3o!d( ho%d the atom( i! the )o%ymer mo%e#"%e( to5ether a!d (e#o!dary 3o!d( the! ho%d 5ro")( of )o%ymer #hai!( to5ether to form the )o%ymeri# materia%2 Co)o%ymer( are )o%ymer( #om)o(ed of t0o or more differe!t ty)e( of mo!omer(

Mer The repeating unit in a polymer chain Monomer A single mer unit (n=1) Polymer Many mer-units along a chain (n=103 or more) Degree of Polymerization The average number of mer-units in a chain.

A )o%ymer i( a! or5a!i# materia% a!d the 3a#:3o!e of e4ery or5a!i# materia% i( a #hai! of #ar3o! atom(2 The #ar3o! atom ha( fo"r e%e#tro!( i! the o"ter (he%%2 Ea#h of the(e 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!( #a! form a #o4a%e!t 3o!d to a!other #ar3o! atom or to a forei5! atom2 The :ey to the )o%ymer (tr"#t"re i( that t0o #ar3o! atom( #a! ha4e ") to three #ommo! 3o!d( a!d (ti%% 3o!d 0ith other atom(2 The e%eme!t( fo"!d mo(t fre9"e!t%y i! )o%ymer( a!d their 4a%e!#e !"m3er( are: ;7 F7 C%7 Bf7 a!d I 0ith 1 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!< a!d S 0ith ' 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!(< ! 0ith 3 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!( a!d C a!d Si 0ith , 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!(2 he a3i%ity for mo%e#"%e( to form %o!5 #hai!( i( a 4ita% to )rod"#i!5 )o%ymer(2 Co!(ider the materia% )o%yethy%e!e7 0hi#h i( made from etha!e 5a(7 C ';62 Etha!e 5a( ha( a t0o #ar3o! atom( i! the #hai! a!d ea#h of the t0o #ar3o! atom( (hare t0o 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!( 0ith the other2 If t0o mo%e#"%e( of etha!e are 3ro"5ht to5ether7 o!e of the #ar3o! 3o!d( i! ea#h mo%e#"%e #a! 3e 3ro:e! a!d the t0o mo%e#"%e( #a! 3e =oi!ed 0ith a #ar3o! to #ar3o! 3o!d2 After the t0o mer( are =oi!ed7 there are (ti%% t0o free 4a%e!#e e%e#tro!( at ea#h e!d of the #hai! for =oi!i!5 other mer( or )o%ymer #hai!(2 The )ro#e(( #a! #o!ti!"e %i:i!5 more mer( a!d )o%ymer( to5ether "!ti% it i( (to))ed 3y the additio! of a!ther #hemi#a% *a termi!ator+7 that fi%%( the a4ai%a3%e 3o!d at ea#h e!d of the mo%e#"%e2 Thi( i( #a%%ed a %i!ear )o%ymer a!d i( 3"i%di!5 3%o#: for thermo)%a(ti# )o%ymer(2

The )o%ymer #hai! i( ofte! (ho0! i! t0o dime!(io!(7 3"t it (ho"%d 3e !oted that they ha4e a three dime!(io!a% (tr"#t"re2 Ea#h 3o!d i( at 10ED to the !ext a!d7 therefore7 the #ar3o! 3a#:3o!e exte!d( thro"5h ()a#e %i:e a t0i(ted #hai! of Ti!:erToy(2 8he! (tre(( i( a))%ied7 the(e #hai!( (tret#h a!d the e%o!5atio! of )o%ymer( #a! 3e tho"(a!d( of time( 5reater tha! it i( i! #ry(ta%%i!e (tr"#t"re(2

The %e!5th of the )o%ymer #hai! i( 4ery im)orta!t2 A( the !"m3er of #ar3o! atom( i! the #hai! i( i!#rea(ed to 3eyo!d (e4era% h"!dred7 the materia% 0i%% )a(( thro"5h the %i9"id (tate a!d 3e#ome a 0axy (o%id2 8he! the !"m3er of #ar3o! atom( i! the #hai! i( o4er 170007 the (o%id materia% )o%yethy%e!e7 0ith it( #hara#teri(ti#( of (tre!5th7 f%exi3i%ity a!d to"5h!e((7 i( o3tai!ed2 The #ha!5e i! (tate o##"r( 3e#a"(e a( the %e!5th of the mo%e#"%e( i!#rea(e(7 the tota% 3i!di!5 for#e( 3et0ee! mo%e#"%e( a%(o i!#rea(e(2

It (ho"%d a%(o 3e !oted that the mo%e#"%e( are !ot 5e!era%%y (trai5ht 3"t are a ta!5%ed ma((2 Thermo)%a(ti# materia%(7 ("#h a( )o%yethy%e!e7 #a! 3e )i#t"red a( a ma(( of i!tert0i!ed 0orm( ra!dom%y thro0! i!to a )ai%2 The 3i!di!5 for#e( are the re("%t of 4a! der 8aa%( for#e( 3et0ee! mo%e#"%e( a!d me#ha!i#a% e!ta!5%eme!t 3et0ee! the #hai!(2 8he! thermo)%a(ti#( are heated7 there i( more mo%e#"%ar mo4eme!t a!d the 3o!d( 3et0ee! mo%e#"%e( #a! 3e ea(i%y 3ro:e!2 Thi( i( 0hy thermo)%a(ti# materia%( #a! 3e reme%ted2

There i( a!other 5ro") of )o%ymer( i! 0hi#h a (i!5%e %ar5e !et0or:7 i!(tead of ma!y mo%e#"%e( i( formed d"ri!5 )o%ymeri@atio!2 Si!#e )o%ymeri@atio! i( i!itia%%y a##om)%i(hed 3y heati!5 the ra0 materia%( a!d 3ri!i!5 them to5ether7 thi( 5ro") i( #a%%ed thermo(etti!5 )o%ymer( or )%a(ti#(2 For thi( ty)e of !et0or: (tr"#t"re to form7 the mer( m"(t ha4e more tha! t0o )%a#e( for 3o!i!5 to o##"r< other0i(e7 o!%y a %i!ear (tr"#t"re i( )o((i3%e2 The(e #hai!( form =oi!ted (tr"#t"re( a!d ri!5(7 a!d may fo%d 3a#: a!d forth to ta:e o! a )artia%%y #ry(ta%%i!e (tr"#t"re2 Si!#e the(e materia%( are e((e!tia%%y #om)ri(ed of o!e 5ia!t mo%e#"%e7 there i( !o mo4eme!t 3et0ee! mo%e#"%e( o!#e the ma(( ha( (et2 Thermo(etti!5 )o%ymer( are more ri5id a!d 5e!era%%y ha4e hi5her (tre!5th tha! thermo)%a(ti# )o%ymer(2 A%(o7 (i!#e there i( !o o))ort"!ity for motio! 3et0ee! mo%e#"%e( i! a thermo(etti!5 )o%ymer7 they 0i%% !ot 3e#ome )%a(ti# 0he! heated2

Types of polymers

Commodity )%a(ti#(
o o o o o

$E F $o%yethy%e!e $S F $o%y(tyre!e $$ F $o%y)ro)y%e!e $>C F $o%y*4i!y% #h%oride+ $ET F $o%y*ethy%e!e tere)htha%ate+ Tef%o! *$TFE+ F $o%y*tetraf%"oroethy%e!e+ $C F $o%y#ar3o!ate *Lexa!+ $o%ye(ter( a!d $o%yamide( *Ny%o!+

S)e#ia%ty or E!5i!eeri!5 $%a(ti#(

$R $ERTIES F $ L/MER MATERIALS $o%ymer )ro)ertie( are 3road%y di4ided i!to (e4era% #%a((e( 3a(ed o! the (#a%e at 0hi#h the )ro)erty i( defi!ed a( 0e%% a( ")o! it( )hy(i#a% 3a(i(2 The mo(t 3a(i# )ro)erty of a )o%ymer i( the ide!tity of it( #o!(tit"e!t mo!omer(2 A (e#o!d (et of )ro)ertie(7 :!o0! a( mi#ro(tr"#t"re7 e((e!tia%%y de(#ri3e the arra!5eme!t of the(e mo!omer( 0ithi! the )o%ymer at the (#a%e of a (i!5%e #hai!2 The(e 3a(i# (tr"#t"ra% )ro)ertie( )%ay a ma=or ro%e i! determi!i!5 3"%: )hy(i#a% )ro)ertie( of the )o%ymer7 0hi#h de(#ri3e ho0 the )o%ymer 3eha4e( a( a #o!ti!"o"( ma#ro(#o)i# materia%2 Chemi#a% )ro)ertie(7 at the !a!oA(#a%e7 de(#ri3e ho0 the #hai!( i!tera#t thro"5h 4ario"( )hy(i#a% for#e(2 At the ma#roA(#a%e7 they de(#ri3e ho0 the 3"%: )o%ymer i!tera#t( 0ith other #hemi#a%( a!d (o%4e!t( Monomers and Repeat Units The ide!tity of the mo!omer re(id"e( *re)eat "!it(+ #om)ri(i!5 a )o%ymer i( it( fir(t a!d mo(t im)orta!t attri3"te2 $o%ymer !ome!#%at"re i( 5e!era%%y 3a(ed ")o! the ty)e of mo!omer re(id"e( #om)ri(i!5 the )o%ymer2 $o%ymer( that #o!tai! o!%y a (i!5%e ty)e of re)eat "!it are :!o0! a( homo)o%ymer(7 0hi%e )o%ymer( #o!tai!i!5 a mixt"re of re)eat "!it( are :!o0! a( #o)o%ymer(2 $o%y*(tyre!e+7 for exam)%e7 i( #om)o(ed o!%y of (tyre!e mo!omer re(id"e(7 a!d i( therefore #%a((ified a( a homo)o%ymer2 Ethy%e!eA4i!y% a#etate7 o! the other ha!d7 #o!tai!( more tha! o!e 4ariety of re)eat "!it a!d i( th"( a #o)o%ymer2 Some 3io%o5i#a% )o%ymer( are #om)o(ed of a 4ariety of differe!t 3"t (tr"#t"ra%%y re%ated mo!omer re(id"e(< for exam)%e7 )o%y!"#%eotide( ("#h a( -NA are #om)o(ed of a 4ariety of !"#%eotide ("3"!it(2 A )o%ymer mo%e#"%e #o!tai!i!5 io!i@a3%e ("3"!it( i( :!o0! a( a )o%ye%e#tro%yte or io!omer2 Microstructure The mi#ro(tr"#t"re of a )o%ymer *(ometime( #a%%ed #o!fi5"ratio!+ re%ate( to the )hy(i#a% arra!5eme!t of mo!omer re(id"e( a%o!5 the 3a#:3o!e of the #hai!GHI2 The(e are the e%eme!t( of )o%ymer (tr"#t"re that re9"ire the 3rea:i!5 of a #o4a%e!t 3o!d i! order to

#ha!5e2 Str"#t"re ha( a (tro!5 i!f%"e!#e o! the other )ro)ertie( of a )o%ymer2 For exam)%e7 t0o (am)%e( of !at"ra% r"33er may exhi3it differe!t d"ra3i%ity7 e4e! tho"5h their mo%e#"%e( #om)ri(e the (ame mo!omer(2

Polymer Architecture

Bra!#h )oi!t i! a )o%ymer

A! im)orta!t mi#ro(tr"#t"ra% feat"re determi!i!5 )o%ymer )ro)ertie( i( the )o%ymer ar#hite#t"re2 The (im)%e(t )o%ymer ar#hite#t"re i( a %i!ear #hai!: a (i!5%e 3a#:3o!e 0ith !o 3ra!#he(2 A re%ated "!3ra!#hi!5 ar#hite#t"re i( a ri!5 )o%ymer2 A 3ra!#hed )o%ymer mo%e#"%e i( #om)o(ed of a mai! #hai! 0ith o!e or more ("3(tit"e!t (ide #hai!( or 3ra!#he(2 S)e#ia% ty)e( of 3ra!#hed )o%ymer( i!#%"de (tar )o%ymer(7 #om3 )o%ymer(7 3r"(h )o%ymer(7 de!dro!i@ed )o%ymer(7 %adder(7 a!d de!drimer(2 Bra!#hi!5 of )o%ymer #hai!( affe#t( the a3i%ity of #hai!( to (%ide )a(t o!e a!other 3y a%teri!5 i!termo%e#"%ar for#e(7 i! t"r! affe#ti!5 3"%: )hy(i#a% )o%ymer )ro)ertie(2 Lo!5 #hai! 3ra!#he( may i!#rea(e )o%ymer (tre!5th7 to"5h!e((7 a!d the 5%a(( tra!(itio! tem)erat"re *T5+ d"e to a! i!#rea(e i! the !"m3er of e!ta!5%eme!t( )er #hai!2 The effe#t of ("#h %o!5A#hai! 3ra!#he( o! the (i@e of the )o%ymer i! (o%"tio! i( #hara#teri@ed 3y the 3ra!#hi!5 i!dex2 Ra!dom %e!5th a!d ata#ti# (hort #hai!(7 o! the other ha!d7 may red"#e )o%ymer (tre!5th d"e to di(r")tio! of or5a!i@atio! a!d may %i:e0i(e red"#e the #ry(ta%%i!ity of the )o%ymer2

A 5ood exam)%e of thi( effe#t i( re%ated to the ra!5e of )hy(i#a% attri3"te( of )o%yethy%e!e2 ;i5hAde!(ity )o%yethy%e!e *;-$E+ ha( a 4ery %o0 de5ree of 3ra!#hi!57 i( 9"ite (tiff7 a!d i( "(ed i! a))%i#atio!( ("#h a( mi%: ="5(2 Lo0Ade!(ity )o%yethy%e!e *L-$E+7 o! the other ha!d7 ha( (i5!ifi#a!t !"m3er( of 3oth %o!5 a!d (hort 3ra!#he(7 i( 9"ite f%exi3%e7 a!d i( "(ed i! a))%i#atio!( ("#h a( )%a(ti# fi%m(2 -e!drimer( are a ()e#ia% #a(e of )o%ymer 0here e4ery mo!omer "!it i( 3ra!#hed2 Thi( te!d( to red"#e i!termo%e#"%ar #hai! e!ta!5%eme!t a!d #ry(ta%%i@atio!2 A%ter!ati4e%y7 de!driti# )o%ymer( are !ot )erfe#t%y 3ra!#hed 3"t (hare (imi%ar )ro)ertie( to de!drimer( d"e to their hi5h de5ree of 3ra!#hi!52 The ar#hite#t"re of the )o%ymer i( ofte! )hy(i#a%%y determi!ed 3y the f"!#tio!a%ity of the mo!omer( from 0hi#h it i( formed2 Thi( )ro)erty of a mo!omer i( defi!ed a( the !"m3er of rea#tio! (ite( at 0hi#h may form #hemi#a% #o4a%e!t 3o!d(2 The 3a(i# f"!#tio!a%ity re9"ired for formi!5 e4e! a %i!ear #hai! i( t0o 3o!di!5 (ite(2 ;i5her f"!#tio!a%ity yie%d( 3ra!#hed or e4e! #ro((%i!:ed or !et0or:ed )o%ymer #hai!(2 A! effe#t re%ated to 3ra!#hi!5 i( #hemi#a% #ro((%i!:i!5 A the formatio! of #o4a%e!t 3o!d( 3et0ee! #hai!(2 Cro((%i!:i!5 te!d( to i!#rea(e T5 a!d i!#rea(e (tre!5th a!d to"5h!e((2 Amo!5 other a))%i#atio!(7 thi( )ro#e(( i( "(ed to (tre!5the! r"33er( i! a )ro#e(( :!o0! a( 4"%#a!i@atio!7 0hi#h i( 3a(ed o! #ro((%i!:i!5 3y ("%f"r2 Car tire(7 for exam)%e7 are hi5h%y #ro((%i!:ed i! order to red"#e the %ea:i!5 of air o"t of the tire a!d to to"5he! their d"ra3i%ity2 Era(er r"33er7 o! the other ha!d7 i( !ot #ro((%i!:ed to a%%o0 f%a:i!5 of the r"33er a!d )re4e!t dama5e to the )a)er2 A #ro((A%i!: ("55e(t( a 3ra!#h )oi!t from 0hi#h fo"r or more di(ti!#t #hai!( ema!ate2 A )o%ymer mo%e#"%e 0ith a hi5h de5ree of #ro((%i!:i!5 i( referred to a( a )o%ymer !et0or:2
G11I

S"ffi#ie!t%y hi5h #ro((%i!: #o!#e!tratio!( may %ead to the formatio! of a! i!fi!ite

!et0or:7 a%(o :!o0! a( a 5e%7 i! 0hi#h !et0or:( of #hai!( are of "!%imited exte!tJ e((e!tia%%y a%% #hai!( ha4e %i!:ed i!to o!e mo%e#"%e

Chain Length The )hy(i#a% )ro)ertie( of a )o%ymer are (tro!5%y de)e!de!t o! the (i@e or %e!5th of the )o%ymer #hai!22 For exam)%e7 a( #hai! %e!5th i( i!#rea(ed7 me%ti!5 a!d 3oi%i!5 tem)erat"re( i!#rea(e 9"i#:%y2 Im)a#t re(i(ta!#e a%(o te!d( to i!#rea(e 0ith #hai! %e!5th7 a( doe( the 4i(#o(ity7 or re(i(ta!#e to f%o07 of the )o%ymer i! it( me%t (tate2 Chai! %e!5th i( re%ated to me%t 4i(#o(ity ro"5h%y a( 1:1032'7 (o that a te!fo%d i!#rea(e i! )o%ymer #hai! %e!5th re("%t( i! a 4i(#o(ity i!#rea(e of o4er 1000 time(2 I!#rea(i!5 #hai! %e!5th f"rthermore te!d( to de#rea(e #hai! mo3i%ity7 i!#rea(e (tre!5th a!d to"5h!e((7 a!d i!#rea(e the 5%a(( tra!(itio! tem)erat"re *T5+2 Thi( i( a re("%t of the i!#rea(e i! #hai! i!tera#tio!( ("#h a( >a! der 8aa%( attra#tio!( a!d e!ta!5%eme!t( that #ome 0ith i!#rea(ed #hai! %e!5th2The(e i!tera#tio!( te!d to fix the i!di4id"a% #hai!( more (tro!5%y i! )o(itio! a!d re(i(t deformatio!( a!d matrix 3rea:")7 3oth at hi5her (tre((e( a!d hi5her tem)erat"re(2 A #ommo! mea!( of ex)re((i!5 the %e!5th of a #hai! i( the de5ree of )o%ymeri@atio!7 0hi#h 9"a!tifie( the !"m3er of mo!omer( i!#or)orated i!to the #hai!2 A( 0ith other mo%e#"%e(7 a )o%ymerK( (i@e may a%(o 3e ex)re((ed i! term( of mo%e#"%ar 0ei5ht2 Si!#e (y!theti# )o%ymeri@atio! te#h!i9"e( ty)i#a%%y yie%d a )o%ymer )rod"#t i!#%"di!5 a ra!5e of mo%e#"%ar 0ei5ht(7 the 0ei5ht i( ofte! ex)re((ed (tati(ti#a%%y to de(#ri3e the di(tri3"tio! of #hai! %e!5th( )re(e!t i! the (ame2 Commo! exam)%e( are the !"m3er a4era5e mo%e#"%ar 0ei5ht a!d 0ei5ht a4era5e mo%e#"%ar 0ei5ht2 The ratio of the(e t0o 4a%"e( i( the )o%ydi()er(ity i!dex7 #ommo!%y "(ed to ex)re(( the 10idth1 of the mo%e#"%ar 0ei5ht di(tri3"tio!2 A fi!a% mea("reme!t i( #o!to"r %e!5th7 0hi#h #a! 3e "!der(tood a( the %e!5th of the #hai! 3a#:3o!e i! it( f"%%y exte!ded (tate2

The f%exi3i%ity of a! "!3ra!#hed #hai! )o%ymer i( #hara#teri@ed 3y it( )er(i(te!#e %e!5th2

Mechanical Properties The 3"%: )ro)ertie( of a )o%ymer are tho(e mo(t ofte! of e!dA"(e i!tere(t2 The(e are the )ro)ertie( that i!di#tate ho0 the )o%ymer a#t"a%%y 3eha4e( o! a ma#ro(#o)i# (#a%e2 Tensile Strength The te!(i%e (tre!5th of a materia% 9"a!tifie( ho0 m"#h (tre(( the materia% 0i%% e!d"re 3efore ("fferi!5 )erma!e!t deformatio!2G'HIG'EI Thi( i( 4ery im)orta!t i! a))%i#atio!( that re%y ")o! a )o%ymerK( )hy(i#a% (tre!5th or d"ra3i%ity2 For exam)%e7 a r"33er 3a!d 0ith a hi5her te!(i%e (tre!5th 0i%% ho%d a 5reater 0ei5ht 3efore (!a))i!52 I! 5e!era%7 te!(i%e (tre!5th i!#rea(e( 0ith )o%ymer #hai! %e!5th a!d #ro((%i!:i!5 of )o%ymer #hai!(2 Young s Modulus of !lasticity /o"!5K( Mod"%"( 9"a!tifie( the e%a(ti#ity of the )o%ymer2 It i( defi!ed7 for (ma%% (trai!(7 a( the ratio of rate of #ha!5e of (tre(( to (trai!2 Li:e te!(i%e (tre!5th7 thi( i( hi5h%y re%e4a!t i! )o%ymer a))%i#atio!( i!4o%4i!5 the )hy(i#a% )ro)ertie( of )o%ymer(7 ("#h a( r"33er 3a!d(2 The mod"%"( i( (tro!5%y de)e!de!t o! tem)erat"re2 Transport Properties Tra!()ort )ro)ertie( ("#h a( diff"(i4ity re%ate to ho0 ra)id%y mo%e#"%e( mo4e thro"5h the )o%ymer matrix2 The(e are 4ery im)orta!t i! ma!y a))%i#atio!( of )o%ymer( for fi%m( a!d mem3ra!e(2

Chemical properties

The attra#ti4e for#e( 3et0ee! )o%ymer #hai!( )%ay a %ar5e )art i! determi!i!5 a )o%ymerK( )ro)ertie(2 Be#a"(e )o%ymer #hai!( are (o %o!57 the(e i!ter#hai! for#e( are am)%ified far 3eyo!d the attra#tio!( 3et0ee! #o!4e!tio!a% mo%e#"%e(2 -iffere!t (ide 5ro")( o! the )o%ymer #a! %e!d the )o%ymer to io!i# 3o!di!5 or hydro5e! 3o!di!5 3et0ee! it( o0! #hai!(2 The(e (tro!5er for#e( ty)i#a%%y re("%t i! hi5her te!(i%e (tre!5th a!d hi5her #ry(ta%%i!e me%ti!5 )oi!t(2 The i!termo%e#"%ar for#e( i! )o%ymer( #a! 3e affe#ted 3y di)o%e( i! the mo!omer "!it(2 $o%ymer( #o!tai!i!5 amide or #ar3o!y% 5ro")( #a! form hydro5e! 3o!d( 3et0ee! ad=a#e!t #hai!(< the )artia%%y )o(iti4e%y #har5ed hydro5e! atom( i! NA; 5ro")( of o!e #hai! are (tro!5%y attra#ted to the )artia%%y !e5ati4e%y #har5ed oxy5e! atom( i! CF 5ro")( o! a!other2 The(e (tro!5 hydro5e! 3o!d(7 for exam)%e7 re("%t i! the hi5h te!(i%e (tre!5th a!d me%ti!5 )oi!t of )o%ymer( #o!tai!i!5 "retha!e or "rea %i!:a5e(2 $o%ye(ter( ha4e di)o%eAdi)o%e 3o!di!5 3et0ee! the oxy5e! atom( i! CF 5ro")( a!d the hydro5e! atom( i! ;AC 5ro")(2 -i)o%e 3o!di!5 i( !ot a( (tro!5 a( hydro5e! 3o!di!57 (o a )o%ye(terK( me%ti!5 )oi!t a!d (tre!5th are %o0er tha! Le4%arK( *T0aro!+7 3"t )o%ye(ter( ha4e 5reater f%exi3i%ity2 Ethe!e7 ho0e4er7 ha( !o )erma!e!t di)o%e2 The attra#ti4e for#e( 3et0ee! )o%yethy%e!e #hai!( ari(e from 0ea: 4a! der 8aa%( for#e(2 Mo%e#"%e( #a! 3e tho"5ht of a( 3ei!5 ("rro"!ded 3y a #%o"d of !e5ati4e e%e#tro!(2 A( t0o )o%ymer #hai!( a))roa#h7 their e%e#tro! #%o"d( re)e% o!e a!other2 Thi( ha( the effe#t of %o0eri!5 the e%e#tro! de!(ity o! o!e (ide of a )o%ymer #hai!7 #reati!5 a (%i5ht )o(iti4e di)o%e o! thi( (ide2 Thi( #har5e i( e!o"5h to attra#t the (e#o!d )o%ymer #hai!2 >a! der 8aa%( for#e( are 9"ite 0ea:7 ho0e4er7 (o )o%yethy%e!e #a! ha4e a %o0er me%ti!5 tem)erat"re #om)ared to other )o%ymer(2