Chapter 14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur I. Introduction A. Mongols ended interrupted man!

great postclassical empires ". #$tended %orld net%or& ' (oundation (or interaction on glo)al scale C. Forged mightiest %ar machine *. Four &hanates ' sons di+ided 1. ,uled (or 1-. !ears /. Last time nomadic peoples dominated sedentar! peoples #. 0arado$ o( rule ' (ierce (ighters +s. tolerant peace(ul leaders The Mongol #mpire o( Chinggis Khan A. Introduction 1. di((icult to organi1e )e(ore Chinggis Khan a. di+isions ri+alries ). Khan ' astute political strategist )rilliant militar! commander /. Nomadic %orld ' horse culture a. Li+ed on herds ' meat2 mil&2 traded hides (or grain +egeta)les ). Tough little ponies c. Children ride (rom earl! age d. Could e+en sleep eat on horse 1. Animal po%er seasonal migrations /. Mo+a)le shelters e. 0olitical organi1ation 1. Li&e "edouins ' &in clan )ased ' com)ined in con(ederations %hen needed /. Men dominated )ut %omen could in(luence tri)al meetings home 3. Leadership 4ualities ' courage2 alliance (orging a)ilit! ". The Ma&ing o( a Great 5arrior: The #arl! Career o( Chinggis Khan 1. "orn Temu6in to tri)al leader2 )ut (ather poisoned /. Imprisoned )! ri+al clan2 )ut escapes a. Ma&es alliance %ith another clan 3. ,eputation as %arrior militar! commander attracted other clan chie(s 4. 1/.7 at &uriltai meeting ' named &hagan ' e$treme ruler C. "uilding the Mongol 5ar Machine 1. Natural %arriors a. trained (rom !outh to ride hunt ). tough2 mo)ile2 accustomed to death c. +ariet! o( %eapons ' lances2 hatchets2 maces 1. 8hort )o% the )est ' 4.. !ard range +s. /-. #uropean /. Chinggis Khan9s leadership a. organi1ation2 discipline2 unit! ). directed (ighting spirit to%ard con4uest c. di+ided groups into tumens ' thin& centurions o( ,ome 3. Messenger (orce ' tightl! )andages ' ride all da! night 4. Militar! discipline ' &illed i( (lee -. Generosit! (to )ra+e (oes 7. :tili1ed e$cellent maps ;. Ne% %eapons ' (laming arro%s2 gunpo%der2 siege %eapons a. 5illing to adopt (rom con4uered groups

II.

*. Con4uest: The Mongol #mpire :nder Chinggis Khan 1. ,uled o+er < million Mongols /. Greatest pleasure ma&ing %ar ' campaigns a. (orti(ied cities ' %illing to adopt %eapons o( other nations 1. de+eloped siege %eapons i. rams2 catapults2 e$ploding )alls ii. )am)oo roc&ets ). threatened terri(!ing retri)ution ' surrender or else 1. slaughtered sold to%nspeople /. )uildings turned to ru))le 3. (orced to pa! tri)ute #. First Assault on the Islamic 5orld: Con4uest in China 1. *e(eated Tur&i& ruler to the %est ' Muhammad 8hah II a. Leader sent )ac& en+o!s %ith heads sha+ed ). Mongols destro!ed %ith authorit! /. "attle tactic a. Fight2 ca+alr! runs a%a!2 (ollo%ed )! other arm!2 hea+! ca+alr! mo+es in 3. *e(eated Muhammad 8hah II and )rought in tens o( thousands o( horsemen F. Li(e :nder the Mongol Imperium 1. Astute and tolerant rulers a. =pen to ne% ideas ). 5anted di+erse peoples to li+e together in peace /. Interest in arts and learning o( con4uered people 3. Ne% capital at Kara&orum ' %ise and cle+er +isited as en+o!s a. Con(ucian scholars on ho% to rule China ). Muslims ' engineers and trade c. *aoist hol! men ' eli$ir (or immortalit! 4. All religions tolerated -. Mongol script created ' mostl! illiterate people 7. #((ects a. 0eace to much o( Asia 1. To%ns ' handicra(t production2 scholarship2 (ree e$pression ). 8ecure trade routes c. Force (or ma6or economic social de+elopment G. The *eath o( Chinggis Khan and the *i+ision o( the #mpire 1. 1>.2... %arriors to con4uer China /. "ut?got sic& and died in 1//; a. empire di+ided among 3 sons and "atu grandsono ). Last )it o( anger ' carried )ac& Khan9s )od! 1. @unted &illed e+er! animal human in sight 3. Mongol successor =gedei ' third son ' named grand &han a. Not )est %arrior2 )ut )est diplomat III. The Mongol *ri+e to the 5est A. Introduction 1. Golden @orde Tartars Apeople (rom hellB ' golden tent o( earl! &hans a. Assault on ,ussia side campaign ). Main goals 1. (ine tune %ar machine /. get some mone! (rom )oot! /. ,ussia di+ided into small &ingdoms ' don9t unite a. =nl! success(ul %inter in+asion

1. Good (or horse9s (ooting /. Access o+er (ro1en ri+ers to enemies 3. All slaughtered or led into sla+er! ". ,ussian in "ondage 1. / < centuries o( ,ussia in )ondage / #((ects a. 0easantr! ha+e to gi+e up crops i. 8ome (lee to protection o( ruling class ' )ecome ser(s ). 8ome ,ussian to%ns ma&e pro(its i. Increased trade ii. Mosco% ' trade2 tri)ute collector 1. ,ulers made mone! and anne$ed other to%ns 3. Tri)ute collectors a. "attle o( Kuli&o+a ' o+erthre% Golden @orde 4. Impact ' turning point in ,ussia histor! a. Mosco% gre% ). =rthodo$ church intensi(ies control c. changes in ,ussia9s militar! organi1ation d. princes reali1e need to centrali1e control 1. ,educe limitations put on po%er )! no)ilit!2 clerg!2 merch e. ,ussia9s isolation (rom Christian lands 1. "ene(it ' ,ussia protected (rom in+asion (rom #urope /. Negati+e ' Cut o(( (rom &e! trans(ormations in %. #urope C. Mongol Incursions and the ,etreat (rom #urope 1. 5. #urope thought Mongols %ere 0restor Cohn a. M!thical Christian monarch cut o(( %ho %ould one da! return /. Mongols %anted to pillage #urope2 )ut? a. *eath o( &hagan =gedei ' (orced leader "atu to retreat 1. Compete (or leadership ). ,icher lands to plunder in Middle #ast *. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic @eartland 1. 1/-> ' capture destruction o( "aghdad a. >..2... &illed ). A))asid caliph /. #((ects a. ended d!nast! that had ruled since >th centur! ). le(t (aith(ul %ithout central authorit! c. de+astated (ocal points trading centers o( Islamic ci+ili1ation 3. #+entuall! de(eated )! the Mamlu& a. #nsla+ed )! Mongols ' later de(eated them ). 5ith cooperation %ith Christians ID. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese @istor! A. Introduction 1. Administered +er! strictl! /. Mongols retained distinct culture 3. =pened China to in(luences (rom 0ersian lands contacts %ith #urope 4. Ku)liai Khan a. Assumed title o( great &han Euan ). Changed name o( regime to Euan ' Euan *!nast! c. *enied Chinese in(luence 1. distinction )et%een Mongol Chinese /. (or)ade Chinese scholars (rom learning Mongol script

3. (or)idden to marr! ethnic Chinese 4. %omen (rom nomadic (amilies accepted into harem -. Mongol religious ceremonies retained 7. traditional tent encampment set up in capital ;. *id not em)race ci+il ser+ice e$ams d. %or&ed %ith Chinese on some issues 1. 8urrounded sel( %ith Chinese ad+isors ' Con(ucian2 "uddhist2 *aoist /. Capital at Tatu ' "ei6ing 3. Introduced rituals and classic music into court e. Ne% social structure 1. Mongols /. Nomadic Muslim allies 3. North Chinese 4. #thnic Chinese peoples (rom 8outh ". Gender ,oles and the Con+ergence o( Mongol and Chinese Culture 1. 5omen a. ,e(used to adopt (oot)inding ). 5omen retained propert! rights c. *estro!ed +ision o( %omen as daint!2 to )e protected 1. ,ode to hunt /. Ku)ilai9s daughter said had to )eat %restling d. Cha)i ' %i(e 1. promoted "uddhist interests /. reduced harsh treatment o( 8ong captured 3. didn9t con+ert near)! (armland to pastureland C. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural In(luence 1. Curiosit! cosmopolitan tastes ' opened China up a. "rought scholars2 artists2 artisans ). Muslims second social class 1. 8uper+ised )uilding o( ChineseFst!le imperial cit! /. 0ersian astronomers corrected Chinse calendars 3. *octors added 37 +olumes o( Muslim medicine /. 5elcomed tra+elers a. 0olo (amil! (rom Denice ' Marco 0olo 1. Marco 0olo9s tra+el log created e$treme interest in Asia /. Inspired #uropean e((orts in na+igation *. 8ocial 0olicies and 8cholarFGentr! 1. Completel! altered social hierarch! a. 0re+ented scholarFgentr! (rom ta&ing positions ' got rid o( test ). "olstered position o( artisans c. Merchants also prospered 1. Mongols created %ar (leets na+ies /. Cities sedentar! li(est!les (lourished ' ironic 3. =pen to di((erent ideas a. Traditional poetr! essa! %riting su((ers ). popular entertainment ' dramas (lourish 1. The ,omance o( the 5est Cham)er /. Actors no longer Gmean peopleH 4. @elp (or peasants a. *oesn9t turn cropland into pasture land ). ,educes ta$es c. 0lan to esta)lish elementar! education ' ne+er goes through

#. The Fall o( the @ouse o( Euan 1. Mongol aura o( in+inci)ilit! (alters a. Lost to militar! lords o( Capan ). 8ong lo!alists raised re+olts in 8outh c. Frustrated unsuccess(ul e$peditions to Ca+a Dietnam /. 8o(tening o( the ruling class a. 8top ta&ing care o( da! to da! %or& ). Allo%ed corrupt Chinese Muslims to run (inances 3. 8cholarFgentr! encouraged re+olts 4. "anditr! pirac! increases ' can9t guarantee sa(et! -. Famine hit man! regions 7. ,eligious 8ects ' 5hite Lotus 8ociet! a. Magical po%ers to o+erthro% Mongols ;. Man (rom poor peasant (amil! ' Cu Euan1hang starts Ming d!nast! F. A(tershoc&: The "rie( ,ide o( Timur 1. TimurFI Lang ' Timur the Lame a. @ighl! cultured person ). ,uthless con4ueror ' atrocities ' p!ramid o( s&ulls ' tens thousands 1. 8pared artisans scientists to help )uild capital /. :pon death2 empire (alls apart 3. Last great challenge (rom nomads D. Glo)al Connections A. Lasting changes 1. ne% %a!s o( ma&ing %ar a. gunpo%der /. Facilitated trade a. unprecedented trade o( (oods2 tools2 ideas ). )rought great %ealth to traders ' thin& Denice 3. Created urge (or o+erseas e$pansion ". Greatest impact ' plagues 1. Fleas on li+estoc& /. ,ats on ships that ni))led grain 3. #conomic social impact ' -.I o( some regions a. Forced ad6ustments change in economic social roles to deal %ith C. =ther e$changes 1. #uropeans adapt products and technologies a. #$plosi+e po%der printing /. A(ter man! %anted to maintain contacts a. "ut?China gre% more %ar! o( outsiders ). "ut?landF)ased tra+el )ecame more di((icult 1. Led to the need to (ocus on impro+ing sea routes transportation