United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Research Station Research Note NRS-38

Specific Gravity and Other Properties of Wood and Bark for 156 Tree Species Found in North America
Patrick D. Miles W. Brad Smith

Abstract
Much information is available for specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark, but it is widely scattered in the literature. This paper compiles information for estimation of biomass for 156 tree species found in North America for use in national forest inventory applications. We present specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 12 percent moisture content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional information is included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species and green and dry weight of wood and bark.

Manuscript received for publication 29 June 2009

Published by: U.S. FOREST SERVICE 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 October 2009

For additional copies: U.S. Forest Service Publications Distribution 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/

INTRODUCTiON
National forest inventories (NFIs) are a vital source of data for estimating the volume, biomass, and carbon in trees. In the United States, these estimates are based on data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service during routine eld inventories. Converting basic tree measurements from these inventories to volume, biomass, and carbon requires information for wood and bark, such as volume estimation equations, specic gravity, and percentage bark. This paper provides the variables needed to convert green volume estimates for the sound wood in the central stem from FIA data to biomass estimates for stemwood and bark. While there are more than 800 species of trees in U.S. forests (Little 1979), over 95 percent of the nations forest tree volume resides in the 156 species presented in Table 1A. Specic gravity and other properties of wood and bark are presented in Tables 1 through 3 for these 156 North American tree species. Table 4 contains specic gravity estimates for all species currently tallied on FIA eld plots in the continental United States.

The Authors PATRICK D. MILES is a Research Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1992 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108; e-mail: pmiles@fs.fed.us W. BRAD SMITH is the National Forest Inventory and Analysis Associate Program Manager, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Oce, 1601 N. Kent Street, 4th Floor, Arlington VA 22209; e-mail: bsmith12@fs.fed.us

METHODS
We collected specic gravity data for wood and bark based on green volume from published sources. These sources were selected on the basis of availability of data reporting specic gravity estimates from green volume and oven-dry weight (green specic gravity) for use with eld inventory data. Table 1A presents values for green specic gravity from Jenkins et al. (2004) but with updated references. Additionally, specic gravity based on 12 percent moisture content (MC) volume and oven-dry weight is provided to facilitate estimating biomass from measurements of volumes of processed forest products (lumber, veneer, etc.). It should be noted that conversions involving biomass of primary forest products, such as saw logs and pulpwood, should be based on green specic gravity. Table 1B provides values for total oven-dry and green weight for combined wood and bark when only wood volume is known. Information was collected for bark volume as a percentage of green wood volume from published sources as noted in the Tables 2A, 2B, and 3. Bark estimates based solely on double bark thickness or diameter inside (DIB) and outside (DOB) bark relationships will overestimate the true bark percentage due to unaccounted voids and ssures characteristically found in tree bark. It is unclear which of the referenced studies on bark accounted for this factor so estimates presented may overstate the average bark percent by 10 to 25 percent of the reported value depending on the species.

Table 2A look-up values for average bark percent by diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) class (nal percentages adjusted for estimated bark voids) were derived using the equation: DBT = b0 + b1 * DIAMob (1)

where DBT = double bark thickness in inches b0 and b1 = regression coecients from Table 2A DIAMob = diameter (inches) outside bark at specied stem location This equation was used to estimate DBT at d.b.h. and at 4 inches top diameter outside bark. The DBT value was subtracted from each outside diameter to derive inside bark diameter at that point. The bark percentage at each point was then calculated. The bark percentage values at d.b.h. and 4 inches were averaged and then adjusted by the bark void factor to calculate the nal bark percentage for each species and d.b.h. class as shown in Table 2A. Table 2B provides estimates of bark percentage based on diameter inside bark regression data found in Hilt et al. (1983). Estimates of bark percentage were computed at d.b.h. and at 4 inches outside bark, averaged, and then adjusted for estimated bark voids. Table 2B look-up values for average bark percent by d.b.h. class were estimated using the equation:
2 DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB /DBH

(2)

where DIB = diameter (inches) inside bark b0 and b1 = regression coecients from Table 2B DOB = diameter (inches) outside bark as specied stem location DBH = diameter (inches) outside bark at breast height Table 2A provides information on bark as a percentage of wood volume based on equations from published double bark thickness (DBT) regressions adjusted for bark voids; Table 2B provides information based on DIB/DOB relationships adjusted for bark voids. Table 3 presents bark percentages by species from averaged values in Tables 2A and 2B and other referenced studies. Species values in Table 3 were used to assign bark percentages for species with similar bark characteristics in Table 1A.

Calculating Biomass
Once central stem net wood volume has been estimated by a volume equation or other means, this value becomes the basis for central stem biomass estimates of both wood and bark. Central stem wood biomass is estimated using the equation: Bodw = Vgw * SGgw * W (3)

where Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood Vgw = net volume (cu. ft.) of green wood in the central stem SGgw = green specic gravity of wood from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds) 2

Central stem bark biomass is derived from: Bodb = Vgw * BV% * SGgb * W (4)

where Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark Vgw = net volume (cu.ft.) of green wood in the central stem BV% = bark as a percentage of wood volume (look-up values by d.b.h. class from Table 2 or average values from Table 1A or 3) SGgb = green specic gravity of bark from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds) To calculate total central stem biomass, the following equation was used: Bodt = Bodw + Bodb (5)

where Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark And nally, to calculate total wood product biomass, this equation was used: Bodp = Vp * SG12 * W (6)

where Bodp = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood product (lumber, veneer, etc.) Vp = volume (cu. ft.) of wood product SG12 = specic gravity based on 12% MC volume of wood from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

Working with Bark Data when Only Total Volume is Available

Generally, NFI data are presented in terms of wood volume and Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 are used to estimate total volume and biomass of wood and bark. If only gross volume of wood and bark is available, separate estimates of bark and wood volume may be useful. Tables 2 and 3 provide information on bark as a percentage of total wood and bark for several species and species groups. The percents are derived using the following formula: BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) (7)

where BV%wood = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood volume BV%total = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood and bark volume

Biomass Adjustments
Forest trees are subject to many damaging agents, such as weather, insects, disease, and re that can aect tree volume and biomass estimates. Thus, adjustments may be needed to account for rotten or missing wood caused by these agents. This requires additional descriptive inventory data which may or may not be available. In the absence of such data, 3

models may be derived to estimate the average volume deduction for these factors to adjust nal tree volume and biomass estimates. This need for adjustment is noted here as a caution when more precise values are required; such issues are not addressed in this paper.

Green Weight
In todays wood markets, wood is often sold based on green weight. Values are presented 1 for average green weight in pounds per cubic foot and kilograms per cubic meter to accommodate this calculation for both wood and bark. Green weights can be extremely variable geographically, seasonally, within species, and across various portions of individual trees. The values presented in Table 1A are useful for large-scale estimates but should be considered as rough estimates for localized areas. An average value for wood and bark combined may be derived with the following equation: GWTwb = GWTw * (1 BV%total /100) + GWTb * BV%total/100 (8)

where (9) BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) GWTwb = average green weight per cubic foot of combined wood and bark GWTw = average green weight per cubic foot of wood GWTb = average green weight per cubic foot of bark Table 1B provides estimates of oven-dry and green weight for combined wood and bark when only wood volume is known.

Comprehensive list of specific gravities

Currently there are 465 trees species listed in the reference species table of the FIA database (FIADB; USDA For. Serv. 2009), and as previously stated, 156 of these species account for more than 95 percent of the tree biomass in the United States. However specic gravity estimates are needed for all 465 species (Table 4) to provide estimates of total tree biomass on U.S. forest land. Specic gravity values for the 309 uncommon species are derived as follows: If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but multiple tree species of the same genus are listed, then the unlisted species is assigned the average of the specic gravities of the listed species of the same genus. There were 142 species in Table 4 that are assigned specic gravities in this manner. If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but there is one tree species of the same genus in Table 1A, then the unlisted species is assigned the specic gravity of the listed species. Twenty-seven species in Table 4 are assigned specic gravities in this manner. If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A and there are no tree species of the same genus listed in Table 1A, then the unlisted tree species is assigned either the average specic gravity of all the softwoods in Table 1A or all the hardwoods in Table 1A. There are 115 species in Table 4 that are assigned specic gravities in this manner.
1

Biomass usually is reported in oven-dry metric tons. For convenience, tables in this report also include densities for each species in kilograms per cubic meter

Today all trees are identied to species. In earlier inventories trees may have been identied only to genus. To accommodate this older data, the reference species Table 5 contains 25 records where only the genus is listed. An example of this is the record Fir spp. The specic gravity used for the Fir spp record is the average for all of the specic gravities for all of the r species listed in Table 1A. The specic gravities for the other 24 genus-only records are similarly estimated.

ADDiTiONaL INFORmaTiON
Specic gravity of wood and bark can be quite variable depending on many factors, including the geographic location of trees and moisture content, which varies by species, d.b.h., age, and stem position. The values presented here are averages and should be used with caution for estimates targeting small geographic areas requiring more precise values. Two excellent sources of information on wood and bark, including how to make adjustments for alternative moisture contents and other factors, are found in Bowyer et al. (2007) and Forest Products Laboratory publications (USDA For. Serv. 1999, Simpson 1993). Additional information on individual species characteristics is also available at the PLANTS database (USDA Nat. Res. Conserv. Srvc. 2009). The tables for this publication are available as electronic worksheets. These worksheets and other information on the FIA program may be found at http://www.a.fs.fed.us.

LiTERaTURE CiTED
1. Alden, Harry A. 1995. Hardwoods of North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-83. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 136 p. 2. Alden, Harry A. 1997. Softwoods of North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-102. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 151 p. 3. Barger, R.L.; Ffolliott, P.F. 1972. The physical characteristics and utilization of major woodland tree species in Arizona. Res. Pap. RM-83. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 80 p. 4. Bowyer, J.L.; Shmulsky, R.; Haygreen, J.G. 2007. Forest products and wood science An introduction. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 576 p. 5. Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1985. Weight, volume, and physical properties of major hardwood species in the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains. Res. Pap. SE-250. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 66 p. 6. Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1986. Weight, volume, and physical properties of major hardwood species in the Piedmont. Res. Pap. SE-255. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 78 p. 5

7. Einsphar, D.W.; Harder, M. 1976. Hardwood bark properties important to the manufacture of ber products. Forest Products Journal. 26(6): 28-31. 8. Forbes, R.D. 1956. Forestry handbook. New York, NY: Ronald Press. 1143 p. 9. Gevorkiantz, S.R.; Olsen, L.P. 1955. Composite volume tables for timber and their application in the Lake States. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1104. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 51 p. 10. Harkin, J.M.; Rowe, J.W. 1971. Bark and its possible uses. Res. Pap. FPL-091. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 56 p. 11. Hilt, D.E.; Rast, E.D.; Bailey, H.J. 1983. Predicting diameters inside bark for 10 important hardwood species. Res. Pap. NE-531. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. 12. Isenberg, I.H.; Harder, M.L.; Louden, L. 1980. Pulpwoods of the United States and Canada: volume I - conifers. Appleton, WI: Institute of Paper Chemistry. 219 p. 13. Isenberg, I.H.; Harder, M.L.; Louden, L. 1981. Pulpwoods of the United States and Canada: volume II - conifers. Appleton, WI: Institute of Paper Chemistry. 168 p. 14. Jenkins, J.; Chojnacky, D.; Heath, L.; Birdsey, R. 2004. Comprehensive database of diameter-based biomass regressions for North American tree species. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-319. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 45 p. 15. Koch, P.; Mullen, J.F. 1971. Thickness and specic gravity of inner and outer bark of red oak and yellow poplar. Wood Science. 3(4): 214-17. 16. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. 17. Manwiller , F.G. 1975. Wood and bark moisture contents of small-diameter hardwoods growing on southern pine sites. Wood Science. 8(1): 384-388. 18. Markwardt, L.J.; Wilson, T.R.C. 1935. Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States. USDA Tech. Bull. 479. Madison WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 479 p. 19. McCormack, J.F. 1955. An allowance for bark increment in computing tree diameter growth for southeastern species. Stn. Paper SE-60. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

20. Simpson, W.T. 1993. Specic gravity, moisture content, and density relationship for wood. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-76. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 13 p. 21. Smith, J.H.G.; Kozak, A. 1967. Thickness and percentage of bark of the commercial trees of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia. 33 p. 22. Smith, J.H.G.; Kozak, A. 1971. Thickness, moisture content, and specic gravity of inner and outer bark of some Pacic Northwest trees. Forest Products Journal. 21(2): 38-40. 23. Smith, W.B. 1991. Assessing removals for North Central forest inventories. Res. Pap. NC-299. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 48 p. 24. Stayton, C.L.; Homan, M. 1970. Estimating sugar maple bark thickness and volume. Res. Pap. NC-38. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. 25. USDA Forest Service. 1999. Wood handbook- Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-113. Madison WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 463 p. 26. USDA Forest Service. 1959. Ed. No. 7. Volume tables, converting factors and other information applicable to timber in the South. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 8, State and Private Forestry. 27. USDA Forest Service. 2009. FIA library: database documentation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Available: http://a.fs.fed.us/library/database-documentation/. [Accessed 2009 Aug. 14]. 28. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2009. Plants database. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available: www.plants.usda.gov. [Accessed 2009 Aug. 14]. 29. Wenger, Karl F. 1984. Forestry handbook. New York, NY: Wiley. 1360 p. 30. Wilson, P.L.; Funck, W.J.; Avery, R.B. 1987. Fuelwood characteristics of northwestern conifers and hardwoods. Res. Bul. 60. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ. 42 p. 31. Windsorplywood. http://www.windsorplywood.com/worldofwoods/ [Accessed 2009 Jun. 14].

8
Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood * Green volume basis Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark * Bark volume Reference FIA Specific code gravity 11 12 15 17 19 20 22 41 42 43 63 65 67 68 71 73 81 93 94 95 97 98 103 105 106 107 108 110 111 113 115 116 117 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.42 2 25 25 25 0.59 25 0.51 25 31.8 36.8 26.2 27.5 26.2 22.5 0.41 25 25.6 0.48 25 30.0 480 410 510 590 420 440 420 360 0.57 2 35.6 570 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 0.50 0.46 0.38 0.47 0.54 0.37 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.42 a 26.2 420 0.39 0.36 25 22.5 360 0.33 25 30 25 2 25 25 25 25 2 25 30 25 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 25 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.38 25 23.7 23.1 20.6 24.3 25.0 31.2 28.7 23.7 29.3 33.7 23.1 25.6 23.1 21.2 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 25 23.1 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.33 25 20.6 330 370 380 370 330 390 400 500 460 380 470 540 370 410 370 340 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.48 25 30.0 480 60 106 89 52 48 47 60 105 100 28 32 64 77 72 95 76 104 130 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.49 25 30.6 490 54 0.47 25 29.3 470 0.44 25 27.5 440 35 29 12 12 30 12 12 12 12 12 b 12 b 12 12 12 12 b b 12 25 0.44 2 27.5 440 0.42 2 26.2 420 41 b 0.72 a 44.9 720 0.68 3 42.6 682 35 b 57 37 37 47 48 45 39 35 35 34 33 50 50 40 38 39 52 58 45 45 47 49 0.51 2 31.8 510 0.48 2 30.0 480 34 28 40 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 86 29 36 577 641 920 593 593 753 769 721 625 561 561 545 529 801 801 641 609 625 833 929 721 721 753 782 0.44 25 27.5 440 0.42 25 26.2 420 72 29 45 721 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.39 25 24.3 390 74 25 42 678 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.33 0.25 0.51 0.39 0.42 0.32 0.55 0.38 0.41 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.35 0.35 0.50 0.45 0.36 0.35 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.37 25 23.1 370 30 12 30 481 0.49 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 114 12 48 769 0.44 10 10 30 22 14 b b b 23 23 12 10 12 12 12 14 10 30 12 b 14 12 12 12 b 14 30 10 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 45 12 28 448 0.50 10 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.35 25 21.8 350 106 12 45 721 0.57 10 35.6 31.2 27.5 30.6 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 18.7 20.6 15.6 31.8 24.3 26.2 20.0 34.3 23.7 25.6 25.0 28.1 23.7 21.8 21.8 31.2 28.1 22.5 21.8 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.37 25 23.1 370 104 12 47 753 0.56 10 34.9 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.33 25 20.6 330 119 12 45 721 0.40 12 25.0 400 560 570 500 440 490 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 300 330 250 510 390 420 320 550 380 410 400 450 380 350 350 500 450 360 350 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 25 25.0 400 70 30 42 680 0.44 30 27.5 440 64 100 63 63 63 20 64 64 112 100 60 60 60 60 98 65 28 79 77 91 75 81 69 92 60 89 64 60 88 12 25 34 88 Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity Avg. Avg. green green wt. wt. Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity 22 2 22 22 22 30 22 25 22 30 b b b b 2 2 30 2 30 2 b 22 b 2 b 2 2 b 2 b b 2 2 Avg. Avg. Avg. moisture oven- ovencontent dry dry as a % of weight weight oven-dry (lb/cf) (kg/m3) weight Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Avg. MC as a % of ovendry weight Avg. bark Avg. Avg. volume green green as % of wt. wt. wood (lb/cf) (kg/m3) volume 45 50 57 58 51 33 50 41 53 50 40 40 40 40 37 34 20 57 43 50 35 62 40 49 40 53 39 35 41 35 35 30 41 721 801 913 929 817 529 801 657 849 801 641 641 641 641 593 545 320 913 689 801 561 993 641 785 641 849 625 561 657 561 561 481 657 14.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.6 11.6 11.6 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 11.2 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.5 12.0 14.0 13.4 15.0 8.9 16.0 18.0 13.4 13.4 25.6 25.6 30 9 a a 21 a a a 21 a a a a 23 23 a a 21 a a a 21 30 9 a 26 21 26 26 a a a a

Table 1A.Specific gravity and oven-dry weight and green weight of wood and bark for tree species found in North America. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.

Common name

Genus

Species

Pacific silver fir

Abies

amabilis

Balsam fir

Abies

balsamea

White fir

Abies

concolor

Grand fir

Abies

grandis

Subalpine fir

Abies

lasiocarpa

California red fir

Abies

magnifica

Noble fir

Abies

procera

Port-Orford-cedar

Chamaecyparis

lawsoniana

Alaska yellow-cedar

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis

Atlantic white-cedar

Chamaecyparis

thyoides

Alligator juniper

Juniperus

deppeana

Utah juniper

Juniperus

osteosperma

Southern redcedar

Juniperus

virginiana

Eastern redcedar

Juniperus

virginiana

Tamarack (native)

Larix

laricina

Western larch

Larix

occidentalis

Incense-cedar

Calocedrus

decurrens

Engelmann spruce

Picea

engelmannii

White spruce

Picea

glauca

Black spruce

Picea

mariana

Red spruce

Picea

rubens

Sitka spruce

Picea

sitchensis

Knobcone pine

Pinus

attenuata

Jack pine

Pinus

banksiana

Common or twoneedle pinyon

Pinus

edulis

Sand pine

Pinus

clausa

Lodgepole pine

Pinus

contorta

Shortleaf pine

Pinus

echinata

Slash pine

Pinus

elliottii

Limber pine

Pinus

flexilis

Spruce pine

Pinus

glabra

Jeffrey pine

Pinus

jeffreyi

Sugar pine

Pinus

lambertiana

Table 1A.continued
Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood * Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark * Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Bark volume Reference

Common name 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 131 132 202 211 212 0.34 0.42 0.60 0.29 0.31 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.42 0.52 0.44 0.49 0.44 630 360 530 25.6 25 1 49.3 410 790 0.56 0.33 0.46 0.37 0.66 31 25 1 25 25 25 1 1 25 1 25 25 26.2 27.5 26.2 32.4 27.5 30.6 27.5 34.9 20.6 28.7 23.1 41.2 25 26.2 25 23.7 380 420 420 440 420 520 440 490 440 560 330 460 370 660 25 19.3 310 25 18.1 290 99 40 111 56 68 71 91 70 71 64 68 57 143 74 99 48 2 37.4 600 47 25 26.2 420 95 29 30 23 12 12 12 12 13 b b b 13 13 13 13 b 13 26 30 21.2 340 178 30 221 231 241 242 261 263 264 312 313 314 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.63 0.36 0.53 0.41 0.79 1 1 22.5 33.1 25 39.3 25 29.3 470 25 33.7 540 1 28.7 460 316 317 318 332 341 351 356 0.57 25 35.6 570 0.46 31 28.7 460 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.45 25 28.1 450 0.45 25 28.1 450 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 0.67 2 41.8 670 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.38 a 23.7 380 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 123 12 50 59 51 55 36 27 50 41 44 47 50 55 47 50 46 55 50 50 46 61 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.45 25 28.1 450 35 12 38 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.45 25 28.1 450 78 b 50 801 609 801 945 817 881 577 433 801 657 705 753 801 881 753 801 737 881 801 801 737 977 0.51 25 31.8 510 0.47 25 29.3 470 81 12 53 849 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.34 25 21.2 340 65 b 35 561 0.56 25 34.9 560 0.51 25 31.8 510 60 b 51 817 0.33 0.47 0.33 0.54 0.44 0.43 0.34 0.50 0.59 0.42 0.37 0.46 0.50 0.41 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.50 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.45 0.56 0.50 0.43 a 26.8 430 0.40 30 25.0 400 80 b 45 721 0.40 30 b 12 12 12 26 10 30 10 30 10 12 10 26 10 10 b 14 b 13 13 13 b b 26 b 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.47 25 29.3 470 70 12 50 801 0.34 10 21.2 25.0 20.6 29.3 20.6 33.7 27.5 26.8 21.2 31.2 36.8 26.2 23.1 28.7 31.2 25.6 30.0 31.2 33.7 31.2 37.4 35.6 33.7 31.2 28.1 34.9 31.2 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.41 25 25.6 410 64 12 42 673 0.27 12 16.8 0.53 2 33.0 529 0.40 2 25.0 400 100 b 50 801 0.40 b 25.0 0.52 2 32.4 520 0.49 2 30.6 490 77 b 54 865 0.45 b 28.1 450 400 270 340 400 330 470 330 540 440 430 340 500 590 420 370 460 500 410 480 500 540 500 600 570 540 500 450 560 500 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.38 25 23.7 380 90 12 45 721 0.35 12 21.8 350 0.59 25 36.8 590 0.54 25 33.7 540 63 12 55 881 0.45 12 28.1 450 89 33 60 60 90 89 60 94 70 99 90 89 16 18 99 98 91 56 99 102 92 114 92 90 89 79 80 90 89 78 75 60 0.49 a 30.6 490 0.45 30 28.1 450 60 b 45 721 0.45 31 28.1 450 42 b 2 2 b b b 2 b b b 2 b 2 30 b b 30 b 22 2 22 b 22 b 1 b 1 b 1 b b 22 b 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 56 12 35 561 0.47 12 29.3 470 84 22

Genus

Species

FIA Specific code gravity 54 40 53 29 45 40 32 40 40 40 50 41 64 52 31 25 62 73 50 36 57 63 49 64 60 64 59 67 64 64 59 50 61 50

Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity Avg. Avg. green green wt. wt. Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity 865 641 849 464 721 641 513 641 641 641 801 657

Avg. Avg. Avg. moisture oven- ovencontent dry dry as a % of weight weight oven-dry (lb/cf) (kg/m3) weight Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight (lb/cf) (kg/m3)

Avg. MC as a % of ovendry weight

Avg. bark Avg. Avg. volume green green as % of wt. wt. wood (lb/cf) (kg/m3) volume 12.6 22.0 14.0 25.6 13.4 13.4 16.0 13.4 22.0 13.4 16.0 16.6 1025 833 497 400 993 1169 801 577 913 1009 785 1025 961 1025 945 1073 1025 1025 945 801 977 801 13.4 17.3 18.0 18.0 20.0 4.0 14.0 10.6 17.0 15.8 15.8 10.0 8.6 15.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 15.6 15.0 15.0 12.0 8.6

Western white pine

Pinus

monticola

21 a 26 21 a a 23 a 30 a 9 19 a 21 30 a 26 30 9 21 9 21 a 30 a a a 11 a 11 a a 21 a

Bishop pine

Pinus

muricata

Longleaf pine

Pinus

palustris

Ponderosa pine

Pinus

ponderosa

Table Mountain pine

Pinus

pungens

Monterey pine

Pinus

radiata

Red pine

Pinus

resinosa

Pitch pine

Pinus

rigida

Gray or California foothill pine

Pinus

sabiniana

Pond pine

Pinus

serotina

Eastern white pine

Pinus

strobus

Loblolly pine

Pinus

taeda

Virginia pine

Pinus

virginiana

Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga

menziesii

Redwood

Sequoia

sempervirens

Giant sequoia

Sequoiadendron

giganteum

Baldcypress

Taxodium

distichum

Pacific yew

Taxus

brevifolia

Northern white-cedar

Thuja

occidentalis

Western redcedar

Thuja

plicata

Eastern hemlock

Tsuga

canadensis

Western hemlock

Tsuga

heterophylla

Mountain hemlock

Tsuga

mertensiana

Bigleaf maple

Acer

macrophyllum

Boxelder

Acer

negundo

Black maple

Acer

nigrum

Striped maple

Acer

pensylvanicum 315

Red maple

Acer

rubrum

Silver maple

Acer

saccharinum

Sugar maple

Acer

saccharum

Yellow buckeye

Aesculus

flava

Ailanthus

Ailanthus

altissima

Red alder

Alnus

rubra

Serviceberry spp.

Amelanchier

spp.

10
Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood * Green volume basis Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark * Bark volume Reference FIA Specific code gravity 361 371 372 373 375 379 391 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 421 25 1 1 25 1 18 26 25 0.55 0.50 490 560 520 36.2 25 a 1 0.45 0.57 1 1 40.6 37.4 0.60 28.1 35.6 591 580 650 600 450 570 0.45 0.53 0.48 0.53 0.60 0.53 0.42 0.50 25 25 25 25 1 25 25 1 1 1 30.6 39.9 36.2 39.9 34.9 34.3 31.2 28.1 33.1 30.0 33.1 37.4 33.1 26.2 31.2 23.7 26.2 420 380 490 640 580 640 560 550 500 450 530 480 530 600 530 420 500 25.0 400 431 452 462 491 492 521 531 541 542 543 544 545 546 552 571 580 0.65 0.58 0.52 1 0.56 25 34.9 32.4 0.49 25 30.6 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.60 25 37.4 600 0.64 25 39.9 640 0.56 0.74 26 46.2 740 0.64 0.62 a 38.7 620 0.58 0.73 1 45.6 730 0.64 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.49 0.41 1 25.6 410 0.38 0.46 1 28.7 460 0.42 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 25 39.9 640 63 120 133 73 64 33 46 58 55 46 60 85 57 67 51 60 51 68 83 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 25 39.9 640 60 0.60 25 37.4 600 0.56 25 34.9 560 77 29 13 25 25 26 26 29 b b 26 13 25 b 13 29 b b 26 b 26 26 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.62 25 38.7 620 65 13 64 62 64 65 55 61 41 50 53 53 63 54 50 50 52 52 50 50 60 50 44 57 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.60 25 37.4 600 66 25 62 0.75 25 46.8 750 0.66 25 41.2 660 65 13 68 993 1025 993 1025 1041 881 977 657 801 849 849 1009 865 801 801 833 833 801 801 961 801 705 913 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.60 25 37.4 600 71 25 64 1025 1089 0.62 25 38.7 620 0.61 25 38.1 610 84 25 70 1121 0.70 1 43.7 700 0.58 1 36.2 580 46 26 53 849 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.72 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.49 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.67 0.50 0.50 0.43 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 1 31.8 510 0.45 1 28.1 450 64 13 46 737 0.55 b b 14 23 23 14 14 14 13 23 14 30 b 23 b 18 b 13 13 14 10 13 b 14 14 b b b 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.48 25 30.0 480 74 25 52 833 0.56 13 0.56 1 34.9 560 0.49 1 30.6 490 86 b 57 913 0.55 b 34.3 34.9 34.3 34.3 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.4 44.9 37.4 31.2 26.2 31.2 30.6 36.2 36.2 31.2 41.8 31.2 31.2 26.8 30.0 28.1 24.3 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 0.65 25 40.6 650 0.60 25 37.4 600 73 25 65 1038 0.62 b 38.7 0.62 25 38.7 620 0.55 25 34.3 550 72 25 59 945 0.62 10 38.7 620 620 550 560 550 550 600 600 600 600 600 600 720 600 500 420 500 490 580 580 500 670 500 500 430 480 450 390 500 500 500 500 0.65 1 40.6 650 0.58 1 36.2 580 66 26 60 961 0.60 25 37.4 600 60 60 53 46 52 63 89 60 60 60 60 60 60 34 60 89 91 89 90 91 91 89 89 89 89 90 70 89 89 89 60 89 89 Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity Avg. Avg. green green wt. wt. Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity b b 1 b 22 1 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 5 b b b b b b Avg. Avg. Avg. moisture oven- ovencontent dry dry as a % of weight weight oven-dry (lb/cf) (kg/m3) weight Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Avg. MC as a % of ovendry weight Avg. bark Avg. Avg. volume green green as % of wt. wt. wood (lb/cf) (kg/m3) volume 60 62 59 50 53 56 65 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 59 50 59 58 69 69 59 79 59 59 51 51 53 46 59 50 59 59 961 993 945 801 849 897 1041 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 945 801 945 929 1105 1105 945 1265 945 945 817 817 849 737 945 801 945 945 15.0 9.8 9.8 9.8 12.6 12.6 8.6 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 6.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 a 21 a a c a a a a a a a a a a a 30 a 23 a a a 11 a a a 26 a a a a a a

Table 1A.continued

Common name

Genus

Species

Pacific madrone

Arbutus

menziesii

Yellow birch

Betula

alleghaniensis

Sweet birch

Betula

lenta

River birch

Betula

nigra

Paper birch

Betula

papyrifera

Gray birch

Betula

populifolia

American hornbeam, musclewood

Carpinus

caroliniana

Water hickory

Carya

aquatica

Bitternut hickory

Carya

cordiformis

Pignut hickory

Carya

glabra

Pecan

Carya

illinoinensis

Shellbark hickory

Carya

laciniosa

Nutmeg hickory

Carya

myristiciformis

Shagbark hickory

Carya

ovata

Mockernut hickory

Carya

alba

American chestnut

Castanea

dentata

Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin

Chrysolepis

chrysophylla

Northern catalpa

Catalpa

speciosa

Hackberry

Celtis

occidentalis

Flowering dogwood

Cornus

florida

Pacific dogwood

Cornus

nuttallii

Common persimmon

Diospyros

virginiana

American beech

Fagus

grandifolia

White ash

Fraxinus

americana

Oregon ash

Fraxinus

latifolia

Black ash

Fraxinus

nigra

Green ash

Fraxinus

pennsylvanica

Pumpkin ash

Fraxinus

profunda

Blue ash

Fraxinus

quadrangulata

Honeylocust

Gleditsia

triacanthos

Kentucky coffeetree

Gymnocladus

dioicus

Silverbell spp.

Halesia

spp.

American holly

Ilex

opaca

Table 1A.continued
Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood * Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark * Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Bark volume Reference

Common name 601 602 611 621 631 641 651 652 653 655 660 691 693 701 711 731 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 31 25 25 25 30 0.60 0.52 690 630 720 34.3 a 25 39.3 550 630 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.51 0.56 25 25 25 3 1 18 25 48.7 29.3 37.4 39.9 43.7 37.4 32.4 38.1 38.1 39.9 31.8 34.9 25.6 19.3 310 410 780 470 600 640 700 600 520 610 610 640 510 560 21.8 350 22.5 360 91 129 138 56 21 53 68 58 74 71 97 68 66 58 101 83 23.1 370 117 19.3 310 107 13 29 13 29 13 b b 29 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 28.7 460 81 13 741 742 743 746 747 748 755 762 802 804 805 806 812 813 814 815 818 820 0.63 0.55 0.72 1 0.63 a 39.3 44.9 0.69 25 43.1 0.59 25 36.8 590 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.74 a 46.2 740 0.70 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 0.68 25 42.4 680 0.60 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.47 0.82 1 51.2 820 0.78 0.45 a 28.1 450 0.41 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.31 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.35 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.36 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 0.34 25 21.2 340 0.31 0.49 25 30.6 490 0.46 0.55 1 34.3 550 0.50 18 31.2 500 70 26 53 52 40 50 43 50 46 40 59 45 63 63 76 64 64 64 63 63 64 64 0.70 1 43.7 700 0.63 1 39.3 630 53 26 60 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 101 25 58 924 961 849 833 641 801 689 801 737 641 945 721 1009 1009 1217 1025 1025 1025 1009 1009 1025 1025 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 95 29 56 897 0.67 26 41.8 670 0.61 26 38.1 610 78 25 68 1085 0.44 1 27.5 440 0.40 1 25.0 400 96 b 49 785 0.44 0.50 0.58 0.44 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.38 0.59 0.50 0.40 0.41 0.65 0.63 0.56 0.55 0.64 0.71 0.68 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.45 0.50 b b 10 13 b b 13 23 13 10 13 13 30 b 10 13 b 14 10 10 14 b 30 14 b 0.46 1 28.7 460 0.42 1 26.2 420 87 b 49 785 0.44 b 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 106 13 59 945 0.44 14 27.5 27.5 27.5 31.2 36.2 27.5 31.2 37.4 37.4 31.2 23.7 36.8 31.2 25.0 25.6 40.6 39.3 34.9 34.3 39.9 44.3 42.4 39.3 39.2 39.3 28.1 31.2 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.44 25 27.5 440 78 13 49 785 0.44 14 27.5 0.85 1 53.0 850 0.76 1 47.4 760 31 26 62 993 0.60 b 37.4 0.62 a 38.7 620 0.58 25 36.2 580 80 26 65 1041 0.62 10 38.7 620 600 440 440 440 440 500 580 440 500 600 600 500 380 590 500 400 410 650 630 560 550 640 710 680 630 629 630 450 500 0.42 25 26.2 420 0.40 25 25.0 400 95 25 49 780 0.38 13 23.7 380 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.46 25 28.7 460 74 13 50 801 0.42 13 26.2 420 91 124 60 60 89 89 104 89 70 82 71 89 60 84 86 56 90 102 100 92 41 91 89 89 90 49 48 91 66 65 89 121 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.51 25 31.8 510 79 13 57 913 0.33 10 20.6 330 89 b 1 5 b b b b 1 b b 1 1 b b 6 1 b b 22 31 b b b 17 b b 6 6 17 b b b 5 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 105 13 46 737 0.40 14 25.0 400 88 b

Genus

Species

FIA Specific code gravity 47 39 50 53 62 60 52 52 56 52 53 66 47 59 60 69 58 37 70 63 50 49 57 75 66 65 76 66 63 75 65 65 53 69

Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity Avg. Avg. green green wt. wt. Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity 753 625 801 849 993 961 833 833 897 833 849

Avg. Avg. Avg. moisture oven- ovencontent dry dry as a % of weight weight oven-dry (lb/cf) (kg/m3) weight Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight (lb/cf) (kg/m3)

Avg. MC as a % of ovendry weight

Avg. bark Avg. Avg. volume green green as % of wt. wt. wood (lb/cf) (kg/m3) volume 15.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 1057 753 945 961 1105 929 593 1121 1009 801 785 913 1201 1057 1041 1217 1057 1009 1201 1041 1041 849 1105 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 8.0 22.0 22.0 14.4 14.4 16.3 22.0 15.0 9.2 16.0 16.0 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 16.0 22.0 16.0

Butternut

Juglans

cinerea

a a 5 5 30 a a a a a a a 26 a a 23 a 30 a 21 21 a a 11 5 a a a 5 a a a a a

Black walnut

Juglans

nigra

Sweetgum

Liquidambar

styraciflua

Yellow-poplar

Liriodendron

tulipifera

Tanoak

Lithocarpus

densiflorus

Osage-orange

Maclura

pomifera

Cucumbertree

Magnolia

acuminata

Southern magnolia

Magnolia

grandiflora

Sweetbay

Magnolia

virginiana

Mountain or Fraser magnolia

Magnolia

fraseri

Apple spp.

Malus

spp.

Water tupelo

Nyssa

aquatica

Blackgum

Nyssa

sylvatica

Eastern hophornbeam

Ostrya

virginiana

Sourwood

Oxydendrum

arboreum

American sycamore

Platanus

occidentalis

Balsam poplar

Populus

balsamifera

Eastern cottonwood

Populus

deltoides

Bigtooth aspen

Populus

grandidentata

Quaking aspen

Populus

tremuloides

Black cottonwood

Populus

balsamifera

Fremont cottonwood

Populus

fremontii

Mesquite spp.

Prosopis

spp.

Blackcherry

Prunus

serotina

White oak

Quercus

alba

Swamp white oak

Quercus

bicolor

Canyon live oak

Quercus

chrysolepis

Scarlet oak

Quercus

coccinea

Southern red oak

Quercus

falcata

Cherrybark oak

Quercus

pagoda

Gambel oak

Quercus

gambelii

Oregon white oak

Quercus

garryana

California black oak

Quercus

kelloggii

Laurel oak

Quercus

laurifolia

11

12
Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Green volume basis Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood * Green volume basis Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark * Bark volume Reference FIA Specific code gravity 821 822 823 825 827 830 831 832 833 835 837 838 901 922 931 951 20.0 37.4 28.7 36.8 30.0 35.6 31.8 460 590 480 570 510 600 320 971 972 973 975 977 981 0.55 1 34.3 550 0.51 1 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.57 25 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.48 25 0.64 1 39.9 640 0.59 1 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 0.66 1 41.2 660 0.60 1 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.32 25 105 42 94 66 77 51 67 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.42 25 26.2 420 68 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.36 25 22.5 360 127 13 26 25 b 25 25 b 25 30 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.66 25 41.2 660 41 26 0.88 25 54.9 880 0.80 25 49.9 800 52 13 76 58 51 44 41 53 56 61 53 54 53 0.61 25 38.1 610 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.60 25 37.4 600 71 13 64 1025 1025 1217 929 817 705 657 849 892 977 849 860 849 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.57 25 35.6 570 77 13 63 1009 0.54 0.68 0.51 0.60 0.51 0.29 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.29 0.50 0.55 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.59 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.58 25 36.2 580 77 13 64 1025 0.60 14 10 10 13 10 10 14 10 14 14 10 b 10 b 10 14 30 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.62 14 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.60 25 37.4 600 68 13 63 1009 0.51 14 31.8 38.7 37.4 36.8 33.7 42.4 31.8 37.4 31.8 18.1 31.2 31.2 30.0 28.1 27.5 28.1 18.1 31.2 34.3 0.64 25 39.9 640 0.58 25 36.2 580 74 13 63 1009 0.54 10 33.7 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.57 25 35.6 570 77 13 63 1009 0.51 14 31.8 510 540 510 620 600 590 540 680 510 600 510 290 500 500 480 450 440 450 290 500 550 0.58 a 36.2 580 0.55 30 34.3 550 84 13 63 1009 0.55 30 34.3 550 89 89 90 89 73 90 90 60 91 89 90 89 88 99 89 90 75 78 75 171 57 43 Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity Avg. Avg. green green wt. wt. Specific (lb/cf) (kg/m3) gravity b b b b 5 17 b 6 17 17 17 b b 1 b b b b b b b b Avg. Avg. Avg. moisture oven- ovencontent dry dry as a % of weight weight oven-dry (lb/cf) (kg/m3) weight Avg. Avg. oven- ovendry dry weight weight (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Avg. MC as a % of ovendry weight Avg. bark Avg. Avg. volume green green as % of wt. wt. wood (lb/cf) (kg/m3) volume 65 60 64 60 67 71 70 54 81 60 71 60 34 62 59 57 49 49 49 49 49 49 1041 961 1025 961 1073 1137 1121 865 1298 961 1137 961 545 993 945 913 785 785 785 785 785 785 16.0 22.0 16.0 23.0 16.0 22.0 16.0 23.0 20.0 22.0 18.5 16.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 10.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 a a a a a a a 5 9 a 11 a a a a c a a a a a a

Table 1A.continued

Common name

Genus

Species

California white oak

Quercus

lobata

Overcup oak

Quercus

lyrata

Bur oak

Quercus

macrocarpa

Swamp chestnut oak

Quercus

michauxii

Water oak

Quercus

nigra

Pin oak

Quercus

palustris

Willow oak

Quercus

phellos

Chestnut oak

Quercus

prinus

Northern red oak

Quercus

rubra

Post oak

Quercus

stellata

Black oak

Quercus

velutina

Live oak

Quercus

virginiana

Black locust

Robinia

pseudoacacia

Black willow

Salix

nigra

Sassafras

Sassafras

albidum

American basswood

Tilia

americana

Winged elm

Ulmus

alata

American elm

Ulmus

americana

Cedar elm

Ulmus

crassifolia

Slippery elm

Ulmus

rubra

Rock elm

Ulmus

thomasii

California-laurel

Umbellularia

californica

* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited.

a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species.

b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species.

c Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

Table 1B.Average oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark when only wood volume is known for tree species in North America. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood * Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (lb/cf) 29 24 27 26 23 25 26 27 29 22 33 46 29 30 33 33 24 24 26 27 26 25 27 29 35 33 26 33 38 27 29 29 27 26 34 38 29 34 28 28 32 Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (kg/m3) 461 378 437 418 364 407 423 436 466 356 528 730 468 488 532 526 392 387 421 434 411 399 435 457 553 527 413 526 603 437 470 462 429 419 549 603 469 550 454 453 515 Avg. Avg. green green weight weight of wood of wood and bark and bark (lb/cf) (kg/m3) 49 51 54 52 33 52 35 47 51 42 45 62 42 42 52 53 48 45 41 42 39 41 55 57 45 46 42 58 65 50 50 55 59 42 54 62 52 60 55 47 55 781 817 862 832 536 826 567 754 819 669 718 997 670 670 836 845 775 727 650 665 618 653 878 911 727 736 680 923 1047 796 796 876 950 670 862 1000 840 962 887 755 887

Bark % reference (Tab 3)

Wood reference

Bark reference

Common name Pacific silver fir Balsam fir White fir Grand fir Subalpine fir California red fir Noble fir Port-Orford-cedar Alaska yellow-cedar Atlantic white-cedar Alligator juniper Utah juniper Southern redcedar Eastern redcedar Tamarack (native) Western larch Incense-cedar Engelmann spruce White spruce Black spruce Red spruce Sitka spruce Knobcone pine Jack pine Common or two-needle pinyon Sand pine Lodgepole pine Shortleaf pine Slash pine Limber pine Spruce pine Jeffrey pine Sugar pine Western white pine Bishop pine Longleaf pine Ponderosa pine Table Mountain pine Monterey pine Red pine Pitch pine

Genus Abies Abies Abies Abies Abies Abies Abies Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Larix Larix Calocedrus Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus

Species amabilis balsamea concolor grandis lasiocarpa magnifica procera lawsoniana nootkatensis thyoides deppeana osteosperma virginiana virginiana laricina occidentalis decurrens engelmannii glauca mariana rubens sitchensis attenuata banksiana edulis clausa contorta echinata elliottii flexilis glabra jeffreyi lambertiana monticola muricata palustris ponderosa pungens radiata resinosa rigida

FIA code 11 12 15 17 19 20 22 41 42 43 63 65 67 68 71 73 81 93 94 95 97 98 103 105 106 107 108 110 111 113 115 116 117 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2 3 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 2 25 25 25 25 2 25 30 25 25 30 25 25 2 2 25 25

30 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 29 29 28 b b 29 12 12 30 12 12 12 12 12 b 12 b 12 12 12 12 b b 12 25 12 b 12 12 b b 12 12

30 9 a a 21 a a a 21 a a a a 23 23 a a 21 a a a 21 30 9 a 26 21 26 26 a a a a 21 a 26 21 a a 23 a

13

Table 1B.continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood * Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (lb/cf) 30 35 26 33 33 33 27 25 32 39 22 22 29 31 30 30 29 38 30 34 31 40 25 33 27 44 42 38 41 34 34 32 39 44 43 47 43 45 41 47 46 30 Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (kg/m3) 488 554 415 525 522 526 437 401 520 623 349 349 458 499 484 488 463 604 483 541 489 644 405 527 437 703 670 611 661 544 550 519 627 706 696 756 696 716 656 755 736 475 Avg. Avg. green green weight weight of wood of wood and bark and bark (lb/cf) (kg/m3) 54 56 43 60 59 47 56 63 63 58 43 31 60 51 52 53 55 65 52 56 52 65 59 58 53 65 69 65 71 62 59 53 59 80 74 78 72 74 72 74 75 64 862 903 689 958 938 753 890 1017 1016 928 689 493 956 816 829 855 884 1041 834 893 825 1041 943 921 855 1046 1105 1043 1130 992 940 850 939 1275 1179 1243 1147 1179 1147 1179 1195 1023

Bark % reference (Tab 3)

Wood reference

Bark reference

Common name Gray or California foothill pine Pond pine Eastern white pine Loblolly pine Virginia pine Douglas-fir Redwood Giant sequoia Baldcypress Pacific yew Northern white-cedar Western redcedar Eastern hemlock Western hemlock Mountain hemlock Bigleaf maple Boxelder Black maple Striped maple Red maple Silver maple Sugar maple Yellow buckeye Ailanthus Red alder Serviceberry spp. Pacific madrone Yellow birch Sweet birch River birch Paper birch Gray birch American hornbeam, musclewood Water hickory Bitternut hickory Pignut hickory Pecan Shellbark hickory Nutmeg hickory Shagbark hickory Mockernut hickory American chestnut

Genus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pseudotsuga Sequoia Sequoiadendron Taxodium Taxus Thuja Thuja Tsuga Tsuga Tsuga Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Aesculus Ailanthus Alnus Amelanchier Arbutus Betula Betula Betula Betula Betula Carpinus Carya Carya Carya Carya Carya Carya Carya Carya Castanea

Species sabiniana serotina strobus taeda virginiana menziesii sempervirens giganteum distichum brevifolia occidentalis plicata canadensis heterophylla mertensiana macrophyllum negundo nigrum pensylvanicum rubrum saccharinum saccharum flava altissima rubra spp. menziesii alleghaniensis lenta nigra papyrifera populifolia caroliniana aquatica cordiformis glabra illinoinensis laciniosa myristiciformis ovata alba dentata

FIA code 127 128 129 131 132 202 211 212 221 231 241 242 261 263 264 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 332 341 351 356 361 371 372 373 375 379 391 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 421

30 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 31 25 1 25 25 25 1 1 25 1 1 25 25 1 25 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

b b b 12 b 12 12 30 29 30 23 12 12 12 12 13 b b b 13 13 13 13 b 13 26 26 25 25 b 25 13 26 25 25 13 25 13 29 13 25 25

30 a 9 19 a 21 30 a 26 30 9 21 9 21 a 30 a a a 11 a 11 a a 21 a a 21 a a c a a a a a a a a a a a

14

Table 1B.continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood * Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (lb/cf) 29 28 35 45 42 45 37 39 36 32 38 34 37 42 38 31 36 26 35 33 29 44 53 32 33 30 29 43 34 33 44 37 32 26 28 28 26 23 31 55 33 43 Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (kg/m3) 470 455 563 727 667 715 600 630 580 519 607 552 592 675 605 495 575 420 559 523 468 697 850 506 526 486 466 685 541 521 705 590 508 420 453 445 422 375 500 877 528 689 Avg. Avg. green green weight weight of wood of wood and bark and bark (lb/cf) (kg/m3) 67 50 59 63 63 72 59 59 59 60 60 58 57 69 58 53 66 53 63 58 58 77 71 57 67 57 57 76 65 64 69 62 58 53 58 53 59 54 51 68 52 74 1073 799 940 1015 1015 1151 941 952 952 964 964 937 919 1103 921 847 1055 850 1007 921 932 1230 1137 910 1070 919 910 1213 1045 1030 1103 993 921 845 931 850 946 868 813 1082 831 1178

Bark % reference (Tab 3)

Wood reference

Bark reference

Common name Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Northern catalpa Hackberry Flowering dogwood Pacific dogwood Common persimmon American beech White ash Oregon ash Black ash Green ash Pumpkin ash Blue ash Honeylocust Kentucky coffeetree Silverbell spp. American holly Butternut Black walnut Sweetgum Yellow-poplar Tanoak Osage-orange Cucumbertree Southern magnolia Sweetbay Mountain or Fraser magnolia Apple spp. Water tupelo Blackgum Eastern hophornbeam Sourwood American sycamore Balsam poplar Eastern cottonwood Bigtooth aspen Quaking aspen Black cottonwood Fremont cottonwood Mesquite spp. Black cherry White oak

Genus Chrysolepis Catalpa Celtis Cornus Cornus Diospyros Fagus Fraxinus Fraxinus Fraxinus Fraxinus Fraxinus Fraxinus Gleditsia Gymnocladus Halesia Ilex Juglans Juglans Liquidambar Liriodendron Lithocarpus Maclura Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Malus Nyssa Nyssa Ostrya Oxydendrum Platanus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Prosopis Prunus Quercus

Species chrysophylla speciosa occidentalis florida nuttallii virginiana grandifolia americana latifolia nigra pennsylvanica profunda quadrangulata triacanthos dioicus spp. opaca cinerea nigra styraciflua tulipifera densiflorus pomifera acuminata grandiflora virginiana fraseri spp. aquatica sylvatica virginiana arboreum occidentalis balsamifera deltoides grandidentata tremuloides balsamifera fremontii spp. serotina alba

FIA code 431 452 462 491 492 521 531 541 542 543 544 545 546 552 571 580 591 601 602 611 621 631 641 651 652 653 655 660 691 693 701 711 731 741 742 743 746 747 748 755 762 802

1 1 25 1 18 26 25 25 25 25 25 1 25 25 1 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 1 25 25 1 1 26 25 25 1 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 31 25 25

26 26 29 b b 26 13 25 b 13 29 b b 26 b 26 26 13 13 13 25 26 26 13 13 b b 25 29 25 26 26 13 13 29 13 29 13 b b 29 13

30 a 23 a a a 11 a a a 26 a a a a a a a a 5 5 30 a a a a a a a 26 a a 23 a 30 a 21 21 a a 11 5

15

Table 1B.continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark per cubic foot of wood * Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (lb/cf) 45 50 47 42 47 47 46 38 40 40 43 42 45 41 44 41 43 43 44 42 55 44 27 31 23 41 33 41 32 40 37 Avg. ovendry weight of wood and bark (kg/m3) 728 802 756 669 748 748 740 609 640 638 682 666 717 659 712 654 694 696 712 671 881 703 440 495 370 663 521 653 520 640 592 Avg. Avg. green green weight weight of wood of wood and bark and bark (lb/cf) (kg/m3) 73 88 79 78 80 77 73 76 75 73 76 73 77 75 80 75 75 80 77 77 86 63 61 53 47 60 63 68 60 61 60 1176 1412 1258 1247 1289 1238 1176 1212 1202 1176 1221 1173 1230 1197 1275 1205 1208 1285 1237 1236 1371 1011 976 847 753 959 1002 1087 959 970 967

Bark % reference (Tab 3)

Wood reference

Bark reference

Common name Swamp white oak Canyon live oak Scarlet oak Southern red oak Cherrybark oak Gambel oak Oregon white oak California black oak Laurel oak California white oak Overcup oak Bur oak Swamp chestnut oak Water oak Pin oak Willow oak Chestnut oak Northern red oak Post oak Black oak Live oak Black locust Black willow Sassafras American basswood Winged elm American elm Cedar elm Slippery elm Rock elm California-laurel

Genus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Robinia Salix Sassafras Tilia Ulmus Ulmus Ulmus Ulmus Ulmus Umbellularia

Species bicolor chrysolepis coccinea falcata pagoda gambelii garryana kelloggii laurifolia lobata lyrata macrocarpa michauxii nigra palustris phellos prinus rubra stellata velutina virginiana pseudoacacia nigra albidum americana alata americana crassifolia rubra thomasii californica

FIA code 804 805 806 812 813 814 815 818 820 821 822 823 825 827 830 831 832 833 835 837 838 901 922 931 951 971 972 973 975 977 981

25 30 25 25 25 3 1 18 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 25 1 25 25 1

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 26 13 26 25 b 25 25 b 25 30

a a a 5 a a a a a a a a a a a a 5 9 a 11 a a a a c a a a a a a

* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited. a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species. b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species. c Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

16

Table 2A.Double bark thickness (DBT) regression coeeficients, bark void factors and average bark percentage by species and d.b.h. (Equation: DBT = b0 + b1 x DIAMob). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. DBT eq. coef. FIA code 19 42 93 98 108 119 122 129 131 202 202 242 242 261 263 263 351 371 375 541 746 747 806 951 Bark void factor 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.23 d.b.h. class (inches) Reference

Species Subalpine fir Alaska yellow-cedar Engelmann/white spruce Silka spruce Lodgepole pine Western white pine Ponderosa pine Eastern white pine Loblolly pine Douglas-fir, coastal Douglas-fir, interior W. redcedar, coastal W. redcedar, interior Eastern hemlock W. hemlock, coastal W. hemlock, interior Red alder Yellow birch White birch Ash Trembling aspen Black cottonwood Red oak Basswood Softwoods, generic Hardwoods, generic

EQ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

b0 0.05 0.24 0.15 0.39 0.07 0.11 0.21 0.02 0.04 (0.23) (0.40) 0.43 0.30 0.18 0.31 0.04 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.38 0.10 0.06 0.19 0.05 0.30 0.12

b1 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.14 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.06

4 11.2 13.4 12.3 15.5 9.4 11.6 27.6 18.5 16.1 15.2 14.5 20.4 12.8 21.5 18.7 16.1 13.3 10.9 13.7 23.6 16.9 16.9 19.7 10.5 13.8 15.0

8 11.0 12.5 11.8 14.0 9.2 11.2 26.6 18.4 15.9 16.2 16.2 18.7 11.7 20.7 17.5 15.9 12.7 10.4 13.2 21.9 16.4 16.6 18.8 10.3 12.7 14.5

12 10.8 11.6 11.2 12.6 8.9 10.9 25.6 18.3 15.7 17.3 18.1 17.0 10.6 20.0 16.3 15.8 12.1 9.8 12.6 20.4 15.9 16.3 18.0 10.1 11.6 14.0

16 10.7 11.2 11.0 11.9 8.7 10.7 25.2 18.3 15.7 17.8 19.0 16.2 10.1 19.6 15.7 15.7 11.8 9.6 12.4 19.6 15.7 16.2 17.6 10.1 11.1 13.8

20 10.6 10.9 10.8 11.5 8.6 10.5 24.9 18.3 15.6 18.1 19.6 15.8 9.8 19.4 15.4 15.6 11.6 9.4 12.2 19.2 15.6 16.1 17.4 10.0 10.8 13.6

24 10.6 10.8 10.7 11.3 8.6 10.5 24.7 18.3 15.6 18.3 20.0 15.5 9.6 19.2 15.2 15.6 11.5 9.3 12.1 18.9 15.5 16.1 17.2 10.0 10.6 13.5

28+ 10.6 10.6 10.6 11.1 8.6 10.4 24.6 18.3 15.5 18.5 20.3 15.3 9.4 19.1 15.0 15.6 11.4 9.2 12.1 18.7 15.4 16.0 17.1 9.9 10.4 13.5

AVG 10.8 11.6 11.2 12.5 8.9 12.6 25.6 18.3 15.7 17.3 18.3 17.0 10.6 19.9 16.3 15.8 12.0 9.8 12.6 19.0 14.4 16.3 18.0 10.5 13.4 15.0

bark as percent of wood volume 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 a a 22 22 22 22 a 22 22 22 22 a a 22 22 a a

a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971) NOTE: Bark voids are estimated based on data in Bowyer, J.L.; et al. 2007.

Table 2B.Diameter inside bark (DIB) regression coeeficients, bark void factors, and average bole bark as a percentage of wood volume by species and d.b.h. class (Equation: DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB2/DBH). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. DBT eq. coef. Bark void factor 0.23 0.23 0.05 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 D.b.h. class (inches) Reference

Species Redmaple Sugarmaple Beech Yellow-poplar Blackcherry Whiteoak Southernredoak Chestnutoak Blackoak

FIA code EQ 316 318 531 621 762 802 812 832 837 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

b0 0.92 0.87 0.93 0.84 0.93 0.88 0.89 0.77 0.83

b1 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.15 0.10

4 7.2 13.4 4.7 15.5 8.7 12.5 13.7 18.7 14.5

8 7.9 14.4 5.3 17.1 8.9 13.4 14.4 21.7 16.4

12 8.6 15.5 6.0 18.8 9.2 14.4 15.1 24.9 18.3

16 8.9 16.1 6.3 19.6 9.3 14.9 15.4 26.7 19.4

20 9.1 16.4 6.5 20.2 9.4 15.2 15.7 27.8 20.0

24 9.3 16.6 6.6 20.5 9.4 15.4 15.8 28.5 20.4

28+ 9.4 16.8 6.7 20.8 9.5 15.6 15.9 29.1 20.7

AVG 8.6 15.6 6.0 18.9 9.2 14.5 15.1 25.3 18.5

---------------------------bark as percent of wood volume---------------------------11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

17

Table 3.Estimated average green bark volume as a percent of green wood volume. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. Reference Reference

Species Pacific silver fir Balsam Fir Subalpine fir Alaska yellow cedar Eastern redcedar Tamarack (native) Spruce Engelmann spruce Silka spruce Knobcone pine Jack pine Sand pine Lodgepole pine Shortleaf pine Slash pine Western white pine Longleaf Pine Ponderosa pine Red pine Digger pine Eastern white pine Loblolly pine Douglas-fir, coastal Douglas-fir, interior Redwood Baldcypress Pacific Yew N. white-cedar W. redcedar, coastal W. redcedar, interior Eastern hemlock W. hemlock, coastal W. hemlock, interior Softwoods, generic

FIA code 11 12 19 42 68 71 90 93 98 103 105 107 108 110 111 119 121 122 125 127 129 131 202 202 211 221 231 241 242 242 261 263 263 299

Bark % 14.0 12.0 10.8 11.6 12.0 14.0 13.0 11.2 12.5 12.0 14.0 15.0 8.9 16.0 18.0 12.6 14.0 25.6 16.0 22.0 16.0 16.6 17.3 18.3 18.0 20.0 4.0 14.0 17.0 10.6 17.0 16.3 15.8 13.4

Species Bigleaf maple Red maple Sugar maple Red alder Yellow birch White birch Hickory Giant chinkapin Hackberry Beech Ash Green Ash Walnut Sweetgum Yellow-poplar Tanoak Blackgum Sycamore E. cottonwood Trembling aspen Black cottonwood Black cherry White oak S. red oak Chestnut oak N. red oak Black oak Willow Basswood Elm Hardwoods, generic

FIA code 312 316 318 351 371 375 400 431 462 531 540 544 600 611 621 631 693 731 742 746 747 762 802 812 832 833 837 920 951 970 999

Bark % 10.0 8.6 15.6 12.0 9.8 12.6 16.0 12.0 15.0 6.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 14.0 8.0 22.0 14.4 16.3 9.2 16.0 22.0 23.0 20.0 18.5 16.0 10.5 14.0 15.0

30 9 21 21 23 23 10 21 21 30 9 26 21 26 26 21 26 21 23 30 9 19 21 21 30 26 30 9 21 21 9 21 21

30 11 11 21 21 a 9 30 23 11 9 26 23 5 5 30 26 23 30 21 21 11 5 5 5 9 11 23 a 23

a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971) NOTE: To express bark volume as a percentage of total volume, multiply the shown value by 1.0/(1.0 + shown value/100)

18

Table 4.Specific gravity and bark percent assignment for trees in FIADB reference species table. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name spp. amabilis balsamea bracteata concolor fraseri grandis lasiocarpa var. arizonica lasiocarpa magnifica shastensis procera spp. lawsoniana nootkatensis thyoides spp. arizonica bakeri forbesii macrocarpa sargentii macnabiana spp. pinchotii coahuilensis flaccida ashei californica 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 53 52 51 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 50 0.41 43 0.31 25 c c c c c c c b a a a a a 42 0.42 25 41 0.39 25 40 0.37 b 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 22 0.37 25 0.49 10 b 30 22 14 c c c c c c c b a a a a a 21 0.36 a 0.49 a 20 0.36 25 0.44 10 19 0.31 25 0.50 10 45 114 84 30 77 74 72 86 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 36 36 36 36 36 36 18 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 17 0.35 25 0.57 10 106 12 a 12 12 a 12 b 25 29 29 c c c c c c c b a a a a a 16 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 15 0.37 25 0.56 10 104 12 63 62 63 62 63 20 62 64 92 64 112 100 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 60 60 60 60 60 60 14 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 62 12 0.33 25 0.40 12 119 12 100 2 a 22 a 22 a 22 30 a 22 b 25 22 30 c c c c c c c b a a a a a 11 0.40 25 0.44 30 70 30 64 22 10 0.36 b 0.49 b 84 b 62 b

Genus

Species

FIA Code 0.38 0.43 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.32 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight b 25 25 a 25 a 25 a 25 25 a 25 b 25 25 25 c c c c c c c b a a a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Bark volume % 11.8 14.0 12.0 11.8 12.0 11.8 12.0 11.8 10.8 10.8 11.8 10.8 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

Fir spp.

Abies

f 30 9 a f a f a 21 f a f f f 21 f c c c c c c c f a a a a a

Pacific silver fir

Abies

Balsam fir

Abies

Santa Lucia or bristlecone fir

Abies

White fir

Abies

Fraser fir

Abies

Grand fir

Abies

Corkbark fir

Abies

Subalpine fir

Abies

California red fir

Abies

Shasta red fir

Abies

Noble fir

Abies

White-cedar spp.

Chamaecyparis

Port-Orford-cedar

Chamaecyparis

Alaska yellow-cedar

Chamaecyparis

Atlantic white-cedar

Chamaecyparis

Cypress

Cupressus

Arizona cypress

Cupressus

Baker or Modoc cypress

Cupressus

Tecate cypress

Cupressus

Monterey cypress

Cupressus

Sargents cypress

Cupressus

MacNabs cypress

Cupressus

Redcedar/juniper spp.

Juniperus

Pinchot juniper

Juniperus

Redberry juniper

Juniperus

Drooping juniper

Juniperus

Ashe juniper

Juniperus

California juniper

Juniperus

19

20
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species deppeana occidentalis osteosperma scopulorum virginiana virginiana monosperma spp. laricina lyallii occidentalis decurrens spp. abies breweriana engelmannii glauca mariana pungens rubens sitchensis spp. albicaulis aristata attenuata balfouriana banksiana edulis clausa contorta 97 98 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 96 95 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.33 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.43 0.40 0.50 0.46 0.38 94 0.37 93 0.33 25 25 25 a 25 25 b a a 30 a 25 2 25 25 92 0.36 a 91 0.36 a 90 0.36 b 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.51 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.32 0.55 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.45 0.38 81 0.35 25 0.25 73 0.48 25 0.33 12 10 b a a 12 12 12 a 14 10 b a a 30 a 12 e 14 12 72 0.49 a 0.32 a 71 0.49 25 0.30 23 54 57 60 106 59 59 59 89 52 48 59 47 60 76 76 76 105 76 100 28 32 64 70 0.49 b 0.32 b 57 69 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a b 12 a 12 30 b a a 12 12 12 a 12 12 b a a e a 12 e 12 12 68 0.44 25 0.40 23 35 29 67 0.42 2 0.40 e 41 e 66 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 60 60 60 82 98 82 65 28 81 81 81 79 77 91 81 75 81 68 68 68 69 68 92 60 89 64 65 0.68 3 0.40 e 35 e 60 e a e e a b 2 a 2 30 b a a 2 30 2 a e 22 b a a e a 2 e 2 2 64 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 63 0.48 2 0.40 e 34 28 60 e FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.51 0.47 0.72 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.35 0.40 0.46 0.39 0.40 0.36 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.43 0.57 0.48 0.41 2 a f a 2 25 a b 25 a 25 25 b a a 25 25 25 a 25 25 b a a f a 25 2 25 25 Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 12.6 12.6 12.6 11.2 13.0 13.0 12.6 13.0 12.5 16.1 16.1 16.1 12.0 16.1 14.0 13.4 15.0 8.9 f a f a f 23 a f 23 a f f 10 a a 21 f f a f 21 f a a 30 a 9 f 26 21

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Alligator juniper

Juniperus

Western juniper

Juniperus

Utah juniper

Juniperus

Rocky Mountain juniper

Juniperus

Southern redcedar

Juniperus

Eastern redcedar

Juniperus

Oneseed juniper

Juniperus

Larch spp.

Larix

Tamarack (native)

Larix

Subalpine larch

Larix

Western larch

Larix

Incense-cedar

Calocedrus

Spruce spp.

Picea

Norway spruce

Picea

Brewer spruce

Picea

Engelmann spruce

Picea

White spruce

Picea

Black spruce

Picea

Blue spruce

Picea

Red spruce

Picea

Sitka spruce

Picea

Pine spp.

Pinus

Whitebark pine

Pinus

Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine

Pinus

Knobcone pine

Pinus

Foxtail pine

Pinus

Jack pine

Pinus

Common or two-needle pinyon

Pinus

Sand pine

Pinus

Lodgepole pine

Pinus

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name coulteri echinata elliottii engelmannii flexilis strobiformis glabra jeffreyi lambertiana leiophylla monticola muricata palustris ponderosa pungens radiata resinosa rigida sabiniana serotina strobus sylvestris taeda virginiana monophylla discolor arizonica nigra washoensis quadrifolia 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 128 127 126 0.47 0.40 0.51 0.34 0.43 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 125 0.41 25 25 30 25 25 a 25 25 a a a a a a 124 0.40 2 123 0.49 2 122 0.38 25 0.35 0.45 0.40 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.33 0.47 0.40 0.33 0.54 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 121 0.54 25 0.45 120 0.45 30 0.45 30 12 12 e e 12 10 30 e 12 a 12 12 a a a a a a 119 0.36 25 0.47 12 118 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 56 60 63 90 77 100 64 70 80 60 65 76 81 78 76 76 76 76 76 76 117 0.34 25 0.35 10 130 116 0.37 30 0.36 30 104 12 25 a 12 e 12 12 e e 12 12 e e e a 12 e a a a a a a 115 0.41 25 0.45 14 76 e 114 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 113 0.37 2 0.50 e 95 e 12 68 25 34 88 68 84 42 89 33 60 60 90 89 60 94 70 68 99 90 68 68 68 68 68 68 112 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 111 0.54 25 0.35 12 72 12 88 2 a e a e 2 2 a 22 e 2 2 e e e 2 e e e a 2 e a a a a a a 110 0.47 25 0.35 12 77 12 60 e 109 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 0.51 0.59 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.47 0.38 0.49 0.59 0.40 0.52 0.53 0.46 0.52 0.43 0.56 0.35 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight a 25 25 a 2 a 25 25 25 a 25 f 25 25 2 2 25 25 f 25 25 a 25 25 a a a a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 16.1 16.0 18.0 16.1 13.4 16.1 13.4 25.6 25.6 16.1 12.6 22.0 14.0 25.6 13.4 13.4 16.0 13.4 22.0 13.4 16.0 16.1 16.6 13.4 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Coulter pine

Pinus

a 26 26 a f a f f f a 21 f 26 21 f f 23 f 30 f 9 a 19 f a a a a a a

Shortleaf pine

Pinus

Slash pine

Pinus

Apache pine

Pinus

Limber pine

Pinus

Southwestern white pine

Pinus

Spruce pine

Pinus

Jeffrey pine

Pinus

Sugar pine

Pinus

Chihuahua pine

Pinus

Western white pine

Pinus

Bishop pine

Pinus

Longleaf pine

Pinus

Ponderosa pine

Pinus

Table Mountain pine

Pinus

Monterey pine

Pinus

Red pine

Pinus

Pitch pine

Pinus

Gray or California foothill pine

Pinus

Pond pine

Pinus

Eastern white pine

Pinus

Scotch pine

Pinus

Loblolly pine

Pinus

Virginia pine

Pinus

Singleleaf pinyon

Pinus

Border pinyon

Pinus

Arizona pine

Pinus

Austrian pine

Pinus

Washoe pine

Pinus

Four-leaf or Parry pinyon pine

Pinus

21

22
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species torreyana cembroides remota longaeva monophylla elliottii spp. macrocarpa menziesii sempervirens giganteum spp. distichum ascendens mucronatum spp. brevifolia floridana spp. occidentalis plicata spp. californica taxifolia spp. canadensis caroliniana heterophylla mertensiana evergreen 241 242 250 251 252 260 261 262 263 264 299 240 232 0.60 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.41 231 0.60 230 0.60 b 2 a b 25 25 c c c b 25 a 25 25 c 223 0.42 a 222 0.42 a 221 0.42 25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.40 0.42 0.37 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.41 0.42 220 0.42 b 0.50 212 0.34 30 0.34 30 b 10 a a b 30 a b 10 12 c c c b 10 a 26 10 c 211 0.36 25 0.43 10 202 0.45 25 0.44 26 35 123 178 95 95 95 95 47 47 47 70 99 40 74 74 74 78 111 78 56 68 74 201 0.45 a 0.44 a 35 200 0.45 b 0.44 b 35 b a 12 12 30 b 29 a a b 30 a b 23 12 c c c b 12 a 12 12 c 144 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 143 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 142 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 68 68 89 89 89 16 18 99 99 99 99 98 98 98 74 91 56 71 71 71 98 99 98 102 92 71 141 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a a a a b a 2 30 e b e a a b 30 a b e 22 c c c b 2 a 22 e c 140 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 139 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.38 0.38 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.44 a a a a a a b a 25 25 f b 25 a a b 2 a b 25 25 c c c b 25 a 25 25 c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 17.3 17.3 17.3 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 12.5 14.0 10.6 14.3 14.3 14.3 16.2 17.0 16.2 15.8 15.8 14.3 a a a a a a f a 21 30 f f 26 a a f 30 a f 9 21 c c c f 9 a 21 f c

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Torrey pine

Pinus

Mexican pinyon pine

Pinus

Papershell pinyon pine

Pinus

Great Basin bristlecone pine

Pinus

Arizona pinyon pine

Pinus

Honduras pine

Pinus

Douglas-fir spp.

Pseudotsuga

Bigcone Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga

Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga

Redwood

Sequoia

Giant sequoia

Sequoiadendron

Baldcypress spp.

Taxodium

Baldcypress

Taxodium

Pondcypress

Taxodium

Montezuma baldcypress

Taxodium

Yew spp.

Taxus

Pacific yew

Taxus

Florida yew

Taxus

Thuja spp.

Thuja

Northern white-cedar

Thuja

Western redcedar

Thuja

Torreya (nutmeg) spp.

Torreya

California torreya (nutmeg)

Torreya

Florida torreya (nutmeg)

Torreya

Hemlock spp.

Tsuga

Eastern hemlock

Tsuga

Carolina hemlock

Tsuga

Western hemlock

Tsuga

Mountain hemlock

Tsuga

Unknown dead conifer

Tree

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name spp. farnesiana greggii spp. barbatum macrophyllum negundo nigrum pensylvanicum rubrum saccharinum saccharum spicatum platanoides glabrum grandidentatum leucoderme spp. glabra flava californica glabra pavia sylvatica altissima julibrissin spp. rubra rhombifolia oblongifolia 333 334 336 337 341 345 350 351 352 353 332 331 330 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.46 0.52 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 323 0.47 a d d 1 d d d d 1 c b 25 a a 322 0.47 a 321 0.47 a 320 0.47 a 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.53 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 319 0.47 a 0.53 318 0.56 25 0.54 13 a a a a a d d e d d d d e c b 26 a a 317 0.44 25 0.57 13 316 0.49 25 0.60 13 64 68 57 70 70 70 70 70 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 74 75 99 99 99 99 315 0.44 1 0.50 e 71 314 0.52 25 0.54 14 70 e e 13 13 13 a a a a a d d 13 d d d d e c b 13 a a 313 0.42 31 0.50 e 91 e 312 0.44 25 0.48 10 71 13 311 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 114 92 90 89 79 80 90 91 91 91 91 91 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 78 80 75 75 75 75 310 0.47 b 0.53 b 70 b 91 304 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c b a 22 e 1 e 1 e 1 a a a a a d d e d d d d e c b 22 a a 303 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 300 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.52 0.52 0.48 0.46 0.57 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.63 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.53 0.58 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight c c c b a 25 31 25 1 25 25 25 a a a a a d d 1 d d d d 1 c b 25 a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 15.2 15.2 15.2 10.9 10.9 10.0 8.6 15.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 15.6 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 11.5 12.0 11.5 11.5 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Acacia spp.

Acacia

c c c f a 30 f f f 11 f 11 a a a a a d d f d d d d f c f 21 a a

Sweet acacia

Acacia

Catclaw acacia

Acacia

Maple spp.

Acer

Florida maple

Acer

Bigleaf maple

Acer

Boxelder

Acer

Black maple

Acer

Striped maple

Acer

Red maple

Acer

Silver maple

Acer

Sugar maple

Acer

Mountain maple

Acer

Norway maple

Acer

Rocky Mountain maple

Acer

Bigtooth maple

Acer

Chalk maple

Acer

Buckeye, horsechestnut spp.

Aesculus

Ohio buckeye

Aesculus

Yellow buckeye

Aesculus

California buckeye

Aesculus

Texas buckeye

Aesculus

Red buckeye

Aesculus

Painted buckeye

Aesculus

Ailanthus

Ailanthus

Mimosa, silktree

Albizia

Alder spp.

Alnus

Red alder

Alnus

White alder

Alnus

Arizona alder

Alnus

23

24
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species glutinosa spp. arborea sanguinea spp. menziesii arizonica xalapensis triloba spp. alleghaniensis lenta nigra occidentalis papyrifera uber x utahensis populifolia lanuginosum caroliniana spp. aquatica cordiformis glabra illinoinensis laciniosa myristiciformis ovata texana alba 391 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 381 379 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.66 0.60 0.62 0.56 0.64 0.62 0.64 378 0.51 377 0.51 a a 1 c 1 b 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 a 25 375 0.48 25 374 0.51 a 373 0.49 1 0.55 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.55 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.72 0.62 0.60 372 0.60 25 0.62 371 0.55 25 0.62 10 e e a 13 a a e c e b 14 23 23 14 14 14 13 a 23 370 0.51 b 0.58 b 367 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 74 72 73 86 74 74 74 74 64 75 46 69 84 71 65 66 65 77 60 69 63 363 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 362 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 d d c b 25 25 e a 25 a a 13 c 26 b 25 25 13 25 13 29 13 a 25 361 0.58 1 0.60 25 66 26 360 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 d 358 0.66 a 0.50 a 48 a 60 60 60 60 60 80 55 60 53 46 55 52 55 55 63 80 89 57 60 60 60 60 60 60 34 57 60 357 0.66 a 0.50 a 48 a 60 a a d e d d c b e 1 e a 22 a a 1 c e 5 e e e e e e e a e 356 0.66 1 0.50 e 48 26 60 e 355 0.37 a 0.56 a 99 a 75 a FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.41 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.56 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.58 0.51 0.58 0.70 0.68 0.62 0.66 0.75 0.66 0.69 0.60 0.72 0.68 0.72 a 1 a a d 1 d d c b 25 25 1 a 25 a a 1 c 1 b 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 a 25 Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 11.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 11.0 9.8 9.8 9.8 11.0 12.6 11.0 11.0 12.6 15.2 8.6 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 a f a a d f d d c f 21 f f a 8 a a f c f 9 f f f f f f f a f

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

European alder

Alnus

Serviceberry spp.

Amelanchier

Common serviceberry

Amelanchier

Roundleaf serviceberry

Amelanchier

Madrone spp.

Arbutus

Pacific madrone

Arbutus

Arizona madrone

Arbutus

Texas madrone

Arbutus

Pawpaw

Asimina

Birch spp.

Betula

Yellow birch

Betula

Sweet birch

Betula

River birch

Betula

Water birch

Betula

Paper birch

Betula

Virginia roundleaf birch

Betula

Northwestern paper birch

Betula

Gray birch

Betula

Chittamwood, gum bumelia

Sideroxylon

American hornbeam, musclewood

Carpinus

Hickory spp.

Carya

Water hickory

Carya

Bitternut hickory

Carya

Pignut hickory

Carya

Pecan

Carya

Shellbark hickory

Carya

Nutmeg hickory

Carya

Shagbark hickory

Carya

Black hickory

Carya

Mockernut hickory

Carya

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name pallida floridana ovalis carolinae-septentrionalis spp. dentata pumila pumila mollissima chrysophylla spp. bignonioides speciosa spp. laevigata occidentalis laevigata canadensis ledifolius kentukea spp. florida nuttallii spp. crus-galli mollis brainerdii calpodendron chrysocarpa dilatata 490 491 492 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 481 475 471 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.61 0.64 0.58 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 463 0.49 d c c c d 1 18 c c c c c c c 462 0.49 25 461 0.49 d 460 0.49 d 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 452 0.38 1 0.50 451 0.38 d 0.50 d e d d 23 d c c c d e 18 c c c c c c c 450 0.38 d 0.50 d 431 0.42 1 0.42 30 133 73 73 73 64 64 64 64 75 75 75 40 33 46 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 424 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 423 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d d 26 d d 26 d d 29 d c c c d e e c c c c c c c 422 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 421 0.40 25 0.50 14 120 25 420 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 89 89 89 89 89 91 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 91 91 91 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 413 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 412 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a a d e d d d e d d e d d e d c c c d e e c c c c c c c 411 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 410 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.73 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight a a a a d 25 d d d 1 d d 1 d d 25 d c c c d 1 f c c c c c c c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Sand hickory

Carya

a a a a d f d d d 30 d d f d d 23 d c c c d f f c c c c c c c

Scrub hickory

Carya

Red hickory

Carya

Southern shagbark hickory

Carya

Chestnut spp.

Castanea

American chestnut

Castanea

Allegheny chinkapin

Castanea

Ozark chinkapin

Castanea

Chinese chestnut

Castanea

Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin

Chrysolepis

Catalpa spp.

Catalpa

Southern catalpa

Catalpa

Northern catalpa

Catalpa

Hackberry spp.

Celtis

Sugarberry

Celtis

Hackberry

Celtis

Netleaf hackberry

Celtis

Eastern redbud

Cercis

Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

Cercocarpus

Yellowwood

Cladrastis

Dogwood spp.

Cornus

Flowering dogwood

Cornus

Pacific dogwood

Cornus

Hawthorn spp.

Crataegus

Cockspur hawthorn

Crataegus

Downy hawthorn

Crataegus

Brainerds hawthorn

Crataegus

Pear hawthorn

Crataegus

Fireberry hawthorn

Crataegus

Broadleaf hawthorn

Crataegus

25

26
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species flabellata monogyna pedicellata spp. globulus camaldulensis grandis robusta spp. virginiana texana anacua grandifolia spp. americana latifolia nigra pennsylvanica profunda quadrangulata velutina caroliniana texensis spp. aquatica triacanthos lasianthus biloba dioicus spp. 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 555 561 571 580 545 544 0.53 0.48 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.52 0.52 0.53 0.42 543 0.45 542 0.50 25 25 25 1 25 a a a d d 25 c c 1 1 541 0.55 25 540 0.51 b 531 0.56 25 0.67 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.43 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 523 0.52 c 0.53 c 13 b 13 14 10 13 e 14 a a a d d 14 c c e e 522 0.64 d 0.50 d 521 0.64 26 0.50 e 520 0.64 d 0.50 d 58 58 58 75 55 61 46 60 85 57 67 51 61 61 61 60 60 60 75 75 51 68 514 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 513 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c c d 26 d c 13 b 25 e 13 29 e e a a a d d 26 c c e 26 512 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 511 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 510 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 80 80 80 80 89 89 89 80 89 86 89 89 90 70 89 89 86 86 86 89 89 89 80 80 60 89 509 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c c c c c c d e d c e b e e e 5 e e a a a d d e c c e e 508 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 507 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.58 0.64 0.55 0.60 0.55 0.49 0.56 0.52 0.58 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.45 c c c c c c c c d 26 d c 25 b 25 25 25 25 1 25 a a a d d f c c 1 1 Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 6.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 c c c c c c c c d f d c 11 9 f f f 26 f f a a a d d f c c f f

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Fanleaf hawthorn

Crataegus

Oneseed hawthorn

Crataegus

Scarlet hawthorn

Crataegus

Eucalyptus spp.

Eucalyptus

Tasmanian bluegum

Eucalyptus

River redgum

Eucalyptus

Grand eucalyptus

Eucalyptus

Swampmahogany

Eucalyptus

Persimmon spp.

Diospyros

Common persimmon

Diospyros

Texas persimmon

Diospyros

Anacua knockaway

Ehretia

American beech

Fagus

Ash spp.

Fraxinus

White ash

Fraxinus

Oregon ash

Fraxinus

Black ash

Fraxinus

Green ash

Fraxinus

Pumpkin ash

Fraxinus

Blue ash

Fraxinus

Velvet ash

Fraxinus

Carolina ash

Fraxinus

Texas ash

Fraxinus

Honeylocust spp.

Gleditsia

Waterlocust

Gleditsia

Honeylocust

Gleditsia

Loblolly-bay

Gordonia

Ginkgo, maidenhair tree

Ginkgo

Kentucky coffeetree

Gymnocladus

Silverbell spp.

Halesia

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name carolina diptera parviflora opaca spp. cinerea nigra hindsii californica microcarpa major styraciflua tulipifera densiflorus pomifera spp. acuminata grandiflora virginiana macrophylla fraseri pyramidata tripetala spp. fusca angustifolia coronaria ioensis spp. alba 655 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 680 681 654 653 652 0.46 0.42 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.52 0.52 651 0.44 25 25 1 a 1 a a 26 a a a a c c 650 0.43 b 641 0.76 1 631 0.58 25 0.62 0.60 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.53 621 0.40 25 0.38 611 0.46 25 0.42 13 13 10 e b 14 14 e a e a a e a a a a c c 606 0.44 a 0.37 a 605 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 92 74 95 80 31 92 78 106 87 92 96 92 92 78 78 78 78 78 75 75 604 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 603 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 a a a a 13 25 26 26 b 13 13 e a e a a 25 a a a a c c 602 0.51 25 0.33 10 79 13 601 0.36 25 0.40 14 105 13 600 0.44 b 0.37 b 92 b 89 88 89 89 89 89 89 91 124 60 60 93 89 89 104 93 89 93 93 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 591 0.50 1 0.50 e 83 26 89 583 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a e b e e a a a a 1 5 e e b e e 1 a e a a e a a a a c c 582 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a 581 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.57 0.47 0.38 0.55 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.42 0.62 0.85 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.46 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.58 0.58

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight a a a 1 b 25 25 a a a a 25 25 f 1 b 25 25 1 a 1 a a 26 a a a a c c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 19.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Carolina silverbell

Halesia

a a a f 23 f f a a a a 5 5 30 f f f f f a f a a f a a a a c c

Two-wing silverbell

Halesia

Little silverbell

Halesia

American holly

Ilex

Walnut spp.

Juglans

Butternut

Juglans

Black walnut

Juglans

Northern California black walnut

Juglans

Southern California black walnut

Juglans

Texas walnut

Juglans

Arizona walnut

Juglans

Sweetgum

Liquidambar

Yellow-poplar

Liriodendron

Tanoak

Lithocarpus

Osage-orange

Maclura

Magnolia spp.

Magnolia

Cucumbertree

Magnolia

Southern magnolia

Magnolia

Sweetbay

Magnolia

Bigleaf magnolia

Magnolia

Mountain or Fraser magnolia

Magnolia

Pyramid magnolia

Magnolia

Umbrella magnolia

Magnolia

Apple spp.

Malus

Oregon crab apple

Malus

Southern crab apple

Malus

Sweet crab apple

Malus

Prairie crab apple

Malus

Mulberry spp.

Morus

White mulberry

Morus

27

28
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species rubra microphylla nigra spp. aquatica ogeche sylvatica biflora virginiana arboreum tomentosa spp. borbonia aquatica spp. racemosa occidentalis wrightii spp. balsamifera deltoides grandidentata heterophylla deltoides tremuloides balsamifera fremontii angustifolia alba nigra 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 752 753 740 732 0.46 0.35 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.41 0.35 0.35 0.35 731 0.46 730 0.46 d 25 d b 25 25 25 a a 25 25 30 a a a 729 0.46 d 722 0.52 c 721 0.52 c 0.53 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.46 0.50 0.38 0.59 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.40 0.41 0.46 0.46 0.46 720 0.52 c 0.53 c c c d d 13 d b 23 13 10 a a 13 13 30 a a a 712 0.52 c 0.53 c 711 0.50 18 0.60 e 701 0.63 1 0.50 e 53 70 75 75 75 75 81 81 81 81 106 107 117 91 106 106 129 138 56 106 106 106 694 0.46 a 0.51 a 98 693 0.46 25 0.44 13 101 25 a 26 26 c c c c d d 13 d b 13 29 13 a a 29 13 e a a a 692 0.46 a 0.51 a 98 a 691 0.46 25 0.58 10 95 29 690 0.46 b 0.51 b 98 b 77 82 77 71 77 89 60 80 80 80 80 84 84 84 84 88 86 56 90 88 88 102 100 92 88 88 88 684 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c b 1 a 1 a e e c c c c d d 6 d b 1 e e a a 22 30 e a a a 683 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 682 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.55 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.39 0.34 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.45 0.39 0.39 0.39 c c c b 25 a 25 a 1 1 c c c c d d 25 d b 25 25 25 a a 25 25 f a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 15.2 15.2 15.2 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 18.4 22.0 22.0 14.4 18.4 18.4 14.4 16.3 22.0 18.4 18.4 18.4 c c c f f a 26 a f f c c c c d d 23 d f f 30 f a a 21 21 f a a a

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Red mulberry

Morus

Texas mulberry

Morus

Black mulberry

Morus

Tupelo spp.

Nyssa

Water tupelo

Nyssa

Ogeechee tupelo

Nyssa

Blackgum

Nyssa

Swamp tupelo

Nyssa

Eastern hophornbeam

Ostrya

Sourwood

Oxydendrum

Paulownia, empress-tree

Paulownia

Bay spp.

Persea

Redbay

Persea

Water-elm, planertree

Planera

Sycamore spp.

Platanus

California sycamore

Platanus

American sycamore

Platanus

Arizona sycamore

Platanus

Cottonwood and poplar spp.

Populus

Balsam poplar

Populus

Eastern cottonwood

Populus

Bigtooth aspen

Populus

Swamp cottonwood

Populus

Plains cottonwood

Populus

Quaking aspen

Populus

Black cottonwood

Populus

Fremont cottonwood

Populus

Narrowleaf cottonwood

Populus

Silver poplar

Populus

Lombardy poplar

Populus

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name spp. glandulosa velutina pubescens spp. pensylvanica serotina virginiana persica nigra americana emarginata alleghaniensis angustifolia avium cerasus domestica mahaleb spp. agrifolia alba arizonica bicolor chrysolepis coccinea douglasii sinuata ellipsoidalis emoryi engelmannii 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 801 800 774 0.47 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.64 0.70 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 773 0.47 a a b a 25 a 25 30 25 a a a a a 772 0.47 a 771 0.47 a 770 0.47 a 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.55 0.64 0.71 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 769 0.47 a 0.63 768 0.47 a 0.63 a a a a a a a b a 13 a e 14 10 a a a a a 766 0.47 a 0.63 a 765 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 75 75 68 75 58 74 71 75 75 75 75 75 764 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 763 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a a a a a a a a a a a b a 13 a 13 13 13 a a a a a 762 0.47 25 0.63 10 53 29 761 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 760 0.47 b 0.63 b 53 b 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 83 83 89 83 89 90 49 83 83 83 83 83 758 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 757 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 a a b a e a a a a a a a a a a a b a 17 a e e 6 a a a a a 756 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 a 755 0.78 31 0.65 e 21 e 41 e 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.66 0.72 0.74 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 1 a a a b a 25 a a a a a a a a a a a b a 25 a 25 f 25 a a a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 19.1 19.1 16.0 19.1 16.0 16.0 22.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Mesquite spp.

Prosopis

f a a a f a 11 a a a a a a a a a a a f a 5 a f f f a a a a a

Honey mesquite

Prosopis

Velvet mesquite

Prosopis

Screwbean mesquite

Prosopis

Cherry and plum spp.

Prunus

Pin cherry

Prunus

Black cherry

Prunus

Chokecherry

Prunus

Peach

Prunus

Canada plum

Prunus

American plum

Prunus

Bitter cherry

Prunus

Allegheny plum

Prunus

Chickasaw plum

Prunus

Sweet cherry, domesticated

Prunus

Sour cherry, domesticated

Prunus

European plum, domesticated

Prunus

Mahaleb cherry, domesticated

Prunus

Oak spp

Quercus

California live oak

Quercus

White oak

Quercus

Arizona white oak

Quercus

Swamp white oak

Quercus

Canyon live oak

Quercus

Scarlet oak

Quercus

Blue oak

Quercus

Durand oak

Quercus

Northern pin oak

Quercus

Emory oak

Quercus

Engelmann oak

Quercus

29

30
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species falcata pagoda gambelii garryana ilicifolia imbricaria kelloggii laevis laurifolia lobata lyrata macrocarpa marilandica michauxii muehlenbergii nigra texana oblongifolia palustris phellos prinus rubra shumardii stellata similis velutina virginiana wislizeni margarettiae minima 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 830 829 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.80 0.59 0.59 0.59 828 0.59 827 0.56 25 a a 25 25 25 25 a 25 a 25 25 a a a 826 0.59 a 825 0.60 25 824 0.59 a 0.58 0.51 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.59 0.54 0.68 0.58 0.51 0.58 0.60 0.51 0.58 0.58 0.58 823 0.58 25 0.54 822 0.57 25 0.51 14 10 a 14 a 14 a a 14 10 10 13 a 10 a 10 14 a a a 821 0.55 30 0.55 30 820 0.56 25 0.50 e 83 84 77 74 75 68 75 83 75 75 77 83 77 83 75 71 75 83 52 75 75 75 819 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 818 0.51 18 0.45 14 101 13 a 13 13 13 13 a 13 a 13 a a 13 13 13 13 a 13 a 13 13 a a a 817 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 816 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 815 0.64 1 0.63 30 58 13 65 83 83 89 83 121 89 89 90 83 89 83 73 83 83 90 90 60 91 83 89 83 90 89 83 83 83 814 0.61 3 0.63 e 66 13 66 e e a a e a 5 e e e a e a 5 a a 17 e 6 17 a 17 a 17 e a a a 813 0.61 25 0.63 14 68 13 91 17 812 0.52 25 0.68 10 97 13 48 6 FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.59 0.69 0.63 0.72 0.66 0.66 0.55 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.61 0.88 0.66 0.66 0.66 25 25 f 1 a a f a 25 f 25 25 a 25 a 25 a a 25 25 25 25 a 25 a 25 25 a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 22.0 22.0 22.0 16.0 19.1 19.1 22.0 19.1 16.0 16.0 22.0 16.0 19.1 23.0 19.1 16.0 19.1 19.1 22.0 16.0 23.0 20.0 19.1 22.0 19.1 18.5 16.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 5 f f f a a f a f f f f a f a f a a f f 5 9 a f a 11 f a a a

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Southern red oak

Quercus

Cherrybark oak

Quercus

Gambel oak

Quercus

Oregon white oak

Quercus

Scrub oak

Quercus

Shingle oak

Quercus

California black oak

Quercus

Turkey oak

Quercus

Laurel oak

Quercus

California white oak

Quercus

Overcup oak

Quercus

Bur oak

Quercus

Blackjack oak

Quercus

Swamp chestnut oak

Quercus

Chinkapin oak

Quercus

Water oak

Quercus

Texas red oak

Quercus

Mexican blue oak

Quercus

Pin oak

Quercus

Willow oak

Quercus

Chestnut oak

Quercus

Northern red oak

Quercus

Shumard oak

Quercus

Post oak

Quercus

Delta post oak

Quercus

Black oak

Quercus

Live oak

Quercus

Interior live oak

Quercus

Dwarf post oak

Quercus

Dwarf live oak

Quercus

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name incana hypoleucoides oglethorpensis prinoides grisea rugosa graciliformis elemifera glabra simaruba spp. glauca lepidophloia camphora fruticosum spp. diversifolia elliptica sebestena anacardioides hookeri ebano pulverulenta affinis rhombea paniculata aurea citrifolia discolor mancinella 867 868 869 870 873 874 876 877 882 883 866 865 864 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 863 0.52 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 860 0.52 c 859 0.52 c 858 0.52 c 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 857 0.52 c 0.53 856 0.52 c 0.53 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 855 0.52 c 0.53 c 854 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 853 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 852 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 851 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 847 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 846 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 83 83 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 845 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 844 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a a a a a c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 843 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 842 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight a a a a a a a c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Bluejack oak

Quercus

a a a a a a a c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

Silverleaf oak

Quercus

Oglethorpe oak

Quercus

Dwarf chinkapin oak

Quercus

Gray oak

Quercus

Netleaf oak

Quercus

Chisos oak

Quercus

Sea torchwood

Amyris

Pond-apple

Annona

Gumbo limbo

Bursera

Sheoak spp.

Casuarina

Gray sheoak

Casuarina

Belah

Casuarina

Camphortree

Cinnamomum

Florida fiddlewood

Citharexylum

Citrus spp.

Citrus

Tietongue, pigeon-plum

Coccoloba

Soldierwood

Colubrina

Largeleaf geigertree

Cordia

Carrotwood

Cupaniopsis

Bluewood

Condalia

Blackbead ebony

Ebenopsis

Great leucaene

Leucaena

Texas sophora

Sophora

Red stopper

Eugenia

Butterbough, inkwood

Exothea

Florida strangler fig

Ficus

Wild banyantree, shortleaf fig

Ficus

Beeftree, longleaf blolly

Guapira

Manchineel

Hippomane

31

32
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species latisiliquum indica toxiferum piscipula actinophylla foetidissimum salicifolium glauca cumini indica pseudoacacia neomexicana wrightii argentata nucifera spp. mexicana palmetto morrisii radiata not listed above saponaria spp. amygdaloides nigra bebbiana bonplandiana caroliniana pyrifolia alba 914 915 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 913 912 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 911 0.52 909 0.52 c c c c c c c b a 25 a a a a a 908 0.52 c 907 0.52 c 906 0.52 c 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 902 0.66 d 0.29 c c c c c c c c c c b a 14 a a a a a 901 0.66 25 0.29 10 d 897 0.52 c 0.53 c 896 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 75 41 41 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 895 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 891 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c c c c 26 d c c c c c c c c c c b a 13 a a a a a 890 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 888 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 887 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 88 88 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 886 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c c c c c c c c e d c c c c c c c c c c b a 1 a a a a a 885 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 884 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.69 0.69 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 c c c c c c c c c c 25 d c c c c c c c c c c b a 25 a a a a a Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 c c c c c c c c c c f d c c c c c c c c c c 23 a f a a a a a

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

False tamarind

Lysiloma

Mango

Mangifera

Florida poisontree

Metopium

Fishpoison tree

Piscidia

Octopus tree, schefflera

Schefflera

False mastic

Sideroxylon

White bully, willow bustic

Sideroxylon

Paradisetree

Simarouba

Java plum

Syzygium

Tamarind

Tamarindus

Black locust

Robinia

New Mexico locust

Robinia

Everglades palm, paurotis-palm

Acoelorraphe

Florida silver palm

Coccothrinax

Coconut palm

Cocos

Royal palm spp.

Roystonea

Mexican palmetto

Sabal

Cabbage palmetto

Sabal

Key thatch palm

Thrinax

Florida thatch palm

Thrinax

Other palms

Family Arecaceae

Western soapberry

Sapindus

Willow spp.

Salix

Peachleaf willow

Salix

Black willow

Salix

Bebb willow

Salix

Bonpland willow

Salix

Coastal plain willow

Salix

Balsam willow

Salix

White willow

Salix

Table 4.continued

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Common name scouleriana sepulcralis albidum spp. americana aucuparia decora mahagoni spp. americana americana americana spp. alata americana crassifolia pumila rubra serotina thomasii californica brevifolia germinans erectus racemosa mangle tesota spp. quinquenervia azedarach 981 982 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 977 976 975 0.48 0.54 0.57 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 974 0.54 a 25 a 25 1 c c c c c c c c c 973 0.59 1 972 0.46 25 971 0.60 1 0.45 0.44 0.45 0.43 0.29 0.43 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 970 0.54 b 0.43 953 0.32 a 0.48 a b e 10 e a 10 a 14 30 c c c c c c c c c 952 0.32 a 0.48 a 951 0.32 25 0.48 10 105 105 105 66 42 94 66 66 77 66 51 67 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 950 0.32 b 0.48 b 105 940 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c b 25 a a b e 25 25 a e a 25 30 c c c c c c c c c 937 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 936 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 935 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 91 75 78 75 91 171 91 57 43 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 934 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 931 0.42 25 0.50 14 68 26 89 e c c c c c b e a a 6 e e e a e a e e c c c c c c c c c 929 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 928 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.59 0.66 0.50 0.64 0.59 0.53 0.59 0.63 0.55 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

Genus

Species

FIA Code

Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight a a 25 c c c c c b 25 a a b 1 25 1 a 25 a 25 1 c c c c c c c c c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Bark volume % 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight)

Scoulers willow

Salix

a a f c c c c c f 8 a a 23 f f f a f a f f c c c c c c c c c

Weeping willow

Salix

Sassafras

Sassafras

Mountain-ash spp.

Sorbus

American mountain-ash

Sorbus

European mountain-ash

Sorbus

Northern mountain-ash

Sorbus

West Indian mahogany

Swietenia

Basswood spp.

Tilia

American basswood

Tilia

White basswood

Tilia

Carolina basswood

Tilia

Elm spp.

Ulmus

Winged elm

Ulmus

American elm

Ulmus

Cedar elm

Ulmus

Siberian elm

Ulmus

Slippery elm

Ulmus

September elm

Ulmus

Rock elm

Ulmus

California-laurel

Umbellularia

Joshua tree

Yucca

Black-mangrove

Avicennia

Buttonwood-mangrove

Conocarpus

White-mangrove

Laguncularia

American mangrove

Rhizophora

Desert ironwood

Olneya

Saltcedar

Tamarix

Melaleuca

Melaleuca

Chinaberry

Melia

33

34
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Species sebifera fordii obovatus angustifolia broadleaf unknown phaenopyrum succulenta uniflora berlandieriana americana gravesii polymorpha buckleyi laceyi boissieri 8651 0.52 c 8514 0.59 a 8513 0.59 a 8512 0.59 a 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.53 8511 0.59 a 0.58 7211 0.52 c 0.53 c a a a a c 5491 0.51 a 0.46 a 5093 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 61 75 75 75 75 75 75 5092 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 5091 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c c c a c a a a a c 999 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 998 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 997 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 80 80 80 80 80 86 80 83 83 83 83 80 996 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c c c c c c c a c a a a a c 995 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 994 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c FIA Code Wood Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Bark Specific gravity (green volume basis dry weight) Avg. moisture content of wood as a % of ovendry weight 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.58 c c c c c c c c c a c a a a a c Avg. moisture content of bark as a % of ovendry weight Wood Specific gravity (12 pct MC volume basis dry weight) Bark volume % 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 16.0 15.2 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 15.2 c c c c c c c c c a c a a a a c

Table 4.continued

Common name

Genus

Chinese tallowtree

Triadica

Tungoil tree

Vernicia

Smoketree

Cotinus

Russian-olive

Elaeagnus

Unknown dead hardwood

Tree

Other or unknown live tree

Tree

Washington hawthorn

Crataegus

Fleshy hawthorn

Crataegus

Dwarf hawthorn

Crataegus

Berlandier ash

Fraxinus

Avocado

Persea

Graves oak

Quercus

Mexican white oak

Quercus

Buckley oak

Quercus

Lacey oak

Quercus

Anacahuita Texas Olive

Cordia

a Assigned average value of the trees of the same genus in Table 1A

b Assigned genus value from Table 5

c Assigned the average value of softwood trees or average value of hardwood trees from Table 1A

d Assigned value of the tree of the same genus in Table 1A

e Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species

f No reference source available, estimated based on similar species

Corrected Table 5.Average specific gravity, dry weight, green weight, and moisture content for tree Genus groups found in North America. (The values in the columns with unit measurements lb/cf and kg/m3 were corrected on Feb. 10, 2010.) Specic gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis Specic gravity and oven-dry weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of bark *

Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of wood *

Bark volume

Common name 0.38 0.40 0.54 0.53 0.39 0.47 0.32 0.43 0.52 0.58 0.68 0.68 0.55 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.39 0.66 0.59 0.44 0.58 36.0 577 0.52 27.8 445 0.41 36.9 592 0.54 33.7 25.7 32.6 41.2 661 0.59 37.1 24.0 385 0.35 21.9 31.2 500 0.46 28.7 460 352 594 540 411 523 29.3 470 0.43 26.8 430 29.0 465 0.44 27.1 435 34.3 550 0.51 31.6 506 61.08 91.95 91.83 98.04 106.31 75.30 65.84 74.28 75.12 42.1 675 0.61 38.1 610 39.58 42.3 677 0.62 38.5 616 68.93 64.9 53.0 50.7 51.5 51.5 56.8 44.8 64.7 55.3 44.1 56.1 36.1 578 0.51 32.1 514 73.75 55.8 32.2 515 0.47 29.5 473 70.16 50.0 27.0 433 0.41 25.4 406 78.40 45.0 721 801 893 1039 849 812 825 825 911 718 1036 886 707 899 19.7 315 0.30 18.7 300 69.26 31.5 505 29.3 469 0.43 26.8 429 76.22 46.8 749 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.46 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.46 0.58 0.43 0.42 0.53 24.6 394 0.36 22.2 356 59.22 35.2 564 0.44 32.8 525 0.49 30.3 485 56.98 47.5 761 0.32 33.4 535 0.51 31.5 505 36.11 42.9 687 0.40 25.0 19.7 27.3 25.0 24.6 28.5 33.3 36.2 38.4 36.2 28.6 22.8 27.5 31.8 28.9 36.1 26.6 26.0 32.9 24.8 396 0.37 23.3 373 77.27 41.1 659 0.40 25.0 23.4 376 0.36 22.2 356 83.79 40.8 653 0.49 30.3

Genus

No. of species 485 400 400 315 438 401 395 456 533 580 615 580 458 365 440 510 463 579 426 417 527

Avg. Avg. bark moisture volume Avg. MC Avg. Avg. content Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. as % of Avg. Avg. Average oven-dry oven-dry as a % of Avg. Avg. Average oven-dry oven-dry Average oven-dry oven-dry as a % of weight oven-dry green wt. green wt. wood weight oven-dry green wt. green wt. specic weight specic weight weight specic weight (lb/m3) (kg/m3) volume weight (kg/m3) (lb/cf) gravity (kg/m3) (lb/cf) weight (kg/m3) (lb/cf) gravity (kg/m3) (lb/cf) gravity 62.51 92.32 60.25 81.38 80.51 68.37 73.35 97.35 90.54 54.66 56.91 90.66 86.05 88.85 93.03 76.77 87.64 82.95 91.07 70.51 80.64 49.1 48.0 40.0 35.5 49.4 41.9 43.0 56.3 63.1 56.0 60.0 69.0 53.2 43.0 53.0 56.5 54.5 65.7 49.0 44.5 58.8 787 769 641 569 791 671 689 902 1,011 897 961 1,105 852 689 849 905 873 1,053 785 712 942 11.76 11.58 12.00 14.00 12.55 16.13 12.28 16.18 10.81 10.94 16.00 15.00 16.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 18.52 19.12 14.00 14.47 15.32

Fir

Abies

Cedar

Chamaecyparis

Juniper

Juniperus

Larch

Larix

Spruce

Picea

Pine

Pinus

24

Aborvitae

Thuja

Hemlock

Tsuga

Maple

Acer

Birch

Betula

Hickory

Carya

Dogwood

Cornus

Ash

Fraxinus

Walnut

Juglans

Magnolia

Magnolia

Tupelo

Nyssa

Poplar

Populus

Oak

Quercus

22

Elm

Ulmus

Softwood

56

Hardwood

100

* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited.

35

Miles, Patrick D.; Smith, W. Brad. 2009. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. Res. Note NRS-38. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 35 p. This paper reports information for the estimation of biomass for 156 tree species found in North America for use in national forest inventory applications. We present specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 12 percent moisture content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional information is included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species and green and dry weight of wood and bark. KEY WORDS: bark percentage, bark thickness, biomass, tree volume, dry weight, green weight

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individuals income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDAs TARGET Center at (202)720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800)795-3272 (voice) or (202)720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Printed on Recycled Paper

Capitalizing on the strengths of existing science capacity in the Northeast and Midwest to attain a more integrated, cohesive, landscape-scale research program
www.nrs.fs.fed.us