Building Auotmation System

By Samantha Gunawardana

BMS?
Different Names
BMS- Building Management System BAS- Building Automation System DDC - Direct Digital controls CCMS Central Control and Monitoring system

What is a BMS?
Building Automation systems are networks of Microprocessor controls that
Controls the climate of the building Supervise and control heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment Perform facility management(generate reports, graphs and annunciate alarms when there is a problem) Perform energy management strategies to reduce operating and energy costs Integrate building systems such as , security, fire alarm, lighting controls, etc

Building automation is the computerized measurement, control and management of building services

What is a BMS?

Direct Digital Controls

DDCs meant for controlling air conditioning systems in commercial and Industrial buildings Direct digital control is a process in which a microprocessor controller constantly updates an internal database by monitoring information from a controlled environment and continuously produces the corrective output commands in response to the changing environment Controls the climate of the building

Direct Digital Controls

Often gives the impression that the computer based systems are complicated. In reality microprocessor offer simple and organized way to build almost any electronic system. All processing system including human system can be broken down into
Sense Decision memory action

DDC Vs Conventional
Conventional controls are sometimes referred as Single loop controls(SLC) In Contrast Direct Digital Controls many control sequences simultaneously.

DDC Vs Conventional

Operating cost
Largest operating cost of commercial buildings are
Heating Air conditioning(50VA/m2) Lighting Ventilation

Operating cost
Summary of Energy Usage
2%

6%
1%

Air-Conditioning Fire & Water Supply

14%

Lighting & Power - Normal

47%

Central UPS

Lifts
Serv Bld - Ltg, Pow & Ventilation
28%

Other
2%

Operating cost
It is necessary to decrease energy cost without discomfort to the user Is it possible with a DDC?
Load shedding Optimum start/stop Reduction of speeds Tight shut off of building(Lead to Sick building syndrome, Looses productivity and human health)

Operating cost
In summary, effective and reliable building control systems are no longer an option It is a necessity.

BMS Designer
Need to know about DDC Need to know the at least basics of what equipment to be controlled Related guidelines for those equipment Must be a expert on every system that he or she works with and seeks to control Should be familiar with computer systems Basics of electronics and electricity Knowledge of control theory

Development of Digital control

In 1970, Due to rising energy cost Early machines, all processing at Central location, Local panel act as data gathering panels Very slow and Single failure cause the total system to collapse Less space for data storage

Development of Digital control

Introduction of Personal computer, 1980 s, had a big impact in HVAC control industry DDC systems have travelled a hard road to popularity since their introduction in 1980s. The first generation controls were more error prone. Therefore the consulting engineering community tendered to favour the conventional controls. To make mattter worse Difficult to program (No knowledge for operator) Not able to do changes

Development of Digital control

Fortunately DDC systems have improved dramatically.
The current trend is smaller, modular, stand alone, at local level(Right at the HVAC equipment being controlled) DDC hardware is more compact and reliable

Development of Digital control

Fundamentals of Control system

Purpose of automatic control system is to Modulate the capacity of the equipment to satisfy the customer requirement Monitor and control the safety of the operation

System Architecture

Inputs/Outputs and controllers

Inputs and outputs of a DDC controller are the microprocessors connections to the real world around it.

Input and Sensors

Sensor reads the current value of the controlled variable
Sensors (Digital, Analog, Ex: Flow switch, Pt 100) Transmitters and transducers(Transmitter amplifies, Transducer converts) Sensor-Transmitter (In one package) Sensor-controllers. (Eg: Thermostat)

Input and Sensors

There are five specific type of sensors
Temp Sensors(Bimetal, Rod and tube, RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouple Humidity sensors Pressure sensors Flow sensors Special purpose sensor(watt, current, kw pulse,CO)

Thermostat

Room thermostat installation

Room Thermostat Connection

3 speed room thermostat

Room temp sensor

Room Temp sensor wiring

Room temp sensor(RTD)

An RTD sensor exploits the theory that electric resistance value of a platinum wire or pattern is changed by a temperature change. In principle, any kind of metals has the characteristic.

Room temp sensor(RTD)

LEAD WIRE CONFIGURATION OF RTD

The general lead wire configuration for industrial RTD probes is three-wire configuration. There is also two-wire type. However, the resistance value on lead wire is added directly on a measurement, and the error is bigger than three-wire type. Three-wire configuration, which is widely applied for industrial applications, can offset the error and enable a precise measurement. In case more precise measurement requires, four-wire configuration is applied.

Sensor Location

Various types of input devices/sensors

Temp sensor/ thermostat Humitdity sensor/Dew Point sensor Co2 Sensor Differential Pressure Sensor/ Switch kW/kWh, A,V transducer Flow meter/ Flow Switch Many other types

Input and Sensors- Selection

Sensor selection consideration
Environment Operating range Sensor signal compatibility Set point accuracy and repeatability Response time (Fast response is not always desirable)

Standard signals for transmission of sensor readings

Controllers
Controller is a device that collects information from the sensor, interprets this information, and send commands to controlled device to effect a corrective action. Types of controllers Pneumatic Electric Electronic Direct Digital(Modular and Compact) Hybrid

Controlled Devices
Controlled devices are components that are controlled by mechanical or electrical means Common controlled devices are
Control Valves Control Dampers

Control Valves(Two position, Proportional)

Mech engineer to design the constant pressure drop across the valve There are three general classifications of flow characteristics
Equal percentage Linearity Quick Opening

Controlled Devices
Control Valves operator To operate a motor control valve through its stroke a controlled device called Actuator is needed. Electrical solenoid (Plunger is connected to valve stem) Electric Motor actuators (Utilise a gear train) Birdirectional Spring return Reversible

Controlled Devices
Control Damper(A valve for air) Two Position Modulating control Damper actuator
Rotation shaft designed to link with damper

Electrical Auxiliary devices

Actuators
An actuator responds to the output signal from a controller and provides the mechanical action to operate the final control device, which is typically a valve or damper
Torque and Angle of rotation On/Off or modulating

Electrical connection to actuator

An actuator requires some or all of the following connections: Power to power the drive: may be 230 or 240 V AC, 24 V AC, 24 V DC; 230 V is becoming an EU standard. Control signal from the controller: 010 V and 210 V DC are the most common. 420 mA is used in process control applications. 020 V phase cut may be used for magnetic actuators. 24 V AC pulsed is also found.. Position indication: a 210 V DC signal to provide positional feedback or indication. Position feedback may also be provided by a potentiometer. End switches are used to provide positive open/close position indication.

Controls System Architecture

Operator Interface

Building Control

Unit Control

Direct Digital control Application strategies

Local control strategies
Minimum outside air control Mixed air control Static pressure control Variable air volume terminal control Supply air temperature reset control Enthalpy control

For central plant systems

Hot water reset control Chilled water temperature reset Cooling tower fan speed control

Direct Digital control Application strategies

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system
Single chiller configuration Multiple chiller configuration

Direct digital control of Air handling system

Variable air volume systems

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with three way valves at load.
Most large chilled water system have a diversity of 50% to 60%. This contributes heavily to the energy wasted in recirculating unused water.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with three way valves at load and VFD.
Though VFD saves energy by minimizing the unused circulating water, the less water to chiller can create problems.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with two way valves at load and By pass circuit Constant chiller flow, variable system flow
Problems of low water flow to chiller is solved NO VFD, therefore no saving at CHWP Saving by chiller staging

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Multiple Chiller configuration- Constant chiller flow, Varaible system flow
Addition of a temp sensor The relationship between return temp and supply temp indicates a surplus or deficit of water supply compared with water demand. Measuring the system load by valve postions.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Multiple Chiller configuration-Primary and secondary chilled water supply loops
Chiller may operate independently under constant flow conditions Distribution system will operate for the building demand with variable flow Flow switch to indicate the direction of flow Flow meter measure the flow Chiller plant operate under highly efficient constant flow variable temp Building load to operate in a varaible flow constant temp which is most efficient in pumping capacity

Monitoring strategies for Building Managment

DDC system have databases containing valuable information on the operating characteristics of the system they control. This information is useful in improving efficiency and the effectiveness of a DDC system

Power consumption monitoring

Trend Logs Operation reports Maintanance time reminders Energy Management reports Time scheduled control Optimal start/stop Duty cycle control Load shedding Temperature setback Optimization control routines

Supervisory control strategies

Power consumption Monitoring

Trend Logs
Is a sequential listing of the current values of points on the control system. Good for verifying the proper operation and for troubleshooting

Power consumption Monitoring

Operation Reports
Is like a trend log except that it provides information on a single system loop

Maintenance time reminders

To organize, monitor and acknowledge the activities associated with a comprehensive maintenance program
Equipment operation status Total equipment runtime Date of last service

Power consumption Monitoring

Energy Management reports
Historical data on electrical usage to evaluate the efficiencies of the systems Energy use profiles can be developed for each system An important usage of energy management reports is for cost justification for EMS investments.

Supervisory Control Strategies

Monitoring of activities of local control loop and overriding local control It has capability to override local programmed control routines when necessary to achieve overall objective of the control system

Time scheduled control

Operation of systems based on the building occupancy
Reduced inrush current

Optimal Start/Stop
Optimal start/stop strategies are software driven routines that calculates optimal time of day and operating conditions for initiating the system operation
Morning warm-up by referencing historical morning temperatures over a defined period of time
Not starting too early-Wastes energy Not starting too late - Discomfort

Optimal Start/Stop

Duty Cycle Control

Duty cycling is a strategy that involves shutting down selected HVAC systems for a fraction of their normal run time to reduce the overall electricity demand. Negative aspect of it, wear and tear caused by excessive on/off starting It is much wiser to reduce the speed rather than turning them off.

Duty Cycle Control

Load Shedding
Load shedding is a strategy that is similar to duty cycling control except that the command to start or stop a piece of mechanical equipment is a function of the overall building electricity demand.

Load Shedding

Temeprature Setback
Also called night setback or night depression
In colder climates
Is used to reduce the temperature of the building during unoccupied time setting at lower set point, usually 10 to 15 deg lower Can easily bring up the temp in the morning

In warmer climates
use cool evening air to pre cool the building

Temperature Setback

Optimization control routines

Optimize and improve the performance
Improving the efficiency of the equipment being controlled Improving the system efficiency by matching the device to its load(Set point change, etc) Specially for Large equipment such as Chillers and Boilers

Optimization control routines

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

Primary function is to protect the equipment Standalone-capable of performing even if no support from system level

System Design Methodology

Provides intelligent , cordinated control

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

The design of conventional control systems
Create HVAC schematic Identify sensors and transmitters Identify controllers Identify controlled devices Identify the appropriate interconnecting media Specify sequences of control operation

System Design Methodology

The design of DDC systems
Create the HVAC system schematic Identify each control points Identify sensors and transmitters Identify controlled devices Identify interconnecting media Determine the sequence of control operation Identify the field computer hardware Identify the host computer hardware

System Design Methodology

The simplest way to organize the devices, sequences, and hardware requirements of a large control system is to use the point list.

System Design Methodology

Point List

Air Handling Unit

Air Handling Unit(AHU)

POINT TYPE NO POINT DESCRIPTION ITEM QTY INTERFACE TYPE DI DO AI AO PROVIDED BY FIELD DEVICE

AHU-01

Auto/Manual Status On/Off Control On/Off Status

1 1 1

Volt Free Contact Volt Free Contact Volt Free Contact

AC Contractor AC Contractor BMS Contractor QBM81-3

Duct Pressure
VSD Control Signal VSD Control Feedback Trip Status Filter Clog Status Return Air CO2 Level Fresh Air Damper Control Fresh Air Damper Feedback 1 1

1
1 1

0-10V DC
0-10V Signal 0-10V Signal Volt Free Contact Volt Free Contact

BMS Contractor
AC Contractor AC Contractor AC Contractor BMS Contractor BMS Contractor BMS Contractor BMS Contractor

QBM65-10

QBM81-3 QPM2102.D GDB161.1E

1 1 1

0-10V DC 0-10V DC 0-10V DC

Return Air Temperature

Supply Air Temperature CHW Valve Control CHW Valve Feedback

1
1 1 1

LG-Ni 1000
LG-Ni 1000 0-10V DC 0-10V DC

BMS Contractor
BMS Contractor AC Contractor AC Contractor

QAM2120.040
QAM2120.040

AHU

Fan Coil Unit

Interoperability
Todays trend in BMS is interoperability Is defined as the digital communication between independently manufactured product that are designed to the same open, standard communication protocol. It means single controller can monitor and control independently designed, microprocessor based control products.

Interoperability
Network
Two or more communication devices are connected so they exchange data Server shares resources Dedicated and shared network

Interoperability

END