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    Lecture - 1 Introduction

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    Ahmed Riyad
    Microwave engineering covers frequencies between 100 MHz to 1000 GHz. Signals in this range have wavelengths between 10 cm to 1 mm. Key applications of microwave engineering include radar systems for air traffic control and meteorology, domestic microwave ovens, and remote sensing of the environment. Higher frequencies allow for miniaturized antenna systems with greater bandwidth and information capacity. Microwave signals also travel in a line of sight suitable for communication networks.

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    Lecture - 1 Introduction

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    Ahmed Riyad
    43 views13 pages
    Microwave engineering covers frequencies between 100 MHz to 1000 GHz. Signals in this range have wavelengths between 10 cm to 1 mm. Key applications of microwave engineering include radar systems for air traffic control and meteorology, domestic microwave ovens, and remote sensing of the environment. Higher frequencies allow for miniaturized antenna systems with greater bandwidth and information capacity. Microwave signals also travel in a line of sight suitable for communication networks.

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    Microwave engineering covers frequencies between 100 MHz to 1000 GHz. Signals in this range have wavelengths between 10 cm to 1 mm. Key applications of microwave engineering include radar systems for air traffic control and meteorology, domestic microwave ovens, and remote sensing of the environment. Higher frequencies allow for miniaturized antenna systems with greater bandwidth and information capacity. Microwave signals also travel in a line of sight suitable for communication networks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views13 pages

    Lecture - 1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Riyad
    Microwave engineering covers frequencies between 100 MHz to 1000 GHz. Signals in this range have wavelengths between 10 cm to 1 mm. Key applications of microwave engineering include radar systems for air traffic control and meteorology, domestic microwave ovens, and remote sensing of the environment. Higher frequencies allow for miniaturized antenna systems with greater bandwidth and information capacity. Microwave signals also travel in a line of sight suitable for communication networks.

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    Microwave Engineering

    Dr. Jabir S. AZIZ Electronics & Communications Department College of Engineering Alnahrain University

    Introduction to Microwave Engineering

    The field of radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering generally covers the behavior of alternating current signals with frequencies in the range of 100 MHz to 1000 GHz. RF frequencies range from very high frequency (VHF) (30300 MHz) to ultra high frequency (UHF) (3003000 MHz), while the term microwave is typically used for frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz, with a corresponding electrical wavelength between = c/ f = 10 cm and = 1 mm, respectively. Signals with wavelengths on the order of millimeters are often referred to as millimeter waves.

    A rule for finding the wavelength of a microwave signal is:

    Figure (1): The electromagnetic spectrum

    Table 1: Subdivision of the Radio Frequency Spectrum

    RF and microwave frequency bands

    Attenuation of the atmosphere at sea level and 4km altitude at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies

    Microwave Applications

    RF and microwave engineering has innumerable applications, from radar (e.g. for air traffic control and meteorology) through electro-heat applications (e.g. in paper manufacture and domestic microwave ovens), to radiometric remote sensing of the environment, continuous process measurements and nondestructive testing.

    Just as the high frequencies and short wavelengths of microwave energy make for difficulties in analysis and design of microwave components and systems, these same factors provide unique opportunities for the application of microwave systems.

    This is because of the following considerations:


    Antenna gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At higher frequencies, more antenna gain is therefore possible for a given physical antenna size, which has important consequences for implementing miniaturized microwave systems. More bandwidth (information-carrying capacity) can be realized at higher frequencies. A 1 % bandwidth at 600 MHz is 6 MHz (the bandwidth of a single television channel), and at 60 GHz a l% bandwidth is 600 MHz (100 television channels). Bandwidth is critically important because available frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are being rapidly depleted.

    Microwave signals travel by line of sight and are not bent by the ionosphere as are lower frequency signals. Satellite and terrestrial communication links with very high capacities are thus possible, with frequency reuse at minimally distant locations. The effective reflection area (radar cross section) of a radar target is usually proportional to the target's electrical size. This fact, coupled with the frequency characteristics of antenna gain, generally makes microwave frequencies preferred for radar systems. Various molecular, atomic, and nuclear resonances occur at microwave frequencies, creating a variety of unique applications in the areas of basic science, remote sensing, medical diagnostics and treatment, and heating methods.

    The majority of applications of today's microwave technology are: Wireless networking Communications systems, wireless security systems Radar systems, Environmental remote sensing, and Medical systems.

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