1.

Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle

Database structures, including tables?
Data Definition Language (DDL)

2. What operator performs pattern matching?

LIKE operator

3. What operator tests column for the absence of data?

IS NULL operator

4. Which command executes the contents of a specified file?

START <filename> or @<filename>

5. What is the parameter substitution symbol used with INSERT

INTO command?
&

6. Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer,

and then executes it?
RUN

7. What are the wildcards used for pattern matching?

_ for single character substitution and % for multi-character
substitution

8. State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL.

True

9. State true or false. !=, <>, ^= all denote the same operation.
True

10. What are the privileges that can be granted on a table by a user to
others?
Insert, update, delete, select, references, index, execute, alter, all

11. What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the
GRANT command?
REVOKE

12. Which system tables contain information on privileges granted and

privileges obtained?
USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD

13. Which system table contains information on constraints on all the

tables created?
USER_CONSTRAINTS
14. TRUNCATE TABLE EMP;
DELETE FROM EMP;
Will the outputs of the above two commands differ?
Both will result in deleting all the rows in the table EMP.

15. What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE

commands?
TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML
command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE
operation cannot be rolled back. WHERE clause can be used with
DELETE and not with TRUNCATE.

16. What command is used to create a table by copying the structure of

another table?
Answer :
CREATE TABLE .. AS SELECT command
Explanation :
To copy only the structure, the WHERE clause of the SELECT
command should contain a FALSE statement as in the following.
CREATE TABLE NEWTABLE AS SELECT * FROM
EXISTINGTABLE WHERE 1=2;
If the WHERE condition is true, then all the rows or rows
satisfying the condition will be copied to the new table.

17. What will be the output of the following query?

SELECT REPLACE(TRANSLATE(LTRIM(RTRIM('!! ATHEN !!','!'), '!'),
'AN', '**'),'*','TROUBLE') FROM DUAL;
TROUBLETHETROUBLE

18. What will be the output of the following query?

SELECT DECODE(TRANSLATE('A','1234567890','1111111111'),
'1','YES', 'NO' );
Answer :
NO
Explanation :
The query checks whether a given string is a numerical digit.

19. What does the following query do?

SELECT SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;
This displays the total salary of all employees. The null values in
the commission column will be replaced by 0 and added to salary.

20. Which date function is used to find the difference between two
dates?
 MONTHS_BETWEEN

21. Why does the following command give a compilation error?

DROP TABLE &TABLE_NAME;
Variable names should start with an alphabet. Here the table name
starts with an '&' symbol.

22. What is the advantage of specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the

GRANT command?
The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has
obtained from the owner to any other user.

23. What is the use of the DROP option in the ALTER TABLE
command?
It is used to drop constraints specified on the table.

24. What is the value of ‘comm’ and ‘sal’ after executing the following
query if the initial value of ‘sal’ is 10000?
UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL + 1000, COMM = SAL*0.1;
sal = 11000, comm = 1000

25. What is the use of DESC in SQL?

Answer :
DESC has two purposes. It is used to describe a schema as well as
to retrieve rows from table in descending order.
Explanation :
The query SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ENAME DESC
will display the output sorted on ENAME in descending order.

26. What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS?

When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table
can be dropped even when a child table exists.

27. Which function is used to find the largest integer less than or equal
to a specific value?
FLOOR

28. What is the output of the following query?

SELECT TRUNC(1234.5678,-2) FROM DUAL;
1200

SQL – QUERIES

I. SCHEMAS
Table 1 : STUDIES

PNAME (VARCHAR), SPLACE (VARCHAR), COURSE

(VARCHAR), CCOST (NUMBER)

Table 2 : SOFTWARE

PNAME (VARCHAR), TITLE (VARCHAR), DEVIN (VARCHAR),

SCOST (NUMBER), DCOST (NUMBER), SOLD (NUMBER)

Table 3 : PROGRAMMER

PNAME (VARCHAR), DOB (DATE), DOJ (DATE), SEX (CHAR),

PROF1 (VARCHAR), PROF2 (VARCHAR), SAL (NUMBER)

LEGEND :

PNAME – Programmer Name, SPLACE – Study Place, CCOST – Course

Cost, DEVIN – Developed in, SCOST – Software Cost, DCOST –
Development Cost, PROF1 – Proficiency 1

QUERIES :

1. Find out the selling cost average for packages developed in

Oracle.
2. Display the names, ages and experience of all programmers.
3. Display the names of those who have done the PGDCA course.
4. What is the highest number of copies sold by a package?
5. Display the names and date of birth of all programmers born in
April.
6. Display the lowest course fee.
7. How many programmers have done the DCA course.
8. How much revenue has been earned through the sale of
packages developed in C.
9. Display the details of software developed by Rakesh.
10. How many programmers studied at Pentafour.
11. Display the details of packages whose sales crossed the 5000
mark.
12. Find out the number of copies which should be sold in order to
recover the development cost of each package.
13. Display the details of packages for which the development cost
has been recovered.
14. What is the price of costliest software developed in VB?
15. How many packages were developed in Oracle ?
16. How many programmers studied at PRAGATHI?
 17. How many programmers paid 10000 to 15000 for the course?
18. What is the average course fee?
19. Display the details of programmers knowing C.
20. How many programmers know either C or Pascal?
21. How many programmers don’t know C and C++?
22. How old is the oldest male programmer?
23. What is the average age of female programmers?
24. Calculate the experience in years for each programmer and
display along with their names in descending order.
25. Who are the programmers who celebrate their birthdays during
the current month?
26. How many female programmers are there?
27. What are the languages known by the male programmers?
28. What is the average salary?
29. How many people draw 5000 to 7500?
30. Display the details of those who don’t know C, C++ or Pascal.
31. Display the costliest package developed by each programmer.
32. Produce the following output for all the male programmers
Programmer
Mr. Arvind – has 15 years of experience

KEYS:

1. SELECT AVG(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN =

'ORACLE';
2. SELECT
PNAME,TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12)
"AGE", TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12)
"EXPERIENCE" FROM PROGRAMMER;
3. SELECT PNAME FROM STUDIES WHERE COURSE =
'PGDCA';
4. SELECT MAX(SOLD) FROM SOFTWARE;
5. SELECT PNAME, DOB FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE DOB
LIKE '%APR%';
6. SELECT MIN(CCOST) FROM STUDIES;
7. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE COURSE =
'DCA';
8. SELECT SUM(SCOST*SOLD-DCOST) FROM SOFTWARE
GROUP BY DEVIN HAVING DEVIN = 'C';
9. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE PNAME = 'RAKESH';
10. SELECT * FROM STUDIES WHERE SPLACE =
'PENTAFOUR';
11. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SCOST*SOLD-DCOST
> 5000;
12. SELECT CEIL(DCOST/SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE;
13. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SCOST*SOLD >=
DCOST;
14. SELECT MAX(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY
DEVIN HAVING DEVIN = 'VB';
15. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN =
'ORACLE';
16. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE SPLACE =
'PRAGATHI';
17. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDIES WHERE CCOST
BETWEEN 10000 AND 15000;
18. SELECT AVG(CCOST) FROM STUDIES;
19. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 = 'C' OR
PROF2 = 'C';
20. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 IN
('C','PASCAL') OR PROF2 IN ('C','PASCAL');
21. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 NOT IN
('C','C++') AND PROF2 NOT IN ('C','C++');
22. SELECT
TRUNC(MAX(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12))
FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'M';
23. SELECT
TRUNC(AVG(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOB)/12))
FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX = 'F';
24. SELECT PNAME,
TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) FROM
PROGRAMMER ORDER BY PNAME DESC;
25. SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE
TO_CHAR(DOB,'MON') = TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON');
26. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SEX =
'F';
27. SELECT DISTINCT(PROF1) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE
SEX = 'M';
28. SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM PROGRAMMER;
29. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SAL
BETWEEN 5000 AND 7500;
30. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 NOT IN
('C','C++','PASCAL') AND PROF2 NOT IN ('C','C++','PASCAL');
31. SELECT PNAME,TITLE,SCOST FROM SOFTWARE WHERE
SCOST IN (SELECT MAX(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE
GROUP BY PNAME);
32.SELECT 'Mr.' || PNAME || ' - has ' ||
TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) || ' years of
experience' “Programmer” FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE
SEX = 'M' UNION SELECT 'Ms.' || PNAME || ' - has ' || TRUNC
(MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE,DOJ)/12) || ' years of
 experience' “Programmer” FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE
SEX = 'F';

II . SCHEMA :

Table 1 : DEPT

DEPTNO (NOT NULL , NUMBER(2)), DNAME (VARCHAR2(14)),

LOC (VARCHAR2(13)

Table 2 : EMP

EMPNO (NOT NULL , NUMBER(4)), ENAME (VARCHAR2(10)),

JOB (VARCHAR2(9)), MGR (NUMBER(4)), HIREDATE (DATE),
SAL (NUMBER(7,2)), COMM (NUMBER(7,2)), DEPTNO
(NUMBER(2))

MGR is the empno of the employee whom the employee reports to.
DEPTNO is a foreign key.
QUERIES

1. List all the employees who have at least one person reporting to
them.
2. List the employee details if and only if more than 10 employees are
present in department no 10.
3. List the name of the employees with their immediate higher
authority.
4. List all the employees who do not manage any one.
5. List the employee details whose salary is greater than the lowest
salary of an employee belonging to deptno 20.
6. List the details of the employee earning more than the highest paid
manager.
7. List the highest salary paid for each job.
8. Find the most recently hired employee in each department.
9. In which year did most people join the company? Display the year
and the number of employees.
10. Which department has the highest annual remuneration bill?
11. Write a query to display a ‘*’ against the row of the most recently
hired employee.
12. Write a correlated sub-query to list out the employees who earn
more than the average salary of their department.
13. Find the nth maximum salary.
14. Select the duplicate records (Records, which are inserted, that
already exist) in the EMP table.
15. Write a query to list the
* COMPUTER NETWORKS *
1. What are the two types of transmission technology available?
(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

2. What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by
a bridge or router.

3. Difference between the communication and transmission.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern
issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information
between two communication media.

4. What are the possible ways of data exchange?

(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

5. What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to
communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

6. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is
described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been
defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard
protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together,
these three recommendations are often called "triple X"

7. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the
data link layer.

8. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application
layer.

9. What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks
problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring
when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token
ring and FDDI networks.

10. What is redirector?

 Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and
translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation
layer.

11. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to
be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the
networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport
protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

12. What is RAID?

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk
drives.

13. What is passive topology?

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the
signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal
in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.

14. What is Router?

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and
routers.

15. What is cladding?

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a
fiber-optic cable.

16. What is point-to-point protocol

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote
networking services including Internet service providers.

17. How Gateway is different from Routers?

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and
translates information between two completely different network
architectures or data formats

18. What is attenuation?

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is
called attenuation.

19. What is MAC address?

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access
Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually
stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
20. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second
whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are
required to represent those bits.
Baud rate = bit rate / N
Where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

21. What is Bandwidth?

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of
signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

22. What are the types of Transmission media?

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that
are broadly classified in to two categories.
a) Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to
another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A
signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by
the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use
metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current.
Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals
in the form of light.
b) Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic
waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either
through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite
communication and cellular telephony.

* ORACLE *

Questions:
How to change UserID and Password in Oracle.
what are differenct types of joins. explain outer join.
How to print output in Oracle.
what is a data control component.
why do we use DBMS ?
what are logical objects in RDBMS (tables & views).
what do you know about IDL?
can we maintain mirror data in different databases.
Data Integrity constraint is
(a)to ensure the presence of primary key
What is indexing in databases?
What is atomicity?
What is DBMS and RDBMS ?

types of DBMS,queries

Difference between Unique and primary

what is a cursor

types of cursors

normalization

normal forms

whis is the best normal form

what is an os

what exactly os consists ?

Types of joins ?

what is a trigger ?

can we create a table in oracle which is not in first normal form

difference between dbms and rdbms
sql queries
types of indexing

DML,DDL, SQL querry,primary key, whts a null

diff btw DDL,DML, whts parallel DML,

whts normalisation explain with example till 3NF

6>need for normalisation

differnce btw oracle 8.0,8i,9i

what are pseudocolumns? given example.
(CURRVAl,LEVEL,NEXTVAL,ROWID,ROWNUM)
what are synonyms ? example.
( an alias name to the table , which is used for location transperancy.)

CREATE SYNONYM emp2 FOR emp@newyork;

SELECT ename, job INTO my_ename, my_job

 FROM emp2
WHERE empno = my_empno;

what are snapshots.

what is indexing. what are its advantages.
what is cluster. advantages.
how do you add primary key to the table already existing.
what is table space.
what partitioning. how many types of partitions.
what is mutating table.
When a table is in state of transition it is said to be mutating.
eg :: If a row has been deleted then the table is said to be
mutating and no operations can be done on the table except select.

what is the keyword type.

what is 'exists'.
what is a cursor. what are the types.

two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. PL/SQL declares a cursor

implicitly for all
SQL data manipulation statements, including queries that return only one
row. However,
for queries that return more than one row, you must declare an explicit
cursor or use
a cursor FOR loop.

three commands to control the cursor: OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE.

initialize the cursor with the OPEN statement, which identifies the active
set.

Then, you use the FETCH statement to retrieve the first row.
You can execute FETCH repeatedly until all rows have been
retrieved.

release the cursor with the CLOSE statement.

DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename FROM emp;
name1 emp.ename%TYPE;
name2 emp.ename%TYPE;
name3 emp.ename%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
FETCH c1 INTO name1; -- this fetches first row
FETCH c1 INTO name2; -- this fetches second row
 FETCH c1 INTO name3; -- this fetches third row
...

* OPERATING SYSTEMS *
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:

1. Explain the concept of Reentrancy.

It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed
timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple
users can share a single copy of a program during the same period.
Reentrancy has 2 key aspects:
(i) The program code cannot modify itself, (ii) and the local data
for each user process must be stored separately.
Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the
pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that
program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code
in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters.
The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation
record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.
Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an
interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the
procedure.

2. Explain Belady's Anomaly.

Also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of
frames allocated to a process' virtual memory, the process execution is
faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens,
i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to
the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page
reference patterns.

3. What is a binary semaphore? What is its use?

A binary semaphore is one, which takes only 0 and 1 as values.
They are used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent
processes.

4. What is thrashing?
It is a phenomenon in virtual memory schemes when the processor
spends most of its time swapping pages, rather than executing instructions.
This is due to an inordinate number of page faults.

5. List the Coffman's conditions that lead to a deadlock.

 Mutual Exclusion: Only one process may use a critical resource at a
time.
 Hold & Wait: A process may be allocated some resources while
waiting for others.
 No Pre-emption: No resource can be forcible removed from a
process holding it.
 Circular Wait: A closed chain of processes exist such that each
process holds at least one resource needed by another process in the
chain.

6. What is short-, long- and medium-term scheduling?

Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to
the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming.
Once admitted, a job becomes a process.
Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This
relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are
swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The
swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.
Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most
frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should
execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may
lead to interruption of one process by preemption.

7. What are turnaround time and response time?

Turnaround time is the interval between the submission of a job
and its completion. Response time is the interval between submission of a
request, and the first response to that request.

8. What are the typical elements of a process image?

 User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data,
user stack area, and programs that may be modified.
 User program: The instructions to be executed.
 System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated
with it. Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure
and system calls.
 Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control
processes.

9. What is the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)?

In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced
pages is maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup.
TLB contains those page-table entries that have been most recently used.
Normally, each virtual memory reference causes 2 physical memory
accesses-- one to fetch appropriate page-table entry, and one to fetch the
desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is reduced to just one physical
memory access in cases of TLB-hit.

10. What is the resident set and working set of a process?

 Resident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in
real-memory at a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident
set that is actually needed for execution. (Relate this to the variable-
window size method for swapping techniques.)

11. When is a system in safe state?

The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at
least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion
without resulting in a deadlock.

12. What is cycle stealing?

We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory
Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the
CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend
operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle
stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle.

13. What is meant by arm-stickiness?

If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one
track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated
requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device
scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density
multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density
ones.

14. What are the stipulations of C2 level security?

C2 level security provides for:
 Discretionary Access Control
 Identification and Authentication
 Auditing
 Resource reuse

15. What is busy waiting?

The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an
event to occur is called busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real
productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress
toward completion.

16. Explain the popular multiprocessor thread-scheduling strategies.

 Load Sharing: Processes are not assigned to a particular processor. A
global queue of threads is maintained. Each processor, when idle,
selects a thread from this queue. Note that load balancing refers to a
scheme where work is allocated to processors on a more permanent
basis.
 Gang Scheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a
set of processors at the same time, on a 1-to-1 basis. Closely related
 threads / processes may be scheduled this way to reduce
synchronization blocking, and minimize process switching. Group
scheduling predated this strategy.
 Dedicated processor assignment: Provides implicit scheduling
defined by assignment of threads to processors. For the duration of
program execution, each program is allocated a set of processors equal
in number to the number of threads in the program. Processors are
chosen from the available pool.
 Dynamic scheduling: The number of thread in a program can be
altered during the course of execution.

17. When does the condition 'rendezvous' arise?

In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender
and receiver are blocked until the message is delivered.

18. What is a trap and trapdoor?

Trapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used
to grant access without normal methods of access authentication. A trap is
a software interrupt, usually the result of an error condition.

19. What are local and global page replacements?

Local replacement means that an incoming page is brought in only
to the relevant process' address space. Global replacement policy allows
any page frame from any process to be replaced. The latter is applicable to
variable partitions model only.

20. Define latency, transfer and seek time with respect to disk I/O.
Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required
track. Rotational delay or latency is the time it takes for the beginning of
the required sector to reach the head. Sum of seek time (if any) and
latency is the access time. Time taken to actually transfer a span of data is
transfer time.

21. Describe the Buddy system of memory allocation.

Free memory is maintained in linked lists, each of equal sized
blocks. Any such block is of size 2^k. When some memory is required by
a process, the block size of next higher order is chosen, and broken into
two. Note that the two such pieces differ in address only in their kth bit.
Such pieces are called buddies. When any used block is freed, the OS
checks to see if its buddy is also free. If so, it is rejoined, and put into the
original free-block linked-list.

22. What is time-stamping?

It is a technique proposed by Lamport, used to order events in a
distributed system without the use of clocks. This scheme is intended to
order events consisting of the transmission of messages. Each system 'i' in
the network maintains a counter Ci. Every time a system transmits a
message, it increments its counter by 1 and attaches the time-stamp Ti to
the message. When a message is received, the receiving system 'j' sets its
counter Cj to 1 more than the maximum of its current value and the
incoming time-stamp Ti. At each site, the ordering of messages is
determined by the following rules: For messages x from site i and y from
site j, x precedes y if one of the following conditions holds....(a) if Ti<Tj
or (b) if Ti=Tj and i<j.

23. How are the wait/signal operations for monitor different from those
for semaphores?
If a process in a monitor signal and no task is waiting on the
condition variable, the signal is lost. So this allows easier program design.
Whereas in semaphores, every operation affects the value of the
semaphore, so the wait and signal operations should be perfectly balanced
in the program.

24. In the context of memory management, what are placement and

replacement algorithms?
Placement algorithms determine where in available real-memory to
load a program. Common methods are first-fit, next-fit, best-fit.
Replacement algorithms are used when memory is full, and one process
(or part of a process) needs to be swapped out to accommodate a new
program. The replacement algorithm determines which are the partitions
to be swapped out.

25. In loading programs into memory, what is the difference between

load-time dynamic linking and run-time dynamic linking?
For load-time dynamic linking: Load module to be loaded is read
into memory. Any reference to a target external module causes that
module to be loaded and the references are updated to a relative address
from the start base address of the application module.
With run-time dynamic loading: Some of the linking is postponed
until actual reference during execution. Then the correct module is loaded
and linked.

26. What are demand- and pre-paging?

With demand paging, a page is brought into memory only when a
location on that page is actually referenced during execution. With pre-
paging, pages other than the one demanded by a page fault are brought in.
The selection of such pages is done based on common access patterns,
especially for secondary memory devices.

27. Paging a memory management function, while multiprogramming

a processor management function, are the two interdependent?
 Yes.

28. What is page cannibalizing?

Page swapping or page replacements are called page cannibalizing.

29. What has triggered the need for multitasking in PCs?

 Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together
with the support fir virtual memory and
 Growth of client server computing

30. What are the four layers that Windows NT have in order to achieve
independence?
 Hardware abstraction layer
 Kernel
 Subsystems
 System Services.

31. What is SMP?

To achieve maximum efficiency and reliability a mode of operation
known as symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with SMP any
process or threads can be assigned to any processor.

32. What are the key object oriented concepts used by Windows NT?
 Encapsulation
 Object class and instance

33. Is Windows NT a full blown object oriented operating system? Give

reasons.
No Windows NT is not so, because its not implemented in object
oriented language and the data structures reside within one executive
component and are not represented as objects and it does not support
object oriented capabilities .

34. What is a drawback of MVT?

It does not have the features like